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 93
EDITION
RD
93
EDITION
RD

2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 3 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 3
K13784
ISBN 978-1-4398-8049-4
90000

9 781439 880494

K13784_COVER_color_final.indd 1 12/8/11 12:38 PM

 CRC Handbook
of
Chemistry and Physics
A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data

2012-2013

93
EDITION
rd

Editor-in-Chief

W. M. Haynes, Ph.D.
Scientist Emeritus
National Institute of Standards and Technology

Associate Editors

David R. Lide, Ph.D.

Former Director, Standard Reference Data
National Institute of Standards and Technology

Thomas J. Bruno, Ph.D.

Group Leader
National Institute of Standards and Technology
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

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Version Date: 20120516

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-8050-0 (eBook - PDF)

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 Preface
The 93rd Edition of the Handbook includes new tables, major
updates and expansions, and a reorganization of two sections. A
major effort was carried out to strengthen the section on analytical
chemistry. As a result, the following new tables were added:
Section 8: Analytical Chemistry
• Introduction
• Analytical Standardization and Calibration
• Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units
• Properties of Common Cross-Linked Silicone
Stationary Phases
• Detectors for Gas Chromatography
• Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents
• Eluotropic Values of Solvents on Octadecylsilane and
Octylsilane
• Wavelength–Wavenumber Conversion Table
• Middle Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts
• Common Spurious Infrared Absorption Bands
• Properties of Important NMR Nuclei
• Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families
• 15N NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families
• Natural Abundance of Important Isotopes
• Common Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of
Organic Compound Families
• Common Mass Spectral Fragments Lost
• Major Reference Masses in the Spectrum of Hepta­
cosafluorotributylamine (Perfluoro­tributyl­amine)
• Common Spurious Signals Observed in Mass
Spectrometers
• Standards for Laboratory Weights
• Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of
Inorganic Cations
In addition to adding the new tables to the section on Analytical
Chemistry, several tables were moved from Section 9 on Molecular
Structure and Spectroscopy to Section 8 on Analytical Chemistry
for which the fit is better based on the subject matter.
The results of the IUPAC 2009 biennial review of atomic-weight
determinations were released just as the 92nd edition of the
Handbook was going into production. At that time, the new values
were added only to the table of standard atomic weights in Section
1 and to the table on the inside back cover. However, these changes
have now been made to the atomic weights in the Periodic Table at
the front of the Handbook and to The Elements in Section 4.
Other significant updates and expansions of tables for the 93rd
Edition include the following:
Section 1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors
• Major update of CODATA Recommended Values of
the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2010
• Update of Atomic Masses and Abundances
The 93rd Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dedicated in memory of my grandparents,
Willie Cameron and Elsie Craig Haynes
Charles William and Martha Ann Juliana Frances Young
Section 8: Analytical Chemistry
• Major expansion of Abbreviations and Symbols Used
in Analytical Chemistry
• Major update of 13C NMR Absorptions of Major
Functional Groups
• Major update of Indicators for Acids and Bases
• Major update of Preparation of Special Analytical
Reagents
Section 9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy
• Update of Bond Dissociation Energies
Section 10: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
• Update of Electronic Affinities
• Update of Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities
Section 14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics
• Update of Solar Irradiance at the Earth
• Update of the Global Temperature Trend table to in-
clude 2011 data from NASA
Section 16: Health and Safety Information
• Major update of Chemical Carcinogens to include data
from the 2011 National Toxicology Program report
Again this year, in order to maintain a manageable number
of pages and allow space for growth of the Handbook, the in-
dexes for molecular formulae and CAS registry numbers for the
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Table and the index
for CAS registry numbers for the Physical Constants of Inorganic
Compounds Table have been omitted from the hard-copy edition
of the Handbook. However, they are available in the electronic ver-
sions of the Handbook and by email request to the Editor-in-Chief:
william.haynes@taylorandfrancis.com
The success of the Handbook is very dependent on feedback
from its users. The Editor-in-Chief will appreciate any suggestions
from readers on proposed new topics for the Handbook or com-
ments on how the usefulness of the Handbook may be improved
in future editions. Please send your comments to the Editor-in-
Chief: william.haynes@taylorandfrancis.com
Numerous international experts make key contributions to the
Handbook. These contributors are listed on pages immediately
following the Preface. Their efforts play a key role in the quality
and diversity of the subject matter covered in the Handbook. I
also acknowledge the sound advice and guidance of the Editorial
Advisory Board members of the Handbook, who are listed in
the front matter. Fiona Macdonald, Publisher – Chemical & Life
Sciences, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group has been of great
assistance and support in providing oversight to ensure that we
meet our goals. Thanks also to Glen Butler, Pam Morrell, Theresa
Delforn, and James Yanchak for their detailed, cooperative work
and extreme care in the production of the Handbook.
W. M. Haynes
March 2012
Note on the Ordering of Chemical Compounds: Several differ-
ent ordering schemes for lists of chemical compounds are used
in this book. The long tables, Physical Constants of Organic
Compounds and Physical Constants of Inorganic Compound, are
ordered by name (generally the systematic name), but indexes to
synonyms, formulas, and CAS Registry Numbers are available. If
the table is very short and includes only familiar substances, the
listing is usually alphabetical by name or common formula. Many
tables of intermediate length are ordered by molecular formula us-
ing a modification of the Hill convention. In this convention the
molecular formula is written with C first, H second, and then all
other elements in alphabetical order of their chemical symbols.
For tables with organic compounds only, the sequence of entries is
determined by the alphabetical order of elements in the molecular
formula and the number of atoms of each element, in ascending
order, e.g., C3H7Cl, C3H7N, C3H7NO, C3H7NO2, etc. (For organic
compounds, a quick way to look up the molecular formula is to
use the Physical Constants of Organic Compounds table, which
starts on Page 3-1, and its synonym index on Page 3-554.) In tables
containing non-carbon compounds, those are usually listed first,
followed by a separate listing of compounds that do contain car-
bon. This is a departure from the strict Hill convention as followed
by Chemical Abstracts Service, where the molecular formulas be-
ginning with A and B precede the formulas for carbon-containing
compounds, while those beginning with D... Z follow. For tabular
displays, as opposed to an index, it appears more convenient to
the user if the non-carbon compounds are listed as a block, rather
than being split by the longer list of carbon compounds.
 Foreword
It’s an honor for me to be asked to write the Foreword for this
93rd Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,
following in the footsteps of some of my scientific heroes such
as Linus Pauling. I wish I had something as powerful to say as
Pauling, who in his Foreword to the 74th Edition revealed that he
had “spent much of [his] time during five months in the summer of
1919 pouring over the [CRC Handbook] tables and thinking about
the properties of substances [when] working as a paving engineer
in the mountains of southern Oregon.”
Not having such a great story to tell, I pulled out my green 48th
Edition (1967–1968), hoping to find some pages more dog-eared
than others. This helped spark my memory of the sections that
I’d found most valuable as an undergraduate chemistry major
at Grinnell College. Not surprisingly, given the paucity of elec-
tronic calculators at the time, the tables of logarithms and anti-
logarithms are well used, along with the “Natural Trigonometric
Functions.” (I do wonder, however, what an unnatural trig function
would look like.) The compilation of derivatives and integrals is
so clearly organized that it remains a handy reference as I teach in
Boulder’s new Interdisciplinary Quantitative Biology (IQ Biology)
graduate curriculum. And certainly the 554-page table of “Physical
Constants of Organic Compounds” brings back memories of iden-
tifying unknowns in organic chem lab, where this compilation was
much used.
One feature of the Handbook that has gone extinct is the blank
rectangle on the cover of my copy, on which—using the sheet of
gold leaf included with the book—I inscribed my name. At the
risk of revealing my “nerdiness” as a college student, I recall that
just possessing the Handbook gave me a sense of power over all
constants, physical and chemical. I shared some of these memo-
ries with my wife, Carol, also a PhD chemist, and she quickly one-
upped me by pulling out her first copy of the Handbook – a tan
47th Edition (1966–1967), one year senior to mine. She had won
Grinnell’s Sophomore Book Award for her stellar freshman aca-
demic year and had used the gift certificate to buy the Handbook.
I guess one good nerd deserves another.
Well, time goes on, and I’m delighted to see that this 93rd
Edition is now available as an e-book. This is most appropriate, as
we live in a transitional period where for many applications elec-
tronic resources are most convenient; yet the print version allows
one to see the scope of a topic and the organization of data in a way
that’s hard for many of us to grasp from electronic resources. Some
of you will have a strong preference for the printed copy, others the
electronic. Some of you, like Linus Pauling, may be pouring over
the tables, page after page, while most will be incisively pulling out
individual bits of information as needed. Whatever your particular
need, I trust that you’ll find your new copy of the CRC Handbook
of Chemistry and Physics useful, clearly organized… and perhaps
even inspiring.
Thomas R. Cech, PhD
Nobel Laureate (Chemistry, 1989)
Director, University of Colorado Biofrontiers Institute
March 2012
 Editorial Advisory Board

Grace Baysinger Kozo Kuchitsu

Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library Department of Chemistry
Stanford University Josai University

Lev I. Berger Dana L. Roth

California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science Millikan Library
Michael Frenkel California Institute of Technology
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Daniel Zwillinger
Robert N. Goldberg Mathematics Department
National Institute of Standards and Technology Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Lev I. Berger
California Institute of Electronics and
Materials Science
2115 Flame Tree Way
Hemet, California 92545
Thomas J. Bruno
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Charles E. Carraher
Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida 33431
Robert D. Chirico
Thermodynamics Research Center
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Ivan Cibulka
Department of Physical Chemistry
Institute of Chemical Technology
CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
Arthur K. Covington
Department of Chemistry
University of Newcastle
Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU
England
Christopher J. Cramer
Department of Chemistry
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
Vladimir Diky
Thermodynamics Research Center
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Michael Frenkel
Thermodynamics Research Center
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Jeffrey R. Fuhr
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Current Contributors
Jürgen Gmehling
Universität Oldenburg
Falkutät V, Technische Chemie
D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
Robert N. Goldberg
Biochemical Science Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Allan H. Harvey
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Steven R. Heller
Chemical and Biochemical Reference Data
Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Norman E. Holden
National Nuclear Data Center
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, New York 11973
Marcia L. Huber
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Andrei Kazakov
Thermodynamics Research Center
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Daniel E. Kelleher
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Carolyn A. Koh
Center for Hydrate Research
Colorado School of Mines
1600 Illinois Street
Golden, Colorado 80401
Willem H. Koppenol
Dept. CHAB
Lab. f. Anorg. Chemie, HC1 H211
Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10
ETH Hönggerberg
CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
Eric W. Lemmon
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
Frank J. Lovas
8616 Melwood Rd.
Bethesda, Maryland 20817
Yu-Ran Luo
College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering
Chongqing University
Chongqing 400044, China
Serguei N. Lvov
Department of Energy and Mineral
Engineering
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
Manjeera Mantina
Department of Chemistry
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
William C. Martin
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Alan D. McNaught
8 Cavendish Avenue
Cambridge CB1 7US
England
Thomas M. Miller
Air Force Research Laboratory/VSBP
29 Randolph Rd.
Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010
Nasser Moazzen-Ahmadi
Department of Physics and Astronomy
University of Calgary
2500 University Drive NW
Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
Peter J. Mohr
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Chris D. Muzny
Thermodynamics Research Center
Thermophysical Properties Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Boulder, Colorado 80305
David B. Newell
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
E. Dendy Sloan
Center for Hydrate Research
Colorado School of Mines
1600 Illinois Street
Golden, Colorado 80401
Wolfgang L. Wiese
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Irving Ozier Lewis E. Snyder Christian Wohlfarth

Department of Physics and Astronomy
University of British Columbia
6224 Agricultural Road
Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1,
Canada
Larissa I. Podobedova
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Cedric J. Powell
Surface and Microanalysis Science
Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Joseph Reader
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Astronomy Department Martin Luther University
University of Illinois Institute of Physical Chemistry
Urbana, Illinois 61801 Mühlpforte 1
06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
Paris D. N. Svoronos
Queensborough Community College Daniel Zwillinger
City University of New York Mathematics Department
Bayside, NY 11364 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York 12180
Barry N. Taylor
Quantum Measurement Division
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
Donald G. Truhlar
Department of Chemistry
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
Rosendo Valero
Chemistry Department
University of Coimbra
Coimbra, Portugal
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2010................................................................................... 1-1
Standard Atomic Weights (2009).................................................................................................................................................................... 1-11
Atomic Masses and Abundances.................................................................................................................................................................... 1-13
Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State...................................................................... 1-17
International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)...................................................................................................................................... 1-19
Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90................................................................................................. 1-20
International System of Units (SI)................................................................................................................................................................... 1-22
Units for Magnetic Properties......................................................................................................................................................................... 1-26
Conversion Factors............................................................................................................................................................................................ 1-27
Conversion of Temperatures............................................................................................................................................................................ 1-37
Conversion Factors for Energy Units............................................................................................................................................................. 1-38
Conversion Factors for Pressure Units.......................................................................................................................................................... 1-39
Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units................................................................................................................................. 1-40
Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units..................................................................................................................................... 1-41
Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions................................................................................................................................ 1-42
Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics.................................................................................................................................................... 1-43
Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation................................................................................................................................................... 1-44
Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems............................................................................................................................... 1-46

Section 2: Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities............................................................................................................. 2-1
Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements............................................................................................................................................... 2-13
Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds..................................................................................................................................................... 2-15
Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands............................................................................................................................................ 2-16
Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems........................................................................................................................................... 2-23
Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI)............................................... 2-27
Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols...................................................................................................................................... 2-29
Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets........................................................................................................................................................ 2-43
Definitions of Scientific Terms........................................................................................................................................................................ 2-44
Thermodynamic Functions and Relations.................................................................................................................................................... 2-69
Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics................................................................................................................................................... 2-70

Section 3: Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds................................................................................................................................................... 3-1
Synonym Index of Organic Compounds.....................................................................................................................................................3-554
Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds................................................................................................................3-576

Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds

The Elements......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4-1
Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds.............................................................................................................................................. 4-43
Formula Index of Inorganic Com­pounds....................................................................................................................................................4-102
Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals.............................................................................................................................................4-115
Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Points of the Elements.................................................................................................................4-121
Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25 °C.......................................................................................................................................................4-124
Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Equations............................................................................................................................4-125
Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Data......................................................................................................................................4-127
Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts.............................................................................................................................4-128
Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds...................................................................................................4-131
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids.....................................................................................................................................................4-137
Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals...............................................................................................................................................4-138
Crystallographic Data on Minerals...............................................................................................................................................................4-145

Section 5: Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Solution Chemistry

CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics................................................................................................................................................... 5-1
Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances................................................................................................................. 5-4
Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature....................................................................................................................... 5-43
Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Ions.............................................................................................................................................. 5-66
 Heat of Combustion........................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-68
Energy Content of Fuels.................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-69
Ionization Constant of Water.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5-70
Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water....................................................................................................................................... 5-71
Electrical Conductivity of Water..................................................................................................................................................................... 5-72
Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions.............................................................................................................................................. 5-73
Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Cells...................................................................................................................... 5-74
Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI.............................................................................................................................. 5-75
Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes In Aqueous Solution.................................................................................................................. 5-76
Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution................................................................................................................................ 5-77
Electrochemical Series...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-80
Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals.................................................................................................................. 5-90
Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases................................................................................................................................ 5-92
Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases................................................................................................................................... 5-94
Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts.........................................................................................................................................5-104
Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration........................................................................................5-106
Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids.........................................................................................................................................................................5-110
Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes.............................................................................................................................................................5-111
Enthalpy of Hydration of Gases.....................................................................................................................................................................5-112
pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions....................................................................................................................................................................5-116
Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters........................................................................................................................................5-120
Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 °C..............................................................................................................................5-122
Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity............5-123
Solubility of Selected Gases in Water...........................................................................................................................................................5-149
Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures.................................................................................5-153
Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds............................................................................................5-154
Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures..............................................................................................5-190
Solubility Product Constants.........................................................................................................................................................................5-196
Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures............................................................................................................................5-199
Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater......................................................................................................................................................5-200
Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water.................................................................................................................5-202
Solubility Chart.................................................................................................................................................................................................5-205

Section 6: Fluid Properties

Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam........................................................................................................................................... 6-1
Vapor Pressure and Other Saturation Properties of Water......................................................................................................................... 6-5
Standard Density of Water................................................................................................................................................................................. 6-7
Fixed-Point Properties of H2O and D2O.......................................................................................................................................................... 6-9
Properties of Saturated Liquid D2O................................................................................................................................................................ 6-10
Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water...................................................................................................................................................... 6-12
Vapor Pressure of Ice......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6-13
Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure............................................................................................................................................. 6-13
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies....................................................................................................... 6-14
Thermophysical Properties of Air.................................................................................................................................................................. 6-15
Thermophysical Properties of Fluids............................................................................................................................................................. 6-21
Thermophysical Properties of Selected Fluids at Saturation.................................................................................................................... 6-38
Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases.............................................................................................................................................................. 6-47
Van der Waals Constants for Gases................................................................................................................................................................ 6-56
Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases........................................................................................................................................ 6-57
Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points...................................................................................................................................................... 6-58
Critical Constants of Organic Compounds.................................................................................................................................................. 6-59
Critical Constants of Inorganic Compounds................................................................................................................................................ 6-83
Sublimation Pressure of Solids........................................................................................................................................................................ 6-86
Vapor Pressure.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6-88
Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures Below 300 K...........................................................................................................................6-118
Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions.................................................................................................................................................6-126
Recommended Data for Vapor-Pressure Calibration...............................................................................................................................6-127
Enthalpy of Vaporization................................................................................................................................................................................6-128
Enthalpy of Fusion............................................................................................................................................................................................6-146
Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients of Liquids...........................................................................................................................6-156
Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Liquid Density.....................................................................................................................6-158
Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions.............................................................................................................6-163
 Properties of Cryogenic Fluids......................................................................................................................................................................6-164
Properties of Liquid Helium...........................................................................................................................................................................6-165
Properties of Refrigerants...............................................................................................................................................................................6-166
Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates...........................................................................................................................................................6-169
Ionic Liquids......................................................................................................................................................................................................6-174
Density and Specific Volume of Mercury....................................................................................................................................................6-178
Thermal Properties of Mercury....................................................................................................................................................................6-179
Melting Curve of Mercury..............................................................................................................................................................................6-180
Vapor Pressure of Mercury............................................................................................................................................................................6-181
Surface Tension of Common Liquids...........................................................................................................................................................6-182
Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures.........................................................................................................................................................6-186
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids.............................................................................................................................................6-187
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases................................................................................................................................................6-209
Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures...........................................................................................................................................................6-210
Viscosity of Gases.............................................................................................................................................................................................6-229
Viscosity of Liquids..........................................................................................................................................................................................6-231
Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide Along the Saturation Line..........................................................................................................................6-236
Viscosity and Density of Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions..........................................................................................................................6-237
Viscosity of Liquid Metals..............................................................................................................................................................................6-238
Thermal Conductivity of Gases.....................................................................................................................................................................6-240
Thermal Conductivity of Liquids..................................................................................................................................................................6-242
Diffusion in Gases............................................................................................................................................................................................6-247
Diffusion of Gases in Water...........................................................................................................................................................................6-249
Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution...............................................................................................................................6-250

Section 7: Biochemistry
Properties of Amino Acids................................................................................................................................................................................. 7-1
Structures of Common Amino Acids............................................................................................................................................................... 7-3
Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases..................................................................................................................................................... 7-5
The Genetic Code................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7-6
Properties of Fatty Acids and Their Methyl Esters........................................................................................................................................ 7-7
Composition and Properties of Common Oils And Fats............................................................................................................................. 7-9
Carbohydrate Names and Symbols................................................................................................................................................................. 7-14
Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants................................................................................ 7-16
Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions....................................................................................................... 7-19
Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water..................................................................................... 7-23
Biological Buffers................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7-26
Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods................................................................................................................................. 7-27
Structure and Functions of Some Common Drugs..................................................................................................................................... 7-28
Chemical Constituents of Human Blood...................................................................................................................................................... 7-45
Chemical Composition of the Human Body................................................................................................................................................. 7-48
Nutrient Values of Foods.................................................................................................................................................................................. 7-49

Section 8: Analytical Chemistry

Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8-1
Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Analytical Chemistry......................................................................................................................... 8-2
Basic Instrumental Techniques of Analytical Chemistry............................................................................................................................. 8-6
Analytical Standardization and Calibration.................................................................................................................................................... 8-9
Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units.......................................................................................................................................... 8-14
Detection of Outliers in Measurements........................................................................................................................................................ 8-15
Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography............................................................................................................................... 8-17
Properties of Common Cross-Linked Silicone Stationary Phases........................................................................................................... 8-18
Detectors for Gas Chromatography............................................................................................................................................................... 8-19
Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents.......................................................................................................................................................... 8-21
Eluotropic Values of Solvents on Octadecylsilane and Octylsilane......................................................................................................... 8-23
Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry................................................................................................................................................. 8-24
Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities............................................................................................................................ 8-25
Wavelength-Wavenumber Conversion Table............................................................................................................................................... 8-28
Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts............................................................................................................................ 8-31
Common Spurious Infrared Absorption Bands........................................................................................................................................... 8-37
Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy............................................................................................ 8-38
Properties of Important NMR Nuclei............................................................................................................................................................ 8-41
 Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families............................................................................................................................... 8-42
Proton NMR Correlation Chart for Major Organic Functional Groups................................................................................................ 8-48
Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents..................................................................................................................................... 8-49
13
C-NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups................................................................................................................................... 8-56
13
C NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Organic Solvents.......................................................................................................................... 8-57
15
N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families............................................................................................................................. 8-58
Natural Abundance of Important Isotopes................................................................................................................................................... 8-60
Common Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Compound Families............................................................................. 8-61
Common Mass Spectral Fragments Lost...................................................................................................................................................... 8-63
Major Reference Masses in the Spectrum of Heptacosafluorotributylamine (Perfluorotributylamine).......................................... 8-64
Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents................................................................................................................................... 8-65
Common Spurious Signals Observed in Mass Spectrometers................................................................................................................. 8-72
Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacuo....................................................................................................................................................... 8-73
Standards for Laboratory Weights.................................................................................................................................................................. 8-74
Indicators for Acids and Bases......................................................................................................................................................................... 8-76
Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents.................................................................................................................................................. 8-77
Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Cations............................................................................................ 8-82

Section 9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds....................................................................................................................................... 9-1
Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds............................................................................................................................................ 9-17
Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase.............................................................................................................................................. 9-19
Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules.......................................................................................................................................... 9-48
Atomic Radii of the Elements.......................................................................................................................................................................... 9-49
Dipole Moments................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9-51
Hindered Internal Rotation.............................................................................................................................................................................. 9-60
Bond Dissociation Energies.............................................................................................................................................................................. 9-65
Electronegativity................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9-97
Force Constants for Bond Stretching............................................................................................................................................................. 9-98
Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules....................................................................................................................... 9-99
Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules......................................................................................................................................9-102

Section 10: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

Line Spectra of the Elements........................................................................................................................................................................... 10-1
Atomic Transition Probabilities....................................................................................................................................................................10-93
Electron Affinities..........................................................................................................................................................................................10-147
Proton Affinities.............................................................................................................................................................................................10-168
Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities.......................................................................................................................................................10-187
Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions.......................................................................................................................................10-197
Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules............................................................................................................................................10-200
X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels........................................................................................................................................................................10-218
Electron Binding Energies of the Elements...............................................................................................................................................10-222
Natural Width of X-Ray Lines.....................................................................................................................................................................10-228
Photon Attenuation Coefficients................................................................................................................................................................10-229
Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation.............................................................................................................................................10-234
Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths.........................................................................................................10-236
Blackbody Radiation......................................................................................................................................................................................10-237
Characteristics of Infrared Detectors.........................................................................................................................................................10-239
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals.................................................................................................................................................10-240
Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses...........................................................................................................10-244
Index of Refraction of Water........................................................................................................................................................................10-245
Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes.......................................................................................................................10-246
Index of Refraction of Air.............................................................................................................................................................................10-247
Index of Refraction of Gases........................................................................................................................................................................10-248
Characteristics of Laser Sources.................................................................................................................................................................10-249
Infrared Laser Frequencies...........................................................................................................................................................................10-255
Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards................................................................................................................10-262

Section 11: Nuclear and Particle Physics

Summary Tables of Particle Properties.......................................................................................................................................................... 11-1
Table of the Isotopes.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11-2
Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties.......................................................................................................................................11-175
Cosmic Radiation...........................................................................................................................................................................................11-188
Section 12: Properties of Solids
Techniques for Materials Characterization: Experimental Techniques Used to Determine the Composition,
Structure, and Energy States of Solids and Liquids..................................................................................................................................... 12-1
Symmetry of Crystals........................................................................................................................................................................................ 12-5
Ionic Radii in Crystals.....................................................................................................................................................................................12-11
Polarizabilities of Atoms and Ions in Solids................................................................................................................................................12-13
Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements...........................................................................................12-15
Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure........................................................................................................12-19
Lattice Energies.................................................................................................................................................................................................12-21
The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy................................................................................................................................12-34
Elastic Constants of Single Crystals.............................................................................................................................................................12-35
Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals.............................................................................................................................................................12-41
Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys.......................................................................................................................................................12-43
Electrical Resistivity of Graphite Materials.................................................................................................................................................12-46
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids.............................................................................................................................12-47
Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals..............................................................................................................................12-56
Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals.......................................................................................................................................................12-57
Dielectric Constants of Glasses.....................................................................................................................................................................12-58
Properties of Superconductors......................................................................................................................................................................12-59
High-Temperature Superconductors...........................................................................................................................................................12-75
Organic Superconductors...............................................................................................................................................................................12-77
Properties of Semiconductors.......................................................................................................................................................................12-80
Selected Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions............................................................................................................................12-94
Properties of Organic Semiconductors........................................................................................................................................................12-96
Diffusion Data for Semiconductors............................................................................................................................................................12-100
Properties of Magnetic Materials................................................................................................................................................................12-108
Organic Magnets............................................................................................................................................................................................12-117
Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths............................................................................................................................................................12-120
Electron Stopping Powers.............................................................................................................................................................................12-122
Electron Work Function of the Elements..................................................................................................................................................12-124
Secondary Electron Emission......................................................................................................................................................................12-125
Optical Properties of Selected Elements...................................................................................................................................................12-126
Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids...............................................................................................................12-151
Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants...............................................................................................................12-170
Nonlinear Optical Constants.......................................................................................................................................................................12-184
Phase Diagrams...............................................................................................................................................................................................12-187
Heat Capacity of Selected Solids.................................................................................................................................................................12-205
Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals.....................................................................................................................................12-206
Thermophysical Properties of Stainless Steel 310...................................................................................................................................12-208
Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature....................................................................12-209
Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature...........................................................................................................12-211
Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics.....................................................................................................................................12-212
Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials...................................................................................................12-214
Thermal Conductivity of Glasses................................................................................................................................................................12-216
Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors...................................................................................................................12-220
Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals.......................................................................................................................................12-222
Properties of Commercial Metals and Alloys...........................................................................................................................................12-224
Hardness of Minerals and Ceramics...........................................................................................................................................................12-225

Section 13: Polymer Properties

Abbreviations Used in Polymer Science and Technology.......................................................................................................................... 13-1
Physical Properties of Selected Polymers...................................................................................................................................................... 13-3
Nomenclature for Organic Polymers............................................................................................................................................................. 13-5
Solvents for Common Polymers...................................................................................................................................................................... 13-9
Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers...............................................................................................................................13-10
Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers...................................................................................................................................................13-17
Second Virial Coefficients of Polymer Solutions.......................................................................................................................................13-18
Pressure–Volume–Temperature Relationships for Polymer Melts........................................................................................................13-21
Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions...................................13-26
Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions.......................................................................................................13-40
Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers................................................................................................................13-45
Solubility Parameters of Selected Polymers................................................................................................................................................13-73
Section 14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics
Astronomical Constants................................................................................................................................................................................... 14-1
Properties of the Solar System......................................................................................................................................................................... 14-2
Satellites of the Planets...................................................................................................................................................................................... 14-4
Interstellar Molecules........................................................................................................................................................................................ 14-7
Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth...........................................................................................................................14-10
Geological Time Scale.....................................................................................................................................................................................14-12
Acceleration Due to Gravity...........................................................................................................................................................................14-13
Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth..............................................................................................14-14
Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude...............................................................................................................................14-15
Properties of Seawater.....................................................................................................................................................................................14-16
Abundance of Elements in the Earth’s Crust and in the Sea...................................................................................................................14-18
Solar Irradiance at the Earth..........................................................................................................................................................................14-19
U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976).................................................................................................................................................................14-20
Geographical and Seasonal Variations in Solar Radiation.......................................................................................................................14-26
Major World Earthquakes..............................................................................................................................................................................14-27
Weather-Related Scales...................................................................................................................................................................................14-31
Infrared Absorption by the Earth’s Atmosphere........................................................................................................................................14-33
Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958–2008.................................................................................................................14-34
Global Temperature Trend, 1880–2011.......................................................................................................................................................14-36
Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases......................................................................................................................................14-37
Atmospheric Electricity..................................................................................................................................................................................14-39
Speed of Sound in Various Media.................................................................................................................................................................14-46
Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency..........................................................................14-48
Speed of Sound in Dry Air.............................................................................................................................................................................14-49
Musical Scales...................................................................................................................................................................................................14-50
Characteristics of Human Hearing...............................................................................................................................................................14-51

Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data

Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables......................................................................................................................................................... 15-1
Secondary Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale.............................................................................................................15-10
Relative Sensitivity of Bayard-Alpert Ionization Gauges to Various Gases..........................................................................................15-12
Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents.......................................................................................................................................15-13
Miscibility of Organic Solvents.....................................................................................................................................................................15-23
Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature....................................................................................................................................15-25
Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure...................................................................................................................................................15-26
Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation......................................................................................................15-27
Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression...................................................................................................15-28
Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution...............................................................................................................15-29
Correction of Barometer Readings to 0 °C Temperature.........................................................................................................................15-30
Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point..............................................................................................................................15-31
Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures......................................................................................15-32
Constant Humidity Solutions........................................................................................................................................................................15-33
Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration.....................................................................................................................................15-34
Low-Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature.........................................................................................................15-35
Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Temperature...................................................................................................................................15-36
Wire Tables........................................................................................................................................................................................................15-37
Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids................................................................................................................................15-38
Density of Various Solids................................................................................................................................................................................15-39
Density of Sulfuric Acid..................................................................................................................................................................................15-40
Density of Ethanol–Water Mixtures............................................................................................................................................................15-42
Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials.................................................................................................................................................15-43
Coefficient of Friction.....................................................................................................................................................................................15-48
Flame Temperatures........................................................................................................................................................................................15-50
Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum.....................................................................................................................................15-51

Section 16: Health and Safety Information

Handling and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories................................................................................................................................ 16-1
Flammability of Chemical Substances.........................................................................................................................................................16-13
Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants...........................................................................................................................................16-29
Octanol–Water Partition Coefficients.........................................................................................................................................................16-42
Protection against Ionizing Radiation..........................................................................................................................................................16-47
 Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides................................................................................................................................................16-48
Chemical Carcinogens....................................................................................................................................................................................16-52

Appendix A: Mathematical Tables

Miscellaneous Mathematical Constants......................................................................................................................................................... A-1
Decimal Equivalents of Common Fractions.................................................................................................................................................. A-2
Quadratic Formula.............................................................................................................................................................................................. A-2
Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions and Their Common Logarithms............................................................................................... A-3
Natural Trigonometric Functions to Four Places......................................................................................................................................... A-6
Relation of Angular Functions in Terms of One Another........................................................................................................................... A-8
Derivatives............................................................................................................................................................................................................ A-9
Integration.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... A-11
Integrals............................................................................................................................................................................................................... A-15
Differential Equations....................................................................................................................................................................................... A-46
Fourier Series..................................................................................................................................................................................................... A-57
Fourier Expansions for Basic Periodic Functions....................................................................................................................................... A-59
The Fourier Transforms................................................................................................................................................................................... A-61
Series Expansion................................................................................................................................................................................................ A-65
Vector Analysis.................................................................................................................................................................................................. A-68
Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates............................................................................................................................................................ A-75
Transformation of Integrals............................................................................................................................................................................ A-77
Bessel Functions................................................................................................................................................................................................ A-78
The Factorial Function..................................................................................................................................................................................... A-80
The Gamma Function...................................................................................................................................................................................... A-81
The Beta Function............................................................................................................................................................................................. A-82
The Error Function........................................................................................................................................................................................... A-83
Orthogonal Polynomials.................................................................................................................................................................................. A-83
Tables of Orthogonal Polynomials................................................................................................................................................................. A-86
Clebsch–Gordan Coefficients........................................................................................................................................................................ A-87
Normal Probability Function.......................................................................................................................................................................... A-88
Percentage Points, Student’s t-Distribution................................................................................................................................................. A-91
Percentage Points, Chi-Square Distribution................................................................................................................................................ A-91
Percentage Points, F-Distribution.................................................................................................................................................................. A-93
Moment of Inertia for Various Bodies of Mass........................................................................................................................................... A-97

Appendix B: Sources of Physical and Chemical Data............................................................................................B-1

Index..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................I-1
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Section 1
Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

Standard Atomic Weights (2009). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
Atomic Masses and Abundances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State. . . . . . . . 1-17
International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19
Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20
International System of Units (SI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22
Units for Magnetic Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26
Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27
Conversion of Temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-37
Conversion Factors for Energy Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-38
Conversion Factors for Pressure Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-39
Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-40
Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-41
Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-42
Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-43
Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-44
Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-46
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 CODATA RECOMMENDED VALUES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS: 2010∗

Peter J. Mohr,† Barry N. Taylor,‡ and David B. Newell§

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8420, USA

This report gives the 2010 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and
chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use.
The 2010 adjustment takes into account the data considered in the 2006 adjustment as well as the data that became
available from 1 January 2007, after the closing date of that adjustment, until 31 December 2010, the closing date of
the new adjustment. The 2010 set replaces the previously recommended 2006 CODATA set and may also be found
on the World Wide Web at physics.nist.gov/constants.

Reference
1. Nakamura, K., K . Hagiwara, K . Hikasa, H. Murayama, M. Tanabashi, T. Watari, C. Amsler, M. Antonelli, D. M. Asner,
H. Baer, and e. al, 2010, J. Phys. G 37, 075021.

TABLE I: An abbreviated list of the CODATA recommended values of the fundamental

constants of physics and chemistry based on the 2010 adjustment.

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur
speed of light in vacuum c, c0 299 792 458 m s−1 exact
magnetic constant µ0 4π × 10−7 N A−2
= 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 N A−2 exact
electric constant 1/µ0 c2 �0 8.854 187 817... × 10−12 F m−1 exact
Newtonian constant of gravitation G 6.673 84(80) × 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2 1.2 × 10−4
Planck constant h 6.626 069 57(29) × 10−34 Js 4.4 × 10−8
h/2π h̄ 1.054 571 726(47) × 10−34 Js 4.4 × 10−8
elementary charge e 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 C 2.2 × 10−8
magnetic flux quantum h/2e �0 2.067 833 758(46) × 10−15 Wb 2.2 × 10−8
conductance quantum 2e2/ h G0 7.748 091 7346(25) × 10−5 S 3.2 × 10−10
electron mass me 9.109 382 91(40) × 10−31 kg 4.4 × 10−8
proton mass mp 1.672 621 777(74) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8
proton-electron mass ratio mp /me 1836.152 672 45(75) 4.1 × 10−10
fine-structure constant e2/4π�0h̄c α 7.297 352 5698(24) × 10−3 3.2 × 10−10
inverse fine-structure constant α −1 137.035 999 074(44) 3.2 × 10−10
Rydberg constant α 2 me c/2h R∞ 10 973 731.568 539(55) m−1 5.0 × 10−12

∗ This report was prepared by the authors under the auspices of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants. The members of the task
group are:
F. Cabiati, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Italy
J. Fischer, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany
J. Flowers, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom
K. Fujii, National Metrology Institute of Japan, Japan
S. G. Karshenboim, Pulkovo Observatory, Russian Federation
P. J. Mohr, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America
D. B. Newell, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America
F. Nez, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, France
K. Pachucki, University of Warsaw, Poland
T. J. Quinn, Bureau international des poids et mesures
B. N. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America
B. M. Wood, National Research Council, Canada
Z. Zhang, National Institute of Metrology, China (People’s Republic of)

† Electronic address: mohr@nist.gov

‡ Electronic address: barry.taylor@nist.gov
§ Electronic address: dnewell@nist.gov

1-1
1-2 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

TABLE I: (Continued.)

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur
Avogadro constant NA , L 6.022 141 29(27) × 1023 mol−1 4.4 × 10−8
Faraday constant NA e F 96 485.3365(21) C mol−1 2.2 × 10−8
molar gas constant R 8.314 4621(75) J mol−1 K−1 9.1 × 10−7
Boltzmann constant R/NA k 1.380 6488(13) × 10−23 J K−1 9.1 × 10−7
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
(π2 /60)k4/h̄3 c2 σ 5.670 373(21) × 10−8 W m−2 K−4 3.6 × 10−6
Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI
electron volt (e/C) J eV 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 J 2.2 × 10−8
1
(unified) atomic mass unit 12
m( 12 C) u 1.660 538 921(73) × 10 −27
kg 4.4 × 10−8

TABLE II: The CODATA recommended values of the fundamental con-

stants of physics and chemistry based on the 2010 adjustment.
Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur

UNIVERSAL
speed of light in vacuum c, c0 299 792 458 m s−1 exact
magnetic constant µ0 4π × 10−7 N A−2
= 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 N A−2 exact
electric constant 1/µ0 c2 �0 8.854 187 817... × 10−12 F m−1 exact
characteristic impedance of vacuum µ0 c Z0 376.730 313 461... � exact
Newtonian constant of gravitation G 6.673 84(80) × 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2 1.2 × 10−4
G/h̄c 6.708 37(80) × 10−39 (GeV/c2 ) −2 1.2 × 10−4
Planck constant h 6.626 069 57(29) × 10−34 Js 4.4 × 10−8
4.135 667 516(91) × 10−15 eV s 2.2 × 10−8
h/2π h̄ 1.054 571 726(47) × 10−34 Js 4.4 × 10−8
6.582 119 28(15) × 10−16 eV s 2.2 × 10−8
h̄c 197.326 9718(44) MeV fm 2.2 × 10−8
Planck mass (h̄c/G) 1/2 mP 2.176 51(13) × 10−8 kg 6.0 × 10−5
energy equivalent mP c2 1.220 932(73) × 1019 GeV 6.0 × 10−5
Planck temperature (h̄c5 /G) 1/2 /k TP 1.416 833(85) × 1032 K 6.0 × 10−5
Planck length h̄/mP c = (h̄G/c3 ) 1/2 lP 1.616 199(97) × 10−35 m 6.0 × 10−5
Planck time lP /c = (h̄G/c5 ) 1/2 tP 5.391 06(32) × 10−44 s 6.0 × 10−5
ELECTROMAGNETIC
elementary charge e 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 C 2.2 × 10−8
e/ h 2.417 989 348(53) × 1014 A J−1 2.2 × 10−8
magnetic flux quantum h/2e �0 2.067 833 758(46) × 10−15 Wb 2.2 × 10−8
conductance quantum 2e2/ h G0 7.748 091 7346(25) × 10−5 S 3.2 × 10−10
inverse of conductance quantum G−1
0 12 906.403 7217(42) � 3.2 × 10−10
Josephson constant1 2e/ h KJ 483 597.870(11) × 109 Hz V−1 2.2 × 10−8
von Klitzing constant2 h/e2 = µ0 c/2α RK 25 812.807 4434(84) � 3.2 × 10−10
Bohr magneton eh̄/2me µB 927.400 968(20) × 10−26 J T−1 2.2 × 10−8
5.788 381 8066(38) × 10−5 eV T−1 6.5 × 10−10
µB / h 13.996 245 55(31) × 109 Hz T−1 2.2 × 10−8
µB / hc 46.686 4498(10) m−1 T−1 2.2 × 10−8
µB /k 0.671 713 88(61) K T−1 9.1 × 10−7
nuclear magneton eh̄/2mp µN 5.050 783 53(11) × 10−27 J T−1 2.2 × 10−8
3.152 451 2605(22) × 10−8 eV T−1 7.1 × 10−10
µN / h 7.622 593 57(17) MHz T−1 2.2 × 10−8
µN / hc 2.542 623 527(56) × 10−2 m−1 T−1 2.2 × 10−8
µN /k 3.658 2682(33) × 10−4 K T−1 9.1 × 10−7

1 See Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect.
2 See Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 1-3

TABLE II: (Continued).

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR

General
fine-structure constant e2/4π�0h̄c α 7.297 352 5698(24) × 10−3 3.2 × 10−10
inverse fine-structure constant α −1 137.035 999 074(44) 3.2 × 10−10
Rydberg constant α 2 me c/2h R∞ 10 973 731.568 539(55) m−1 5.0 × 10−12
R∞ c 3.289 841 960 364(17) × 1015 Hz 5.0 × 10−12
R∞ hc 2.179 872 171(96) × 10−18 J 4.4 × 10−8
13.605 692 53(30) eV 2.2 × 10−8
Bohr radius α/4πR∞ = 4π�0h̄2/me e2 a0 0.529 177 210 92(17) × 10−10 m 3.2 × 10−10
Hartree energy e2/4π�0 a0 = 2R∞ hc = α 2 me c2 Eh 4.359 744 34(19) × 10−18 J 4.4 × 10−8
27.211 385 05(60) eV 2.2 × 10−8
quantum of circulation h/2me 3.636 947 5520(24) × 10−4 m2 s−1 6.5 × 10−10
h/me 7.273 895 1040(47) × 10−4 m2 s−1 6.5 × 10−10
Electroweak
Fermi coupling constant3 GF /(h̄c) 3 1.166 364(5) × 10−5 GeV−2 4.3 × 10−6
weak mixing angle4 θW (on-shell scheme)
sin2 θW = sW
2
≡ 1 − (mW /mZ ) 2 sin2 θW 0.2223(21) 9.5 × 10−3
Electron, e−
electron mass me 9.109 382 91(40) × 10−31 kg 4.4 × 10−8
5.485 799 0946(22) × 10−4 u 4.0 × 10−10
energy equivalent me c2 8.187 105 06(36) × 10−14 J 4.4 × 10−8
0.510 998 928(11) MeV 2.2 × 10−8
electron-muon mass ratio me /mµ 4.836 331 66(12) × 10−3 2.5 × 10−8
electron-tau mass ratio me /mτ 2.875 92(26) × 10−4 9.0 × 10−5
electron-proton mass ratio me /mp 5.446 170 2178(22) × 10−4 4.1 × 10−10
electron-neutron mass ratio me /mn 5.438 673 4461(32) × 10−4 5.8 × 10−10
electron-deuteron mass ratio me /md 2.724 437 1095(11) × 10−4 4.0 × 10−10
electron-triton mass ratio me /mt 1.819 200 0653(17) × 10−4 9.1 × 10−10
electron-helion mass ratio me /mh 1.819 543 0761(17) × 10−4 9.2 × 10−10
electron to alpha particle mass ratio me /mα 1.370 933 555 78(55) × 10−4 4.0 × 10−10
electron charge to mass quotient −e/me −1.758 820 088(39) × 1011 C kg−1 2.2 × 10−8
electron molar mass NA me M(e), Me 5.485 799 0946(22) × 10−7 kg mol−1 4.0 × 10−10
Compton wavelength h/me c λC 2.426 310 2389(16) × 10−12 m 6.5 × 10−10
λC /2π = αa0 = α 2/4πR∞ λC 386.159 268 00(25) × 10−15 m 6.5 × 10−10
classical electron radius α 2 a0 re 2.817 940 3267(27) × 10−15 m 9.7 × 10−10
Thomson cross section (8π/3)re2 σe 0.665 245 8734(13) × 10−28 m2 1.9 × 10−9
electron magnetic moment µe −928.476 430(21) × 10−26 J T−1 2.2 × 10−8
to Bohr magneton ratio µe /µB −1.001 159 652 180 76(27) 2.6 × 10−13
to nuclear magneton ratio µe /µN −1838.281 970 90(75) 4.1 × 10−10
electron magnetic moment
anomaly |µe |/µB − 1 ae 1.159 652 180 76(27) × 10−3 2.3 × 10−10
electron g-factor −2(1 + ae ) ge −2.002 319 304 361 53(53) 2.6 × 10−13
electron-muon magnetic moment ratio µe /µµ 206.766 9896(52) 2.5 × 10−8
electron-proton magnetic moment ratio µe /µp −658.210 6848(54) 8.1 × 10−9
electron to shielded proton magnetic
moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) µe /µ�p −658.227 5971(72) 1.1 × 10−8
electron-neutron magnetic moment ratio µe /µn 960.920 50(23) 2.4 × 10−7
electron-deuteron magnetic moment ratio µe /µd −2143.923 498(18) 8.4 × 10−9
electron to shielded helion magnetic
moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) µe /µ�h 864.058 257(10) 1.2 × 10−8

3 Value recommended by the Particle Data Group (Nakamura et al., 2010).

4 Based on the ratio of the masses of the W and Z bosons mW /mZ recommended by the Particle Data Group (Nakamura et al., 2010). The value
for sin2 θW they recommend, which is based on a particular variant of the modified minimal subtraction ( MS) scheme, is sin2 θ̂W ( MZ ) = 0.231 16(13).
1-4 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

TABLE II: (Continued).

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur
electron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µe |/h̄ γe 1.760 859 708(39) × 1011 s−1 T−1 2.2 × 10−8
γe /2π 28 024.952 66(62) MHz T−1 2.2 × 10−8
Muon, µ−
muon mass mµ 1.883 531 475(96) × 10−28 kg 5.1 × 10−8
0.113 428 9267(29) u 2.5 × 10−8
energy equivalent mµ c2 1.692 833 667(86) × 10−11 J 5.1 × 10−8
105.658 3715(35) MeV 3.4 × 10−8
muon-electron mass ratio mµ /me 206.768 2843(52) 2.5 × 10−8
muon-tau mass ratio mµ /mτ 5.946 49(54) × 10−2 9.0 × 10−5
muon-proton mass ratio mµ /mp 0.112 609 5272(28) 2.5 × 10−8
muon-neutron mass ratio mµ /mn 0.112 454 5177(28) 2.5 × 10−8
muon molar mass NA mµ M(µ), Mµ 0.113 428 9267(29) × 10−3 kg mol−1 2.5 × 10−8
muon Compton wavelength h/mµ c λC, µ 11.734 441 03(30) × 10−15 m 2.5 × 10−8
λC, µ /2π λC, µ 1.867 594 294(47) × 10−15 m 2.5 × 10−8
muon magnetic moment µµ −4.490 448 07(15) × 10−26 J T−1 3.4 × 10−8
to Bohr magneton ratio µµ /µB −4.841 970 44(12) × 10−3 2.5 × 10−8
to nuclear magneton ratio µµ /µN −8.890 596 97(22) 2.5 × 10−8
muon magnetic moment anomaly
|µµ |/(eh̄/2mµ ) − 1 aµ 1.165 920 91(63) × 10−3 5.4 × 10−7
muon g-factor −2(1 + aµ ) gµ −2.002 331 8418(13) 6.3 × 10−10
muon-proton magnetic moment ratio µµ /µp −3.183 345 107(84) 2.6 × 10−8
Tau, τ−
5
tau mass mτ 3.167 47(29) × 10−27 kg 9.0 × 10−5
1.907 49(17) u 9.0 × 10−5
energy equivalent mτ c2 2.846 78(26) × 10−10 J 9.0 × 10−5
1776.82(16) MeV 9.0 × 10−5
tau-electron mass ratio mτ /me 3477.15(31) 9.0 × 10−5
tau-muon mass ratio mτ /mµ 16.8167(15) 9.0 × 10−5
tau-proton mass ratio mτ /mp 1.893 72(17) 9.0 × 10−5
tau-neutron mass ratio mτ /mn 1.891 11(17) 9.0 × 10−5
tau molar mass NA mτ M(τ), Mτ 1.907 49(17) × 10−3 kg mol−1 9.0 × 10−5
tau Compton wavelength h/mτ c λC, τ 0.697 787(63) × 10−15 m 9.0 × 10−5
λC, τ /2π λC, τ 0.111 056(10) × 10−15 m 9.0 × 10−5
Proton, p
proton mass mp 1.672 621 777(74) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8
1.007 276 466 812(90) u 8.9 × 10−11
energy equivalent mp c2 1.503 277 484(66) × 10−10 J 4.4 × 10−8
938.272 046(21) MeV 2.2 × 10−8
proton-electron mass ratio mp /me 1836.152 672 45(75) 4.1 × 10−10
proton-muon mass ratio mp /mµ 8.880 243 31(22) 2.5 × 10−8
proton-tau mass ratio mp /mτ 0.528 063(48) 9.0 × 10−5
proton-neutron mass ratio mp /mn 0.998 623 478 26(45) 4.5 × 10−10
proton charge to mass quotient e/mp 9.578 833 58(21) × 107 C kg−1 2.2 × 10−8
proton molar mass NA mp M(p), Mp 1.007 276 466 812(90) × 10−3 kg mol−1 8.9 × 10−11
proton Compton wavelength h/mp c λC,p 1.321 409 856 23(94) × 10−15 m 7.1 × 10−10
λC,p /2π λC,p 0.210 308 910 47(15) × 10−15 m 7.1 × 10−10
proton rms charge radius rp 0.8775(51) × 10−15 m 5.9 × 10−3
proton magnetic moment µp 1.410 606 743(33) × 10−26 J T−1 2.4 × 10−8
to Bohr magneton ratio µp /µB 1.521 032 210(12) × 10−3 8.1 × 10−9
to nuclear magneton ratio µp /µN 2.792 847 356(23) 8.2 × 10−9
proton g-factor 2µp /µN gp 5.585 694 713(46) 8.2 × 10−9

5 This and all other values involving m are based on the value of m c2 in MeV recommended by the Particle Data Group (Nakamura et al.,
τ τ
2010).
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 1-5

TABLE II: (Continued).

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur
proton-neutron magnetic moment ratio µp /µn −1.459 898 06(34) 2.4 × 10−7
shielded proton magnetic moment µ�p 1.410 570 499(35) × 10−26 JT −1
2.5 × 10−8
(H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C)
to Bohr magneton ratio µ�p /µB 1.520 993 128(17) × 10−3 1.1 × 10−8
to nuclear magneton ratio µ�p /µN 2.792 775 598(30) 1.1 × 10−8
proton magnetic shielding correction
1 − µ�p /µp (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) σp� 25.694(14) × 10−6 5.3 × 10−4
proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µp /h̄ γp 2.675 222 005(63) × 108 s T
−1 −1
2.4 × 10−8
γp /2π 42.577 4806(10) MHz T−1 2.4 × 10−8
shielded proton gyromagnetic ratio
2µ�p /h̄ (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) γp� 2.675 153 268(66) × 108 s−1 T−1 2.5 × 10−8
γp� /2π 42.576 3866(10) MHz T−1 2.5 × 10−8
Neutron, n
neutron mass mn 1.674 927 351(74) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8
1.008 664 916 00(43) u 4.2 × 10−10
energy equivalent mn c2 1.505 349 631(66) × 10−10 J 4.4 × 10−8
939.565 379(21) MeV 2.2 × 10−8
neutron-electron mass ratio mn /me 1838.683 6605(11) 5.8 × 10−10
neutron-muon mass ratio mn /mµ 8.892 484 00(22) 2.5 × 10−8
neutron-tau mass ratio mn /mτ 0.528 790(48) 9.0 × 10−5
neutron-proton mass ratio mn /mp 1.001 378 419 17(45) 4.5 × 10−10
neutron-proton mass difference mn − mp 2.305 573 92(76) × 10−30 kg 3.3 × 10−7
0.001 388 449 19(45) u 3.3 × 10−7
energy equivalent (mn − mp )c2 2.072 146 50(68) × 10−13 J 3.3 × 10−7
1.293 332 17(42) MeV 3.3 × 10−7
neutron molar mass NA mn M(n), Mn 1.008 664 916 00(43) × 10−3 kg mol−1 4.2 × 10−10
neutron Compton wavelength h/mn c λC,n 1.319 590 9068(11) × 10−15 m 8.2 × 10−10
λC,n /2π λC,n 0.210 019 415 68(17) × 10−15 m 8.2 × 10−10
neutron magnetic moment µn −0.966 236 47(23) × 10−26 J T−1 2.4 × 10−7
to Bohr magneton ratio µn /µB −1.041 875 63(25) × 10−3 2.4 × 10−7
to nuclear magneton ratio µn /µN −1.913 042 72(45) 2.4 × 10−7
neutron g-factor 2µn /µN gn −3.826 085 45(90) 2.4 × 10−7
neutron-electron magnetic moment ratio µn /µe 1.040 668 82(25) × 10−3 2.4 × 10−7
neutron-proton magnetic moment ratio µn /µp −0.684 979 34(16) 2.4 × 10−7
neutron to shielded proton magnetic
moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) µn /µ�p −0.684 996 94(16) 2.4 × 10−7
neutron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µn |/h̄ γn 1.832 471 79(43) × 108 s T
−1 −1
2.4 × 10−7
γn /2π 29.164 6943(69) MHz T−1 2.4 × 10−7
Deuteron, d
deuteron mass md 3.343 583 48(15) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8
2.013 553 212 712(77) u 3.8 × 10−11
energy equivalent md c2 3.005 062 97(13) × 10−10 J 4.4 × 10−8
1875.612 859(41) MeV 2.2 × 10−8
deuteron-electron mass ratio md /me 3670.482 9652(15) 4.0 × 10−10
deuteron-proton mass ratio md /mp 1.999 007 500 97(18) 9.2 × 10−11
deuteron molar mass NA md M(d), Md 2.013 553 212 712(77) × 10−3 kg mol−1 3.8 × 10−11
deuteron rms charge radius rd 2.1424(21) × 10−15 m 9.8 × 10−4
deuteron magnetic moment µd 0.433 073 489(10) × 10−26 J T−1 2.4 × 10−8
to Bohr magneton ratio µd /µB 0.466 975 4556(39) × 10−3 8.4 × 10−9
to nuclear magneton ratio µd /µN 0.857 438 2308(72) 8.4 × 10−9
deuteron g-factor µd /µN gd 0.857 438 2308(72) 8.4 × 10−9
deuteron-electron magnetic moment ratio µd /µe −4.664 345 537(39) × 10−4 8.4 × 10−9
deuteron-proton magnetic moment ratio µd /µp 0.307 012 2070(24) 7.7 × 10−9
deuteron-neutron magnetic moment ratio µd /µn −0.448 206 52(11) 2.4 × 10−7
1-6 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

TABLE II: (Continued).

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur

Triton, t
triton mass mt 5.007 356 30(22) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8
3.015 500 7134(25) u 8.2 × 10−10
energy equivalent mt c2 4.500 387 41(20) × 10−10 J 4.4 × 10−8
2808.921 005(62) MeV 2.2 × 10−8
triton-electron mass ratio mt /me 5496.921 5267(50) 9.1 × 10−10
triton-proton mass ratio mt /mp 2.993 717 0308(25) 8.2 × 10−10
triton molar mass NA mt M(t), Mt 3.015 500 7134(25) × 10−3 kg mol−1 8.2 × 10−10
triton magnetic moment µt 1.504 609 447(38) × 10−26 J T−1 2.6 × 10−8
to Bohr magneton ratio µt /µB 1.622 393 657(21) × 10−3 1.3 × 10−8
to nuclear magneton ratio µt /µN 2.978 962 448(38) 1.3 × 10−8
triton g-factor 2µt /µN gt 5.957 924 896(76) 1.3 × 10−8
Helion, h
helion mass mh 5.006 412 34(22) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8
3.014 932 2468(25) u 8.3 × 10−10
energy equivalent mh c2 4.499 539 02(20) × 10−10 J 4.4 × 10−8
2808.391 482(62) MeV 2.2 × 10−8
helion-electron mass ratio mh /me 5495.885 2754(50) 9.2 × 10−10
helion-proton mass ratio mh /mp 2.993 152 6707(25) 8.2 × 10−10
helion molar mass NA mh M(h), Mh 3.014 932 2468(25) × 10−3 kg mol−1 8.3 × 10−10
helion magnetic moment µh −1.074 617 486(27) × 10−26 J T−1 2.5 × 10−8
to Bohr magneton ratio µh /µB −1.158 740 958(14) × 10−3 1.2 × 10−8
to nuclear magneton ratio µh /µN −2.127 625 306(25) 1.2 × 10−8
helion g-factor 2µh /µN gh −4.255 250 613(50) 1.2 × 10−8
shielded helion magnetic moment µ�h −1.074 553 044(27) × 10−26 J T−1 2.5 × 10−8
(gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C)
to Bohr magneton ratio µ�h /µB −1.158 671 471(14) × 10−3 1.2 × 10−8
to nuclear magneton ratio µ�h /µN −2.127 497 718(25) 1.2 × 10−8
shielded helion to proton magnetic
moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) µ�h /µp −0.761 766 558(11) 1.4 × 10−8
shielded helion to shielded proton magnetic
moment ratio (gas/H2 O, spheres, 25 ◦ C) µ�h /µ�p −0.761 786 1313(33) 4.3 × 10−9
shielded helion gyromagnetic ratio
2|µ�h |/h̄ (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) γh� 2.037 894 659(51) × 108 s−1 T−1 2.5 × 10−8
γh� /2π 32.434 100 84(81) MHz T−1 2.5 × 10−8
Alpha particle, α
alpha particle mass mα 6.644 656 75(29) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8
4.001 506 179 125(62) u 1.5 × 10−11
energy equivalent mα c2 5.971 919 67(26) × 10−10 J 4.4 × 10−8
3727.379 240(82) MeV 2.2 × 10−8
alpha particle to electron mass ratio mα /me 7294.299 5361(29) 4.0 × 10−10
alpha particle to proton mass ratio mα /mp 3.972 599 689 33(36) 9.0 × 10−11
alpha particle molar mass NA mα M(α), Mα 4.001 506 179 125(62) × 10−3 kg mol−1 1.5 × 10−11
PHYSICOCHEMICAL
Avogadro constant NA , L 6.022 141 29(27) × 1023 mol−1 4.4 × 10−8
atomic mass constant
1
mu = 12 m( 12 C) = 1 u mu 1.660 538 921(73) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8
energy equivalent mu c2 1.492 417 954(66) × 10−10 J 4.4 × 10−8
931.494 061(21) MeV 2.2 × 10−8
Faraday constant6 NA e F 96 485.3365(21) C mol−1 2.2 × 10−8

6 The numerical value of F to be used in coulometric chemical measurements is 96 485.3321(43) [4.4 × 10−8 ] when the relevant current

is measured in terms of representations of the volt and ohm based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects and the internationally adopted
conventional values of the Josephson and von Klitzing constants KJ−90 and RK−90 given in Table IV.
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 1-7

TABLE II: (Continued).

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur
molar Planck constant NA h 3.990 312 7176(28) × 10−10 J s mol−1 7.0 × 10−10
NA hc 0.119 626 565 779(84) J m mol−1 7.0 × 10−10
molar gas constant R 8.314 4621(75) J mol−1 K−1 9.1 × 10−7
Boltzmann constant R/NA k 1.380 6488(13) × 10−23 J K−1 9.1 × 10−7
8.617 3324(78) × 10−5 eV K−1 9.1 × 10−7
k/ h 2.083 6618(19) × 1010 Hz K−1 9.1 × 10−7
k/ hc 69.503 476(63) m−1 K−1 9.1 × 10−7
molar volume of ideal gas RT/ p
T = 273.15 K, p = 100 kPa Vm 22.710 953(21) × 10−3 m3 mol−1 9.1 × 10−7
Loschmidt constant NA /Vm n0 2.651 6462(24) × 1025 m−3 9.1 × 10−7
molar volume of ideal gas RT/ p
T = 273.15 K, p = 101.325 kPa Vm 22.413 968(20) × 10−3 m3 mol−1 9.1 × 10−7
Loschmidt constant NA /Vm n0 2.686 7805(24) × 1025 m−3 9.1 × 10−7
Sackur-Tetrode (absolute entropy) constant7
5
2
+ ln[(2πmu kT1 / h2 ) 3/2 kT1 / p0 ]
T1 = 1 K, p0 = 100 kPa S0 /R −1.151 7078(23) 2.0 × 10−6
T1 = 1 K, p0 = 101.325 kPa −1.164 8708(23) 1.9 × 10−6
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
(π2 /60)k4/h̄3 c2 σ 5.670 373(21) × 10−8 W m−2 K−4 3.6 × 10−6
first radiation constant 2πhc2 c1 3.741 771 53(17) × 10−16 W m2 4.4 × 10−8
first radiation constant for spectral radiance 2hc2 c1L 1.191 042 869(53) × 10−16 W m2 sr−1 4.4 × 10−8
second radiation constant hc/k c2 1.438 7770(13) × 10−2 mK 9.1 × 10−7
Wien displacement law constants
b = λmax T = c2 /4.965 114 231... b 2.897 7721(26) × 10−3 mK 9.1 × 10−7
b� = νmax /T = 2.821 439 372... c/c2 b� 5.878 9254(53) × 1010 Hz K−1 9.1 × 10−7

TABLE III: The variances, covariances, and correlation coefficients of the values of a selected group of constants based on the
2010 CODATA adjustment. The numbers in bold above the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative
covariances; the numbers in bold on the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative variances; and the
numbers in italics below the main diagonal are the correlation coefficients.1

α h e me NA me /mµ F
α 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 −0.0011 0.0009 −0.0021 0.0019
h 0 .0072 19.4939 9.7475 19.4918 −19.4912 −0.0020 −9.7437
e 0 .0145 1 .0000 4.8742 9.7454 −9.7452 −0.0020 −4.8709
me −0 .0075 0 .9999 0 .9998 19.4940 −19.4929 0.0021 −9.7475
NA 0 .0060 −0 .9999 −0 .9997 −1 .0000 19.4934 −0.0017 9.7483
me /mµ −0 .0251 −0 .0002 −0 .0004 0 .0002 −0 .0002 6.3872 −0.0037
F 0 .0265 −0 .9993 −0 .9990 −0 .9997 0 .9997 −0 .0007 4.8774

1
The relative covariance is ur (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/(xi xj ), where u(xi , xj ) is the covariance of xi and xj ; the relative variance is
u2r (xi ) = ur (xi , xi ): and the correlation coefficient is r (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/[u(xi )u(xj )].

7 The 3 5
entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass Ar is given by S = S0 + 2 R ln Ar − R ln( p/ p0 ) + 2 R ln(T/K).
1-8 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

TABLE IV: Internationally adopted values of various quantities.

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur
relative atomic mass1 of 12 C Ar ( 12 C) 12 exact
molar mass constant Mu 1 × 10−3 kg mol−1 exact
molar mass of 12 C M( 12 C) 12 × 10−3 kg mol−1 exact
conventional value of Josephson constant2 KJ−90 483 597.9 GHz V−1 exact
conventional value of von Klitzing constant3 RK−90 25 812.807 � exact
standard-state pressure 100 kPa exact
standard atmosphere 101.325 kPa exact

1
The relative atomic mass Ar ( X) of particle X with mass m( X) is defined by Ar ( X) = m( X)/mu , where mu = m( 12 C)/12 = Mu /NA =
1 u is the atomic mass constant, Mu is the molar mass constant, NA is the Avogadro constant, and u is the unified atomic mass unit.
Thus the mass of particle X is m( X) = Ar ( X) u and the molar mass of X is M( X) = Ar ( X) Mu .
2
This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect.
3
This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.

TABLE V: Values of some x-ray-related quantities based on the 2010 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants.

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur
Cu x unit: λ(CuKα1 )/1 537.400 xu(CuKα1 ) 1.002 076 97(28) × 10−13 m 2.8 × 10−7
Mo x unit: λ(MoKα1 )/707.831 xu(MoKα1 ) 1.002 099 52(53) × 10 −13
m 5.3 × 10−7
ångstrom star: λ(WKα1 )/0.209 010 0 Å∗
1.000 014 95(90) × 10 −10
m 9.0 × 10−7
1
lattice parameter of Si (in vacuum,
√ 22.5 C)
◦
a 543.102 0504(89) × 10 −12
m 1.6 × 10−8
{220} lattice spacing of Si a/ 8 d220 192.015 5714(32) × 10 −12
m 1.6 × 10−8
(in vacuum, 22.5 C)
◦

molar volume of Si M(Si)/ρ(Si) = NA a 3/8 Vm (Si) 12.058 833 01(80) × 10−6 m3 mol−1 6.6 × 10−8
(in vacuum, 22.5 ◦ C)
1
This is the lattice parameter (unit cell edge length) of an ideal single crystal of naturally occurring Si free of impurities and
imperfections, and is deduced from measurements on extremely pure and nearly perfect single crystals of Si by correcting for the
effects of impurities.

TABLE VI: The values in SI units of some non-SI units based on the 2010 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants.

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur
Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI
electron volt: (e/C) J eV 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 J 2.2 × 10−8
1
(unified) atomic mass unit: 12
m( 12 C) u 1.660 538 921(73) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8

Natural units (n.u.)

n.u. of velocity c, c0 299 792 458 m s−1 exact
n.u. of action: h/2π h̄ 1.054 571 726(47) × 10−34 Js 4.4 × 10−8
6.582 119 28(15) × 10−16 eV s 2.2 × 10−8
h̄c 197.326 9718(44) MeV fm 2.2 × 10−8
n.u. of mass me 9.109 382 91(40) × 10−31 kg 4.4 × 10−8
n.u. of energy me c2 8.187 105 06(36) × 10−14 J 4.4 × 10−8
0.510 998 928(11) MeV 2.2 × 10−8
n.u. of momentum me c 2.730 924 29(12) × 10−22 kg m s−1 4.4 × 10−8
0.510 998 928(11) MeV/c 2.2 × 10−8
n.u. of length: h̄/me c λC 386.159 268 00(25) × 10−15 m 6.5 × 10−10
n.u. of time h̄/me c2 1.288 088 668 33(83) × 10−21 s 6.5 × 10−10
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 1-9

TABLE VI: (Continued.)

Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur
Atomic units (a.u.)
a.u. of charge e 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 C 2.2 × 10−8
a.u. of mass me 9.109 382 91(40) × 10−31 kg 4.4 × 10−8
a.u. of action: h/2π h̄ 1.054 571 726(47) × 10−34 Js 4.4 × 10−8
a.u. of length: Bohr radius (bohr)
α/4πR∞ a0 0.529 177 210 92(17) × 10−10 m 3.2 × 10−10
a.u. of energy: Hartree energy (hartree)
e2/4π�0 a0 = 2R∞ hc = α 2 me c2 Eh 4.359 744 34(19) × 10−18 J 4.4 × 10−8
a.u. of time h̄/Eh 2.418 884 326 502(12) × 10−17 s 5.0 × 10−12
a.u. of force Eh /a0 8.238 722 78(36) × 10−8 N 4.4 × 10−8
a.u. of velocity: αc a0 Eh /h̄ 2.187 691 263 79(71) × 106 m s−1 3.2 × 10−10
a.u. of momentum h̄/a0 1.992 851 740(88) × 10−24 kg m s−1 4.4 × 10−8
a.u. of current eEh /h̄ 6.623 617 95(15) × 10−3 A 2.2 × 10−8
a.u. of charge density e/a03 1.081 202 338(24) × 1012 C m−3 2.2 × 10−8
a.u. of electric potential Eh /e 27.211 385 05(60) V 2.2 × 10−8
a.u. of electric field Eh /ea0 5.142 206 52(11) × 1011 V m−1 2.2 × 10−8
a.u. of electric field gradient Eh /ea02 9.717 362 00(21) × 1021 V m−2 2.2 × 10−8
a.u. of electric dipole moment ea0 8.478 353 26(19) × 10−30 Cm 2.2 × 10−8
a.u. of electric quadrupole moment ea02 4.486 551 331(99) × 10−40 C m2 2.2 × 10−8
a.u. of electric polarizability e2 a02 /Eh 1.648 777 2754(16) × 10−41 C2 m2 J−1 9.7 × 10−10
a.u. of 1st hyperpolarizability e3 a03 /Eh2 3.206 361 449(71) × 10−53 C3 m3 J−2 2.2 × 10−8
a.u. of 2nd hyperpolarizability e4 a04 /Eh3 6.235 380 54(28) × 10−65 C4 m4 J−3 4.4 × 10−8
a.u. of magnetic flux density h̄/ea02 2.350 517 464(52) × 105 T 2.2 × 10−8
a.u. of magnetic dipole moment: 2µB h̄e/me 1.854 801 936(41) × 10−23 J T−1 2.2 × 10−8
a.u. of magnetizability e2 a02 /me 7.891 036 607(13) × 10−29 J T−2 1.6 × 10−9
a.u. of permittivity: 107 /c2 e2 /a0 Eh 1.112 650 056 . . . × 10−10 F m−1 exact

TABLE VII: The values of some energy equivalents derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT, and based on the 2010
1
CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = 12 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA , and
Eh = 2R∞ hc = α 2 me c2 is the Hartree energy (hartree).

Relevant unit
J kg m−1 Hz
1J (1 J) = (1 J)/c2 = (1 J)/hc = (1 J)/h =
1J 1.112 650 056 . . . × 10−17 kg 5.034 117 01(22) × 1024 m−1 1.509 190 311(67) × 1033 Hz

1 kg (1 kg)c2 = (1 kg) = (1 kg)c/ h = (1 kg)c2 / h =

8.987 551 787 . . . × 1016 J 1 kg 4.524 438 73(20) × 1041 m−1 1.356 392 608(60) × 1050 Hz

1 m−1 (1 m−1 )hc = (1 m−1 )h/c = (1 m−1 ) = (1 m−1 )c =

1.986 445 684(88) × 10−25 J 2.210 218 902(98) × 10−42 kg 1 m−1 299 792 458 Hz

1 Hz (1 Hz)h = (1 Hz)h/c2 = (1 Hz)/c = (1 Hz) =

6.626 069 57(29) × 10−34 J 7.372 496 68(33) × 10−51 kg 3.335 640 951 . . . × 10−9 m−1 1 Hz

1K (1 K)k = (1 K)k/c2 = (1 K)k/ hc = (1 K)k/ h =

1.380 6488(13) × 10−23 J 1.536 1790(14) × 10−40 kg 69.503 476(63) m−1 2.083 6618(19) × 1010 Hz

1 eV (1 eV) = (1 eV)/c2 = (1 eV)/ hc = (1 eV)/ h =

1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19
J 1.782 661 845(39) × 10−36 kg 8.065 544 29(18) × 105 m−1 2.417 989 348(53) × 1014 Hz

1u (1 u)c2 = (1 u) = (1 u)c/ h = (1 u)c2 / h =

1.492 417 954(66) × 10−10 J 1.660 538 921(73) × 10−27 kg 7.513 006 6042(53) × 1014 m−1 2.252 342 7168(16) × 1023 Hz

1 Eh (1 Eh ) = (1 Eh )/c2 = (1 Eh )/ hc = (1 Eh )/ h =
4.359 744 34(19) × 10−18 J 4.850 869 79(21) × 10−35 kg 2.194 746 313 708(11) × 107 m−1 6.579 683 920 729(33) × 1015 Hz
1-10 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

TABLE VIII: The values of some energy equivalents derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT, and based on the
1
2010 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = 12 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA , and
Eh = 2R∞ hc = α 2 me c2 is the Hartree energy (hartree).

Relevant unit
K eV u Eh

1J (1 J)/k = (1 J) = (1 J)/c2 = (1 J) =
7.242 9716(66) × 1022 K 6.241 509 34(14) × 1018 eV 6.700 535 85(30) × 109 u 2.293 712 48(10) × 1017 Eh

1 kg (1 kg)c2 /k = (1 kg)c2 = (1 kg) = (1 kg)c2 =

6.509 6582(59) × 1039 K 5.609 588 85(12) × 1035 eV 6.022 141 29(27) × 1026 u 2.061 485 968(91) × 1034 Eh

1 m−1 (1 m−1 )hc/k = (1 m−1 )hc = (1 m−1 )h/c = (1 m−1 )hc =

1.438 7770(13) × 10−2 K 1.239 841 930(27) × 10 eV 1.331 025 051 20(94) × 10
−6 −15
u 4.556 335 252 755(23) × 10−8 Eh

1 Hz (1 Hz)h/k = (1 Hz)h = (1 Hz)h/c2 = (1 Hz)h =

4.799 2434(44) × 10−11 K 4.135 667 516(91) × 10−15 eV 4.439 821 6689(31) × 10−24 u 1.519 829 846 0045(76) × 10−16 Eh

1K (1 K) = (1 K)k = (1 K)k/c2 = (1 K)k =

1K 8.617 3324(78) × 10−5 eV 9.251 0868(84) × 10−14 u 3.166 8114(29) × 10−6 Eh

1 eV (1 eV)/k = (1 eV) = (1 eV)/c2 = (1 eV) =

1.160 4519(11) × 104 K 1 eV 1.073 544 150(24) × 10−9 u 3.674 932 379(81) × 10−2 Eh

1u (1 u)c2 /k = (1 u)c2 = (1 u) = (1 u)c2 =

1.080 954 08(98) × 10 K 931.494 061(21) × 106 eV
13
1u 3.423 177 6845(24) × 107 Eh

1 Eh (1 Eh )/k = (1 Eh ) = (1 Eh )/c2 = (1 Eh ) =
3.157 7504(29) × 105 K 27.211 385 05(60) eV 2.921 262 3246(21) × 10−8 u 1 Eh
Another random document with
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be so hard as to let them be captured again, and be taken back to
that living death. No, they would never be captured alive, no never
again. Then the thought of all their aims and ambitions with the
Commune, the strife and bloodshed in their beloved Paris made their
hearts cry “enough”; if the great God above them would grant them a
safe return to their homes and loved ones, they would live in peace
with all men.
On the fourth day the wind veered into the south east, and cleared
up fine. Observations gave our position three hundred miles from
Newcastle. On the fifth day the wind shifted into the south, reducing
our speed to five knots an hour. After consulting with the mate, the
captain decided not to continue on a direct course, but to stand in
towards the land and take advantage of the current setting towards
the southward. The fugitives grew very restless when they found out
the alteration of the course, and Captain Law had great difficulty in
making them see that it was for their safety that we should get inside
the three mile limit in case of eventualities, but nothing occurred to
alarm us, and we had a fine run right up to Newcastle, a seven days
run from Noumea.
The authorities and citizens of Newcastle gave the fugitives a very
hearty welcome, and showered congratulations upon them at their
daring escape from exile and prison. They put up at the Great
Northern Hotel and soon supplied themselves with clothing, etc.,
suitable to their position. Then they telegraphed home the news of
their freedom and need of funds. They stayed a few days at
Newcastle and then went on to Sydney there to await the remittance
that was wired back to them at once.
On its arrival Henri Rochefort at once paid Captain Law the
amount that had been agreed upon for their deliverance, what the
actual amount was I do not know, but each of the crew received £4
10s. as their share, and with this, I, for one, was very satisfied.
 CHAPTER XXIII

A Leaky Old Tub and Retribution or Villainy

Rewarded

After staying on shore in Newcastle for three weeks, during which

time I had a good holiday and spent most of the money I possessed,
I joined the barque “Edinburgh” bound for Wellington, New Zealand,
with a cargo of coals. Well, of all the old tubs that ever sailed on salt
water, this old craft was the worst. Every two hours we had a twenty
minutes’ spell on the pumps, night and day the game went on, in fact
we could truly say we carried the leaky old basket on our arms.
There was no time lost in painting these colonial ships. There was
plenty of other work to do without that, nearly all the passage was
spent in fitting and roping new cargo baskets ready to discharge the
coal on our arrival at Wellington. The weather was just splendid all
the way across, which was fortunate for us, just a gentle seven knot
breeze, with a smooth sea and a perfectly cloudless sky. The sea,
when we had time to notice it, was a beautiful ultra-marine, and at
night the stars were reflected like diamonds in a sea of glass. The
waters were simply alive with fish, and at night, as they moved about
in the star-lit waters, they left a phosphorescent trail behind them,
like a design drawn upon a blackboard with a silver pencil.
Captain Saunders, or “Black Saunders” as he was called by
colonial seamen, was a sturdy, well-built man, with jet black curly
hair and beard. He was a thorough seaman, and never so happy as
when he was paddling about in salt water. The mate, Archie McLeod,
was a Scotchman and hailed from Glasgow, but had been sailing out
of Sydney for a number of years. He was, without a doubt, one of the
finest specimens of physical manhood I ever saw, quite six feet in
height, trained and proficient in all kinds of athletic sports, and a first
rate boxer for sport, but in general a very quiet, amiable sort of
shipmate. The second mate was a young native of Sydney, not much
of a sailor, but that was from want of experience and not from want of
ability. Our crew consisted of eight able seamen—three English and
three colonials—and two Swedes. The pay was seven pounds a
month, and we signed to work eight hours per day in port, but when
unloading coal the crew were given the privilege of working all night
and were paid extra, so that we made very good money indeed.
After we had finished unloading our coals at Wellington, news
spread around the town that gold had been found on the Thames
river near Auckland, and that hundreds of people were flocking there.
At once there was a rush, and four of our sailors cleared out and
joined the throng en route for the gold fields. To replace them, the
captain picked up four men who had just run away from a ship in
Wellington, and who wanted to get over to Australia. They were not
long on board before they began to bully the sailors in the forecastle.
Evidently they were a set of scoundrels that the ship they had left
was well clear of.
We hauled away from the jetty after tea, and anchored in the bay
ready to sail in the morning. At daylight the mate called all hands out
to heave up the anchor. None of the crew turned out, saying they
were sick. The mate quietly told them that he would give them five
minutes to get out on deck, if they were not out in that time he would
kick them out.
“All right, Mr. Mate,” one of them answered, “try it, we’ll soon take
the kick out of you.”
Just then I went into the forecastle to light a lamp for the chain
locker.
“Drop that lamp, you son of a b—— sea cook,” snarled one of
them, “or I’ll jolly well jump the stuffing out of you.”
“Were you speaking to me?” I asked him.
“Yes, blast you, I was,” he replied.
In an instant my blood was up, and I sprang over to him. Thrusting
the lighted lamp into his face, I poured the oil over him, and set fire to
his bed, as he tried to get up I beat him back with the lamp until his
bed was all in a wild blaze. His three mates came to his assistance
and the two Swedes came to mine, and for a few minutes there was
a frightful pandemonium. The mate rushed forward when he heard
the row, and called out to us to put the fire out at once. This was
soon done, and we were ordered to heave up the anchor
immediately. The newcomers looked sulky and inclined to refuse, but
as there was no boat alongside, and they were likely to get roughly
handled, they thought better of it, and turned to, though with a bad
grace, and we were soon under weigh with all sail set, heading for
Cook’s Straits.
That evening the breeze freshened into a living gale, and we had a
dead beat down to Cape Farewell, which headland we passed on the
fifth day out. To make matters worse the vessel was leaking like a
basket, and the pumps had to be kept going night and day.
After rounding Cape Farewell, the barque was headed south, and
was soon wallowing in a heavy cross sea. We were fagged out with
pumping, and as we drew near to Foveaux Straits, all hands walked
aft and begged the captain to put into the Bluff Harbour for shelter
until the weather moderated. The captain, however, hoping to run out
of the bad weather when he got south of the Straits, refused to put
back. We refused to work the pumps any longer, and walked forward
in a body.
The captain looked at us and said quietly: “All right, my lads,” and
calmly went on smoking his pipe under the weather cloth.
The mate wanted to go forward and force us to the pumps, but
Captain Saunders said: “Oh, no, let them alone, they will turn to
sharp enough directly.”
The barque carried two of her boats in the davits on the poop, out
of the way of the cargo gear, so the captain told the mate and
second mate to see that there was fresh water and food put in one of
them ready for use.
We had been in the forecastle about an hour, smoking and
grumbling, when a heavy sea broke on board, smashing the lifeboat
and cutter, and washing the cook-house clean over the side. Luckily
for the cook, he was aft in the cabin at the time. A few of the pots
and pans that had been scattered about the deck were picked up.
We were now thoroughly terrified at the amount of water in the ship,
which was causing her to roll heavily to windward, thus exposing her
deck and hatches to the sea, so again we went aft and complained
to the captain that the vessel was sinking, and asked him to run back
to the Bluff.
“I know she is sinking,” he replied coolly, “and I think you had
better pump her out.”
“We want our tea, and we want some rest, it’s nothing else but
pumping since we left Wellington,” replied the men.
“Aye, you want your tea do you? So do I, but the galley’s gone
overboard, and as for the rest—well, I promise you good long rest in
a few hours, if the water is not pumped out. It is six o’clock now,” he
continued, looking at his watch, “and I give her just another two
hours to float upright, after that, you will not need any tea, and you
will get all the rest you want.”
Just then, as though to verify the captain’s words, the vessel gave
a dangerous lurch to the leeward, and in the weather roll the two
lower topsails were blown to bits, leaving the fore, main, and mizzen
staysail only on the vessel. The men, who were holding on to the
mizzen rigging to save themselves from being washed overboard,
looked at the captain, and then at each other, and without a word
made their way to the pumps. The officers and cook joined them,
and they all pumped away for dear life. The barque had a powerful
set of pumps, and after working for four hours, at times up to the
waist in water, they found the soundings were considerably reduced.
In the meantime, Captain Saunders had got some food ready on
the cabin stove, and at midnight they all went into the cabin and had
a good meal and a stiff glass of grog each. Afterwards the watch was
set and there was no more trouble about the work. The men had
found their master, and they worked all the better for the experience.
The following day the gale moderated and the sea went down. The
wreck of the lower topsails was sent down, and fresh sails were bent,
and with all sail set we had a good run over to the Australian coast.
The day before we made the coast the wind hauled into the north,
and was soon blowing a stiff gale, and the leaky old craft had to be
reduced to lower topsails again. The short choppy sea met with on
the Australian coast caused the old barque to leak at an alarming
rate, and the pumps had to be kept continually going to keep her
afloat. It seemed as though the vessel was doomed not to reach
port. To make matters worse, at midnight the gale backed into the
south-west and at the same time the man on the look-out reported
breakers on the lee-bow.
“Loose the upper topsail!” cried the captain. “We must force her off
or under.”
A few men left the pumps and sprang aloft. As soon as they
reached the topsail yard they called out:
“Breakers all along the lee!”
“Shut your mouth, and loose the sails!” replied the captain grimly.
“You’ll know all about the breakers when she strikes.”
“Hoist away,” came from aloft, and the pumps were stopped a few
minutes while the sails were set.
The old barque staggered along under the increased pressure,
and seemed to be heading just along the coast, but fortunately for us
the current setting to the S.S.W. just counteracted the leeway the
ship was making, and when the welcome daylight appeared she just
cleared Port Stevens and squared away for Newcastle.
When the yards were squared and all the danger past, the captain
called all hands aft and congratulated them on having been enabled
to bring the ship safely across under such terrible conditions, and
gave each man a good glass of grog. Then, as we looked at him, to
our astonishment we saw that Captain Saunders could never again
be called “Black Saunders,” for his hair and beard had turned quite
grey during the preceding night, and in his eyes was the look of one
who had touched shoulders with death. Those terrible twelve hours
of anxiety had left a mark that time would never efface.
We arrived in Newcastle that evening and the barque was moored
at Bullock Island Dyke. The following day the crew were paid off.
None of us had any inclination to make another trip in the leaky old
basket. A few days afterwards she was being overhauled for repairs
when a discoloured patch was noticed under the spider band, on the
main mast where the mizzin stay sets up. It was tested with a
sheath-knife and found to be completely rotten. How it had stood the
strain of that last trip was a mystery, for on the mast being
condemned it was found unsafe even to lift it out whole, and it had to
be cut in two for safety, and half of it hoisted out at one time, and a
fine new pitch pine lower mast was put into its place before the
vessel sailed again.
Now Newcastle, New South Wales, in those days was a busy
thriving little seaport. The harbour was full of large sailing vessels,
loading and waiting to load coal. They were bound, principally, for
China, San Francisco, and Pacific coast ports. Very few of these
ships had their full complement of seamen on board, for most of the
sailors had deserted during the ship’s stay in port, and one could not
blame them, when we consider that the pay in these ships from the
British Isles was two pound ten shillings per month, and the poorest
quality of food that it was possible for the ship-owner to buy, and
then only just sufficient to keep body and soul together. The pay out
of the Australian ports was five pound ten shillings for homeward
bound ships, and seven pound per month in the coast and
intercolonial trades, with a sufficiency of good, nourishing food. In
addition to this, there was plenty of work to be found ashore, for the
Queensland, Victorian, and South Australian gold fields were in full
swing. The consequence was there was great difficulty in getting
men for the ships when they were ready for sea.
Like most seaports in those days of sailing ships, the town was full
of sailors’ boarding-houses. Their tactics and methods of procuring
men were not such as could stand the light of day, but, nevertheless,
they did a thriving business.
One of the most noted characters in the town was a boarding-
house keeper, named Dan Slagan a thorough scoundrel to the
backbone. He was notorious for the number of men he had
“shanghaied” out of the port, but, strange to say, he had gained a
certain amount of power in the town, and shipmasters requiring men
were, under the circumstances, compelled to deal with him, although
at the same time many of them had the utmost contempt for the
fellow.
Slagan kept a low-class drinking saloon with a free-and-easy
dancing-room attached to it. The boarders lived in the rooms
overhead. This was the only dancing saloon in the town, and was
thronged with sailors every night. Needless to say that the liquor sold
there was vile stuff, but men who have been living for months on
“salt horse” and weevily biscuit have very little taste left in their
mouths, and, as long as the decoction was hot and came out of a
bottle, it passed muster.
Slagan was an adept at drugging liquor, and he always kept
materials at hand for that purpose. Just a little tobacco ash dropped
in the glass when pouring out the drinks, and the thing was done.
When he required a few sailors for a ship ready to sail, he picked out
the likeliest men in the room—usually strangers—and when the
seamen, hot and thirsty with dancing, ordered drinks through the
women, who acted as waitresses, these Delilahs would bring the
prepared stuff, and very soon the men would feel muddled and
sleepy and would go into the side room and sink down on the
benches. Slagan would then slip in among them:
“Halloa, mates! What’s the matter? Feel queer, eh? Ah, it’s the
dancing and the hot weather. I’ll send you a good tot that will put you
all right.” He would then send one of the girls in with a good glass of
hot whisky, drugged, of course, and that would be all the men would
know for some time. When they came to their senses they found
themselves in a strange ship, out of sight of land, without a stitch of
clothes beyond what they stood up in. Of course, there was generally
a row, but it invariably ended in their turning to work and making the
best of a bad bargain.
One day in February, 18—, it happened that there were three
British ships lying at the buoys, loaded and ready to sail, but each in
need of a few seamen to make up her complement. Not a man could
be got at the shipping office for love or money—the news of a fresh
gold field on the Barrington had reached Newcastle that morning,
and all the disengaged had made tracks for that district, so the only
possible way to get hands for the vessels ready to sail, was to obtain
them from the ships that had lately arrived, and which would have
some time to wait for a loading berth.
The captains of the ships at the buoys sent for Slagan, and
arranged with him to supply them with four men each that night, as
the trio would sail at the turn of the tide. When Slagan got back to
shore he sent some of his runners to quietly let the crews of the
ships in the harbour know there was to be a free concert and dance
at his place, with plenty of whisky into the bargain.
When night came the saloon was packed with seamen, and
among them six fine young American sailors from the ship “Jeremiah
Crawford,” of New Bedford. Now, New Bedford ships are very often
“family ships,” that is to say, the captain, officers, and seamen are
related to each other. Of the six young fellows who went to this
dance, two were nephews of the captain, one was a relative of the
mate, and the others were related to members of the crew.
Long before the dance was over there were several seamen lying
helplessly drugged in the side room. Just before midnight, and while
the dance was still going on, Slagan and his fellow crimps removed
the helpless men down to a boat, and took them off to the ships at
the buoys. Then Slagan pocketed his blood money and before
daylight the vessels were at sea under all plain sail.
The following day, when the six American seamen did not turn up
on board the “Jeremiah Crawford” enquiries were quietly made, and
it was soon found out what had become of them; they had been
among the twelve men “shanghaied” aboard the three waiting ships.
The men’s shipmates, boiling with anger, wanted to go and wreck
Slagan and his saloon, but the captain called all hands aft, and told
them from the poop that they must not let it be known that they knew
where their shipmates were.
“I know how you feel over it,” he said, “and I know how I feel, too,
but I intend to pay that rascal in his own coin. Those Britishers are off
to ’Frisco, and we are bound there, too, and you can bet your bottom
dollar I mean to make the ship move when we start. And what is
more, I intend to take that rascal Slagan with me!”
“All right, captain,” answered the men, “mum’s the word. We will
wait events.”
Two days afterwards Captain Monk, of the “Jeremiah Crawford,”
told Slagan to get him six men by the time the ship was loaded. He
agreed, on condition he was paid three pounds per man. This,
Captain Monk agreed to, and when the ship was finished and hauled
out to the buoys, Slagan sent word to the captain he would bring the
men off about 8 p.m.
 Now, that day, a young Irish police constable had been transferred
from Sydney to Newcastle, and promoted. He was appointed to this
district with a view to watching the goings-on at Slagan’s, rumours of
which had reached police headquarters. The constable was married
to a fine strapping Irish lass, who was a great help to her husband.
She wore her hair short like a man, and was no stranger to the
wearing of men’s clothes. In fact, it was partly owing to her that her
husband had got his position.
The constable knew he was there to get proof of Slagan’s shady
doings, and it was accordingly arranged that his wife should disguise
herself as a seaman, as she had done before, and watch the inside,
while her husband watched the outside of the saloon. The
policeman’s wife was a splendidly built woman, as straight as a reed,
muscular as well, and absolutely fearless. So it happened that when
Slagan was picking out the men he wanted for his purpose that night,
he saw this likely-looking young fellow among them. But he was not
taking any liquor—only a bottle of ginger ale. Slagan very obligingly
opened a bottle for him, and it was a simple matter, as the stuff
fizzled out, to knock the ash from his cigar into the glass with his little
finger, and the mischief was done. Presently one of his spies came in
and cautioned the crimp that there was a constable knocking about
in the street.
“We must get the beggar out of the way, Mike,” said Slagan. “I’ll
soon settle him, you watch him.”
Going outside, he walked up the street past the constable,
smoking a splendid cigar. The constable got a whiff and wished he
had one like it. In a few minutes the crimp returned, still puffing away
at the cigar, as he passed the policeman he quietly dropped his cigar
case. The constable, just behind him, saw the case and picked it up,
and seeing there were two or three fine cigars in it, succumbed to
temptation and put it in his pocket. He could not long resist the mute
appeal of those cigars, so slipping into the shadow behind some
houses, he lit one, and was soon enjoying a good smoke. It had a
wonderfully soothing influence, and he leaned up against the wall,
thinking of the sharp bit of work that had brought him promotion. He
felt that already he had Slagan in his power and he saw himself in
imagination with his sergeant’s stripes. Then all of a sudden he
smiled a sickly smile, his head fell forward, his legs gave way
beneath him, and he sank in a heap on the ground. A few minutes
afterwards the spy, who had been watching him all the time,
cautiously approached. He took the cigar case out of the
unconscious man’s tunic, removed the remains of the drugged cigar
from his mouth, and left him there.
The night was very dark, and about 8 p.m., while the dancing and
singing were still in full swing, Slagan and his tools got the selected
men off in a boat. The tug was ahead of the ship, all ready to start;
when the crimp got alongside with his men the “Jeremiah Crawford”
was hanging to a slip rope, and the captain was in his cabin waiting
for Slagan and the sailors.
“Hurry up and get those chaps on board,” the mate called out, “I
want to get under way.”
“All right, Mister Mate,” answered one of the crimps, “we’ll soon
have them on board. Get out of that you brutes!” he added, giving
one of the dazed men a savage lack.
Slogan and his men soon got their victims on board, but on getting
on deck one of the fellows, a fine-built young Swede, seemed to
partly recover his senses.
“I don’t belong to this ship,”’ he said, and made for the gangway.
With an oath Slagan sprang at him. A terrific blow on the side of the
head, and the poor fellow dropped senseless on the deck. They then
bundled the lot forward.
Finding no light in the forecastle he and his men stepped inside,
and were in the act of striking matches, when each of them was
knocked senseless with a blow behind the ear from a knuckle duster.
They were then dropped into the fore-peak and the hatches fastened
down, while the new men were lifted into berths to sleep off the
effects of the drugged liquor.
In the meantime the second mate slipped down the gangway, and
standing on one side of Slagan’s boat, capsized her. When she filled
with water he cast her off and let her drift up river.
The tug boat dropped down, the tow-rope was secured, the buoy
cast off, and before midnight the ship was outside the Nobbies and
under all sail. At day light the “shanghaied” men were getting over
the effects of the drug and the captain called all hands aft and gave
them a good stiff glass of grog. The new men were in a terrible state
when they came to their senses and found they had been
“shanghaied.” One young fellow in particular sat down on the hatch,
and placing his head on his hands, seemed to give way to despair.
He took no heed of what was going on, and spoke no word to
anyone. The young Swede, who had been so brutally struck by
Sullivan stepped up to the captain:
“Who brought us on board?” he asked.
“Dan Slagan,” replied the mate, “he said you were his boarders. I
saw him come alongside, and then I went forward, and have not
seen him since.”
“Did you pay him any advance for us, captain?”
“No, I have not seen him,” said the skipper. “He must have gone
on shore again. I cannot understand it. I do not know the man,” he
added. “I wrote him to get me six men, and told him I would sign
them on board. I heard him come alongside with you, but when I
came out of the cabin I saw no boat alongside, and we got under
weigh at once.”
“Thank you, captain,” said the Swede, “Slagan and I will meet
again some day.”
“Halloa, halloa, there! What’s all this row about?” sang out from the
forecastle accompanied by a heavy thumping.
The mate started to ran forward, and all hands turned to behold a
remarkable sight.
Out of the forecastle bolted three men. Casting their eyes in the
direction of the land, they rushed aft, passed the seamen, and were
about to mount the poop-ladder, when the mate barred the way.
“Get down out of this, you skunks!” he roared, “who are you
fellows, and where do you come from?”
“You know jolly well who I am,” roared the biggest of the three,
“and you had better land us as quick as you can, or it will be a bad
job for you, so I tell you.”
The mate looked at him in silence for a moment, then the skipper
chimed in.
 “Who the deuce are you?” demanded Captain Monk, “and what
are you doing aboard my ship?”
“What are you trying to get at, captain?” cried the crimp furiously.
“You know very well who I am; I’m Dan Slagan. I brought you six
men last night, and when we took them into the forecastle——”
There was a shuffle among the men, and the next minute the
young Swede had sprung at the crimps throat and the two were
tossing about the deck battering each other like wild beasts.
“Stand back everybody!” cried the mate. “Let them have it out.”
Slagan was the bigger and heavier man, but the Swede was a
perfect young athlete, and had a cruel wrong to wipe out. The
muscles of his arms and neck stood out like strong cords as the two
rolled from side to side.
Not a word was uttered by the officers or crew, who stood calmly
looking on. Suddenly, by a quick movement, the Swede pinned
Slagan against the fife-rail around the mainmast, and with his right
hand battered his face unmercifully. Then seizing him by the throat,
he flung him into the lee-scupper, where he lay without movement.
The Swede looked at his foe for a moment, then coolly walked over
and wiped his feet on him. Next, turning to the poop where Captain
Monk and the officers stood, he touched his cap and said:
“I am second mate of the Swedish ship ‘Oscar Branch,’ and my
father is the captain. I went on shore for a walk, and hearing the
music I went into the saloon for a drink. I sat down to watch the
dancers, and knew no more until I found myself on board this ship.
What will my father think? What will my employers say?” He stopped
abruptly, and walked forward with his head bent, overwhelmed with
shame and grief.
Within another minute the two remaining crimps were hotly
engaged with two of the ship’s crew, whose relatives had been
“shanghaied” aboard the Britishers. The sailors made short work of
the crimps, and fairly wiped the deck with them. Captain Monk then
ordered the hapless three to be locked up in separate cabins and fed
on bread and water for a few days.
“It will give them time to repent,” he said to the mate. “It won’t do to
put them with the crew yet awhile—there would be murder done. In a
few days they can go forward, and the crew will save us dirtying our
hands with them, the scoundrels. Our chaps will lead them a dance,
and they’ll wish to heaven they had never laid hands on my crew.”
Just then the mate noticed the young fellow sitting on the hatch with
his head in his hands. He seemed utterly dejected and oblivious of
everything about him. The rest of the men had gone forward, and
were excitedly discussing the matter of Slagan and his mates being
on board, each of them swearing to have his pound of flesh out of
the hated “shanghaiers.” The captain and mate walked along to the
young fellow on the hatch. Putting his hand kindly on the bowed
head, Captain Monk said: “Come, come, young man, you must not
give way like this. Sailors should always make the best of
everything.”
Lifting his head at the kindly touch and words, the young fellow
replied:
“Oh, captain, whatever shall I do? I am not a sailor.”
“Oh, never mind that, you’ll soon learn here, so go forward with the
others.”
“Oh, captain, take pity on me!” cried the supposed young seaman,
tremulously. “For heaven’s sake take pity on me, I am a respectable
married woman! My husband is Police Constable Hogan of the
Newcastle Police.”
The captain and mate were astounded, and for a moment could do
nothing but stare at her. Then, seeing some of the men forward
looking at them, Captain Monk said: “Come aft to the saloon and I
will hear your story.”
When they got into the cabin Mrs. Hogan told how the authorities
at Sydney had heard something of the doings of Slagan and his
crimps, and had sent her husband to the district to get evidence
against him. She had assisted her husband before, and on this
occasion had dressed up in her present clothes and joined the
sailors in the dancing room to watch Slagan and his satellites.
“I called for a bottle of ginger ale,” she added. “I watched him open
the bottle and I am sure there was nothing in the glass, for I saw it
standing upside down on the counter, but I had not drunk it many
minutes before I felt my head getting light, and I remembered no
more until I found myself on board this ship. I have abundant
evidence against that blackguard now, but it is no good, as he is on
board here. What shall I do? I have no clothes but these. I cannot go
among those men.”
“Steamer ahead, sir! Coming this way,” rang out the cry.
“Aye, aye!”
Captain Monk took a look at her through the telescope.
“Run up the ‘Urgent’ signal at once!” he shouted. “It’s the Union
Company’s boat bound to Melbourne. I will send a letter and this
woman on board. Back the mainyard, and get the boat out quick.”
Up went the signal, and the steamer bore down towards the ship.
Her decks were crowded with passengers.
“You will go in the boat, Mrs. Hogan,” said the skipper, “and you
had better explain things to the captain at once. My letter will tell him
also. Mr. Potter, you go with the boat, and take four of our hands with
you. As soon as you give the letter to the captain, put this woman on
board and return at once.”
“Aye, aye, sir. Ship your oars! Let go forward.”
The boat shot away and was soon alongside the steamer, and the
mate and Mrs. Hogan climbed on board. Going along to the bridge,
Mr. Potter handed the letter to the captain, who read it and said:
“All right. Tell Captain Monk that I will take the woman to
Melbourne. I am glad he has that blackguard on board. Good-bye.”
The mate got back into his boat, the engines were rung ahead, the
ensign was dipped three times and before the boat was on board
again, the steamer was out of sight.
Then the sails were filled once more and the “Jeremiah Crawford”
stood on her course.
Five days afterwards Slagan and his mates were released and
sent to live in the forecastle. Slagan was put into the mate’s watch,
and the two crimps in the second mate’s watch.
There was another row at once, and again the blackguards got a
good thrashing, they were put to the most menial work, were made
to wait on the others, and do all the dirty work about the deck, in fact
their lives were made a misery to them from morning to night. Hardly
a day passed that one or other of the scoundrels did not get a licking.
They had a taste of the misery they had caused many another man,
and the captain said they had time to repent of their misdeeds.
When the “Jeremiah Crawford” arrived at San Francisco the pilot
informed them that two British ships had just gone to anchorage,
adding that he noticed they were from Newcastle. This was good
news to all but Slagan and his crimps. As they moved up the harbour
to their anchorage they passed close to the “Commonwealth.” On
board were some of the “Jeremiah Crawford’s” crew, and as they
passed one of the sailors called out: “We have Slagan on board.”
After the sails were unbent, all the running gear triced up, and the
decks washed down the crew were dismissed.
“Pay off to-morrow,” said the mate.
“Aye, aye!” answered the crew.
All hands went on shore, and Slagan was forced, much against his
will, to go with them. On the wharf where they landed stood the six
American sailors, whom he and his men had “shanghaied” from
Newcastle. Let us mercifully draw a veil over the crimps’ punishment.
None of the three blackguards turned up when the crew were paid
off, no questions were asked, and no explanations given, but two
years afterwards Slagan appeared again in Newcastle, New South
Wales—not the unscrupulous bully and braggart, but a broken,
decrepit, feeble old man.
 CHAPTER XXIV

Off to the Palmer Goldfields

After my experience on the barque “Edinburgh” I felt that I was

entitled to a spell on shore, and, as my landlady’s daughter had
responded to the attentions I showered upon her, I had a most
enjoyable time as long as my money lasted, then my restless spirit
began to assert itself again and to long for pastures new, and the
farthest thought in my head was to settle down. I was debating in my
mind whether to start up country or join a vessel going to a port that I
had not yet been to, when news reached Newcastle of a rush to the
Palmer goldfields. This news put the whole place in a ferment.
Hundreds of men in Newcastle alone threw up their employment,
and started for the north, whenever there was a chance of getting
along the coast. Ships in the harbour were deserted by their crews,
even the officers in many instances deserting at the same time. It
would have been quite an easy matter to get a berth on a ship, but
that I, too, had an attack of gold fever, and determined that I would
get to the Palmer and try my luck. But that was easier said than
done, for the Palmer goldfields lay somewhere in, as yet, an
unexplored country, which it was quite impossible to reach after the
commencement of the wet season. Many attempts had been made,
all more or less unsuccessful, and all were loud in proclaiming the
impossibilities to be met with on the road, such as swollen rivers,
marshes, swamps, mountains, blacks, and besides these, provisions
had not only to be taken for the journey, but there were none to be
obtained on the goldfields, so these had to be carried, or else you
would have to starve. Many people went to Sydney, and from thence
to Brisbane, and then tramped the rest of the way, many lost their
lives in the attempt, some were killed by the blacks, some got
drowned in crossing the rushing swollen rivers, many died of hunger
and thirst crossing the waterless tracks beneath the terrible fiery sun
that shone down so pitilessly from a cloudless sky, for in that arid
track there was no shelter, no shadow of a great rock, no trees to
give a moment’s respite to the travellers in that weary land.
The nearest port to the Palmer was the newly opened port of
Cookstown, at the mouth of the Endeavour River, and the spot is
identical with a place mentioned in Captain Cook’s travels, where he
ran his ship, the “Endeavour,” ashore to carry out some very
necessary repairs to that vessel, hence the names Cookstown and
Endeavour River, it was about twelve hundred miles from Newcastle.
That there were already thousands of people flocking there from all
parts of the world, New Zealand, California, England, India and
China, did not deter me in the least, rather the reverse.
There was a great difficulty in getting a berth in a north bound
vessel, but several of the shipowners in Newcastle put a vessel on
the berth for passengers and stores to Townsville, but would not
send their vessels to Cookstown, for the place was not well known,
and there was a great risk of losing a ship, and as these vessels
were uninsurable, they did not care to take the risk. Townsville was
about two hundred and forty miles from Cooktown, and I think about
the same distance from the new diggings, the difficulties of the
overland route to Townsville were almost insurmountable, unless
provided with a good stock of horses, a good bush cart, and at least
six months stock of provisions, and as many of the gold seekers did
not carry much extra equipment, they all made for Cookstown.
Several vessels had got away full up with passengers, whom the
shipowners charged thirty pounds passage money per man, and the
same for each horse, the passengers finding their own provender
and the ship finding fresh water. Of course, there were hundreds of
persons who wished to go, but could not afford that price, I among
the number, so I determined to try and get a berth as seaman on one
of these vessels, but was unsuccessful.
However, one day, while talking the matter over with several
friends, I suggested that a number of us should form ourselves into a
company, each paying down so much, and purchase one of the
many Ketches sailing up and down between the Hunter and Manning
Rivers, and which were to be had for an old song almost, for they
would scarcely float. My suggestion was laughed at by most of those
present, but one man asked if I would risk my life in one of these
ketches all the way to Townsville. I replied that I would willingly work
one of them along the coast, but I had only ten pounds to my name.
Then the matter dropped for that day.
Three days afterwards one of the coasting captains, named Alec
Brown, came to me and asked if I would help him work the
“Woolara,” a small schooner of fifty tons, to Cookstown. He offered
me twenty pounds for the run, and a share of the profits if I cared to
return with him. He was quite candid with me, and said the “Woolara”
was not a new vessel, but had been laid up at Waratah on the mud
for a couple of years, and would leak like a basket if we got any bad
weather, but he thought we might nurse her, and make a good thing
out of her if we got to Cookstown all right. I was quite willing, and
closed with him at once in consideration of his paying me the twenty
pounds in advance to enable me to get a few things I wanted. He
agreed to this, and the following day we both went up to Waratah,
and got the old craft afloat. We found, as you may think, a few leaky
places in her sides, and the captain got three men to caulk her well,
and then we gave her three good coats of boiling pitch all over. After
a week’s work on her we made her as tight as a bottle, and she
looked quite a smart little craft when cleaned up and painted a bit.
She had a suit of sails that were like a patchwork quilt, but Captain
Brown bought another second-hand suit of sails from one of the
schooners that traded to Lake Macquarry for timber. A quantity of
stone ballast was laid level in the hold, and, if I remember right, we
had fifty casks of water stowed securely on the top of the ballast.
After all was shipshape she was advertised to sail for Cookstown,
and so great was the craving to get to the goldfields that we had on
the first day over fifty applications for passages. The passage money
was £35 down, and ship fare only supplied. I think if they had only
been offered bread and water we could have filled the vessel with
them, to such an extent was the gold fever affecting the place. When
the captain found he could get sufficient passengers, the ballast in
the hold was boarded over and temporary berths put up. We
arranged to take twenty passengers, each man signing articles as
seamen at one shilling per month.
We left Newcastle at night, a beautiful cloudless night, singing and
making merry, just as though we were on a pleasure trip, for most of
the passengers had been seamen at some time or other and were a
right down jolly lot of men. They looked after themselves, and also
gave us all the help we required. We had a fine passage right up to
Brisbane, but here our luck as regards the weather forsook us, for
just after passing Brisbane we got into a black north-easter, and for a
few hours it was nearly a case with us, so dangerous was our
condition, but we managed to crawl into Hervey Bay until the breeze
had blown itself out.
After eight hours detention we again started on our journey and
reached Port Denison. Here we encountered a terrific gale that very
nearly finished our sailing. The little craft was a splendid sea-boat,
and that helped us to nurse her through the angry waters. But we
had our work cut out. At times the schooner would be standing
almost on one end, and the next moment she would be on the other.
Then she would be thrown from side to side like a shuttlecock. Soon
she began to leak freely, and no wonder, but we had plenty of willing
help, although a number of the men had caved in and were lying
helpless in the hold, battened down, the only ventilation they could
have being that which passed through the cabin, for though many of
them had been sailors, they had sailed in larger vessels, and our
little craft was being tossed about so violently in the gale that they
were laid low with sea-sickness. But there was no complaint from
any of them. The thought of the bright yellow gold that lay in the
earth on the Palmer, waiting for them to come and gather it, cheered
them up, for each man thought in his heart that he was sure to make
his fortune.
After a terrible experience we managed to creep in behind Cape
Upstart, about one hundred miles from Townsville. Here we lay
twenty-four hours to put things a bit shipshape again, and recover
from our knocking about. The captain offered to put any of the
passengers ashore at Townsville, if they chose, but one and all
decided to continue the voyage to Cookstown, and each one