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HANDBOOK
OF
Environmental
Degradation Rates
PHILIP H. HOWARD
ROBERT S. BOETHLING
WILLIAM F. JARVIS
WILLIAM M. MEYLAN
EDWARD M. MICHALENKO
HEATHER TAUB PRINTUP

Editor
LEWIS PUBLISHERS
^ ^ Boca Raton London N ew York Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Howard, Plilip H.
Handbook of environmental degradation rates / Philip H. Howard,
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-87371-358-3
1. Pullulants—^Environmental aspects—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
2. Decomposition (Chemistry)—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.
TD193.H73 1991
628.5'2—dc20 90-47759
CIP
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or for the consequences of their use.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior
permission in writing from the publisher.
All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific
clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright clearance
Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is
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a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works,
or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.
Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com
© 1991 by CRC Press LLC

Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC
No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 0-87371-358-3
Library of Congress Card Number 90-47759
Printed in the United States of America 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Printed on acid-free paper
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHEMICAL NAME DIRECTORY................................... iv
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... xiii
PART I: STRATEGY FOR DETERMINING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

RATE CONSTANTS.......................... xiv
PART II: SAMPLE EVALUATIONS ......................................................................................xix
PART III: ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION RATE CONSTANTS............................ 1
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 680
CAS REGISTRY NUMBER IN D E X ....................................................................................... 717
111
CHEMICAL NAME DIRECTORY
Chemical Name (CAS Registry Number) Page
Acenaphthene (83-32-9)............................................................................................................... 218

Acenaphthylene (208-96-8).......................................................................................................... 550
Acetamide (60-35-5) ................................................................................................................... 64
Acetone (6 7 -6 4 -1)........................................................................................................................ 97
Acetonitrile (75-05-8).................................................................................... 140
2-Acetylaminofluorene (53-96-3)................................................................................................. 24
Acrolein (107-02-8) ...................................................................................................................... 382
Aciylic acid (79-10-7) ................................................................................................................... 192
Aci7 lonitiile (107-13-1) ............................................................................................................... 388
Aflatoxin Bl (1162-65-8)............................................................................................................ 637
Aldicarb (116-06-3)................ 444
Aldrin (309-00-2) ........................................................................................................................ 564
Allyl alcohol (107-18-6)............................................................................................................... 390
2-Aminoanthraquinone (117-79-3).............................................................................................. 446
4-Aminoazobenzene (60-09-3)................................................. 58
4-Aminobiphenyl (92-67-1).......................................................................................................... 270
l-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone (82-28-0) .................................................................................. 214
Amitrole (61-82-5)........................................................................................................................ 70
o-Anisidine (90-04-0)................................................................................................................... 252
p-Anisidine (104-94-9)................................................................................................................. 360
Anthracene (120-12-7)................................................................................................................. 460
Aiiramine (492-80-8).................................................................................................................... 574
Azaserine (115-02-6).................................................................................................................... 437
Aziridine (151-56-4) .................................................................................................................... 532
Benefin (1861-40-1)...................................................................................................................... 661
Benz[c]acridine (225-51-4).......................................................................................................... 554
Benzamide (5 5 -21-0)................................................................................................................... 28
Benz[a]anthracene (56-55-3)........................................................................................................ 40
Benzene (71-43-2).......................................................................................................................... I l l
1.3- Benzenediamine (108-45-2)............................................................................................... 404
Benzidine (92-87-5)...................................................................................................................... 272
Benzo[b]fluoranthene (205-99-2)................................................................................................. 544
Benzo[k]fluoranthene (207-08-9)................................................................................................. 548
Benzo[ghi]perylene (191-24-2) ................................................................................................... 540
Benzo[a]pyrene (50-32-8)............................................................................................................ 12
1.4- Benzoquinone (106-51-4) ................................................................................................. 372
Benzotrichloride (98-07-7) .................. 320
Benzoyl chloride (98-88-4)............................ 326
Benzoyl peroxide (94-36-0)...................................................... 280
Benzyl chloride (100-44-7).......................................................................................................... 344

Biphenyl (92-52-4)........................................................................................................................ 268
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether (111-44-4) ............................................................................................ 428
Bis-(chloromethyl) ether (542-88-1)............................................................................................ 594
Bis-(2-chloroisopropyl) ether (108-60-1)..................................................................................... 406
Bis-(4-dimethylaminophenyl) methane (101-61-1).........................................................................350
Bis-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (103-23-1)......................................................................................... 358
Bis-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (117-81-7).........................................................................................448
Bromoethylene (593-60-2 ) .......................................................................................................... 598
Bromoform (75-25-2)................................................................................................................... 146
Bromoxynil octanoate (1689-99-2).............................................................................................. 655
1,3-Butadiene (106-99-0) ............................................................................................................ 380
1- Butanol (71-36-3)....................................................................................................................109
Butyl acrylate (141-32-2) ............................................................................................................. 524
sec-Butyl alcohol (78-92-2).......................................................................................................... 184
tert-Butyl alcohol (75-65-0)............................................................., ..........................................156
Butyl benzyl phthalate (85-68-7)................................................................................................. 230
1,2-Butylene oxide (106-88-7)..................................................................................................... 374
Butylglycolyl butyl phthalate (85-70-1) ..................................................................................... 232
Butyraldéhyde (123-72-8)............................................................................................................ 488
Captan (133-06-2) ........................................................................................................................ 512
Carbaryl (63-25-2)........................................................................................................................ 82
Carbon tetrachloride (56-23-5)..................................................................................................... 34
Catechol (120-80-9)...................................................................................................................... 468
Chlordane (57-74-9).............................................................................................. ^ ..................... 48
Chloroacetic acid (79-11-8)............................................................................................................ 194
2- Chloroacetophenone (532-27-4) .................................................................... 580
Chlorobenzene (108-90-7)............................................................................................................ 412
Chlorobenzilate (510-15-6)............................................................................................................578
Chloroethane (75-00-3)................................................................................................................. 136
Chloroform (67-66-3)................................................................................................................... 99
Chloromethyl methyl ether (107-30-2) ....................................................................................... 394
Chloroprene (126-99-8) .............. 500
3- Chloropropene (107-05-1) .................................................................................................... 384
Chrysene (218-01-9) ..................................................................................................................... 552
C.I. Basic Green 4 (569-64-2)..................................................................................................... 596
C.I. Solvent Yellow 3 (97-56-3) ................................................................................................. 318
C.I. Solvent Yellow 14 (842-07-9).............................................................................................. 624
C.I. Vat Yellow 4 (128-66-5) ........................................................................................... 504
p-Cresidine (120-71-8)................................................... 466
o-Cresol (95-48-7).................................................................. 294

m-Cresol (108-39-4)...................................................................................................................... 402
p-Cresol (106-44-5)...................................................................................................................... 366
Cresol(s) (1319-77-3)............................................................................. 641
Crotonaldehyde (trans) (123-73-9)............................................................................................... 490
Cumene (98-82-8)......................................................................................................................... 322
Cumene hydroperoxide (80-15-9)................................................................................................. 206
Cupferron (135-20-6).................................................................................................................... 516
Cyanamide, calcium salt (156-62-7)............................................................................................ 536
Cyclohexane (110-82-7)............................................................................................................... 422
Cyclophosphamide (50-18-0)........................................................................................................ 7
2.4- DB (94-82-6)....................................................................................................................... 290
DDD (72-54-8).............................................................................................................................. 118
DDE (72-55-9) .............................................................................................................................. 121
DDT (50-29-3) .............................................................................................................................. 9
Dalapon (75-99-0) ............................................... 162
Decabromophenyl oxide (1163-19-5) ......................................................... 639
Diallate (2303-16-4)...................................................................................................................... 665
4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether (101-80-4)........................................................................................ 356
2.4- Diaminotoluene (95-80-7).................................................................................................. 302
Diaminotoluenes (25376-45-8)...................................................................................................... 671
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (53-70-3) ................................................................................................. 22
Dibenzofuran (132-64-9)............................................................................................................... 510
1,2,7,8-Dibenzopyrene (189-55-9) ............................................................................................... 538
Dibromochloromethane (124-48-1)............................................................................................... 496
1.2- Dibromo-3-chloropropane (96-12-8)................................................................................... 310
Dibutylnitrosamine (924-16-3)...................................................................................................... 627
Di-n-butyl phthalate (84-74-2)...................................................................................................... 224
1.2- Dichlorobenzene (95-50-1) ................................................................................................ 296
m-Dichlorobenzene (541-73-1) .................................................................................................... 590
p-Dichlorobenzene (106-46-7)...................................................................................................... 368
3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine (91-94-1)................................................................................................. 266
Dichlorodifluoromethane (75-71-8) ...............................................................................................160
1.1- DichIoroethane (75-34-3).................................................................................................... 148
1.2- Dichloroethane (107-06-2).................................................................................................. 386
1.1- DichIoroethylene (75-35-4) ................................................................................................ 150
1.2- Dichloroethylene (540-59-0) ............................................................................................. 584
Dichloromethane (75-09-2)........................................................................................................... 142
(Dichloromethyl)benzene (98-87-3) ............................................................................................ 324
2.4- Dichlorophenol (120-83-2).................................................................................................. 472
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (94-75-7).................................................................................. 288

1.2- Dichloropropane (78-87-5)................................................................................................. 182
1.3- DichIoropropene (542-75-6)............................................................................................... 592
Dieldrin (60-57-1) ........................................................................................................................ 68
Diepoxybutane (1464-53-5).......................................................................................................... 649
Diethanolamine (111-42-2).................................................................................... 426
Diethylene glycol, monoethyl ether (111-90-0) ......................................................................... 432
N,N’-Diethyl hydrazine (1615-80-1)............................................................................................ 651
Diethyl phthalate (84-66-2).......................................................................................................... 220
Diethylstilbestrol (56-53-1).......................................................................................................... 38
Diethyl sulfate (64-67-5)............................................................................................................... 89
Dihydrosaffole (94-58-6) ............................................................ 282
Dimethoate (60-51-5)................................................................................................................... 66
3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine (119-90-4) .......................................................................................... 456
Dimethylamine (124-40-3) ................................................... 494
Dimethylaminoazobenzene (60-11-7).......................................................................................... 60
N,N-Dimethylaniline (121-69-7) ................................................................................................. 476
7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (57-97-6) ................................................................................ 50
3,3’-Dimethylbenzidine (119-93-7).............................................................................................. 458
Dimethylcarbamyl chloride (79-44-7)......................................................................................... 200
1.1- Dimethyl hydrazine (57-14-7) .......................................................................................... 42
1.2- Dimethyl hydrazine (540-73-8) ........................................................................................ 586
2.4- Dimethylphenol (105-67-9) ............................................................................................... 362
Dimethyl phthalate (131-11-3)....................................................................................................... 508
Dimethyl sulfate (77-78-1) .......................................................................................................... 170
Dimethyl terephthalate (120-61-6).............................................................................................. 464
Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (1861-32-1)........................................................................... 659
1.3- Dinitrobenzene (99-65-0)................................................................................................... 334
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol (534-52-1) ................................................................................................... 582
2.4- Dinitrophenol (51-28-5) .................................................................................................... 14
2.3- Dinitrotoluene (602-01-7) ................................................................................................. 600
2.4- Dinitrotoluene(121-14-2) ......................................................................................................474
2.5- Dinitrotoluene(619-15-8) ...................................................................................................... 610
2.6- Dinitrotoluene(606-20-2) .................................................................................................... 602
3.4- Dinitrotoluene(610-39-9) .................................................................................................... 606
Dinoseb (88-85-7)........................................................................................................................ 248
Di(n-octyl) phthalate (117-84-0) ................................................................................................. 450
1.4- Dioxane (123-91-1) .......................................................................................................... 492
Diphenylamine (122-39-4) .......................................................................................................... 480
Disulfoton (298-04-4)................................................................................................................... 558
Vll
Endosulfan (115-29-7) .................................................................................................................. 441

Epichlorohydrin (106-89-8)........................................................................................................... 376
Ethanol (64-17-5) ......................................................................................................................... 85
2-Ethoxyethanol (110-80-5)........................................................................................................... 420
Ethyl acetate (141-78-6)............................................................................................................... 526
Ethyl acrylate (140-88-5) ............................................................................................................. 522
Ethylbenzene (l(X)-41-4).......................................... 340
Ethyl carbamate (51-79-6) ........................................................................................................... 18
Ethyl carbethoxymethyl phthalate (84-72-0) ............................................................... 222
Ethyl chloroformate (541-41-3)................................................................................................... 588
Ethylene (74-85-1)......................................................................................................................... 126
Ethylene dibromide (106-93-4) ................................................................................................... 378
Ethylene glycol (107-21-1)........................................................................................................... 392
Ethylene glycol, monobutyl ether (111-76-2).............................................................................. 430
Ethylene oxide (75-21-8) ............................................................................................................... 144
Ethylenethiourea (96-45-7).......................................................................................................... 316
Ethyl methanesulfonate (62-50-0) ............................................................................................... 74
Ethyl N-methyl-N-nitrosocarbamate (615-53-2)......................................................................... 608
Fluoranthene (206-44-0)............................................................................................................... 546
Fluorene (86-73-7)......................................................................................................................... 236
Fluridone (59756-60-4).................................................................................................................. 678
Formaldehyde (50-00-0)............................................................................................................... 1
Formic acid (64-18-6) .................................................................................................................. 87
Furan (110-00-9)............................................................................................................................. 418
Glycidylaldehyde (765-34-4) . . .................................................................................................... 622
Heptachlor (76-44-8) .................................................................................. 166
Heptachlor epoxide (1024-57-3)..................... 631
Hexachlorobenzene (118-74-1) ................................... 452
Hexachlorobutadiene (87-68-3) ................................................................................................... 240
alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane (319-84-6) ................................................................................... 566
beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (319-85-7)..................................................................................... 568
delta-Hexachlorocyclohexane (319-86-8)..................................................................................... 570
gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane (Lindane) (58-89-9) ................................................................ 52
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (77-47-4).......................................................................................... 168
Hexachloroethane (67-72-1) ........................................................................................................ 101
Hexachloronaphthalene (1335-87-1)............................................................................................ 645
Hexachlorophene (70-30-4)................................................................................ ; ....................... 107
Hydrazine (302-01-2)......... 560
Hydrazobenzene (122-66-7) ........................................................................................................ 482
Hydrocyanic acid (74-90-8)........................................................................................................... 132
Hydroquinone (123-31-9)............................................................................................................. 484

Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene (193-39-5)............................................................................................... 542
Isobutyl alcohol (78-83-1)............................................................................................................. 178
Isobutyraldéhyde (78-84-2)........................................................................................................... 180
Isophorone (78-59-1).................................................. 174
Isoprene (78-79-5)......................................................................................................................... 176
Isopropalin (33820-53-0) ............................................................................................................. 673
Isopropanol (67-63-0).................................................................................................................... 95
4,4’-Isopropylidenediphenol (80-05-7) ........................................................................................ 204
Isosafrole (120-58-1) .................................................................................................................... 462
Kepone (143-50-0)......................................................................................................................... 528
Lasiocarpine (303-34-4) ................................................................................................................ 562
Linuron (330-55-2) ....................................................................................................................... 572
Malathion (121-75-5).................................................................................................................... 478
Mecoprop (93-65-2)....................................................................................................................... 276
Melamine (108-78-1).................................................................................................................... 408
Methanol (67-56-1) ....................................................................................................................... 93
Methoxychlor (72-43-5).................. 115
2-Methoxyethanol (109-86-4) ...................................................................................................... 416
Methyl acrylate (96-33-3)............................................................................................................... 314
2-Methylaziridine (75-55-8) ........................................................................................................ 154
Methyl bromide (74-83-9)............................................................................................................. 124
Methyl t-butyl ether (1634-04-4)................................................................................................. 653
Methyl chloride (74-87-3)............................................................................................................. 128
2- Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (94-74-6)...................................................................... 286
3- Methylcholanthrene (56-49-5)............ 36
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (101-14-4)..............................................................................348
Methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) (101-68-8)................................................................................. 352
Methylene bromide (74-95-3) ........... 134
4,4’-Methylenedianiline (101-77-9) ............................................................................................. 354
Methyl ethyl ketone (78-93-3)...................................................................................................... 186
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (1338-23-4) ................................................................................. 647
Methylhydrazine (60-34-4) ...................................................... 62
Methyl iodide (74-88-4)............................................................................................................... 130
Methyl isobutyl ketone (108-10-1)............................................................................................... 398
Methylisocyanate (624-83-9)........................................................................................................ 614
Methyl methacrylate (80-62-6) .................................................................................................... 208
N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea (684-93-5) ............................................................................................. 618
Methyl parathion (298-00-0)........................................................................................................ 556
Methylthiouracil (56-04-2) ........................................................................................................... 32
Michler’s ketone (90-94-8).......................................................................................................... 256

Mitomycin C (50-07-7) ............................................................................................................... 5
Mustard gas (505-60-2) ............................................................................................................... 576
Naphthalene (91-20-3) ................................................................................................................. 260
alpha-Naphthylamine (134-32-7) ................................................................................................. 514
beta-Naphthylamine (91-59-8)..................................................................................................... 264
Nitrilotriacetic acid (139-13-9) ..................................................................................................... 518
5-Nitro-o-anisidine (99-59-2)........................................................................................................ 332
Nitrobenzene (98-95-3)................................................................................................................. 328
4-Nitrobiphenyl (92-93-3)............................................................................................................. 274
Nitrogen mustard (51-75-2).......................................................................................................... 16
Nitroglycerin (55-63-0)........................................................................... 30
2-Nitrophenol (88-75-5) ............................................................................................................... 246
4- Nitrophenol (100-02-7) ........................................................................................................ 336
2-Nitropropane (79-46-9) ................................................................................................ 202
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine (1116-54-7)................................. : ..................................................... 633
N-Nitrosodiethylamine (55-18-5)............................................................ 26
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (62-75-9).............................................................................................. 80
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine (86-30-6).............................................................................................. 234
p-Nitrosodiphenylamine (156-10-5) ............................................................................................ 534
N-Nitrosodipropylamine (621-64-7)..............................................................................................612
N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea (759-73-9) .............................................................................................. 620
N-Nitroso-N-methyl-N’-nitroguanidine (70-25-7)....................................................................... 105
N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine (4549-40-0)..................................................................................... 667
N-Nitrosomorpholine (59-89-2)................................................................................................... 56
N-Nitrosopiperidine (100-75-4)........................................................ 346
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (930-55-2) ........................................................................ 629
5- Nitro-o-toluidine (99-55-8).................................................................................................... 330
Octachloronaphthalene (2234-13-1) ................................................. 663
Pentachlorobenzene (608-93-5) ................................................................................................... 604
Pentachloronitrobenzene (82-68-8)..................................................... 216
Pentachlorophenol (87-86-5)........................................................................................................ 242
Peracetic acid (79-21-0) ................................................................................................................. 196
Phenacetin (62-44-2) .................................................................................................................... 72
Phenanthrene (85-01-8) ............................................................................................................... 226
Phenobarbitol (50-06-6) ............................................................................................................... 3
Phenol (108-95-2) ........................................................................................................................ 414
Phenylalanine mustard (148-82-3) .............................................................................................. 530
p-Phenylenediamine (106-50-3)................................................................................................... 370
2-Phenylphenol (90-43-7) ............................................................................................................. 254
Phosgene (75-44-5) ...................................................................................................................... 152

Phthalic anhydride (85-44-9)...................................................................................... 228
Picric acid (88-89-1) ................................................................................................................... 250
Propane sultone (1120-71-4)........................................................................................................ 635
beta-Propiolactone (57-57-8)........................................................................................................ 46
Propionaldéhyde (123-38-6) ........................................................................................................ 486
Propoxur (114-26-1)...................................................................................................................... 434
Propylene (115-07-1)................................................................................................................... 439
Propylene glycol, monoethyl ether (52125-53-8) ....................................................................... 676
Propylene glycol, monomethyl ether (107-98-2)......................................................................... 396
Pyrene (129-00-0) ........................................................................................................................ 506
Pyridine (110-86-1) ...................................................................................................................... 424
Quinoline (91-22-5)...................................................................................................................... 262
Saccharin (81-07-2)........................................................................................................................210
Safrole (94-59-7).......................................................................................................................... 284
Streptozotocin (18883-66-4) ........................................................................................................ 669
Strychnine (57-24-9) ................................................................................................................... 44
Styrene (100-42-5)........................................................................................................................ 342
Styrene oxide (96-09-3) ............................................................................................................... 308
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) (1746-01-6)............................................................................................ 657
Terephthalic acid (100-21-0)............................................ 338
1.2.4.5- Tetrachlorobenzene (95-94-3)................................. 304
1.1.1.2- Tetrachloroethane (630-20-6) ..................................................................................... 616
1.1.2.2- Tetrachloroethane (79-34-5)........................................................................................ 198
Tetrachloroethylene (127-18-4) ................................................................................................... 502
2.3.4.6- Tetrachlorophenol (58-90-2)........................................................................................ 54
Tetraethyl lead (78-00-2) ............................................................................................................ 172
Thioacetamide (62-55-5)........... 76
4,4’-ThiodianUine (139-65-1) ..................................................................................................... 520
Thiourea (62-56-6)........................................................................................................................ 78
Toluene (108-88-3) ...................................................................................................................... 410
Toluene-2,6-diisocyanate (91-08-7) ............................................................................................ 258
o-Toluidine (95-53-4)................................................................................................................... 298
Triaziquone (68-76-8).................................................................................................................... 103
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (120-82-1).............................................................................................. 470
1.1.1- Trichloroethane (71-55-6)................................................................................................. 113
1.1.2- Trichloroethane (79-00-5)............................................................................................... 188
Trichloroethylene (79-01-6)............................................................................................................ 190
Trichlorofluoromethane (75-69-4) .............................................................................................. 158
Trichlorofon (52-68-6)................................................................................................................. 20
2.4.5- Trichlorophenol (95-95-4)................................................................................................ 306

2.4.6- Trichlorophenol (88-06-2)................................................................................................ 244
2.4.5- Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (93-76-5).......................................................................... 278
1.2.3- Trichloropropane (96-18-4)....................................................................... 312
l,l,2,-Trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane (76-13-1) ............................................................................ 164
1.2.4- Trimethylbenzene (95-63-6) ........................................................................................... 300
2.4.6- Trinitrotoluene (118-96-7)................................................................................................ 454
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate (126-72-7) ............................................................................ 498
Uracil mustard (66-75-1) ............................................................................................................. 91
Vinyl chloride (75-01-4)..................................................................................................................138
Warfarin (81-81-2).................................................................................................................... .. . 212
o-Xylene (95-47-6) ....................................................................................................................... 292
m-Xylene (108-38-3).................................................................................................................... 400
p-Xylene (106-42-3)....................................................................................................................... 364
Xylenes (1330-20-7) .................................................................................................................... 643
2.6- Xylidine (87-62-7)........................................................................................................... 238
Xll
INTRODUCTION
This book is the result of work completed by the Syracuse Research Corporation in August
1989 for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The task entailed the compilation of rate
constants for individual abiotic and biotic degradation processes for chemicals of anthropogenic
origin as they pertain to the environmental compartments of soil, water, and air. Estimates were
performed for chemicals in which rate data could not be located in the available literature. A
range of half-lives was established for both individual degradation processes and specific
environmental media; the latter were based on the former. Half-lives for soil, water, and air do
not account for the transport of a chemical between environmental compartments, and therefore,
overall ranges are not necessarily representative of a chemicaPs actual persistence within a
particular environmental medium.
Part I of the book outlines the approach employed in developing the Chemical Fate Rate
Constants for the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Section 313
chemicals and Superfund Health Evaluation Manual Chemicals. Altogether, the strategy was
applied to 331 chemicals. Part II contains a test set of seven chemicals, which are reviewed in
detail. These sample chemicals provide a better understanding of the approach that was used.
Because of limitations placed upon time and available funds, the level of documentation for the
examples in Part II was not maintained for the majority of chemicals contained in Part III.
X lll
PART I: STRATEGY FOR DETERMINING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
RATE CONSTANTS
Sources of Data. The Syracuse Research Corporation’s (SRC) Environmental Fate Data
Bases (EFDB) were the primary sources of*information; DATALOG, CHEMFATE, BIOLOG,
and BIODEG files were searched for pertinent data. The review of data was greatly facilitated
when CHEMFATE and/or BIODEG contained records on a chemical, since these files have
actual experimental data. For chemicals not included in CHEMFATE or BIODEG, the reviewer
used DATALOG for pointers to references pertaining to abiotic degradation processes and
BIOLOG for references with information on biodegradation.
Physical/chemical properties, retrieved from SRC’s CHEMFATE files, were helpful in the
interpretation of degradation studies. For example, knowing the volatility and adsorption
characteristics of a chemical are important for discerning the results of a semi-continuous or
continuous activated sludge treatment test.
Degradation Data Review and Analysis» With the exception of removal efficiencies in
wastewater treatment simulations, all individual process and media half-lives were for degradation
processes and did not consider transport processes such as volatilization or adsorption. Thus, the
degradation half-lives reported would have to be entered into some type of model that would
consider transport processes in order to get the overall half-life in a given medium. Attempts
were made to isolate data on individual processes within specific environmental media. For
instance, the rate constant for the vapor phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl
radicals was considered independently from other photooxidation reactions in air such as reaction
with ozone (only important for olefins). Biodegradation was separated into categories of aerobic
and anaerobic. Removal efficiencies from wastewater treatment simulation studies were recorded
for applicable chemicals. The abiotic degradation processes of hydrolysis, photolysis, and
oxidation/reduction were also examined individually. Very little information regarding reduction
reactions was located in the available literature. In all cases, experimental data were preferred
over estimation techniques. The following sections outline the logic employed for each process
as it pertains to air, water, or soil:
Hydroxyl radical reaction in air: For a considerable number of chemicals,
experimental data were not found in the available literature. Therefore, rate constants were
estimated according to the method of Atkinson, R (1987A). Based upon monitoring data for
relatively pristine and polluted air, minimum and maximum atmospheric concentrations of 3X10^
and 3X10^ hydroxyl radicals/cm^ (Atkinson, R, 1985; Hewitt, CN and Harrison, RM, 1985) were
combined with either the experimental or estimated rate constant to give a range of half-lives.
Ozone reaction in air: The rate constant estimation method of Atkinson, R and
Carter, WPL (1984) was used for those olefins which lacked experimental data. Representative
ozone concentrations of 5.0X10" to 3.0X10" molecules/cm^ were based on monitoring data of
pristine and polluted atmospheres (Atkinson, R and Carter, WPL, 1984); and again, either
experimental or estimated rate constants were applied to low and high ozone concentrations to
yield a range of half-lives in air.
XIV
Photolysis in air or water: Half-lives for direct photolysis were based on sound
experimental data in which sunlight or artificial light was used to irradiate a chemical in solution
(preferably aqueous solution) at environmentally significant wavelengths (>290 nm). Photolysis
rates in air were assumed to equal those in solution.
The Lambda max and whether or not absorption of UV light occurs at wavelengths greater
than 290 nm was documented for chemicals with available UV absorption spectra in polar and
non-polar solution (methanol, ethanol and hexane). This information may indicate a chemical has
the potential to undergo photolysis in the environment, but an estimate of rate would not be
prudent since a chemical that absorbs UV light at environmentally significant wavelengths does
not necessarily photodegrade (there are many ways that a chemical can lose the absorbed energy
without photodegrading).
Photooxidation reactions with alkylperoxy (R02*)> hydroxyl radicals (HO ) or
singlet oxygen in water (^Oj): For some chemical classes such as aromatic amines and phenols,
reactions with photooxidants in sunlit waters can be important. As with photooxidation in air, the
range of half-lives was calculated from reaction rate constants and monitored upper and lower
levels of oxidants in relatively oligotrophic and eutrophic natural waters (Table 1). Class
estimates were used for appropriate chemical class members that did not possess specific data.
Table 1: Photooxidant concentrations in natural waters
Low High Reference
HO- 5.0X10 '’ M 2.0X10 '’ M Mill, T et al. 1980

Mill, T 1989
ROj- 1.0X10" M 5.0X10 '®M Mill, T et al. 1980

Mill, T 1989
■o, I.OXIO '^ M 1.0X10 '^ M Scully, FE Jr., Hoigne, J 1987

Haag, WR, Hoigne, J 1986
Mill, T 1989
Hydrolysis in water or soil: Hydrolysis only applies to a limited number of

chemicals that have hydrolyzable groups such as e s t ^ aliphatic halogens, amides, carbamates,
and phosphate esters. Relatively fast and slow half-lives were calculated from first or second
order rate constants determined at pH 5, 7, and 9, and temperatures of 20 or 25°C. The PC-
GEMS program HYDRO (U.S. EPA 1987) was used to estimate hydrolysis rates for esters that
lacked experimental data. Despite the fact that humic materials can accelerate the hydrolysis rate
for acid-catalyzed reactions or inhibit the hydrolysis rate for base-catalyzed reactions through
adsorption to substrate (Perdue, EM 1983), hydrolysis half-lives in surface water, ground water.
and soil were assumed to be identical, unless experimental data suggested otherwise.
Aerobic biodegradation in water: Data from surface water grab samples or river
die-away studies were preferred over aqueous screening tests or properly controlled field studies.
The low and high rate constants from grab sample data were used to establish the range of half-
lives. If only one rate constant was available, the corresponding half-life was treated as a middle
value. Additional information from screening studies aided in defining the estimated duration
between low and high half-lives.
Our review of the literature did not generate grab sample data for a substantial number of
chemicals. Aqueous field studies were considered when all other degradation or transport
processes could be ruled out or taken into account (e.g., pond die-away studies of water soluble,
non-volatile chemicals, or field studies that show a chemical is persistent).
In the absence of grab sample or reliable field data, aqueous screening studies were examined.
A classification scheme was established for assigning high and low half-lives based upon the
screening data. Chemicals that consistently degrade at a rapid, moderate, slow, and resistant rates
were assigned to the appropriate range of biodegradation half-lives (Table 2). When little or
conflicting data existed, these half-life ranges may have been adjusted based upon the available
information and, where possible, data for related chemicals. When no biodegradation data were
available, the categories were assigned by examining the functional groups in the chemical and
using biodegradation "rules of thumb" (e.g., halogen or nitro groups slow biodegradation, and
alcohol and carboxyl acid groups increase biodegradation) (Howard, P et al. 1987). If aerobic soil
biodegradation rates were the only data available, the half-life for aerobic biodegradation in water
was assumed to equal the biodegradation half-life in soil.
Table 2: The classification and range of half-lives for the biodegradation

of chemicals in environmental media
Class Low tVj High tVj
Fast 1 day 7 days

Moderately fast 7 days 4 weeks
Slow 4 weeks 6 months
Resistant 6 months 1 year
Aerobic biodegradation in soil: The protocol for interpreting biodegradability tests

of chemicals in soil was similar to that in water. Preferably, microbial degradation rates from one
or more soil grab sample study were used to designate the range of half-lives. Field studies were
acceptable if abiotic degradation and transport processes were not factors (e.g., a soil plot study
of a non-volatile pesticide which does not hydrolyze, photodegrade, or leach). In the absence of
credible grab sample or field rate data, screening tests were utilized to classify chemicals within
a standard category of half-lives (Table 2). Again, biodegradation rates in soil were assumed to
equal those in natural surface waters.
Anaerobic biodegradation: Anaerobic biodegradation is generally much slower
than aerobic biodegradation. The reverse is true only for certain chemicals such as chlorinated
hydrocarbons. Nitroaromatics are also rapidly reduced in oxygen deficient environments, but it
is questionable as to whether or not this is due to microbial action. Furthermore, biodegradation
has been less studied under anaerobic conditions, and for many chemicals, information was not
available. Unless experimental data were located, anaerobic biodegradation half-lives were
conservatively estimated to be four times longer than the range for aerobic biodegradation.
Biodegradation in biological treatment plants: For some chemicals, percent
removals from continuous and semi-continuous activated sludge treatment plant simulation studies
or from influent/effluent monitoring data of conventional biological treatment facilities were
obtained from the literature. If only one data point was found, it was listed as the high removal
percentage.
Determination of Overall Half-lives. An overall range of half-lives was detemiined for each
chemical within the environmental compartments of soil, surface water, ground water, and air.
Half-lives were based upon the high and low degradation rates of the most important degradation
process within a particular medium. In cases where every degradation rate was an estimate that
did not differ drastically from the others, the final range of half-lives was selected from the
process thought to possess the most reliable estimation technique.
Soil: Half-lives from the fastest reaction were usually transferred directly to the
overall range of half-lives for soil. Biodegradation was the most common degradation process
to dominate in soil, with the exception of those chemicals which undergo rapid hydrolysis. Soil
and water hydrolysis half-lives were used interchangeably even though the higher organic matter
concentrations in soil may increase the hydrolysis rate for acid-catalyzed reactions or slow the
hydrolysis rate for base-catalyzed reactions (Perdue, EM 1983); actual hydrolysis data for soil
were rarely found. Thus, most hydrolysis half-lives in soil were based upon rate data detennined
in water. For chemicals with overlapping biodegradation and hydrolysis half-lives, the respective
fastest high and fastest low half-lives comprise the final range in soil. When hydrolysis was
unimportant and biodegradation rate data in soil did not exist, the final range of half-lives in soii
was assumed to equal the unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life. In many cases,
the unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life was developed from screening studies
and/or deduced using the "rules of thumb" previously mentioned.
Surface water: Half-lives for a chemical in surface water were derived in the same
manner as those in soil. Generally, the most significant degradation process was the source of
low and high half-lives. Biodegradation and then direct photolysis and photooxidation were the
dominant degradation processes in surface water; hydrolysis was important for a small number
of chemicals. Overlapping individual half-lives were merged to yield the most appropriate range
of half-lives when more than one degradation process was environmentally relevant. For some
pesticides in which only soil biodegradation rates were available, half-lives were assumed to be
equal to those in aerobic soil.
Ground water: The range of half-lives for a chemical in ground water was also
determined by the most important degradation process or processes. Biodegradation and
XV11
hydrolysis, to a lesser extent, were the principal means of degradation. Grab sample or field
studies with dependable rate data were seldom found for chemicals in ground water. In general,
biodegradation proceeds at a slow rate compared to surface waters because unacclimated ground
water microbial populations are limited in terms of both numbers and enzymatic capability.
Ground waters also maintain varying levels of oxygen and are more likely to be anaerobic.
Hence, the rate of biodegradation in ground water was assumed to be one-half that in surface
water and overall half-lives were conservatively estimated to be twice the unacclimated aqueous
aerobic biodegradation half-lives, unless the data suggested otherwise. For chemicals tliat degrade
rapidly under anaerobic conditions, the low half-life in ground water usually equalled the low
aqueous anaerobic biodegradation half-life, and the high half-life was based upon the high
aqueous aerobic biodegradation half life.
Air: The range of half-lives for a chemical in air was estimated using the fastest
degradation process, usually reaction with hydroxyl radicals. For certain chemical classes,
photooxidations with ozone and direct photolysis were important. Hydrolysis in air was important
for only a few chemicals. When more than one reaction was environmentally important, a range
of combined half-lives was calculated. For instance, the corresponding low and high half-lives
for the gas-phase photooxidations of certain olefins with hydroxyl radicals and ozone were
combined to yield a range of half-lives that was conditional upon simultaneous reactions.
X V lll
PART II: SAMPLE EVALUATIONS
The following section provides a fate rate table for each chemical, preceded by a brief review
of the available rate data associated with each degradation process. Fate rate tables appear just
as they are presented in Part HI.
1,4-Dioxane (Dioxane)
Physical Properties: Based upon its physical properties, 1,4-Dioxane is not expected to
significantly volatilize from water or to strongly adsorb to soil or sediments. It is expected to
leach through soil rapidly, provided degradation is sufficiently slow.
Abiotic Degradation
Hydrolysis: No data available; not expected to be significant under normal environmental
conditions.
Reduction: No data available; not expected to be significant under normal environmental
conditions.
Photolysis: No data available; not expected to be significant under normal environmental
conditions.
Photooxidation •Water: Based upon experimental rate data, photooxidation with alkylperoxyl
radicals (ROj) is slow (low 18 years at an estimated high concentration of 5X10 M
RO2), relative to reaction with hydroxyl radicals (OH) (high t,;2 ~ ^.1 years at an estimated
low concentration of 5X10**’ M OH).
Photooxidation - Air: Based upon estimated rate data, reaction with ozone (O3) is very slow
(low ti/2 ~ 4.3 years at an experimental high concentration of 3X10*^ Oj/cm^) relative to
reaction with OH (high b/2 days based upon measured rate constant for reaction of
1,3,5-trioxane with OH and an experimental low concentration of 3X10^ OH/cm^).
(Photooxidation - Polluted Air: 50% degradation reported in 3.4 hours in air with 5 ppm NO,
irradiated by sunlamps).
Biodegradation: The data located indicate that dioxane is resistant to biodegradation. The only
grab sample experiments utilized trench leachate samples from a shallow-land waste burial site,
but the study did not report incubation times for the experiments involving dioxane. Under
aerobic conditions, 0% and 10% degradation were observed with and without an added N source,
respectively; under anaerobic conditions, 4% and 13% degradation were observed, respectively.
Screening tests indicate little or no biodegradation of dioxane by sewage seed and activated
sludge. Acclimation appears to have little effect on degradation rates. The MITT test confirms
dioxane either is not degraded or is degraded slowly.
Selection of Data/Determination of Rates and Half-lives:

Half-lives:
Soil: No data concerning degradation in soil were located. Since hydrolysis is probably
insignificant, biodegradation was selected as the most significant degradation mechanism.
Based upon experiments in aqueous systems, biodegradation in soil is expected to be slow.
An estimated range of half-lives of 1 to 6 months for dioxane in soil appears to be reasonable
based upon scientific judgement.
Air: Photooxidation by OH appears to be the most rapid degradation process in the

atmosphere. High and low half-lives were calculated using estimations of high and low
concentrations of OH expected in relatively polluted and pristine air, respectively. These OH
concentrations were based upon reported experimental data.
Surface Water: The tj/2 in surface water is based upon the estimated biodegradation rates
because the rates for other degradation processes are either very slow (photooxidation) or are
expected to be zero or negligible (direct photolysis, hydrolysis, and reduction).
Ground Water: The t„2 in ground water is based upon the estimated aerobic biodegradation
rates (and assumed to be two times longer) because the rate of hydrolysis is negligible.
XXI
1,4-Dioxane
CAS Registry Number: 123-91-1
Half-lives:
• Soil: High: 4320 hours (6 months)
Low: 672 hours (4 weeks)
Comment: Scientific judgement based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation
half-life.
• Air: High: 81 hours (3.4 days)

Low: 8. f hours (0.34 days)
Comment: Based upon photooxidation half-life in air.
' Surface Water: High: 4320 hours (6 months)

Comment: Based upon estimated unacclimated aqueous aerobic biodegradation half-life.
• Ground Water: High: 8640 hours (12 months)

half-life.
Aqueous Biodegradation (unacclimated):

• Aerobic half-life: High: 4320 hours (6 months)
Comment: Scientific judgement based upon unacclimated aerobic aqueous screening test data which
confirmed resistance to biodegradation (Kawasaki, M (1980); Sasaki, S (1978)).
• Anaerobic half-life: High: 17280 hours (24 months)

Comment: Scientific judgement based upon estimated aerobic biodegradation half-life.
• Removal/secondary treatment: High: No data

Low:
Comment:
Photolysis:
*Atmos photol half-life: High: Will not directly photolyze
Low:
Comment:
*Max light absorption (nm): No data
xxii
Comment:
• Aq photol half-life: High:

Low:
Comment:
Photooxidation half-life:
•Water: High: 8X1 O'* hours (9.1 years)
Low: 1608 hours (67 days)
Comment: Based upon measured rates for reaction with hydroxyl radicals in water (Dorfman, LM
and Adams, GE (1973); Anbar, M and Neta, P (1967)).
• Air: High: 81 hours (3.4 days)

Low: 8.1 hours (0.34 days)
Comment: Based upon measured rate constant for reaction of 1,3,5-trioxane with hydroxyl radicals
in air (Atkinson, R (1987A)).
Reduction half-life: High: No reducible groups

Low:
Comment:
Hydrolysis:
• First-order hydr half-life:
Comment:
• Acid rate const (M(H+)-hr)'^: No hydrolyzable groups

Comment:
• Base rate const (M(OH-)-hr)'*:

Comment:
XXlll
Vinyl Chloride
Physical Properties: Based upon its physical properties, yinyl chloride can be expected to rapidly
yolatilize from water, soil, and surfaces. It is also expected to leach through soil due to its estimated
moderate mobility in soil.
Abiotic Degradation
Hydrolysis: No data ayailable; not expected to be significant under normal enyironmental conditions.
Reduction: No data ayailable; not expected to be significant under normal enyironmental conditions.
Photolysis: No data ayailable; not expected to be significant under normal enyironmental conditions.
Photooxidation - Water: No data ayailable.
Photooxidation - Air: Based upon experimental rate data, reaction with ozone (O3) is yery slow
relatiye to reaction with OH (high tj/2 ~ 97 hours at an experimental low concentration o f 3X10^
OH/cm^).
Biodegradation: An anaerobic ground water field study of the biodegradation of tetrachloroethene,

trichloroethene, cis- and trans-l,2-dichloroethene, and yinyl chloride yielded an estimate of 59 months for
the half-life of vinyl chloride. The only other data available are from screening tests. Under aerobic
conditions, the amount of degradation observed ranges from none (0% BOOT in 30 days using acclimated
sewage seed) to significant (21.5% CO2 evolution in 5 days using activated sludge).
Selection of Data/Determination of Rates and Half-lives:

Half-lives:
Soil: No data concerning degradation were located. Since hydrolysis is probably insignificant,
biodegradation was selected as the most significant degradation mechanism. The range of half-lives
was estimated using scientific judgement and data from aqueous screening experiments.
Air: Based upon experimental data, photooxidation by OH appears to be the most rapid degradation
process in the atmosphere. High and low half-lives were calculated using an experimentally
determined range of high and low concentrations of OH expected in relatively polluted and pristine
air, respectively.
Surface Water: The tjyj in water is based upon the estimated biodegradation rates because the rates
for other degradation processes are either very slow (photooxidation) or are expected to be zero or
negligible (direct photolysis, hydrolysis, and reduction). The biodegradation rates were estimated
using scientific judgement and data from the few aqueous screening experiments.
Ground Water: The ti/2 in ground water is based upon the estimated biodegradation rates because tlie
rate of hydrolysis is negligible. The low t|/2 is based upon the estimated low unacclimated aqueous
aerobic biodegradation half-life (and assumed to be two times longer) and the high ti/2 is based upon
the estimated half-life for anaerobic biodegradation from a ground water field study.
xxiv
Vinyl chloride
Half-lives:
• Soil: High: 4320 hours (6 months)
half-life.
• Air: High: 97 hours

Low: 9.7 hours
Comment: Based upon photooxidation half-life in air.
• Surface Water: High: 4320 hours (6 months)

half-life.
• Ground Water: High: 69,000 hours (95 months)

half-life (low and an estimated half-life for anaerobic biodegradation of vinyl chloride from a
ground water field study of chlorinated ethenes (Silka, LR and Wallen, DA (1988)).

• Aerobic half-life: High: 4320 hours (6 months)
Comment: Scientific judgement based upon aqueous screening test data (Freitag, D et al. (1984A);
Helfgott, TB et al. (1977)).
• Anaerobic half-life: High: 17280 hours (24 months)

half-life.
• Removal/secondary treatment: High: No data

Low:
Comment:
Photolysis:
*Atmos photol half-life: High: Not expected to directly photolyze
Low:
XXV
Comment: Scientific judgement based upon measured rate of photolysis in water (Callahan, MA et
al. (1979A)).
• Max light absorption (nm):

Comment:
• Aq photol half-life: High: Not expected to directly photolyze

Low:
Comment: Scientific judgement based upon measured rate of photolysis in water (Callahan, MA et
al. (1979A)).
Photooxidation h^f-life:
• Water: High: No data
Low:
Comment:
• Air: High: 97 hours

Low: 9.7 hours
Comment: Based upon measured rate constant for reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air (Atkinson,
R (1985)).
Reduction half-life: High: Not expected to be significant

Low:
Comment:
Hydrolysis:
• First-order hydr half-life:
Comment:
• Acid rate const (M(H+)-hr)‘^: No hydrolyzable groups

Comment:
• Base rate const (M(OH-)-hr)'L*

Comment:
XXVI
Diallate
Physical Properties: Based upon its physical properties, diallate is not expected to significantly volatilize
from water, soil or surfaces or to significantly adsorb to soils or sediments. Diallate is expected to be
moderately mobile in soil.
Abiotic Degradation
Hydrolysis: Experimental data are available for the base catalyzed and first order rates of hydrolysis.
The half-lives estimated using these data range from 3.8 years at pH 9 to 6.6 years at pH 7.
Reduction: No data available; not expected to be significant under normal environmental conditions.
Photolysis: No data available; not expected to be significant under normal environmental conditions.
Photooxidation - Water: No experimental data available.
Photooxidation - Air: No experimental data available. The rate for reaction with ozone is expected
to be slow relative to reaction with hydroxyl radicals. The rate for reaction with hydroxyl radicals
was estimated using the method of Atkinson (1987A). This estimated rate combined with an
experimentally determined range of hydroxyl radical concentrations results in a range of 0.58 to 5.8
hours for the half-life.
Biodegradation: No data were found concerning aqueous biodegradation. Adequate data were found
concerning biodegradation in soils. Half-lives in these experiments, most of which included adequate
sterile controls, ranged from 252 hours to 3 months.
Selection of Pata/Determination of Rates and Half-lives:

Half-lives:
Soil: Since hydrolysis is expected to be very slow based upon rates for aqueous hydrolysis, the range
of half-lives reported in experiments for biodegradation in soil was selected.
Air: Photooxidation by OH appears to be the most rapid degradation process in the atmosphere.
High and low half-lives were calculated using an estimated rate of reaction and an experimentally
determined range of high and low concentrations of OH expected in relatively polluted and pristine
air, respectively.
Surface Water: The tj/j in water is based upon the estimated biodegradation rates because the rates
for other degradation processes are either very slow (photooxidation) or are expected to be zero or
negligible (direct photolysis, hydrolysis, and reduction). Since no aqueous biodegradation rates were
available, the rate of aqueous biodegradation was estimated using scientific judgement and the rates
reported for biodegradation in soil.
Ground Water: The tj/2in ground water is based upon the estimated aerobic biodegradation rates (and
assumed to be two times longer) because the rate of hydrolysis is negligible.
xxvii
Diallate

CH3 o
Structure:
Cl
HalMives:
• Soil: High: 2160 hours (3months)
Low: 252 hours (0.35 months)
Comment: Based upon aerobic soil die-away test data (Anderson, JPE and Domsch, KH (1976);
Smith, AE (1970)).
• Air: High: 5.8 hours

Low: 0.58hours
Comment: Based upon estimated photooxidation half-life in air.
• Surface W ater: High: 2160 hours (3months)

Low: 252 hours (0.35 month)
Comment: Scientific judgement based upon aerobic soil die-away test data (Anderson, JPE and
Domsch, KH (1976); Smith, AE (1970)).
• Ground W ater: High: 4320 hours (6months)


• Aerobic half-life: High: 2160 hours (3months)
Domsch, KH (1976); Smith, AE (1970)).•
• Anaerobic half-life: High: 8640 hours (12months)

Low: 1008 hours (2.1 months)
Removal/secondary treatment: High: No data

Low:
XXVlll
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unto fountains of living waters, and God shall wipe away all
tears from their eyes.'"
"Is that out of the Scripture?" I ventured to ask.
"Aye, that and many more precious promises. Rosamond,

you are far more of a scholar than I. If you have a chance,
do not you neglect to study the Scripture for yourself. And
now farewell, best, dearest friend, for I hear the Sister
going to ring the bell, and Mother Gertrude will soon be
here."
Oh, that last embrace! I dare not dwell upon it! It was too
much for Amice, who fell back fainting. I called Mother
Gertrude, who was already astir, and together we revived
her. Then Mother Gertrude, seeing, I suppose, by my looks,
how much I was overcome, gave me a composing drink and
sent me to bed. I was long in falling asleep, but I did at
last, and when I waked all was over. I heard afterward how
it was. Seeing that Amice was clearly near her end, the
Sisters were assembled in her room, as usual, for the last
rite.
Then she spoke with a clear and plain voice, declaring that
having had her mind enlightened by Holy Scripture, and as
she believed also by light from on high, she did utterly
contemn and repudiate all worship and honor of images and
pictures, all prayers to our Lady and the Saints, and all trust
whatever for salvation in forms and ceremonies, in
penances, indulgences, or any such toys; placing her hopes
of salvation upon Christ alone. Having said which, (but
mentioning naught of Magdalen Jewell's escape,) she
repeated in a clear voice and with (as Sister Placida told
me,) a countenance more like a beatified Saint than a dying
heretic, these words from the Psalm: "Into thy hands I
commend my spirit, for thou hast redeemed me, O Lord,
thou God of truth."
And then sinking back and clasping her hands, she yielded
up the ghost.
'Twas a terrible shock and surprise to all, for Amice had

been devout from a child, using many prayers, and as much
of watching and fasting as her superiors would permit; and
nobody, not even Sister Catherine, doubted that she had a
true vocation.
Mother Gertrude fainted on the spot, and revived only to fall

into fits, to which, it seems, she was formerly subject. All
the Sisters fled from the room, and the poor body lay
unwatched and uncared for till night, when it was hastily
and with little ceremony buried in the far corner of the
cemetery, by the side of that poor secluded lady, who had,
as it were, left this legacy of trouble behind her.
Sister Placida (she is Mother Placida now, having been put

in the place of dear Mother Gertrude, who is far too feeble
to perform any duty,) Sister Placida, I say, told me these
things when I was recovering from my long illness. She
professed to be very hard and severe toward the poor thing,
but I could see her heart yearned over her, and indeed she
ended by a great burst of weeping, and declaring that she
would never cease to pray for the soul of Amice Crocker,
adding that the prayers, if they did no good, could do no
harm, and might serve some other poor soul in Purgatory.
I had just waked from my long and heavy sleep, and was
striving to collect my thoughts and calm my throbbing head,
when Sister Catherine burst in on me with the news that
Amice was gone; and after recounting the manner of her
death, added that now one might see what came of
favoritism and book-learning, and court preferment; and
thanking the Saints, as usual, for her lowly station and for
the grace of humility which they had vouchsafed to obtain
for her. She added, that as the bosom friend and confident
of that lost heretic, I should doubtless be severely dealt by,
and adjured me to make a full confession and recantation,
as in that case I might be let off with perpetual
imprisonment.
Whether any such purposes were entertained against me I

know not, but I do not greatly believe it; at any rate, they
were not carried out; for that very hour I was taken with an
ague chill, which turned to a long and low fever, lasting I
know not how many weeks, during which I lay mostly in a
low, muttering delirium, knowing nobody, and talking, when
I could be understood, only of my childish life at home, and
my lessons with my mother and Master Ellenwood. Even I
after the fever left me, I was as weak as any babe, for a
long time, and as I had been removed from my usual place
and put in a cell opening from Mother Superior's part of the
house, where I saw nobody but herself, Mother Placida and
Sister Bonaventure, who brought my food, I heard nothing
of what was going on in the house.
I was very much better, and able to sit up some hours and
work a little, when, one day, I was aware of a somewhat
unusual bustle in the house, and by-and-by Mother Superior
and Mother Placida came to me.
"The Bishop is here, and desires you may be brought before

him," said Mother Superior. She spoke calmly, as usual, but
I saw that she was disturbed and flurried. They helped me
to dress, and then supporting me each by an arm, they led
me into Mother Superior's private room, where the
Reverend Prelate sat in her great chair, with Father Fabian
standing behind him.
His Lordship, though very grave, was kind and fatherly, as
when I had seen him before. He would have me sit, after I
had knelt to him on entering, and then before Father Fabian
and the two Mothers he began questioning me about Amice.
Had I ever suspected her of any leaning toward heresy?
Had we ever talked on the subject? Did I know what books
she had had, and how she had gained them?
At the answer to this last question, "that I believed she had

found a part at least of what she had, concealed in a chair
in the Queen's room," I saw the Bishop and Father Fabian
look on each other. Then he asked me whether I had been
intimate with Mrs. Bullen; to which I said decidedly no! That
I did not like her, nor she me, and we kept apart as much
as possible.
"That is well!" said he. "The woman is a pest, and will be a

greater." Then he asked me of my own opinions, to which I
answered that I had never thought of believing save as I
had been taught, which was quite true at that time,
whatever may be the case now. I believe I satisfied him at
last, for he kindly gave me his blessing, and said there was
no need of my being secluded longer—which by the way
was the first time I had known I was secluded at all. But he
gave me many sharp and solemn cautions about meddling
with matters too high for me, which certainly I had no mind
to do at that time, being mortally tired, and wanting
nothing so much as to get back to bed.
At last I was dismissed, and Mother Placida kissed me, even

with tears, and said how glad she was all was well, and
farther relieved her heart by bringing me for dinner twice as
much of all sorts of nice things as I could eat, and a cup of
her fragrant rose cordial, which I know she treasures as if it
were a draught from the water of life.
When I got about the house again—which was not for some
days—I found many, and some sad changes. Poor Mother
Gertrude sat in the sun, spinning of fine thread, and looking
far more aged and feeble even than Mother Mary Monica.
She seemed hardly to know me at first, and when she did,
was so troubled and distressed that I hardly could pacify
her. I found a stranger holding the place of Mother
Assistant, a hard-looking woman, with sharp black eyes,
which seemed to see everything at once. Sister Clare told
me she was a nun from the house at Exeter, and added that
nobody liked her except Sister Catherine, who was very
great with her.
I could see that the reins were tightened up in every way.

More work was done, and the hours of prayer and silence
were multiplied. Sister Clare also told me that the elder
nuns were much dissatisfied with having a stranger put over
them; and that after Amice's death, the whole household
had kept a nine days' fast and devotion, to expiate the sin
of having harbored an apostate. But we had little talk
together; for Mother Assistant encountering us bade us
remember the rule of particular friendships, and sent Sister
Catherine to join us, which of course put an end to all
conversation but her own. She had much to say about the
improvements in the family, and as to how it would be
impossible in future for any one to fall into such disorders
as had obtained among the younger members of the family.
I escaped as soon as I could, and went away by myself to

the corner where poor Amice lay buried. I could not be sure
of the exact place, for the ground was levelled flat and
made bare for some distance. Somebody had sowed grass
seed, which was already beginning to come up; and seeing
many lily of the valley roots lying about on the grass, I
ventured to replace them in the soil, where I hope they are
now blooming.
For a good many days after I got up, I was very feeble, and
fit for none but the lightest work. I could not even
embroider, because mine eyes were weak; so I fell back
upon making of cherry-tree and strawberry-nets against
summer; and on my knitting, which I found a great
resource. Also I took to learning by heart such Psalms as I
did not know, and whole chapters of "The Imitation of
Christ," and found great comfort therein.
'Twas drawing toward Christmas-tide, and very warm and

mild for the season. I was gathering such late flowers as
still bloomed in sheltered spots, to decorate the shrine in
the Lady Chapel, when Mother Placida came to tell me that
some one had come to see me, and I was to go to Mother
Superior's parlor without delay. A little thing sufficed to
disturb me in those days; and I was already trembling and
flurried, when I entered the parlor. The first person I saw
was my father, looking much better in health and spirits
than when I saw him last, and with him a fine, handsome
lady.
Mother Superior was present behind the grating, and looked

strangely disturbed and troubled. My father raised me in his
arms and kissed me tenderly, and then turning to the lady,
he said:
"This is my daughter Rosamond, Julia. Rosamond, this lady

is my wife and your mother, to whom I trust you will pay all
childly duty and courtesy."
It could but have been something of a shock to me to know

that my father was married again. Still if I had had warning
and a little time to consider the matter, I trust I should not
have been wanting in my duty to my honored father and his
wife. As it was, I am ashamed to say that after staring at
the lady for a moment, I dropped in a dead faint at her feet.
When I began to revive, I felt the fresh air blowing on my
face, and heard the rustle of leaves above me, but a leaden
weight seemed to press down my eyelids, so that I could
not open them. Kind hands were busy about me, and I
presently heard a decided but clear and cheery voice say,
"She is coming to herself!"
"I will leave you together!" said Mother Superior's voice, still
sounding as in a dream. Then came a warm hand laid on
mine and a kiss pressed on my forehead. At last I opened
mine eyes. They fell on a very pleasant object—a lady of
about my own mother's age, but perhaps handsomer,
though in a different way—somewhat dark, with a beautiful
color, bright brown eyes and well-marked eyebrows—the
whole visage bearing the marks of a keen, clear-sighted but
withal kindly disposition. The dress was rich, but sober and
matronly. I looked long and as it were in a kind of
bewilderment, till with a kindly smile, "Well, child, take a
good look at me!" she said. "Do I look like a monster, or the
cruel step-dames in the ballads?"
"No indeed, Madam!" I answered, feeling all the blood rush

to my face in a flood. "I am sure you look like a good-
natured gentlewoman. It was only that I was so taken by
surprise, not knowing or thinking of any such thing."
"I see—I see!" she interrupted. "Did you not know, then?
Your father sent letters more than two weeks before us."
"I have heard nothing of them," I answered.
"Poor child, no wonder you were taken aback!" said my

step-dame. "Well, Rosamond, here I am, as you see. I trust
to be able to make your father a good wife, and to supply to
you in some degree the place of the mother you have lost. I
cannot ask you to give me all at once the affection which a
child owes her mother. That would be out of all reason.
What I do ask is that you will not judge me beforehand, nor
conclude that I must needs be a tyrant because I am a
step-dame, but use your own eyes and judgment and
persuade your brother to do the same. Your mother, so far
as I have learned, was a saint. I am no saint, but a faulty
woman—yet I trust I am a Christian woman, and one who
means to do her duty."
What could I say to this, but that I would strive to do my

part, and be a dutiful and loving child to her. With that I
kissed her hand, and she my cheek, and we went to find my
father, whom we found walking the parlor in evident
perturbation, which, however, seemed to clear up as we
entered.
"Why, that's well," said he; then changing his tone, "but
what have they been doing to you, child? Why, you are but
the ghost of yourself!"
"I have been very ill, dear father," I answered. "I have had
a long fever which lasted many weeks, and from which
nobody thought I would rise again."
"And why was I not apprised thereof? You are no nun as

yet, I trow, to be cut off from your family and natural
friends. What say you, my Lady? Shall we take this faded
rose of ours home, and see if it will not revive in its native
soil?"
"Indeed, I think 'twould be a wise move," answered my

Lady. "Change of air is always reckoned good in these
cases, and, besides, I want Rosamond to help me settle
myself in my new home. What says she? Sweetheart, would
you like to go with us to Corby End?"
Oh, how my heart leaped at the thought of seeing home
once more! I could not speak, but I kissed my father's
hand.
"Her face says yes," says my step-dame, smiling.
"And are you then so ready to leave old friends for new,
Rosamond?" said Mother Superior, reproachfully. "Your
mother who gave you to this holy house would hardly have
approved such readiness to leave it."
I thought this, I must needs say, an ill-judged speech, and I

saw my step-dame's cheek flush, though she said not a
word. My father, however, answered somewhat hotly, as is
his wont when chafed in his humor:
"My daughter, Madam, is not yet professed, and is therefore

under the rule of her father."
I saw Mother Superior's eye kindle, for she too hath a spark
of temper, and I dreaded some unpleasant debate, but my
step-dame interposed, and by I know not what gentle and
honeyed words of courtesy, she managed to avert the
storm. She urged my evidently failing health, her own want
of my assistance, and the need of my seeing somewhat of
the world before making my profession; and finally, I hardly
know how, 'twas settled that I should go home for a while.
I could have sung for joy. True, I felt it would be a trial for
me to see a strange lady, be she ever so well conditioned,
in my dear mother's place, and ruling where she ruled; and
I had also some fears as to how Harry would take the
change, and I foresaw trouble with Mrs. Prudence. But all
was swallowed up in the overwhelming joy of going home.
Ever since Amice died, the house hath seemed to me like a
prison, as if I had no space to move and no air to breathe.
We were to leave that afternoon and travel by short stages,
as my weakness would permit. Before I left, I had a long
audience with Mother Superior, who mourned over me as
over a tender lamb going forth in the midst of wolves. She
gave me much council as to how I should behave—how I
should seclude myself as far as possible from all worldly
society, specially men's society, and, above all, I should
keep aloof from my cousin if any chance threw him in my
way. I was to remember always that I was the same as a
vowed and cloistered nun, and to observe always the rules
of my Heavenly Bridegroom's house, recollecting the
examples of those saints who had set at naught father and
mother, friends and children, for the sake of a religious life;
and she told me of a lady, formerly a nun in this house, who
being a widow with three children, left them to whoever
would care for them, and betook herself to the convent; and
when the eldest son, a lad of some twelve years, threw
himself across the threshold of the door with tears and
besought her not to leave them, she just stepped over his
prostrate body and went her way.
Now, I had my own thoughts on this matter. I thought the

woman a horrid wretch, nor did I believe Heaven would
smile on such an unnatural mother. Moreover, it seemed to
me, that in my father's house, I should properly be under
his rule, and that of my step-dame, his Lady. But I have
learned one thing, at least, in my convent education,
namely, to hear all and say nothing; and indeed I was
grieved to part with her who hath been a second mother to
me. So I strove to content her in all things, and she bade
me farewell with many tears and blessings. 'Twas the same
with all the mothers and sisters, save the new Mother
Assistant and Sister Catherine. These two take more on
themselves all the time, and I am much mistaken if Mother
Superior does not sometime show them that she is a
Vernon, and mistress in her own house to boot.
How delightful it was, despite my weakness, to find myself
once more on horseback, behind my father, breathing the
free air of the moor, and seeing the wide world, not shut in
by high stone walls and waving trees—meeting the kindly
glances and greetings of the serving-men, feeling myself
drawing nearer home with every step, and recognizing one
familiar tree and hill after another.
We stopped one night at the house of my Lady Gardener,

who is a kinswoman of ours. Here my step-dame would
have me go at once to bed, and I was glad to do so, for I
was very tired, being weak and unused to the motion of a
horse for so long. Lady Gardener was full of some nostrum
which she had got from a travelling friar, and which was to
cure everything in the world; but my step-dame staved off
the dose, I don't know how, and that for a wonder, without
offending our hostess; persuading her that some of her
excellent junkets and cream, with a cup of wine whey,
would be far better for me.
"'Tis not dosing you want, sweetheart!" said my step-dame,

as she came to see me eat my supper. "You are young, and
ought to be able to get well of yourself. Besides, I have no
fancy for friar's nostrums and medicines, whereof I know
nothing."
In all of which I quite agreed with her.
I was much better next day, and able to renew my journey

with good courage; and now I found I had great news to
hear, as namely, that the proud Cardinal was out of favor,
and like to be wholly disgraced; and what struck me even
more, that his Majesty had, after all this time, waked up to
the fact that he had married his brother's widow—that his
conscience—Heaven save the mark!—was disquieted
thereat, and that he was moving Heaven and earth, and
perhaps, as my step-dame said, some other place for a
divorce. My Lady was wholly on the Queen's side, and said
some very sharp things.
"But if his Majesty's conscience be engaged?" said my

father.
"Oh, his conscience—his conscience would have done better,

methinks, to have slept altogether, since it had slumbered
till the Queen grew an old woman. His conscience was easy
enough till Mistress Bullen came from France."
And here she seemed to remember my presence, for she

said no more. For mine own part her words seemed to
throw light on many things, and specially on the business of
the diamond ring which had moved the Queen so strangely.
Doubtless this was the grief which weighed so heavy on the

poor lady's heart, and for which she had sought comfort in
vain at the shrine of St. Ethelburga.
Well, we reached home in safety, and were soon settled

down in an orderly way of living, my Lady seeming
somehow to establish her sway perfectly, with very little
trouble or contention. I think she is one of those people
born to rule, to whom government comes easy.
I saw but little of the process, being taken down with a new
access of my fever, which lasted two or three weeks. Harry
told me afterward she had no trouble with anybody but
Prudence and Alice. Alice thought her dignity as a matron,
and the prospects of the baby were injured, by my father's
presuming to take a second wife. She thought he ought to
remain single for the sake of his children; though I don't
think she ever thought of remaining single for his sake.
However, she thinks that is different, and perhaps it may
be, a little.
Harry is thoroughly pleased, and when I hear from him how
matters went on—how Prue tyrannized, and the maids
rebelled, and how uncomfortable the whole household was
made, especially my father, I do not wonder. My Lady being
just what she is, I can honestly say, I am heartily glad of
her coming among us, though I can't but speculate what it
might be if my father had fancied a different kind of woman
—somebody like Sister Catherine, for instance.
Master Ellenwood was away when we came home, on a visit

to his sisters in Bristol; but he returned just when I was
getting about, and in time for the Christmas holidays. I
could see that he was shocked at first. He worshipped my
dear mother as a kind of saint, and though they did not
agree on some matters—in my spending so much time on
fine needlework, for instance, when he would fain have kept
me at my Latin—yet they never had a word of
disagreement, and they used to have many conferences on
religious and spiritual matters. But he quite agreed with
Harry and me that the change was a good one for my father
and the rest of the household, and he and my Lady were
presently good friends.
My step-dame is quite in favor of my taking up my lessons

again when my health is once more established. She says
she has known many learned ladies who were none the
worse housekeepers and managers for that, and she
instanced my young Lady Latymer, daughter of Sir Thomas
Parr, whose father gave her a most excellent education,
even to having her taught the Greek tongue. This lady is my
step-dame's great friend, and quite a pattern in the court
for her piety and discretion. My Lady says she hopes I may
some day make her acquaintance.
[So I did; but before that time came she had passed
through many strange mutations of fortune, having become
first a widow, then a Queen, then a widow again, and at last
a most unhappy wife, when she married Sir Thomas
Seymor, Lord High Admiral, and died in child-bed not long
after. She wrote many excellent pieces, both in prose and
verse, two of which, "The Complaint of a Penitent Sinner,"
and "Prayers and Meditations," I had a present from this
godly and afflicted lady's own hand.]
I was about again in time to witness the Christmas revels,

though not to take any great part in them. Alice and her
husband were here with their boy, and I think my Lady hath
quite won Alice's heart by her attention to the brat, which
took to her wonderfully. I saw my Lady's eyes soften and fill
with tears as she held the child in her arms and looked on
its little waxen face.
"Alice, my child, God hath given you a great treasure!" said

she, and presently more softly, "Methinks fathers and
mothers should have a greater and deeper sense of God's
love toward his fallen creatures than any one else. How
much must you love any one before you could give the life
of this babe for him?"
I don't think this remark struck Alice so much as it did me,

but I pondered on it many times afterward. I had often
been reminded of our Lady when I had seen a mother and
babe, but it had never occurred to me to think so much of
God's love. When I repeated the saying to Master
Ellenwood, he said:
"Your new mother is a most precious lady, Mistress

Rosamond. I believe she will be a blessing to this house."
Since the Christmas revels, our time has passed quietly

enough. I have had two or three attacks of my fever, but
not so severe, and seem gradually getting the better of it.
Prudence would fain keep me shut in my chamber, on the
lowest diet, and the strongest physic, because she says it
stands to reason that a fever needs bringing down. But to
this my Lady will by no means agree. She will have me eat
heartily, specially of cream, and take no medicine but a
certain aromatic and bitter cordial, which certainly does
strengthen me wonderfully.
I have heard not a word from the convent since I left, and
my father will by no means hear of my going back at
present. I am glad of it, for I am very happy at home, and
after what has passed, it does not seem as though I could
ever breathe under that roof again. This home life is so
sweet! I do not see how any vocation can be higher than
that of a wife and mother, blessing and profiting all about
her, as certainly my Lady does. But all homes are not like
mine, I know very well—and then that promise!
CHAPTER XXII.
April 23.
OUR people have come home, with a fine budget of news,
to be sure. First the Pope hath sent a Cardinal named
Campeggio, or some such name, to join with Cardinal
Wolsey, in a commission to try the lawfulness of the King's
marriage with the Queen, and there is to be a court held for
that purpose. Then the Cardinal's favor with the court is
said to be decidedly waning, while that of Mrs. Anne Bullen
is constantly growing. She is now made Marchioness of
Pembroke, forsooth, and her levees are attended by the
nobles of the court, as if she were already queen; and
nobody has any doubt that she will be made queen if the
marriage with her Grace can be dissolved. The viper! I
remember well the mocking tone in which she besought her
Grace not to betray her to the King! My poor, dear mistress!
No wonder she brought her troubles to the shrine of St.
Ethelburga, where I fear, however, she found little comfort.
I will never believe that was the true book of the Gospel
which Mistress Anne gave Amice. It was some work of the
devil, meant to deceive and destroy souls. And yet, when I
recall that last night with my friend, can I think all that
courage, and peace, and assurance, and triumphant joy was
the work of the devil? And if so, who is safe? And where is
Amice now? I dare not think of it! Whichever way I turn all
is confusion, doubt and dread!
The last piece of news is, that my Lord is coming home next
week, and of course Richard with him. It seems a long, and
weary journey for my Lady, with her young son, and the
roads are terribly unsafe. They must be well on their way
now. I must say an additional Hail Mary every day for their
safe arrival. It would be such a terrible misfortune if any
harm should happen to my Lady and her boy.
I don't exactly know what I am to do about meeting Dick.

Doubtless he will be in and out with Harry as usual, and of
course I must meet him. I have no excuse now for keeping
my chamber, and if I try to seclude myself, as Mother
Superior desired, I shall annoy my father and mother, cause
a break in the family, and make everybody uncomfortable. I
don't quite like to speak to my mother about it. It might
give her a false notion that there have been really some
love passages between me and Dick, and make her think it
a serious matter, which it is not.
Besides, I know just what she would say. She does not like
to think or speak of my being a nun, and indeed I think my
father is coming to mislike the notion. I believe I will let
matters take their course. Perhaps if Dick has grown the
fine court Squire that Mistress Bullen said, he will not care
to pay me any attention. I do not believe it any the more
for her saying so.
The poor Queen! My heart aches to think of her sitting alone

and forlorn, while her husband goes junketting about with
Mistress Anne. His conscience, forsooth! Methinks a retreat
—say among the monks of La Trappe for him, and the Poor
Clares, or the silent Carmelites for her, would be good for
both of them. If I had the ordering of their haircloth and
parched pease, methinks both would be of the hardest.
Father says it is so with every one in London. The women
are all for the Queen, and the men take the part of the
King, or Mistress Bullen.
This morning the men went to Biddeford with the wagons,

to bring up some goods of my father's and mother's, which
have been sent round by sea, from London. My father and
Harry went with them, to see all safe, and hearing that
there was a great chest of books among the things, Master
Ellenwood must needs go too. I was standing at the door
watching to see the last of them, when my stepmother
came to me.
"Rosamond!" said she, after she had asked after my health,
and found that I was feeling as well as usual. "There is a
certain thing, which needs to be done, and this day of your
father's absence is a good time to undertake it; but I do not
wish to move in the matter, unless you feel able to help me.
I mean the opening, airing, and ordering of your mother's
room and clothes. They must needs be attended to, or the
moths and damp will ruin them. Moreover, Alice thinks that
she should have her share of the clothes and jewels, and
maybe she is right."
(I forgot to say, in the right place, that my step-dame had

refused to occupy my mother's private apartment, but had
chosen one on the other side of the house, where she had
her dressing room, and her private closet, in which she
spent an hour every morning.)
I was moved at first, which my step-dame saw.
"I know it will be hard for you, my child," said she, "but
think what your mother would wish in the matter."
"It must be done, of course," said I, recovering myself, "and

I will help you. Dear Madam, how kind you are to me."
"And why should I not be kind, sweetheart?" she asked me,

smiling. "You are my dear home daughter, and it would sure
be an unnatural mother who did not love her child."
"And you are my dear mother," I whispered, kissing her

hand, whereat she embraced me tenderly, and we went
together to open my mother's room.
All was just as it was left the day of her funeral; even the
flowers I had gathered, lay dried, and cobwebbed on her
toilet-table.
"And where does this door lead?" asked my lady, after we
had unbarred the shutters, and opened the windows.
"That was my mother's closet," I answered, "where she

used to spend many hours, specially when my father was
away. I suppose we had better open and air that also."
And I found the key where I knew she kept it, in a box on
the chimney. We opened the door of the little turret room,
not without difficulty, for the lock was rusted and moved
stiffly, but open it we did at last. It was but a small place.
There was an altar and crucifix, of course, and before them
on the floor lay a rough hard mat, rough enough of itself,
and strewed with sharp flints to make it the harder. On the
step lay a discipline of knotted cords, mingled with wire,
and stained here and there, as if by blood. I had never
thought of my dear mother as using such penances, and my
blood ran cold at the sight of these things. I glanced at my
step-dame, and saw her face full of indignation and pity.
"Woe unto them, for they have made sorrowful the souls of
the righteous, whom God hath not made sorrowful!" she
murmured, as if she had forgotten my presence. "Woe to
the false shepherds who oppress the sheep! 'Lord, how
long, how long shall the ungodly triumph?'" Then seeming
to remember me—"Rosamond, we will leave these things as
they are, for the present, at least. Let the moles and bats
prey on them, if they will. The day may come, when we will
clear them away."
I saw she was greatly moved, as was I myself, but I could

hardly understand her expression. It seemed to be anger,
not at my mother, but for her sake. She recovered herself
presently, locked the door and gave me the key, bidding me
keep it carefully. Then we summoned Prudence and one of
the maids, and my Lady had all the hangings taken down
and brushed, the floors scrubbed and polished anew, all the
linen and garments taken from the drawers and chests,
shaken and refolded, with plenty of rose leaves and
lavender, and sweet woodroofe, and all put in the nicest
order.
"I suppose my new Madam means to take all my dear

sainted lady's clothes to herself, as she has taken all the
rest," grumbled Prue, as my Lady left us to seek some
essence of roses, which she said some one had brought her
from Turkey. "I have ever looked for such a move, but I did
not expect to see you, Mistress Rosamond, abetting her in
doing dishonor to your dear dead mother's memory."
Before I had time to answer, my Lady returned with two

little chrystal and gilded glasses, which, though tightly
closed with glass and vellum, exhaled a most delicious
perfume, as if they held the very soul of the summer roses.
"You say your mother loved roses?" she said, after I had
admired them. "We will lay one of these in her drawers, and
you shall have the other. And now tell me, Rosamond,
would you like to have this room for your own? I have
spoken on the matter to your father, and he says you may,
if you choose."
I could not help casting a glance of triumph at Prue. To my

surprise and vexation she answered sharply, before I had
time to speak:
"Mistress Rosamond is going to be a nun, and pray for her

mother's soul in the convent, instead of flaunting in the
world. She will want no room in this house, since she is to
live in the house of God."
My Lady gazed steadily at Prudence for a moment, till the

woman's sharp eyes fell before hers. Then she said very

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CHEMICAL NAME DIRECTORY................................... iv

PART I: STRATEGY FOR DETERMINING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

PART II: SAMPLE EVALUATIONS ......................................................................................xix

PART III: ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION RATE CONSTANTS............................ 1

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 680

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER IN D E X ....................................................................................... 717

Chemical Name (CAS Registry Number) Page

Acenaphthene (83-32-9)............................................................................................................... 218

Chemical Name (CAS Registry Number) Page

Benzyl chloride (100-44-7).......................................................................................................... 344

Chemical Name (CAS Registry Number) Page

o-Cresol (95-48-7).................................................................. 294

Chemical Name (CAS Registry Number) Page

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (94-75-7).................................................................................. 288

Chemical Name (CAS Registry Number) Page

Endosulfan (115-29-7) .................................................................................................................. 441

Chemical Name (CAS Registry Number) Page

Hydroquinone (123-31-9)............................................................................................................. 484

Chemical Name (CAS Registry Number) Page

Michler’s ketone (90-94-8).......................................................................................................... 256

Chemical Name (CAS Registry Number) Page

Phosgene (75-44-5) ...................................................................................................................... 152

Chemical Name (CAS Registry Number) Page

2.4.5- Trichlorophenol (95-95-4)................................................................................................ 306

Table 1: Photooxidant concentrations in natural waters

Low High Reference

HO- 5.0X10 '’ M 2.0X10 '’ M Mill, T et al. 1980

ROj- 1.0X10" M 5.0X10 '®M Mill, T et al. 1980

■o, I.OXIO '^ M 1.0X10 '^ M Scully, FE Jr., Hoigne, J 1987

Hydrolysis in water or soil: Hydrolysis only applies to a limited number of

Table 2: The classification and range of half-lives for the biodegradation

Class Low tVj High tVj

Fast 1 day 7 days

Aerobic biodegradation in soil: The protocol for interpreting biodegradability tests

Selection of Data/Determination of Rates and Half-lives:

Air: Photooxidation by OH appears to be the most rapid degradation process in the

CAS Registry Number: 123-91-1

• Air: High: 81 hours (3.4 days)

' Surface Water: High: 4320 hours (6 months)

• Ground Water: High: 8640 hours (12 months)

Aqueous Biodegradation (unacclimated):

• Anaerobic half-life: High: 17280 hours (24 months)

• Removal/secondary treatment: High: No data

*Max light absorption (nm): No data

• Aq photol half-life: High:

• Air: High: 81 hours (3.4 days)

Reduction half-life: High: No reducible groups

• Acid rate const (M(H+)-hr)'^: No hydrolyzable groups

• Base rate const (M(OH-)-hr)'*: