pare DESIGN GUIDES FOR OFFSHORE STRUCTURES Co-ordinated by the CLAROM (Gab des Actions de Recharche sur luz Ouwagos on Mer Edited by Pierre Le Tirant 1982 EDITIONS TECHNIP 27 RUE GINOUX 75737 pais cesex +5 technild©1982 Eattone Techip. Pais ight resrved. No paral te pbtcnen may be rprofiene ansidinary frm ty ay mea, scr wcrc ny ploy. arg, ary momaaN ‘trag andvava stom wnat pss nen ees te pasar Isa 2710806142 SSN 0085-1821 Prot a France by Cla Edons, £4846 Salt Hes FOREWORD The collection of “Design Guides for Offshore Structeres” offers the pe- troleum industry the practical information required in the different stages of project, from design to exccution: determination of the environmental cha~ acteristics 10 be accounted for in load calculations, choice and design of the foundations en¢ anchoring systems, computation procedures for estimat- ing the behavior of the structures and to predict their service life, specific proportios of the materials (steel or concrete) in very severe service conditions ‘The Design Guides are not regulations, and do hot claim to supplant the standards, codes and regulations of the classification societies or the national regutations, However, the regulations could refer to the Design Guides in so fa as the Guides incorporate the latest scientific and technical advan- es in the areas concerned. ‘The Design Guides also focus largely on the examination of the grounds for the regulatory provisions whose areas of validity need to be clarified, and which sometimes impose computation procedures and fabrication methods ‘without specific justification Finally, the Design Guides offer engineers invaluable aid in consolidating the scientific and technical basis andeslying the arrangements they propose within the framework of the regulations in force. z ‘These Design Guides have been prepared by Reseaich Associations on Off- shore Structures formed since 1970 on the initiative of the Institut Frangais, dy Pétrole (IFP), and the Institut Frangais de Recherche pour !'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), with the participation of the French oil companies and several petroleam equipment and service contractors. These Associations fare now grouped together in the CLAROM (CLub des Actions de Recherche sur les Ouvrages en Mer or Club for Research Activities on Offshore Struc- ures) For the design of foundation and anchoring offshore structures, the practi- cal information compiled by the “Association de Recherche en Géotechniquevi —w Marine” (ARGEMA), with the collaboration of many specialists, led to the writing of four Design Guides: + Anchoring of Floating Structures. + Offshore Pile Design. + Foundations in Carbonate Soils. + Stability and Operation of Jackups. Design Guide on “Offshore Pile Design” brings to the attention of project engincers involved in this area all the required background informa- tion, based on a critical analysis of the state-of-the-art and on ret search results. It offers, firstly, detailed geiaclines for each different phase of a pile Aesign project. i then presents the main pile design methods, both current and proposed, dealing particularly with the recoriimendations of the API and the evolution of these recommendations over recent years. Finally it puts at the disposition of the project engineer the geotechnical informa tion necessary to carry out the project. The performances of the methods of design are confronted with the results of pile tests, and their application is illustrated by a number of sample calculations, We hope that this Design Guide will satisfy the needs of project engineers faced with the wie variety of offshore pile projects, and that it will ac- cordingly help 10 chance the design and safely of offshore structures, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Design Guide “Offshore Pile Design” is the result cf the collective efforts of an ARGEMA Working Group lead by A. Goulois (SNEA()), ‘Tne original document has been produced by J-P. Bécue (previously with Géodia). This Design Guide could not have been compiled without the active and continuous co-operation of many specialists of pile design and offshore struc: lure installation, who devoted a large share of their time by participating in the many meetings of the Working Group, by providing written or oral contributions Working. Group LP. Béoue (previously T.Le Xuan (ETPM) with Géodia) A. Longueval_ (BOS) D. Berdin (Bureau Veritas) J. Meunier (IFREMER) F Brucy CEP) R. Nahra (previously. with P. Boisard (SNEA(®)) Géodia) LP. Crespin — (SNEA(P)) IF.Nauroy (FP) G. Byers (Solétanche) A. Puech (Géodia) FC. Ferrari Cintessub) P! Schmitt (Solmarine) MGambin (Solétanche) F. Tavenas (previously with A. Goulois (SNEA(®)) Univ. Laval-Québec) UP. Kervadee (Total) W.Zawisza (previously with PiLeTiram (IP) DORIS) F, Baguelin (previously with LPC), M. Fahey (Univ. Western Australia) and CR. Golightly (previously in post-doctoral year at IFP) kindly revised the manuscript. ‘They all deserve grateful thanks of CLAROM. CLAROM would also like 10 thank N. Lemoine for typing the manuscript, and G. Thibaud for preparing the illusteationsTABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword. Acknowledgements Sat Table of Contents Natice INTRODUCTION. Chapter 1 PILE DESIGN: BASIC GUIDELINES L.1_ Pile Design P:2paration Z 1.1.1 Compilation of Basie Data 111d Structure... et 1.1.1.2 Loads and Loading Conditions 1113 Soit Beeb eee 1.1.2 Cnoice of Design Criteti8 n.s.ennseanmnnnne 1.1.2.1 Rules, National Codes and Recommendations, 1.1.2.2 Lumped and Partial Safety Factors 1.1.3 Influence of the Pile Installation Method 1.1.3.4. Driven Piles 1.1.3.2 Drilled and Grouted Piles. vin x xx[ I 1.2. Pile Desi 13 42a Pile Design Methods and Choice of Di Parameters 134 132 133 134 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS m Stops, Ultimate Pile Capacities 1.2.1.1 Neutralized Pile Height 12.1.2 Ulimate Pile Capacity in Compression 1.2.1.3 Ultimate Pile Capacity in Tension... 1.2.1.4 Progressive Failure 1.2.1.5 Design Assumptions. 1.2.1.6 Layers of Difesest Soils Near the Tip 1.2.17 Pile Grovps.. 12.1.8 Cyctie and Earthquake Loading Vertical Pile Displacements senmnsnnnmnenense 1.2.2.1 Purpose of Evaluating Vertical Displacements. 1.2.2.2 Methodology for Evaluating Vertical Displacements. Cohesive Soils 1.3.1.1 Skin Friction of Piles in Cohesive Soils 1.3.1.2 Tip Resistance of Piles in Cohesive Scils Cohesionless Siliccous $0HlS msn 1.3.2.1 Skin Friction of Piles in Cohesionless Soils 1.3.22 Tip Resistance of Piles in Cohesionless Soils Calcarcous Sands. 1.3.3.1 Skin Friction of Piles in Calcareous Sands 1.3.3.2 Tip Resistance of Piles in Caleareous Sands cer ted Caicareous Formations. 1.3.4.1 Skin Friction of Piles in Cemented Calcateous Formations. Po W ” 8 2 23 4 28 30 31 32 32 32 3 3 33 36 36 36 39 40 40 a 2a as TeRLE ne CONTENTS 1.3.4.2 Tip Resistance of Piles in Cemented Calearcous Formations. Rock 1.3.5.1. Skin Friction of Piles in Rock 13.5.2 Tip Resistance of Piles in Rock... Chapter 2 DESIGN METHODS API Method 2a Specific Use of the API Method 21d. Use of the API Method... Dit Salery Factors of the APIRP 2A - WSD Method on 2.1.3 Pile Resistance Factors of the API RP 2A - LRFD Method Pile Design in Cohesive Soils ot 2.1.2.1 Skin Friction of Piles in Cohesive Soils Recommendations of APT 1991 2.1.2.2 Skin Friction of Piles in Cohesive Soils: Recommendations of API 1986, 24.23 Tip Resistance of Piles in Cohesive Soils 2.1.2.4 Design of Piles Using Spevitic Installation Techniques. 2.1.2.5 Comments on the Recommendations of API 1986 and API 1991 Pile Design in Cohesionless Siliceous Soils. 2.1.3.1 Skin Friction of Piles in Cohesionless Siliceous Soils 2.1.1.2 Tip Resistance of Piles in Cohesionless Siliceous Soils 24.3.3 Design of Piles Using Specific Installation Techniques x a “6 “8 “a 49 49 “9 49 50 st 31 54 56 58 38 60 6 oo 66xit TASLE OF CONTENTS: 2.1.3.4 Characterization of Cohesionless Siliceous Soiis According to API 1991 DABS Dis ion of the Recommendations DIA Pile Design on Rock at 2.1.4.1 Skin Friction of Drilled and Growted Piles in Rock 214.2 Tip Resistance of Drilled and Grouted Piles in Rock 2.2, DNY Method. 2.2.1 Specific Use of the DNV Method. 2.2.1.1 Limit State Calculation venwnon: 2.2.1.2 Geotechnical Parameters 2.2.2 Design Resistance of the Pile, L 2.2.2.1 Compressive Resistance. 2.2.2.2 Tensile Resistance... 2.23 Pile Design in Cohesive Soils.. 2.2.3.1 Skin Friction... 2.2.3.2 Tip Resistance... 2.24 Pile Design in Cohesionless Siliccous Soils 2.2.4.1 Skin Friction 2.2.4.2 Tip Resistance 2.3 Alpha Method of Semple and Rigden 2.3.1 Specific Use and Reliability of the Semple and Rigden ($R) Method ... 23.1.1 Application of the SR Method. 2.3.1.2 Geotechnical Parameters .. 2.3.1.3 Reliability of the SR Method General Formulation of the Semple and Rigden Method 2.3.2.1 Skin Friction in Cohesive Soils 66 o n a a a n n 2 2 24 25 26 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.3.2.2 Skin Friction in Cohesive Soils With $aNd LAYEES sno 7 2.3.2.3 Tip Resistance in Cohesive Soils Alpha Method of Randolph and Murphy. 2... 2.4.1 Specific Use and Reliability of the Randolph and Murphy (RM) Method... 24.1.1 Application of the RM Method .. 24.1.2 Reliability of the RM Method 2.4.2 General Formulation of the Randolph snd Murphy Method.. 2.4.2.1 Skin Frietion in Cohesive Soils.. 2.4.2.2 Tip Resistance in Cohesive Soils Beta Method 2.5.1 Specific Use of the B Method 2.5.1.1 Specificity of the B Method 2.5.1.2. Application of the B Method 2.5.2 General Formul of the B Method 2.5.2.1 Skin Friction in Cohesive Soils... 2.5.2.2 Skin Friction in Cohesive Soils with Sand Layers . 2.5.2.3 Tip Resistance in Cohesive Soils 2.5.3 Detailed Effective Stress Methods. 2.5.3.1 Estimate of Effective $t2e8828 son cononn 2.5.3.2 Reliability of Effective Stress Methods Lambda Method. 2.6.1 Specific Use and Reiiability of the 2 Method .. 2.6.1.1 Specificity of the & Method 2.6.1.2 Application of the 2 Method 2.6.1.3 Reliability of the & Method xi i a4 a5 85 85 85 8s 85 w 8 a8 es a8 8 a En a 92 92 s2 93 93 3 93 9axv TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS xv ; 2.6.2 General Formulation of the 4 Method 94 2.9.1.1 Behavior of Piles in Calcareous Formations: na ' 2.6.2.1 Skin Friction in Cohesive Soits oe 2.9.1.2 Specifitity of the ARGEMA Method wns 14 26222 Skin Fiction i) Cohesive Soils 2.9.2 General Formulation of the ARGEMA Method... nis ; With Sand Layers 95 2.6.2.3 Tip Resistance in Cohesive Soils. ot Fi 2.9.2.1 Skin Friction of Piles in Caleareous Sands. 115 29.2.2 Tip Resistance of Piles in Caleareous 2.7 Penetrometer Methods 7 Sands ce ne 2.7.1 Specific Use of Penetrometer Methods ..cumum 97 2.10 Pile Displacement Calculations m2 2.7.4.1 Specificity of Penetrometer Methods 7 2AO.1 bx Transfer Curve Method unsnnnennnnwnnnnannnnnan 1B 2.7.1.2 Offshore Application of Penetrometer 2.10.1.1 Principle of Pile Displacement Methods fe 7 Caleulations oe ra 2.7.2 Formulation of Penetrometer Methods oe 2.10.1.2 Shape of the t-z Transfer Curves 123 2.7.21 Skin Friction “ 98 2.10.2 tx Curves for Skin Friction and Tip Resistance 122 ‘ 2.7.2.2 Tip Resistance .. : 101 2.0.2.1 t2 Curves for Skia Friction in Cohesive Soits. at 14 +> 2.8 Pressuremeter Methods. : ; a -2 Curves for Skin Friction 7 2.8.1 Specific Use and Application of in Cohesiontess Siliceous Soils 129 a Pressuremeier Methods. 105 2.10.2.3 tz Curves for Skin Friction 28.1.1 Specificity cf Pressuremeter Methods 105 in Catcarcous Formations... " 7 - 2.8.1.2 Application of Pressuremeter Methods. 105 2.10.24 tz Curves for Tip Resistanr= in Different Soils ... : 131 * 2.8.2 Pre-Boring Pressuremeter (PRP) Method eoessonuu 108 2.8.2.1 Skin FrieQiON veeon cutee oesee os 241 Steel/Grout Adhesion in Drilled and Grouted Piles. 134 2.8.2.2 Tip Resistance : : 108 2.11.1 Computation of Allowable Stecl/Grout Adhesion 134 2.8.3 Selt-Boring Pressuremeter (SBP) Method. Mm 2L-L.1 Values of SteeliGrout Adhesion... a : 2.8.3.1 Skin Friction... : ne 2111.2 Example of Caleslation of Steel/Grout 2.8.3.2 Tip Resistance ; a AAHESIOR scene : 135 2.11.2 Limitations of Steel/Grout Adhesion os as "2.9 ARGEMA Method in Cateareous Sands... ne : fe DALLA APL Design Procedure onnmn 138 2.9.1 Piles in Calcareous Formations and Specificity 2.11.2.2 DEn Design Procedure of the ARGEMA Method a naxv 3 32 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 3 GEOTECHNICAL INFORMATION FOR PILE DESIGN Geotechnical Classification of Soils 3.1.1 Siliccous and Silicate Soils 3.1.1.1 Geotechnical Classification 3.1.1.2 Characterization of Cohesive Soils... 3.1.1.3 Characterization of Cohesionless Soils. 3.1.2 Calcareaus Formations: : 3.1.2.1 Caleareous Sands 3.1.2.2 Cemented Calcareous Formations Evaluation of Geotechnical Parameters. . Plc 3.2.1 Measurement of Undrained Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils. 3.2.1.1 Laboratory Measmements and Correction Factors nnn - 3.2.1.2 Field Measurements and Correction Pactors 3.2.1.3 Normalized Shear StENGU mscnoemnnne 3.2.2 Penetrometer Paremovers.. 3.2.2.1 Soil Identification and Classification Based on CPT Results 3.2.2.2 shear Strength of Cohesive Soils Derived from CPT Results 3.2.2.3 Shear Steagth of Cohesionless Soils Derived from CPT Results 3.2.3 Pressuremeter Parameters . 3.2.3.1 Soill Classification Based on SBP Results 3.2.3.2 Shecr Strength of Cohesive Soils Derived from SBP Results... a 12 Ma 142 146 ur 9 1st 1s3 153 154 185 1st 139 159 182 16 167 167 168 33 34 3S TABLE OF CONTENTS Installation Methods and Pile Design. 3241 Pile Monitoring and Decision During Driving Operations anne Pile Wall Thickness and Allowable Stresses. Influence of the Shoe on Driving and on Pile Bearing Capacity 3.3.1.4 Soil Set-Up and Resumption of Driving... 3.3.1.5 Driving of Battered Piles, 3.3.16 Driving of Pile Groups. 3.3.2 Other Pile Installation Methods... 3.3.2.1 Cleaning-Out of the Pile and Redriving 3.3.2.2 Drilling of a Pilot-Hole and Redriving. 3.3.2.3 Driving of an Insert-Pite.. 3.3.24 Drilled and Grouted Piles (Single and insert) ot 3.3.2.5 Driven and Grouted Pites 3.2.6 Pile Vibro-Driving .. Combination of Axial and Lateral Loads... 34.1 Coupling Between Axial and Lateral Load., 3.4.1.1 Models with Axial ané Lateral ‘Transfer Curves. 3.4.1.2 Anclysis of Coupling Esfects 3.4.2 Influonce of Letersl Loads on Antal Capacity, 3.4.2.1 Slotting of the Hole Around the Pilé... 34.2.2 Newtralized Pile Height scmemmnennenn Effect of Relative Pile Flexi ity. 3.5.1 Pile “Flexil ty" or “Compressibility” 3.5.1.1 Progressive Failure 3.5.1.2 Short and Long Pites.,. XVI 7 i” 178 v8 178 180 180 180 1st' | xvi TABLE 8 CONTENT 3.5.2 Consideration of the Influence of Relative Pile: Flexibility sun el 3.5.2.1 The Murif Approach of Pile Flexibility 3.5.2.2 The Randolph’ Approach of Pile Flexibility 3.6 Efiect of Cyclic Loading. onsrnsnesnnenen 3.6.1 Behavior of Short Rigid Piles Under Cyclic: Loading nner 3.6.1.1° Cyclic Pile Tests in Overconsolidated Clays 3.6.1.2 Cyelie Pile Tests in Cohesive Soils. 3.6.1.3 Cyclic Pile Tests in Cohesionless Soils 3.6.2 Behavior of Long Flesible Piles Under Cyclic Loading 3.6.2.1 Phenomenology of the Behavior of Long Piles: 7 3.6.2.2 Combination of the Effects of Relative Flexibility and Cyclic Loading 3.6.2.8 Numerical Modelling of Pilr Behavior Under Cyclic Loading 3.7 Effect of Earthquakes and Loading Rate. 3.7.1 Soil Degradation Due to Earthquake Action 3.7.1.1 Cohesionless Soils. 3.7.1.2 Cobesive Soils 3.7.2. Assessment of the Risks of Soil Liguefaction 3.7.2.1 Shear Stresses Induced by an Earthquake 3.7.2.2. Liquefaction Resistance of the Soil 3.7.3 Effect of Loading Rate on Pile Bearing Capacity increase in Pile Bearing Capacity ash Loading Rate of Loading Rate and Pile Design 181 185, 187 198 190 192 192 196 196 17 197 197 198 198 198 200 200 201 38 4a Pile Group Effect 3.81 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Phenomenology and Characterization of the Group Effect 3.8.1.1 Efficiency Factor . 3.8.5.2 Solid Block Method ... 3.8.1.3 Punchthough Verification Group Effect According to Soil Type... 3.8.2.1 Group Effect in Cohesive Soils... 3.8.2.2 Group Effect in Cohesionless Soils... Chapter 4 EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND EXAMPLES OF PILE DESIGN Experimental Data on Pile Skin Friction and End-Bearing Capacity 4d Coh-sive Soils 4AJAL Measuted and Calculated Skin Friction of Piles in Cohesive Soils 4.1.1.2 Influence of a Pitot-Hole on the Skin Friction of Piles in Clay emmnm Cohesionless Siliceous Soil 4.1.2.1 Measured and Céleulated Bearing Capacity of Piles in Sands. 4.1.2.2 Measured and Calculated End-Bearing Capacity of Piles in Sands. Caleareous Sands... 4.1.4.1 Skin Friction and End-Bearing Capacity of Driven Piles in Calcarcous Sands 4.13.2 Skin Friction of Drilled and Grouted Piles in Caleareous Sands xix 203 203 203 204 206 206 206 207 26 26 220 220 220x 43 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.1.4 Cemented Caleareous Formations 4.1.4.1 Skin Friction of Driven Piles in Comented Calcareous Formations evens 4.1.4.2 Skin Friction of Drilled and Grouted Piles in Cemented Calcareous Formations Application of Design Methods to ARGEM. Experimentat Piles 4.2.1 Cran Experimental Pile... 4.2.1.1 Cran Pile Characteristics 4.2.1.2 Cran Soil Data... 4.2.1.3 Calculations of Pile Capacity in Tension 4.2.1.4 Comparison Between Calculated and Measured Results and Conclusions. 4.2.2 Plancott Experimental Pile, 4.2.2.1 Plancogt Pile Characteristics 4.2.2.2 Plancost Soil Data Hatt 4.2.2.3 Calculations of Pile Capacity in Tension 4.2.24 Comparison Between Calculated and Measured Results and Conclusions Examples of Actual Pile Design, 4.3.1 Project A (Gulf of Guines) AB.AL Description of the Soil. 13.1.2 Pile Type and Dimensions a 4.3.1.3 Caleolations of the Shaft Friction Capacity 4.3.14 Calculation of the End-Beating Capacity. 43.1.5 Bearing Capacity of Piles 4.3.1.6 Comparison Between Calculated Results 4.3.2 Project B (North Sea) ss 43.2.1 Statement of the Problem 43.2.2 Project Data. 43.2.3 Design Criteria, 43.2.4 Description of the Soil na am 26 ae 238 28 21 a6 aus 49 29 252 256 2st 263 263 263 266 266 27 43.25 43.26 43.2.7 43.28 43.29 REFERENCES TABLE OF CONTENTS Calculations of the Shafi Friction Capacity... 7 Calenlation of the End-Bearing Capacity Capacity of @ Single Pile in the Group Capacity of the Pile Group. Complementary Soil Investigations xt 281NOTICE For easier consultation, this document has two types of print: (2) The major recommendations are in standard (roman) charac- ters, (b) Commentaries offering assessments of the choice of calcul. lion methods, their ranges of validity, their limits of appli- cotion, examples of their use, etc., are in italics.INTRODUCTION Despite the large amount of research carried out on the bearing capacity of piles and the considerable experience built up in the installaion of deep foundations onshore and offshore, pile design still presents many uncertain- ties. fo fact, the evaluation of the bearing capacity of piles by the various calculation methods available often leads to very wide discrepancies, Tt is therefore important to guide the offshore foundation engineer by providing him with the means for a consistent approach to the problems and the infor- imation necessary for the different wethods used in designing piles under axial loading, in compression and in tension. This is the objective of this Design Guide “Offshore Pile Design”. Based on the widest possible critical analysis of the state-of-the-art and on the recent research resulis (including work by ARGEMA) on the behavior of piles subjected to static and cyclic loading, in tension and in compres- sion, this Design Guide is limited to the design of: + Tubular piles, generally open-ended, the most common type of pile used for foundations and anchorings of offshore su + Pile or pile groups subjected to axial loads, with latczal loads represent: ing only a small fraction of the axial leads. : ‘This Design Guide, intended as a manual for the offshore foundation’engineer. is divided inte four chapters containing the basic guidelines for the design of offshore pile foundation, ‘The first chapter, entitied “Basic Guidelines”, offers detailed guidelines for each different phase of a pile design project: preparation (basic data, design criteria, installation method), ultimate pile capacities and vertical displac ments, choice of computation methods and parameters in accordance with soil type. The basic guidelines recommend using several computation methods (always including the API method) and making final decision in accor- dance with the results obtained and the geotechnical engincer's experience. ‘The second chapter, in the form of annotated data sheets, presents the main Pile Design Methods routinely applied or proposed, describes their specific2 reTropucTON ture and fields of application, and suggests procedures for evaluating. skin friction and tip resistance, A large part is devoted to the critical analysis Of the API method (and to its changes through successive editions), due 10 the importance of this method in the design of offshore structures every. where. The method suggested by ARGEMA for pile design an carbonate soils, which relies on the current state of knowledge, is subject to change in the light of subsequent experience. With regard to the penetrometst and pressure ‘mete, methods routinely applied for onshore pile design, they ace still litte used for offshore projects ‘The third ecapter, in the form of guide sheets, contains a body of widely varied Information for Pile Design, including geotesi.aics! soil classifica, tion, the evaluation of geotechnical parameters, the influence of pile instal- lation methods on design, pile “flexibility”, the effect of cyclic loading and earthquakes on pile behavior, and the “group” effect on pile bearing capa- city. It should be noted that the results of the many investigations conduct- ed on the Pshavior of piles subject to cyclic loads still le virtually in the domain of basic knowledge, without any real influence on structural design methods and the choice of safety factors. The fourth chapter contains Experimental Data on the skin friction and Lip resistance of many piles in various types of soil, as well as the compara tive results of different design methods applied to ARGEMA experimental piles and to two examples of pile (or pile group) design of actual offshore This Design Guide, on a subject that is necessarily evolving in character, dloes not claim to be complete. Modifications and supplements will certainly be necessary in the light of developments in knowledge and subsequent expe Fience, Comments from users will be eagerly appreciated for use in the planned updates Finally, it is important to emphasize that this Design Guide has not regula Fy character. The procedures recommended, like the information compil ed, are only intended vo guide the project engineer and in no way involve the responsibility of CLAROM, Chapter L PILE DESIGN BASIC GUIDELINES Every project requires an organized and progressive procedure from the desi- ‘ener. Keeping this in mind, these basic guidelines are aimed to lead the desi- ner through the different phases of 2 project for pile design under axial Toad, in compression and in tension: + Preparation of design (Section 1.1) including the compilation of the mi- nimum basic data, the choice of design criteria, and the influence of ins- tallation methods on design, Actual design phases (Section 1.2). Computation methods and the choice of design parameters according to the type of formation and the type of pile (Section 1.3). The basic guidelines refer to the following three chapters concerning: + The comments on pile design methods (Chapter 2) + The information concerning geotechnical data acquisition, pile installa- tion, the action of cyclic and seismic loads, and the “pile group” effect (Chapter 3). . + Experimental data and examples of the design of single piles and pile groups (Chapter 4). This Design Guide on offshore pile foundations considers only stee), tubular and normally open-ended piles, and pile groups: + Usually between 24 and 84 inches (0.61 and 2.13 m), and up to 132 inches 3.35 m) in diameter. + Driven or drilled and grouted piles Usually installed with 2 maximum batter of 1:4 + Essentially subjected to axial loads, with lateral loads nol exce to 20% of the axial loads,4 1 PILE DESIGN BASIC GUIDELINES 1.1 PILE DESIGN PREPARATION ‘The procedure for pile foundation design projects is shown schematical. ly in Table Ila. A general, although non-exhaustive list of the questions which should be saised and the checks and decisions to be made is given in Table 1.16, 1.1.1 Compilation of Basic Data ALLL Structure 8) The basic data supplied by design engineers are as follows: + Type of structure, described according to its purpose, the water depth, ate, + Number of legs, + Pile batter. Within the batter limit of 1:4, neither the batter nor the lateral component of the load is generally taken into account, for the design of axially-loaded piles, Allowable vertical displacements, If applicable, certain installation constraints #¢sociated with the type of structure: installation exports, hammer availability, pile supply, ctc b) In certain cases, the following deta may also be available: + Number of piles per leg: single pile, mai pile with skist-piles or pile roup. The pile groups employed for North Sea platforms are all of the circular type (clusters) Leg and guide diameters ©) the parameters that the geotechnical engineer can adjust are Purely geometric: number, diameter, embedded length and thickness of the piles. If the basic data are changed, the project must be resumed and checked. 1. PILE DESIGN Basic GUIDELINES Table 11m Progress of pile foundation projects + Number of ets lowable displacements Local geology CGeophysicl aad geotechnical Experience —;, — Teealized prefile + Soil parameters Design teria (codes ‘egalations) Load cases Safety margin Displacement: deformations Serene Recommendations for Desigs(pensration, et.) acording wo ype of pile snd installation metho (rivenbiity study) Compaubilty of tine required for instal probable metzo-sceanogical conditions isk ezessmen ln with Driven piles: Driven Dried and Belted omer er) piles piles } + Soi removat snseepies plo + Receiving Feasbiig, + Avila of egiprsntreqived - 7 i (Cotee of the sluton Franses to base Yer project, Supplementary asiyses hat may be required 1 verifications