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Textbook High Performance Computing in Finance Problems Methods and Solutions 1St Edition M A H Dempster Ebook All Chapter PDF
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High-Performance
Computing in Finance
Problems, Methods,
and Solutions
High-Performance
Computing in Finance
Problems, Methods,
and Solutions
Edited by
M. A. H. Dempster
Juho Kanniainen
John Keane
Erik Vynckier
MATLAB R is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks
does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion
of MATLAB R software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The
CRC Press
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c 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Editors xi
Contributors xiii
Introduction xvii
vii
viii Contents
14 Supercomputers 413
Peter Schober
Index 589
Editors
xi
Contributors
Luca Capriotti
Quantitative Strategies Jacques du Toit
Investment Banking Division The Numerical Algorithms Group
and Ltd.
Department of Mathematics United Kingdom
University College London
London, United Kingdom Christina Erlwein-Sayer
OptiRisk Systems
Álvaro Cartea
Mathematical Institute
Oxford-Man Institute of Georgi Gaydadjiev
Quantitative Finance
University of Oxford Mark Gibbs
Oxford, United Kingdom Quantitative Research
FINCAD
Omar Andres Carmona Cortes
Computation Department
Instituto Federal do Maranhão Michael B. Giles
São Luis, Brazil Mathematical Institute
University of Oxford
M. A. H. Dempster Oxford, United Kingdom
Centre for Financial Research
University of Cambridge James B. Glattfelder
and Department of Banking and Finance
Cambridge Systems Associates University of Zurich
Cambridge, United Kingdom Zurich, Switzerland
Jens Deussen
Department of Computer Science Peter Goddard
RWTH Aachen University 1QBit
Germany Vancouver, Canada
xiii
xiv Contributors
Russell Goyder
Alexander Lipton
Quantitative Research
Stronghold Labs
FINCAD
Chicago, Illinois
Jon Gregory and
MIT Connection Science and
Jonathan Hüser
Engineering
Department of Computer Science
Cambridge, Massachusetts
RWTH Aachen University
Germany
Stefanus C. Maree
Sergey Ivliev Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica
Lykke Corporation Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Switzerland
and Juan Ivan Martin
International Air Transport
Laboratory of Cryptoeconomics and Association
Blockchain Systems
Perm State University
Russia Douglas McLean
Moody’s Analytics
Sebastian Jaimungal Edinburgh, Scotland,
Department of Statistical Sciences United Kingdom
University of Toronto
Canada Elena A. Medova
Centre for Financial Research
Mark Joshi
University of Cambridge
Department of Economics
and
University of Melbourne
Cambridge Systems Associates
Melbourne, Australia
Cambridge, United Kingdom
Christian Kahl
Quantitative Research Oskar Mencer
FINCAD
Andrew Milne
Juho Kanniainen
1QBit
Tampere University of Technology
Vancouver, Canada
Tampere, Finland
As lessons are being learned from the recent financial crisis and unsuccess-
ful stress tests, demand for superior computing power has been manifest in
the financial and insurance industries for reliability of quantitative models
and methods and for successful risk management and pricing. From a prac-
titioner’s viewpoint, the availability of high-performance computing (HPC)
resources allows the implementation of computationally challenging advanced
financial and insurance models for trading and risk management. Researchers,
on the other hand, can develop new models and methods to relax unrealis-
tic assumptions without being limited to achieving analytical tractability to
reduce computational burden. Although several topics treated in these pages
have been recently covered in specialist monographs (see, e.g., the references),
we believe this volume to be the first to provide a comprehensive up-to-date
account of the current and near-future state of HPC in finance.
The chapters of this book cover three interrelated parts: (i) Computation-
ally expensive financial problems, (ii) Numerical methods in financial HPC,
and (iii) HPC systems, software, and data with financial applications. They
consider applications which can be more efficiently solved with HPC, together
with topic reviews introducing approaches to reducing computational costs
and elaborating how different HPC platforms can be used for different finan-
cial problems.
Part I offers perspectives on computationally expensive problems in the
financial industry.
In Chapter 1, Jonathan Rosen, Christian Kahl, Russell Goyder, and Mark
Gibbs provide a concise overview of computational challenges in derivative
pricing, paying special attention to counterparty credit risk management. The
incorporation of counterparty risk in pricing generates a huge demand for com-
puting resources, even with vanilla derivative portfolios. They elaborate pos-
sibilities with different computing hardware platforms, including graphic pro-
cessing units (GPU) and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA). To reduce
hardware requirements, they also discuss an algorithmic approach, called algo-
rithmic differentiation (AD), for calculating sensitivities.
In Chapter 2, Gautam Mitra, Christina Erlwein-Sayer, Cristiano Arbex
Valle, and Xiang Yu describe a method for generating daily trading signals
to construct second-order stochastic dominance (SSD) portfolios of exchange-
traded securities. They provide a solution for a computationally (NP) hard
optimization problem and illustrate it with real-world historical data for the
FTSE100 index over a 7-year back-testing period.
xvii
xviii Introduction
Acknowledgments
This book arose in part from the four-year EU Marie Curie project
High-Performance Computing in Finance (Grant Agreement Number 289032,
www.hpcfinance.eu), which was recently completed. We would like to thank
Introduction xxi
all the partners and participants in the project and its several public events,
in particular its supported researchers, many of whom are represented in these
pages. We owe all our authors a debt of gratitude for their fine contributions
and for enduring a more drawn out path to publication than we had originally
envisioned. We would also like to express our gratitude to the referees and to
World Scientific and Emerald for permission to reprint Chapters 71 and 182 ,
respectively. Finally, without the expertise and support of the editors and staff
at Chapman & Hall/CRC and Taylor & Francis this volume would have been
impossible. We extend to them our warmest thanks.
Michael Dempster
Juho Kanniainen
John Keane
Erik Vynckier
Cambridge, Tampere, Manchester
August 2017
Bibliography
1. Foresight: The Future of Computer Trading in Financial Markets. 2012.
Final Project Report, Government Office for Science, London. https://
www.gov.uk/government/publications/future-of-computer-trading-in-financial-
markets-an-international-perspective
2. De Schryver, C., ed. 2015. FPGA Based Accelerators for Financial Applications.
Springer.
Computationally
Expensive Problems in the
Financial Industry
1
Chapter 1
Computationally Expensive
Problems in Investment Banking
CONTENTS
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Valuation requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.1.1 Derivatives pricing and risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.1.2 Credit value adjustment/debit value
adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.1.3 Funding value adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.2 Regulatory capital requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1.2.1 Calculation of market risk capital . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1.2.2 Credit risk capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1.2.3 Capital value adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2 Trading and Hedging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3 Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3.1 Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3.1.1 Central processing unit/floating point unit . . . 15
1.3.1.2 Graphic processing unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3.1.3 Field programmable gate array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3.1.4 In-memory data aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.2 Algorithmic differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.2.1 Implementation approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.2.2 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.3.2.3 Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.1 Background
Financial instruments traded on markets are essentially contractual agree-
ments between two parties that involve the calculation and delivery of quanti-
ties of monetary currency or its economic equivalent. This wider definition of
financial investments is commonly known as financial derivatives or options,
3
4 High-Performance Computing in Finance
and effectively includes everything from the familiar stocks and bonds to the
most complex payment agreements, which also include complicated mathe-
matical logic for determining payment amounts, the so-called payoff of the
derivative.
In the early days of derivatives, they were thought of more like traditional
investments and treated as such on the balance sheet of a business. Complex-
ity mainly arose in the definition and calculation of the option payoff, and
applying theoretical considerations to price them. It was quickly discovered
that probabilistic models, for economic factors on which option payoffs were
calculated, had to be quite restrictive in order to produce computationally
straightforward problems in pricing the balance sheet fair mark-to-market
value. The development of log-normal models from Black and Scholes was
quite successful in demonstrating not only a prescient framework for deriva-
tive pricing, but also the importance of tractable models in the practical appli-
cation of risk-neutral pricing theory, at a time when computational facilities
were primitive by modern standards. Developments since then in quantitative
finance have been accompanied by simultaneous advancement in computing
power, and this has opened the door to alternative computational methods
such as Monte Carlo, PDE discretization, and Fourier methods, which have
greatly increased the ability to price derivatives with complex payoffs and
optionality.
Nevertheless, recent crises in 2008 have revealed the above complexities
are only part of the problem. The state of credit worthiness was eventually
to be revealed as a major influence on the business balance sheet in the event
that a contractual counterparty in a derivatives contract fails to meet the
terms for payment. It was recognized that market events could create such
a scenario due to clustering and tail events. In response to the explosion of
credit derivatives and subsequent global financial crisis, bilateral credit value
adjustments (CVAs) and funding cost adjustments were used to represent
the impact of credit events according to their likelihood in the accounting
balance sheet. Credit value adjustments and funding adjustments introduced
additional complexity into the business accounting for market participants.
While previously simple trades only required simple models and textbook
formulas to value, the CVA is a portfolio derivative problem requiring joint
modeling of many state variables and is often beyond the realm of simple
closed-form computation.
Meanwhile, the controversial decision to use tax payer money to bail out
the financial institutions in the 2008 crisis ignited a strong political interest
to introduce regulation that requires the largest investors to maintain capital
holdings that meet appropriate thresholds commensurate with the financial
risk present in their balance sheet. In recent years, there have been an adoption
of capital requirements globally, with regional laws determining methods and
criteria, for the calculation of regulatory capital holdings. The demand placed
on large market participants to apply additional value adjustments for tax
and capital funding costs requires modeling these effects over the lifetime of
Computationally Expensive Problems in Investment Banking 5
Monte Carlo simulation: Monte Carlo methods offer a very generic tool
to approximate the functional of a stochastic process also allowing to
deal effectively with path-dependent payoff structures. The most general
approach to derivative pricing is based on pathwise simulation of time-
discretized stochastic dynamical equations for each underlying factor. The
advantage is in being able to handle any option payoff and exercise style,
as well as enabling models with many correlated factors. The disadvantage
is the overall time-consuming nature and very high level of complexity in
performing a full simulation.
Besides dealing with the complexity of the option payoff, the Black–Scholes
formula made use of a single risk-free interest rate and demonstrated that in
the theoretical economy, this rate had central importance for the time value
of money and the expected future growth of risk-neutral investment strategies
analogous to single currency derivatives. This means a single discount curve
per currency was all that was needed, which by modern standards led to
a fairly simple approach in the pricing of derivatives. For example, a spot-
starting interest rate swap, which has future cash flows that are calculated
using a floating rate that must be discounted to present value, would use
a single curve for the term structure of interest rates to both calculate the
risk-neutral implied floating rates and the discount rates for future cash flows.
However, the turmoil of 2008 revealed that collateral agreements were of
central importance in determining the relevant time value of money to use for
discounting future cash flows, and it quickly became important to separate
discounting from forward rate projection for collateralized derivatives. The
subsequent computational landscape required building multiple curves in a
single currency to account for institutional credit risk in lending at different
tenors.
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Title: Aatetoverit
Sosiaalinen romaani
Language: Finnish
Sosiaalinen romaani
Kirj.
MAX KRETZER
Suomentanut
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