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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
Internet Version 2016
Editor-in-Chief
W. M. Haynes, Ph.D.
Scientist Emeritus
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Associate Editor
Robert N. Goldberg
National Institute of Standards and Technology
FOREWORD
I bought my first copy of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and with critically reviewed data, citing the original references. Thus,
Physics in the fall of 1956 as a freshman engineering student at I could check to see if the latest references I knew about had been
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). I remember trying to included. As a result, I no longer maintained my own reference li-
shortcut the chem 1 lab experiments by doing flame tests to identify brary, knowing that I could find it in the Handbook and that I could
the elements (rather than the tedious correct procedure) using the trust the data. When in doubt, I could find the reference and check
tables from the Rubber Handbook. Somehow I made an egregious the original source. I am pleased that this policy has continued
mistake and the lab TA quizzed me, asking how I could have made under Mickey Haynes, the present editor. Mickey draws heavily
such gross errors in my analysis. I got a zero on that experiment. on the thermodynamic and thermophysical property data experts
Later in my freshman year, I ran out of money and had to drop at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and
out for six months, working as a tool designer for Douglas Aircraft he is committed to including uncertainty values and references to
Company. What I remember is using some tables from the original data sources, a very important addition.
Handbook as I was trying to use the Young’s modulus and other As my research interests have broadened and changed over the
properties to estimate the sizes of aluminum alloy tubes for the last five decades, the kind of theory that I do has changed as to
pressure tests on the Navy A3D fighter (my “tool” was designed to how I obtain data and the kind of data that I need. However, when-
contain the damage if the cockpit failed the pressure test). ever I need to find a particular heat of formation, redox potential,
I do not remember using the Handbook much as I finished my or melting point, I know exactly where to go.
B.S. in engineering at UCLA, nor do I remember the first few I am pleased that CRC has evolved to make the database search-
years as an engineering science graduate student studying metal- able and on the web for easy access. This is so much better than
lurgy at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). in the old days.
However, after obtaining my Ph.D. in October 1964 and joining I am honored to participate this year in the progress of this great
the chemistry faculty at Caltech in November 1964, I began trying institution and expect that it will continue to evolve to serve the
to find the best data on bond energies, heats of formation, ion- science and technology community as we begin to focus more on
ization potentials, electron affinities, elastic moduli, and so forth, energy and water sustainability to serve the continually expanding
so that I could compare the quantum mechanics calculations population of the world.
based on the method (generalized valence bond) I had developed I do have a suggestion for the future. Computational methods
as a graduate student. Here, I lost confidence in the Handbook have improved to the point that for many areas of science and
because some of the data were ancient and some more modern, technology the quantities predicted from the theory can be trusted
but generally, there were no references to the data, so I could not as much as the experiments, particularly for properties involving
check the reliability. interfaces and surfaces. I strongly recommend that the Handbook
As a result, I built my own reference system with the best ther- start to investigate how to include such information. This is very
mochemical data from various references but supplemented by complicated because there are a variety of methods and approxi-
using Sid Benson group additivities, whose tables I extended with mations so that informed judgments must be made about how
my QM studies. I kept track of tabulations in various critical analy- much to trust any particular predicted data. The experts know
sis journals (Landolt Börnstein, JANAF, J. Chem. Phys. Ref. Data), (usually), but we need to provide for nonexperts curated computa-
and review articles (Hotep and Lineberger electron affinities), tional data including estimates of its reliability.
and compared discrepancies in the data from different sources
by referring back to the original papers. In those days, I would William A. Goddard III
often spend Sunday in the Millikan Library at Caltech updating Charles and Mary Ferkel Professor of Chemistry, Materials
my properties databases, sometimes receiving assistance from the Science, and Applied Physics
chemistry librarian at Caltech, Dana Roth (who started graduate Director, Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC)
school in chemistry at Caltech the same year I started in engineer- California Institute of Technology
ing science). Dana was always able to find the missing data. Pasadena, California 91125 USA
However, this all changed when David Lide became the editor E-mail: wag@wag.caltech.edu
of the Handbook. Quickly the old unreferenced data was replaced January 2015
PREFACE
The 96th Edition of the Handbook includes new tables and major updates and expansions. A series
highlighting the achievements of some of the major historical figures in chemistry and physics was
initiated with the 94th edition. This series is continued with this edition which is focused on Lord Kelvin,
Michael Faraday, John Dalton, and Robert Boyle. This series, which provides biographical information, a
list of major achievements, and notable quotations attributed to each of the renowned chemists and
physicists, will be continued in succeeding editions. Each edition will feature two chemists and two
physicists. The following new tables have been added to this edition:
Significant updates and expansions of tables for the 96th Edition include the following:
In addition to offering the full text of the print edition in searchable pdf format, this Internet Version
2016 presents the major tables of numerical data in the form of interactive tables that can be sorted,
filtered, and combined in various ways. Substances in these tables can be retrieved by searching on name,
formula, CAS Registry Number, or chemical structure, and such a search can be combined with a request
for a desired property. Thus, one can request a specific property of a specific substance (for example,
viscosity of benzene as a function of temperature) and receive a customized table with exactly that
information. In addition, the Internet version includes a section with pdf files of many older tables that
have been removed from the print edition to make space for new material.
The success of the Handbook is very dependent on feedback from its users. The Editor-in-Chief
appreciates any suggestions from readers on proposed new topics for the Handbook or comments on how
the usefulness of the Handbook may be improved in future editions. Please send your comments to the
Editor-in-Chief: william.haynes@taylorandfrancis.com
Numerous international experts make key contributions to the Handbook. These contributors are
listed on pages immediately following the Preface. Their efforts play a key role in the quality and
diversity of the subject matter covered in the Handbook. I also acknowledge the sound advice and
guidance of the Editorial Advisory Board members of the Handbook, who are listed in the front matter.
Fiona Macdonald, Publisher – Chemical & Life Sciences, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group has been of
great assistance and support in providing oversight to ensure that the Handbook continues to satisfy the
needs of the user community. Thanks also to Linda Leggio, Pam Morrell, Theresa Gutierrez, and James
Yanchak for their detailed, cooperative work and extreme care in the production of the Handbook.
W. M. Haynes
March 2015
The 96th Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dedicated to my wife,
Toni F. Haynes,
and members of my family,
Michael and Am Haynes,
and to my granddaughter,
Amelia Suwan Haynes
The recommended form of citation is: W. M. Haynes, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,
96th Edition (Internet Version 2016), CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL. If a specific table
is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds," in CRC Handbook of Chemistry
and Physics, 96th Edition (Internet Version 2016), W. M. Haynes, ed., CRC Press/Taylor and Francis,
Boca Raton, FL.
This work contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted
material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are
listed. Best efforts have been made to select and verify the data on the basis of sound scientific
judgment, but the author and the publisher cannot accept responsibility for the validity of all
materials or for the consequences of their use.
• Received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 “for his services in the investiga-
tion of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them.”
• Developed the model of the atom with the nucleus at the center and elec-
trons in orbit around it, which he compared to the planets orbiting the sun.
• Developed the idea that electrons move from one energy level to another in
discrete steps, which became a basis for quantum theory.
• Conceived the principle of complementarity: that things may have a dual
nature, but we experience only one aspect at a time, for example, light
can behave as either a wave or a stream of particles depending on the
experimental framework.
• Part of the British team of physicists working on the Manhattan Project;
became an advocate of the peaceful use of nuclear energy; received the
first ever Atoms for Peace Award in 1957; one of the founding fathers of
CERN in 1954.
• A chemical element (number 107) named in honor of Bohr; hafnium, ele-
ment number 72, whose properties were predicted by Bohr, was named
by him after Hafnia, Copenhagen’s Latin name.
• Centennial of the Bohr model commemorated in Denmark this year (2013).
“An expert is a man who has made all the mistakes which can be made, in a
very narrow field.”
“Anyone who is not shocked by quantum theory has not understood it.”
“A man cannot live more than 24 hours unless he has at least three cubic
meters of air that is being constantly replaced.”
“I consider nature a vast chemical laboratory in which all kinds of compo-
sition and decompositions are formed. Vegetation is the basic instrument
the creator uses to set all of nature in motion.”
“Work, look for peace and calm in work: you will find it nowhere else.”
“The establishment of a law, moreover, does not take place when the first
thought of it takes form, or even when its significance is recognised, but
only when it has been confirmed by the results of the experiment.”
Linus Carl Pauling American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, and educator
Born: Portland, Oregon, United States, February 28, 1901
Died: Big Sur, California, United States, August 19, 1994
Professor of Theoretical Chemistry at California Institute of Technology
• Awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 “for his research into the
nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the
structure of complex substances.”
• Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962 for his opposition to weapons
of mass destruction.
• Only person to have won two unshared Nobel prizes.
• One of the founders of quantum chemistry and molecular biology.
• Introduced the concepts of electronegativity and orbital hybridization.
• Named one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time by the New Scientist,
with Albert Einstein being the only other scientist from the 20th century.
• His studies of hemoglobin led to the classification of sickle cell anemia
as a molecular disease.
• Strong advocate of the use of high-dose Vitamin C as a treatment for
the common cold and cancer.
• Awarded the National Medal of Science by President Gerald R. Ford
in 1974.
• In 2008, the U.S. Postal Service released a 41 cent stamp in his honor for
his sickle cell disease work.
• Best known for Boyle’s law which describes the inverse relationship be-
tween the absolute pressure and volume of a gas at constant tempera-
ture.
• Became known as the founder of modern chemistry; one of the pio-
neers of the modern experimental method; his work had a strong influ-
ence on Sir Isaac Newton.
• Devoted much of his time to theology; promoted the spread of
Christianity in the East; contributed to missionary societies; helped to
translate the Bible into various languages.
• Founded the Royal Society of London which still exists as the oldest
continuous scientific society in the world.
• First prominent scientist to perform controlled experiments and pub-
lish his work with details concerning procedures, apparatus, and obser-
vations (results).
• The phrase “chemical analysis” was coined by him.
This report gives the 2010 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and
chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use.
The 2010 adjustment takes into account the data considered in the 2006 adjustment as well as the data that became
available from 1 January 2007, after the closing date of that adjustment, until 31 December 2010, the closing date of
the new adjustment. The 2010 set replaces the previously recommended 2006 CODATA set and may also be found
on the World Wide Web at physics.nist.gov/constants.
Reference
1. Nakamura, K., K . Hagiwara, K . Hikasa, H. Murayama, M. Tanabashi, T. Watari, C. Amsler, M. Antonelli, D. M. Asner,
H. Baer, and e. al, 2010, J. Phys. G 37, 075021.
Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur
speed of light in vacuum c, c0 299 792 458 m s−1 exact
magnetic constant µ0 4π × 10−7 N A−2
= 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 N A−2 exact
electric constant 1/µ0 c2 �0 8.854 187 817... × 10−12 F m−1 exact
Newtonian constant of gravitation G 6.673 84(80) × 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2 1.2 × 10−4
Planck constant h 6.626 069 57(29) × 10−34 Js 4.4 × 10−8
h/2π h̄ 1.054 571 726(47) × 10−34 Js 4.4 × 10−8
elementary charge e 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 C 2.2 × 10−8
magnetic flux quantum h/2e �0 2.067 833 758(46) × 10−15 Wb 2.2 × 10−8
conductance quantum 2e2/ h G0 7.748 091 7346(25) × 10−5 S 3.2 × 10−10
electron mass me 9.109 382 91(40) × 10−31 kg 4.4 × 10−8
proton mass mp 1.672 621 777(74) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8
proton-electron mass ratio mp /me 1836.152 672 45(75) 4.1 × 10−10
fine-structure constant e2/4π�0h̄c α 7.297 352 5698(24) × 10−3 3.2 × 10−10
inverse fine-structure constant α −1 137.035 999 074(44) 3.2 × 10−10
Rydberg constant α 2 me c/2h R∞ 10 973 731.568 539(55) m−1 5.0 × 10−12
∗ This report was prepared by the authors under the auspices of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants. The members of the task
group are:
F. Cabiati, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Italy
J. Fischer, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany
J. Flowers, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom
K. Fujii, National Metrology Institute of Japan, Japan
S. G. Karshenboim, Pulkovo Observatory, Russian Federation
P. J. Mohr, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America
D. B. Newell, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America
F. Nez, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, France
K. Pachucki, University of Warsaw, Poland
T. J. Quinn, Bureau international des poids et mesures
B. N. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America
B. M. Wood, National Research Council, Canada
Z. Zhang, National Institute of Metrology, China (People’s Republic of)
1-1
1-2 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants
TABLE I: (Continued.)
Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur
Avogadro constant NA , L 6.022 141 29(27) × 1023 mol−1 4.4 × 10−8
Faraday constant NA e F 96 485.3365(21) C mol−1 2.2 × 10−8
molar gas constant R 8.314 4621(75) J mol−1 K−1 9.1 × 10−7
Boltzmann constant R/NA k 1.380 6488(13) × 10−23 J K−1 9.1 × 10−7
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
(π2 /60)k4/h̄3 c2 σ 5.670 373(21) × 10−8 W m−2 K−4 3.6 × 10−6
Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI
electron volt (e/C) J eV 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 J 2.2 × 10−8
1
(unified) atomic mass unit 12
m( 12 C) u 1.660 538 921(73) × 10 −27
kg 4.4 × 10−8
UNIVERSAL
speed of light in vacuum c, c0 299 792 458 m s−1 exact
magnetic constant µ0 4π × 10−7 N A−2
= 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 N A−2 exact
electric constant 1/µ0 c2 �0 8.854 187 817... × 10−12 F m−1 exact
characteristic impedance of vacuum µ0 c Z0 376.730 313 461... � exact
Newtonian constant of gravitation G 6.673 84(80) × 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2 1.2 × 10−4
G/h̄c 6.708 37(80) × 10−39 (GeV/c2 ) −2 1.2 × 10−4
Planck constant h 6.626 069 57(29) × 10−34 Js 4.4 × 10−8
4.135 667 516(91) × 10−15 eV s 2.2 × 10−8
h/2π h̄ 1.054 571 726(47) × 10−34 Js 4.4 × 10−8
6.582 119 28(15) × 10−16 eV s 2.2 × 10−8
h̄c 197.326 9718(44) MeV fm 2.2 × 10−8
Planck mass (h̄c/G) 1/2 mP 2.176 51(13) × 10−8 kg 6.0 × 10−5
energy equivalent mP c2 1.220 932(73) × 1019 GeV 6.0 × 10−5
Planck temperature (h̄c5 /G) 1/2 /k TP 1.416 833(85) × 1032 K 6.0 × 10−5
Planck length h̄/mP c = (h̄G/c3 ) 1/2 lP 1.616 199(97) × 10−35 m 6.0 × 10−5
Planck time lP /c = (h̄G/c5 ) 1/2 tP 5.391 06(32) × 10−44 s 6.0 × 10−5
ELECTROMAGNETIC
elementary charge e 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 C 2.2 × 10−8
e/ h 2.417 989 348(53) × 1014 A J−1 2.2 × 10−8
magnetic flux quantum h/2e �0 2.067 833 758(46) × 10−15 Wb 2.2 × 10−8
conductance quantum 2e2/ h G0 7.748 091 7346(25) × 10−5 S 3.2 × 10−10
inverse of conductance quantum G−1
0 12 906.403 7217(42) � 3.2 × 10−10
Josephson constant1 2e/ h KJ 483 597.870(11) × 109 Hz V−1 2.2 × 10−8
von Klitzing constant2 h/e2 = µ0 c/2α RK 25 812.807 4434(84) � 3.2 × 10−10
Bohr magneton eh̄/2me µB 927.400 968(20) × 10−26 J T−1 2.2 × 10−8
5.788 381 8066(38) × 10−5 eV T−1 6.5 × 10−10
µB / h 13.996 245 55(31) × 109 Hz T−1 2.2 × 10−8
µB / hc 46.686 4498(10) m−1 T−1 2.2 × 10−8
µB /k 0.671 713 88(61) K T−1 9.1 × 10−7
nuclear magneton eh̄/2mp µN 5.050 783 53(11) × 10−27 J T−1 2.2 × 10−8
3.152 451 2605(22) × 10−8 eV T−1 7.1 × 10−10
µN / h 7.622 593 57(17) MHz T−1 2.2 × 10−8
µN / hc 2.542 623 527(56) × 10−2 m−1 T−1 2.2 × 10−8
µN /k 3.658 2682(33) × 10−4 K T−1 9.1 × 10−7
1 See Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect.
2 See Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 1-3
5 This and all other values involving m are based on the value of m c2 in MeV recommended by the Particle Data Group (Nakamura et al.,
τ τ
2010).
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 1-5
Triton, t
triton mass mt 5.007 356 30(22) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8
3.015 500 7134(25) u 8.2 × 10−10
energy equivalent mt c2 4.500 387 41(20) × 10−10 J 4.4 × 10−8
2808.921 005(62) MeV 2.2 × 10−8
triton-electron mass ratio mt /me 5496.921 5267(50) 9.1 × 10−10
triton-proton mass ratio mt /mp 2.993 717 0308(25) 8.2 × 10−10
triton molar mass NA mt M(t), Mt 3.015 500 7134(25) × 10−3 kg mol−1 8.2 × 10−10
triton magnetic moment µt 1.504 609 447(38) × 10−26 J T−1 2.6 × 10−8
to Bohr magneton ratio µt /µB 1.622 393 657(21) × 10−3 1.3 × 10−8
to nuclear magneton ratio µt /µN 2.978 962 448(38) 1.3 × 10−8
triton g-factor 2µt /µN gt 5.957 924 896(76) 1.3 × 10−8
Helion, h
helion mass mh 5.006 412 34(22) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8
3.014 932 2468(25) u 8.3 × 10−10
energy equivalent mh c2 4.499 539 02(20) × 10−10 J 4.4 × 10−8
2808.391 482(62) MeV 2.2 × 10−8
helion-electron mass ratio mh /me 5495.885 2754(50) 9.2 × 10−10
helion-proton mass ratio mh /mp 2.993 152 6707(25) 8.2 × 10−10
helion molar mass NA mh M(h), Mh 3.014 932 2468(25) × 10−3 kg mol−1 8.3 × 10−10
helion magnetic moment µh −1.074 617 486(27) × 10−26 J T−1 2.5 × 10−8
to Bohr magneton ratio µh /µB −1.158 740 958(14) × 10−3 1.2 × 10−8
to nuclear magneton ratio µh /µN −2.127 625 306(25) 1.2 × 10−8
helion g-factor 2µh /µN gh −4.255 250 613(50) 1.2 × 10−8
shielded helion magnetic moment µ�h −1.074 553 044(27) × 10−26 J T−1 2.5 × 10−8
(gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C)
to Bohr magneton ratio µ�h /µB −1.158 671 471(14) × 10−3 1.2 × 10−8
to nuclear magneton ratio µ�h /µN −2.127 497 718(25) 1.2 × 10−8
shielded helion to proton magnetic
moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) µ�h /µp −0.761 766 558(11) 1.4 × 10−8
shielded helion to shielded proton magnetic
moment ratio (gas/H2 O, spheres, 25 ◦ C) µ�h /µ�p −0.761 786 1313(33) 4.3 × 10−9
shielded helion gyromagnetic ratio
2|µ�h |/h̄ (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) γh� 2.037 894 659(51) × 108 s−1 T−1 2.5 × 10−8
γh� /2π 32.434 100 84(81) MHz T−1 2.5 × 10−8
Alpha particle, α
alpha particle mass mα 6.644 656 75(29) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8
4.001 506 179 125(62) u 1.5 × 10−11
energy equivalent mα c2 5.971 919 67(26) × 10−10 J 4.4 × 10−8
3727.379 240(82) MeV 2.2 × 10−8
alpha particle to electron mass ratio mα /me 7294.299 5361(29) 4.0 × 10−10
alpha particle to proton mass ratio mα /mp 3.972 599 689 33(36) 9.0 × 10−11
alpha particle molar mass NA mα M(α), Mα 4.001 506 179 125(62) × 10−3 kg mol−1 1.5 × 10−11
PHYSICOCHEMICAL
Avogadro constant NA , L 6.022 141 29(27) × 1023 mol−1 4.4 × 10−8
atomic mass constant
1
mu = 12 m( 12 C) = 1 u mu 1.660 538 921(73) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8
energy equivalent mu c2 1.492 417 954(66) × 10−10 J 4.4 × 10−8
931.494 061(21) MeV 2.2 × 10−8
Faraday constant6 NA e F 96 485.3365(21) C mol−1 2.2 × 10−8
6 The
numerical value of F to be used in coulometric chemical measurements is 96 485.3321(43) [4.4 × 10−8 ] when the relevant current
is measured in terms of representations of the volt and ohm based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects and the internationally adopted
conventional values of the Josephson and von Klitzing constants KJ−90 and RK−90 given in Table IV.
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 1-7
TABLE III: The variances, covariances, and correlation coefficients of the values of a selected group of constants based on the
2010 CODATA adjustment. The numbers in bold above the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative
covariances; the numbers in bold on the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative variances; and the
numbers in italics below the main diagonal are the correlation coefficients.1
α h e me NA me /mµ F
α 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 −0.0011 0.0009 −0.0021 0.0019
h 0 .0072 19.4939 9.7475 19.4918 −19.4912 −0.0020 −9.7437
e 0 .0145 1 .0000 4.8742 9.7454 −9.7452 −0.0020 −4.8709
me −0 .0075 0 .9999 0 .9998 19.4940 −19.4929 0.0021 −9.7475
NA 0 .0060 −0 .9999 −0 .9997 −1 .0000 19.4934 −0.0017 9.7483
me /mµ −0 .0251 −0 .0002 −0 .0004 0 .0002 −0 .0002 6.3872 −0.0037
F 0 .0265 −0 .9993 −0 .9990 −0 .9997 0 .9997 −0 .0007 4.8774
1
The relative covariance is ur (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/(xi xj ), where u(xi , xj ) is the covariance of xi and xj ; the relative variance is
u2r (xi ) = ur (xi , xi ): and the correlation coefficient is r (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/[u(xi )u(xj )].
7 The 3 5
entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass Ar is given by S = S0 + 2 R ln Ar − R ln( p/ p0 ) + 2 R ln(T/K).
1-8 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants
Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur
relative atomic mass1 of 12 C Ar ( 12 C) 12 exact
molar mass constant Mu 1 × 10−3 kg mol−1 exact
molar mass of 12 C M( 12 C) 12 × 10−3 kg mol−1 exact
conventional value of Josephson constant2 KJ−90 483 597.9 GHz V−1 exact
conventional value of von Klitzing constant3 RK−90 25 812.807 � exact
standard-state pressure 100 kPa exact
standard atmosphere 101.325 kPa exact
1
The relative atomic mass Ar ( X) of particle X with mass m( X) is defined by Ar ( X) = m( X)/mu , where mu = m( 12 C)/12 = Mu /NA =
1 u is the atomic mass constant, Mu is the molar mass constant, NA is the Avogadro constant, and u is the unified atomic mass unit.
Thus the mass of particle X is m( X) = Ar ( X) u and the molar mass of X is M( X) = Ar ( X) Mu .
2
This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect.
3
This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.
TABLE V: Values of some x-ray-related quantities based on the 2010 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants.
Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur
Cu x unit: λ(CuKα1 )/1 537.400 xu(CuKα1 ) 1.002 076 97(28) × 10−13 m 2.8 × 10−7
Mo x unit: λ(MoKα1 )/707.831 xu(MoKα1 ) 1.002 099 52(53) × 10 −13
m 5.3 × 10−7
ångstrom star: λ(WKα1 )/0.209 010 0 Å∗
1.000 014 95(90) × 10 −10
m 9.0 × 10−7
1
lattice parameter of Si (in vacuum,
√ 22.5 C)
◦
a 543.102 0504(89) × 10 −12
m 1.6 × 10−8
{220} lattice spacing of Si a/ 8 d220 192.015 5714(32) × 10 −12
m 1.6 × 10−8
(in vacuum, 22.5 C)
◦
molar volume of Si M(Si)/ρ(Si) = NA a 3/8 Vm (Si) 12.058 833 01(80) × 10−6 m3 mol−1 6.6 × 10−8
(in vacuum, 22.5 ◦ C)
1
This is the lattice parameter (unit cell edge length) of an ideal single crystal of naturally occurring Si free of impurities and
imperfections, and is deduced from measurements on extremely pure and nearly perfect single crystals of Si by correcting for the
effects of impurities.
TABLE VI: The values in SI units of some non-SI units based on the 2010 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants.
Relative std.
Quantity Symbol Numerical value Unit uncert. ur
Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI
electron volt: (e/C) J eV 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 J 2.2 × 10−8
1
(unified) atomic mass unit: 12
m( 12 C) u 1.660 538 921(73) × 10−27 kg 4.4 × 10−8
TABLE VII: The values of some energy equivalents derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT, and based on the 2010
1
CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = 12 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA , and
2 2
Eh = 2R∞ hc = α me c is the Hartree energy (hartree).
Relevant unit
J kg m−1 Hz
2
1J (1 J) = (1 J)/c = (1 J)/hc = (1 J)/h =
1J 1.112 650 056 . . . × 10−17 kg 5.034 117 01(22) × 1024 m−1 1.509 190 311(67) × 1033 Hz
1 Eh (1 Eh ) = (1 Eh )/c2 = (1 Eh )/ hc = (1 Eh )/ h =
4.359 744 34(19) × 10−18 J 4.850 869 79(21) × 10−35 kg 2.194 746 313 708(11) × 107 m−1 6.579 683 920 729(33) × 1015 Hz
1-10 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants
TABLE VIII: The values of some energy equivalents derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT, and based on the
1
2010 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = 12 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA , and
2 2
Eh = 2R∞ hc = α me c is the Hartree energy (hartree).
Relevant unit
K eV u Eh
1J (1 J)/k = (1 J) = (1 J)/c2 = (1 J) =
7.242 9716(66) × 1022 K 6.241 509 34(14) × 1018 eV 6.700 535 85(30) × 109 u 2.293 712 48(10) × 1017 Eh
1 Eh (1 Eh )/k = (1 Eh ) = (1 Eh )/c2 = (1 Eh ) =
3.157 7504(29) × 105 K 27.211 385 05(60) eV 2.921 262 3246(21) × 10−8 u 1 Eh
STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2013)
This table of atomic weights includes the changes made in 2011 atomic weight value is given; the number in parentheses following
and 2013 by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry the value gives the uncertainty in the last digit.
(IUPAC) Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights Table 1 gives the 2013 atomic weights of the elements listed in
(Ref. 1 and 5). Those changes affected the following 24 elements: alphabetical order by name. Table 2 gives reference atomic weights
aluminum, arsenic, beryllium, bromine, cadmium, cesium, cobalt, for the 12 elements whose entries in Table 1 are intervals rather
fluorine, germanium, gold, holmium, indium, magnesium, manga- than single numbers. These conventional values are suggested for
nese, mercury, molybdenum, niobium, phosphorus, praseodymi- use on samples of unspecified origin and for calculation of mo-
um, scandium, selenium, thorium, thulium, and yttrium. lecular weights in tables intended to be broadly applicable. They
IUPAC made a significant policy change in 2009 (Ref. 2 - 4). have been selected such that most or all natural terrestrial atomic-
Each atomic weight had previously been given as a single value weight variation is covered in an interval of plus or minus one in
with an uncertainty that took into account both the measurement the last digit. It should be emphasized that the conventional values
uncertainty and the variation in isotopic abundance in samples of are not simply midpoints of the intervals, but rather represent the
the element from different terrestrial sources. For a variety of rea- best judgment of the data evaluators.
sons (Ref. 3) this fails to give complete information on the natural
variability in isotopic abundance of several elements. Therefore,
References
the 2009 recommendations expressed the atomic weights of 10 el-
ements as intervals rather than single numbers plus uncertainties. 1. Wieser, M. E. et al., Pure Appl. Chem. 85, 1047, 2013.
The symbol for these intervals is [a, b], where a is the lower bound 2. Wieser, M. E., and Coplen, T. D., Pure Appl. Chem. 83, 359, 2011.
of values found in normal materials, and b the upper bound. In 3. Coplen, T. B., and Holden, N. E., Chemistry International, Vol. 33, No.
the new recommendations 2 additional elements, bromine and 2, p. 10, 2011.
4. Berglund, M., and Wieser, M. E., Pure Appl. Chem. 83, 397, 2011.
magnesium, have been added to the list for which an interval is
5. Chemistry International, Vol. 35, No. 6, p. 17, 2013 <www.ciaaw.org>.
given. For the other elements in the table, a single recommended
Atomic Atomic
Element Symbol Number Atomic Weight Footnotes Element Symbol Number Atomic Weight Footnotes
Actinium Ac 89 u Europium Eu 63 151.964(1) g
Aluminum Al 13 26.9815385(7) Fermium Fm 100 u
Americium Am 95 u Flerovium Fl 114 u
Antimony Sb 51 121.760(1) g Fluorine F 9 18.998403163(6)
Argon Ar 18 39.948(1) gr Francium Fr 87 u
Arsenic As 33 74.921595(6) Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25(3) g
Astatine At 85 u Gallium Ga 31 69.723(1)
Barium Ba 56 137.327(7) Germanium Ge 32 72.630(8)
Berkelium Bk 97 u Gold Au 79 196.966569(5)
Beryllium Be 4 9.0121831(5) Hafnium Hf 72 178.49(2)
Bismuth Bi 83 208.98040(1) u Hassium Hs 108 u
Bohrium Bh 107 u Helium He 2 4.002602(2) gr
Boron B 5 [10.806, 10.821] m; see Holmium Ho 67 164.93033(2)
Table 2 Hydrogen H 1 [1.00784, 1.00811] m; see
Bromine Br 35 [79.901, 79.907] see Table 2 Table 2
Cadmium Cd 48 112.414(4) g Indium In 49 114.818(1)
Calcium Ca 20 40.078(4) g Iodine I 53 126.90447(3)
Californium Cf 98 u Iridium Ir 77 192.217(3)
Carbon C 6 [12.0096, 12.0106] see Table 2 Iron Fe 26 55.845(2)
Cerium Ce 58 140.116(1) g Krypton Kr 36 83.798(2) gm
Cesium Cs 55 132.90545196(6) Lanthanum La 57 138.90547(7) g
Chlorine Cl 17 [35.446, 35.457] m; see Lawrencium Lr 103 u
Table 2 Lead Pb 82 207.2(1) gr
Chromium Cr 24 51.9961(6) Lithium Li 3 [6.938, 6.997] m; see
Cobalt Co 27 58.933194(4) Table 2
Copernecium Cn 112 u Livermorium Lv 116 u
Copper Cu 29 63.546(3) r Lutetium Lu 71 174.9668(1) g
Curium Cm 96 u Magnesium Mg 12 [24.304, 24.307] see Table 2
Darmstadtium Ds 110 u Manganese Mn 25 54.938044(3)
Dubnium Db 105 u Meitnerium Mt 109 u
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.500(1) g Mendelevium Md 101 u
Einsteinium Es 99 u Mercury Hg 80 200.592(3)
Erbium Er 68 167.259(3) g Molybdenum Mo 42 95.95(1) g
1-11
1-12 Standard Atomic Weights (2013)
Atomic Atomic
Element Symbol Number Atomic Weight Footnotes Element Symbol Number Atomic Weight Footnotes
Neodymium Nd 60 144.242(3) g Seaborgium Sg 106 u
Neon Ne 10 20.1797(6) gm Selenium Se 34 78.971(8) r
Neptunium Np 93 u Silicon Si 14 [28.084, 28.086] see Table 2
Nickel Ni 28 58.6934(4) r Silver Ag 47 107.8682(2) g
Niobium Nb 41 92.90637(2) Sodium Na 11 22.98976928(2)
Nitrogen N 7 [14.00643, 14.00728] see Table 2 Strontium Sr 38 87.62(1) gr
Nobelium No 102 u Sulfur S 16 [32.059, 32.076] see Table 2
Osmium Os 76 190.23(3) g Tantalum Ta 73 180.94788(2)
Oxygen O 8 [15.99903, 15.99977] see Table 2 Technetium Tc 43 u
Palladium Pd 46 106.42(1) g Tellurium Te 52 127.60(3) g
Phosphorus P 15 30.973761998(5) Terbium Tb 65 158.92535(2)
Platinum Pt 78 195.084(9) Thallium Tl 81 [204.382, 204.385] see Table 2
Plutonium Pu 94 u Thorium Th 90 232.0377(4) gu
Polonium Po 84 u Thulium Tm 69 168.93422(2)
Potassium K 19 39.0983(1) Tin Sn 50 118.710(7) g
Praseodymium Pr 59 140.90766(2) Titanium Ti 22 47.867(1)
Promethium Pm 61 u Tungsten W 74 183.84(1)
Protactinium Pa 91 231.03588(2) u Ununoctium Uuo 118 u
Radium Ra 88 u Ununpentium Uup 115 u
Radon Rn 86 u Ununseptium Uus 117 u
Rhenium Re 75 186.207(1) Ununtrium Uut 113 u
Rhodium Rh 45 102.90550(2) Uranium U 92 238.02891(3) gmu
Roentgenium Rg 111 u Vanadium V 23 50.9415(1)
Rubidium Rb 37 85.4678(3) g Xenon Xe 54 131.293(6) gm
Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07(2) g Ytterbium Yb 70 173.054(5) g
Rutherfordium Rf 104 u Yttrium Y 39 88.90584(2)
Samarium Sm 62 150.36(2) g Zinc Zn 30 65.38(2) r
Scandium Sc 21 44.955908(5) Zirconium Zr 40 91.224(2) g
g
Geological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for the normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of
the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed the stated uncertainty.
m
Modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because the material has been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic
fractionation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the table can occur.
r
Range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise atomic weight being given; the tabulated value and uncertainty should be applicable
to any normal material.
u
Element has no stable isotopes. See “Table of the Isotopes” in Sec.11 for individual isotopic masses. However, four such elements (Bi, Th, Pa, and U) do have a characteris-
tic terrestrial isotopic composition, and for these elements standard atomic weights are tabulated.
This table lists the mass (in atomic mass units, symbol u) and a radioactive nuclide not present in nature or an element whose
the natural abundance (in percent) of the stable nuclides and a few isotopic composition varies so widely that a meaningful natural
important radioactive nuclides. The atomic masses were taken abundance cannot be defined.
from the AME 2012 evaluation of the Atomic Mass Data Center, Reference 1 contains mass data on over 3000 nuclides and de-
now located at the Institute of Modern Physics in Lanzhou, China scribes the evaluation procedure in detail. Masses and other prop-
(Ref. 1 and 2). The number in parentheses following the mass val- erties of nuclides may also be found in Section 11, “Table of the
ue is the uncertainty in the last digit(s) given. The mass values for Isotopes” (Ref. 4).
elements with Z = 102 and higher were derived from a combina-
tion of experimental data and systematic trends. References
Natural abundance values were taken from the IUPAC Technical
Report “Atomic Weight of the Elements: Review 2000” (Ref. 3); 1. Wang, M., Audi, G., Wapstra, A. H., Kondev, F. G., MacCormick, M.,
these entries are also followed by uncertainties in the last digit(s) Xu, X., and Pfeiffer, B., Chin. Phys. C 36, 1603-2014, 2012.
2. <http//amdc.impcas.ac.cn>.
of the stated values. This uncertainty includes both the estimated
3. de Laeter, J. R., Böhlke, J. K., De Bièvre, P., Hidaka, H., Peiser, H. S.,
measurement uncertainty and the reported range of variation Rosman, K. J. R., and Taylor, P. D. P., Pure Appl. Chem. 75, 683, 2003.
in different terrestrial sources of the element (see Ref. 3 for full 4. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Haynes, W. M., Ed., CRC
details and caveats regarding elements whose abundance is vari- Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 95th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton,
able). The absence of an entry in the Abundance column indicates FL, 2014.
1-13
1-14 Atomic Masses and Abundances
1-17
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Bármint legyen is, a tisztelet nem igen kenyere és midőn
uralkodik, nem a tiszteletre ad példát. A demokrácia nem buzgó
barátja az öregnek. Megjegyzendő, hogy a gerontokracia szava,
amit nagyon komolyan vettek s amelynek a régieknél a legtiszteletre
méltóbb jelentése volt, mai napság csak nevetséges értelemmel bír
és olyan kormányzatot jelent, amely az öregek részére fenntartva, a
leggroteszkebb a világon.
A tiszteletnek ezen eltünése, melyet Platon, Aristoteles és
Montesquieu – miként láttuk – beteges jelenségnek mondtak,
legalább is eléggé súlyos dolog. Kant81 azon általa felvetett
kérdésre: mi az, aminek engedelmeskedni kell, milyen bennünk lévő
kriteriumban ismerjük fel azt, aminek engedelmeskednünk kell, – ezt
felelte: annak kell engedelmeskednünk, ami bennünk tiszteletet
parancsol és nem parancsol a tiszteletnél egyebet; annak aki nem
azt parancsolja nekünk, hogy szeressük vagy féljünk tőle, de annak,
aki előttünk tiszteletreméltónak látszik; egyedül a tisztelet érzete az,
amely ebben nem csal meg.
Éppen úgy a társadalmi életben azon érzelmeknek kell
engedelmeskedni, amelyek parancsolnak, vagyis azon embereknek,
akik tiszteletet keltenek s akiket a becsülés és meghallgatás
megillet. Ez azon kriterium, melyet irányadóul kell venni, hogy
felismerjük mi és ki iránt kell viseltetnünk, ha nem is teljes
engedelmességgel, de legalább is figyelemmel és
engedékenységgel. A nemzet lelkiismerete: az öregek. Szigorú,
haragos, kicsinyeskedő, nyakas, akadékoskodó, prédikáló,
lelkiismeretes és mindig ugyanazon dolgot ismétli; végre is ez
lelkiismeret; de ez a lelkiismeret.
Az összehasonlítást folytathatjuk és pedig másért, mint a
folytatás mulatságáért. Ha nem tiszteljük a lelkiismeretet:
megmásítjuk és megrontjuk. Arra jut, hogy kicsiny, alázatos, félénk,
visszavonult lesz és csak halk hangon mer beszélni, mert azt
sohasem lehet elérni, hogy teljesen elhallgasson.
Még sofistává is válik; a szenvedélyek nyelvén beszél, ha nem is
a nagy szenvedélyek, de végre is a szenvedélyek nyelvén;
megszünik parancsoló lenni, hogy rábeszélő legyen; nem emeli fel
többé intő újját, simogató kézzel jár el.
Még mélyebbre bukik, közömbösséget, kételkedést
(skepticizmust), műkedvelést (dilettansságot) szenveleg, hogy a
kísértéseken és lenocinián (csalogatásokon) keresztül elejtsen egy
okos szót, körülbelül ezt mondja: «mindegy, valószínű, hogy vétek
és erény, törvényszegés és jámborság, bűn és ártatlanság, durvaság
és csiszoltság, kicsapongás és tisztaság a cselekvések különböző
formái, amelyek nem tévedhetnek köreik egyikében sem, de éppen
azért, mert minden mindegy, nem veszít az ember semmit, ha
becsületes és talán jobb is annak lenni.»
Mégis az a nemzet, amely nem tartja tiszteletben öregeit –
megrontja és rútakká teszi őket. Milyen helyesen beszél
Montesquieu, midőn ezt mondja: a fiatal emberek tisztelete segíti az
öregeket abban, hogy önmagukat tiszteljék! A tiszteletben nem
tartott öregek nem érdeklődnek természetes hivatásuk iránt,
lemondanak tanácsosi tisztjükről, vagy pedig inkább kerülő úton
adnak tanácsot, mintha bocsánatot kérnének bölcsességük miatt;
vagy inkább szinte laza erkölcsöt szenvelegnek, hogy mintegy
alattomos módon ejtsenek el némely fájdalomcsillapító javaslatot; és
a legrosszabb még az, hogy látva a háttérbe szorított szerepet,
melyet az öregek a társadalomban játszanak, nem akarnak többé
tanácsadók lenni.
IX.
KÖZERKÖLCSÖK.
HIVATÁSSZERŰ SZOKÁSOK.
MEGKÍSÉRLETT GYÓGYSZEREK.