Glossary of Biotechnology and

Agrobiotechnology Terms Kimball R.

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Glossary of Biotechnology and Agrobiotechnology
Terms
5TH EDITION
Glossary of Biotechnology and Agrobiotechnology
Terms
5TH EDITION

KIMBALL NILL
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

Version Date: 20160502

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-5820-8 (Hardback)

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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: Nill, Kimball R., author.

Title: Glossary of biotechnology and agrobiotechnology terms / Kimball Nill.
Other titles: Glossary of biotechnology terms
Description: Fifth edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2016. | Includes
index. | Preceded by Glossary of biotechnology terms / Kimball Nill. 3rd
ed. c2002.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016007230 | ISBN 9781498758208 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Biotechnology--Dictionaries. | Agriculture--Dictionaries. |
MESH: Biotechnology | Agriculture | Dictionary
Classification: LCC TP248.16 .F54 2016 | NLM TP 248.16 | DDC 660.03--dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016007230

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com

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Preface

I began writing this book, more than a decade ago, when it became obvious to me that the various
specialists working in the then-emerging field of biotechnology (e.g., geneticists chemists, molecular
biologists, intellectual property attorneys, marketers) were often having difficulty simply
understanding the terms utilized by their colleagues. The first three editions of my book steadily
expanded and found great acceptance among those professionals.
After the third edition appeared, a number of ill-informed lay groups with interests in
environmental matters and food security, especially those skeptical of genetically modified crops and
large agro-business enterprises, raised objections about the use of certain nanotechnologies, including
various forms of genetic modification as well as other technologies that professionals widely regard
today as beneficial and easily implemented. So the fourth edition included many of the “nanotech”
terms now routinely part of the biotechnology toolkit. The goal was to reduce the level of concern by
providing people with clear and easy-to-understand definitions of new terms.
Therefore, the fourth edition naturally included many new terms—some misunderstood and,
therefore, controversial. This last edition was also well received especially by those seeking to explain
novel scientific advances to a skeptical and uninformed public. Biotechnological advances continue to
accelerate, and the need to provide clear definitions of terms used in a fast-expanding field generates a
continuing need for references like this.
Recently, the importation and distribution of some U.S.-origin agricultural products were delayed
or prohibited because these products were created using new biotechnologies. This occurred in spite of
contravening World Trade Organization rules. Once again, assertions of supposed safety concerns
about the now-emerging techniques—this time concerning genome editing, synthetic biology, etc.—
require the publication of a fifth edition.
The fifth edition of this book is nearly twice the length of the fourth edition and includes at least
30% of entirely new terms. It is the only publication of its kind, containing definitions of all the new
techniques utilized in agricultural biotechnology. The world’s nations are now considering whether to
regulate, or perhaps overregulate, these new techniques just as they did for “GMO” crops. The results
could be costly for a world struggling to feed itself. It is important that those considering any steps to
limit the use of biotechnology in the creation of reliable food sources be well informed. I hope that
this book will fill a vacuum and help agricultural marketers, scientists, regulators, patent attorneys,
venture capitalists, and university tech transfer staff explain science and bring products created via
these techniques to fruition.
I offer this work in good faith and in the hope that it will assist individuals who seek to gain some
understanding of the terminology as it is currently used. However, the reader should be aware that all
fields of biotechnology are rapidly expanding and evolving: New terms have entered the nomenclature
(and thus this book) at a rapid pace. In fact, the meaning(s) of some of the newest terms will
undoubtedly be expanded or contracted as the technologies further develop.
Kimball R. Nill
Director of Market Development
Minnesota Soybean Research & Promotion Council
Mankato, Minnesota
Author

Kimball Nill is the director of market development at the Minnesota Soybean Research & Promotion
Council, where he works to expand domestic and overseas markets for Minnesota-origin soybeans and
soy products.
Kimball has authored numerous papers and articles on various aspects of the marketing, technology,
and sustainability of agricultural products for U.S. and European journals, plus he has authored four
editions of this book designed to explain agricultural biotechnology to the public.
Kimball grew up on a farm in the U.S. state of North Dakota. He holds a bachelor of science degree
in chemistry from North Dakota State University and an MBA from the Wharton Business School in
Pennsylvania.
A

A. flavus

See Aspergillus flavus.

aAI-1

See Alpha-amylase inhibitor-1.

AARS

See Ribosomes, Aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetases.

Ab Initio Gene Prediction

(ab initio = “from the beginning”) The prediction of a gene’s (exon) structure via algorithms (e.g., in a
bioinformatics computer), based on the protein coded for by the gene.
See also Gene, Protein, Exon, Algorithm (bioinformatics), Sequence (of a DNA molecule),
Sequence (of a protein molecule).

ABA

Acronym for abscisic acid. See Abscisic acid.

ABA Pathway
See Abscisic acid.

ABC

See ABC transporters.

ABC Transport Proteins

See ABC transporters.

ABC Transporters

Refer to a class of membrane transporter proteins that “transfer” across cell membranes

Sugar molecules (i.e., used by cells as “fuel”)

Inorganic ions (needed to catalyze certain cellular processes)
Polypeptides (i.e., protein molecules)
Certain anticancer drugs (i.e., out of tumor cells, thereby making it harder to halt certain
cancer tumors via use of pharmaceuticals)
Certain antibiotics (i.e., out of some species of pathogenic bacteria, thereby conferring
antibiotic resistance to those pathogenic bacteria)
Certain plant metabolites (out of plant cells, thereby conferring resistance to some fungal
diseases to the plants possessing those ABC transporters)

ABC transporter molecules are embedded in the plasma membrane (i.e., surface “skin”) of cells. See
also Cell, Plasma membrane, Protein, Catalyst, Ion, Polypeptide (protein), Cancer, Chemotherapy,
Antibiotic resistance, Species, Bacteria, Metabolite, Fungus.

Abiogenesis

Spontaneous generation.
See also Biogenesis.

Abiotic
Refers to the absence of living organisms.
See also Abiotic stresses.

Abiotic Stresses

The stress caused (e.g., to crop plants) by nonliving, environmental factors such as cold, drought,
flooding, salinity, ozone, toxic-to-that-organism metals (e.g., aluminum, for plants), and ultraviolet-B
light. See also Citrate synthase (CSB) gene, Abscisic acid, Ethylene, PARP, Cytochrome p450,
Drought tolerance.

Abrin

A potent natural toxin derived from the seed of the rosary pea or crab’s eye vine (Abrus precatorius).
See also Ricin, Phytochemicals, Toxin.

ABS

Acronym for “Africa Biofortified Sorghum,” a new type of sorghum (i.e., a crop grown in arid
regions, especially in Africa) being developed that would contain more of the nutrients needed (e.g.,
iron, zinc, beta-carotene, vitamin A) to help reduce the prevalence of human malnutrition there. See
Nutraceuticals, Vitamin, Beta-carotene, Golden rice.

Abscisic Acid

A phytohormone (plant hormone) utilized to control

The size of stomatal pores—that is, the openings in leaves through which plants exchange
oxygen and carbon dioxide (and water inadvertently) with the atmosphere. Abscisic acid
levels increase in plants during drought stress conditions, which leads to closing of the
stomatal pores to conserve water in the plant.
Fruit ripening in some plants (i.e., in grapes).
Abscission (e.g., shedding of flowers and fruits).
Dormancy (i.e., causing seeds to become properly dehydrated and their metabolism to slow
down so that they can wait for proper environmental conditions to germinate).
Seed germination.
 Root tissue growth.

In addition to those functions, abscisic acid also sometimes acts as a plant stress hormone (i.e., a
hormone that signals the plant to respond in a defensive way to a particular environmental stress). For
example, the increase in abscisic acid in plant cells under drought conditions leads to initiation of the
ABA pathway (i.e., a sequential series of chemical reactions), via which specific genes are “switched
on” or “switched off” to cause increased water uptake and storage by the plant and reduced water loss.
See also Plant hormone, GPA1, Abscission, Signaling, Small ubiquitin-related modifier, Stress
hormones, Pathway, Stress hormones, Receptor engineering.

Abscisic Acid Pathway

See Abscisic acid, Receptor engineering, Pathway.

Abscission

The act of a plant shedding its flower(s), fruit(s), etc. See also Abscisic acid, Ethylene.

Absolute Configuration

The configuration of four different substituent groups around an asymmetric carbon atom, in relation
to D- and L-glyceraldehyde.
See also Dextrorotary (D) isomer, Levorotary (L) isomer.

Absorbance (A)

A measure of the amount of light absorbed by a substance suspended in a matrix. The matrix may be
gaseous, liquid, or solid in nature. Most biologically active compounds (e.g., proteins) absorb light in
the ultraviolet or visible light portion of the spectrum. Absorbance is used to quantitate (measure) the
concentration of the substance in question (e.g., substance dissolved in a liquid).
See also Optical density (OD), Spectrophotometer.

Absorption
From the Latin ab, “away,” and sorbere, “to suck into.” The taking up of nutrients, water, etc., by
assimilation (e.g., transport of the products of digestion from the intestinal tract across the cell
membranes that comprise the gut and into the blood).
See also ADME tests, Digestion (within organisms).

Abzymes

Catalytic antibodies that are synthetic constructs. They either stabilize the transition state of a
chemical reaction or bind to a specific substrate, thereby increasing the reaction rate of that chemical
reaction. See also Catalytic antibody, Transition state, Substrate (chemical).

ACC

Abbreviation/acronym for the compound 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, which is produced

from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) in the fruit of certain plants. When the “sam-k” gene is inserted
into the genome of those plants, the level of SAM is greatly reduced in their fruit, which inhibits
(slows) ripening/softening of that fruit via a reduction/slowdown in the production of ethylene
(hormone that causes fruit to ripen/soften). See also ACC synthase, Ethylene, SAM-K gene, Genetic
engineering, Genome, Plant hormone.

ACC Synthase

Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase/deaminase is one of the most critical enzymes in
the metabolic pathway that creates the hormone ethylene inside fruits. Because ethylene causes certain
fruit (e.g., tomatoes) to ripen (soften), it is possible to significantly delay the softening (i.e., spoilage)
process by controlling creation of ACC synthase via manipulation of the ACC synthase gene. See also
ACC, Metabolism, Enzyme, Metabolite, Intermediary metabolism, Pathway, Plant hormone,
Polygalacturonase (PG), Ethylene, SAM-K gene.

ACCase

See Acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

Acceptor Control

The regulation of the rate of respiration by the availability of ADP as phosphate acceptor. See also
Respiration, Adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

Acceptor Junction Site

The junction between the right 3’ end of an intron and the left 5’ end of an exon. See also Intron,
Exon, Donor junction site.

Accession (Germplasm)

The addition of germplasm deposits to existing germplasm storage banks. See also American type
culture collection (ATCC), Germplasm.

Accession (Sequence Data)

The addition (e.g., to major public database) of the sequence data for a newly determined gene or
protein molecule. See also Gene, Protein, Sequence (of a DNA molecule), Sequence (of a protein
molecule), Algorithm (bioinformatics).

Acclimatization

The biological process whereby an organism adapts to a new environment. For example, the body of a
mountain climber who has spent significant time high up on Mount Everest (e.g., 20,000 ft. above sea
level) produces twice as many red blood cells (to transport oxygen) as it does at sea level.
Often, this adaptation actually occurs on a molecular level. One example is when natural
microorganisms adapt so that they feed on and degrade toxic chemical wastes or change from using
one sugar as a fuel source to another.
Another type of acclimatization is cold hardening (e.g., when the approach of winter causes certain
plants to produce specific proteins that protect those plants from freezing temperatures). For example,
prior to cold hardening, the crop plant known as rye (Secale cereale) usually dies after several hours of
exposure to a temperature of −5°C (23°F). If the rye plants are first exposed to gradually decreasing
daily temperatures (e.g., typical autumn season weather in North America), such acclimated rye plants
can survive temperatures as low as −30°C (−22°F).
In microgravity (e.g., plants growing on the international space station or in the U.S. space shuttle),
some gene expression and some cell structure/function are also altered. See also Sugar molecules,
Catabolism, Red blood cells, Cold hardening, Pharmacoenvirogenetics, Cell, Gene, Gene expression.

Ac-CoA

Abbreviation for acetyl-coenzyme A. Ac-CoA is a chemical that is synthesized in cell mitochondria

by combining the thiol (molecular group) of coenzyme A with an acetyl group (i.e., from
breakdown/digestion of fats, carbohydrates, or proteins), utilizing the pyruvate dehydrogenase
enzyme.
Plants subsequently use Ac-CoA as the starting material to manufacture fatty acids. See also
Coenzyme, Fats, Acetylcholine, Gluconeogenesis, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, Cholinesterase, Cell,
Mitochondria, Fatty acid, Protein.

ACE

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is an enzyme that is crucial (within the human vascular
system) for catalyzing the formation of angiotensin II, a hormone that causes narrowing/restriction of
blood vessels, which increases the body’s blood pressure as the blood is “squeezed” through those
narrowed blood vessels.
Overactivity of ACE can contribute to coronary heart disease (CHD). The action of ACE can be
inhibited by the pharmaceuticals known as ACE inhibitors. Research indicates that consumption of
egg proteins or whey protein can also result in inhibition of ACE. See also Enzyme, Hormone, ACE
inhibitors, CHD.

ACE Inhibitors

Refer to “family” of naturally occurring proteins or to a group of chemically similar pharmaceuticals

utilized to lower blood pressure in humans, by blocking the formation of a hormone (angiotensin II)
that narrows/restricts blood vessels. In 2009, research by Jianping Wu and Kaustav Majumder showed
that certain proteins in boiled or fried eggs can be converted via enzymes in the human stomach and
small intestine into peptides with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity. See also
ACE, Protein, Enzyme, Hormone.
Acentric Chromosome

Refers to a chromosome fragment that lacks a centromere. See also Chromosomes, Centromere.

Acetobacter aceti

A bacterium that can “spoil” alcohol-containing beverages by turning the ethanol into vinegar (acetic
acid). Discovered by Louis Pasteur in the 1800s. See also Bacteria.

Acetolactate Synthase

See ALS.

Acetyl Carnitine

One of the metabolites of mitochondria; it is a substrate (i.e., substance that is acted upon) for
acylcarnitine transferase (which converts the acetyl carnitine to carnitine).
Research indicates that consumption of acetyl carnitine helps to increase the levels of acetylcholine
and nerve growth factor in the brain. See also Metabolite, Mitochondria, Acylcarnitine transfer-ase,
Substrate (chemical), Carnitine, Acetylcholine, Nerve growth factor (NGF).

Acetyl Coenzyme A

See Ac-CoA.

Acetylation

Refers to addition of an acetyl molecular group to a protein molecule.

See Histones, Posttranslational modification of protein.

Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter (i.e., one of several relatively small, diffusible molecules utilized by the human
body to “transmit” nerve impulses) that is synthesized (i.e., manufactured) near the ends of axons (i.e.,
one type of neuron). That synthesis is accomplished by the “transfer” of an acetyl group (portion of
molecule) from Ac-CoA to a cho-line molecule (i.e., available in the body via consumption of soybean
lecithin or certain other foods), in a chemical reaction catalyzed by cholinesterase.
Research indicates that consumption of a chemical compound known as “huperzine A,” which is
extracted from the Chinese club moss (Huperzia serrata), inhibits the enzyme within the human body
that breaks down acetylcholine molecules.
Increased amount of acetylcholine in the (human) brain has been shown to reduce the symptoms of
Alzheimer’s disease. See also Neurotransmitter, Neuron, Choline, Ac-CoA, Lecithin, Alzheimer’s
disease, Thymus, Enzyme, Cholinesterase, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS).

Acetylcholinesterase

An enzyme that hydrolyzes (i.e., cuts into smaller pieces) molecules of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine, after the acetylcholine molecules have accomplished “transmission” of a nerve
impulse. That hydrolysis (cutting into pieces) of acetylcholine molecules serves to thus prepare the
neurons (cells of the body’s nervous system) to be able to transmit other, later nerve impulses. See
also Enzyme, Hydrolysis, Neurotransmitter, Acetylcholine, Neuron.

Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-coenzyme A. See Ac-CoA.

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

An enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction (i.e., conversion of Ac-CoA to malonyl-CoA via
carboxylation), which is the first step in the series of chemical reactions via which some plants
“manufacture” oils (e.g., soybean oil, canola oil). See also Enzyme, Fats, Soybean oil, Canola.

aCGH

Acronym for “array comparative genomic hybridization.” See Array comparative genomic
hybridization.
Acid

A substance that contains hydrogen atom(s) in its molecular structure, with a pH in the range from 0
to 6, which will react with a base to form a salt. Acids normally taste sour and feel slippery. For
example, food product manufacturers often add citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, and itaconic acid
in order to impart a “sharp” taste to food products. See also Base (General), Citric acid, Fumaric acid
(C4H4O4), Gallic acid.

Acidosis

A metabolic condition in which the capacity of the body to buffer changes in pH is diminished. Hence,
acidosis is accompanied by decreased blood pH (i.e., the blood becomes more acidic than is normal).
See also Acid, Metabolism.

Ac-P

Abbreviation for acetylphosphate.

ACP (Acyl Carrier Protein)

A protein that binds acyl intermediates during the formation of long-chain fatty acids. ACP is
important in that it is involved in every step of fatty acid synthesis. See also Fatty acid, Acyl-CoA,
Fats.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A disease in which a specific virus attacks and kills macrophages and helper T cells (thus causing
collapse of the entire immune system). Once the immune system has been inactivated, other diseases,
which under normal circumstances can be fought off, become fatal. See also Human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), Helper T
cells (T4 cells), Macrophage, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

Acquired Mutation
A genetic change (i.e., mutation in DNA) that occurred within a somatic cell (i.e., cell not involved in
the organism’s reproduction), so the mutation is not passed down to subsequent generations. See also
Somatic cells, Mutation, Somatic variants, Cell, Organism, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Acrylamide Gel

See Polyacrylamide gel.

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone [Corticotropin])

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin) is a polypeptide secreted by the anterior lobe of the

pituitary gland. This is an example of a protein hormone. See also Polypeptide (protein), Endocrine
glands, Endocrine hormones.

Actin

First identified by Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, it is a contractile (i.e., periodically contracting) protein that
is present within—or as part of the exterior of—eucaryotic cells. In mammalian cells, actin exists in
two forms: G-actin (monomeric form) and F-actin (polymerized chain molecule form). The cell’s
actin is frequently polymerized (i.e., forms the molecular chains of F-actin) and depolymerized (i.e.,
the molecular chains break apart again into the individual “chain links” known as G-actin), as needed
by the cell.
Via its contractions, F-actin is involved in eucaryote cells’

Movement (e.g., when it “pulls” the cell to a new position) within an organism’s body, much
like a towrope. The “towrope” utilized is a long narrow structure extending from the exterior
of cell, called a “filopodium,” which is composed of actin surrounded by a layer of the cell’s
plasma membrane.
Note: A protein known as N-WASP in breast cancer cells works in concert with actin to form
branches bearing sharp external points on the cell surface by rearranging the cell’s internal
actin “skeleton.” Those branches with sharp points are known as “pseudopodia,” and the
pseudopodia can grab onto and poke holes into the extracellular matrix (i.e., the supportive
tissue located in between individual cells). Breast cancer cells attach enzymes to the
pseudopodia and “dig into” the extracellular matrix, creating larger spaces for breast cancer
to move into (i.e., beginning of metastasis process).
Changes in the shape/morphology of the cell (e.g., in response to chemical signals such as a
growth factor molecule encountering the exterior membrane of the cell).
 Separation of nuclear DNA during meiosis (dividing into two/reproductive step, in life of a
cell).

In addition to being the raw material used by the cell for rapid formation of F-actin (filaments), G-
actin also interacts with the cell’s nucleus (thereby activating expression of certain genes involved in
cell differentiation, cell growth, cell proliferation, and the F-actin filaments, which control cell
shape/movement).
During an animal’s development, some actin-rich protrusions form and extend from one individual
muscle cell to an adjacent individual muscle cell. As part of the animal’s maturation process, that
leads those two muscle cells (and many other individual muscle cells) to fuse into long myotubes
(muscle fibers) that contain multiple cell nuclei. Actin molecular analogues present in bacterial cells
include ParM, which separates DNA plasmids during meiosis, and MreB, which are located just
beneath the outer membrane and determine cell shape in rod-shaped bacteria. See also Cell, Protein,
Eucaryote, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Gene, Nucleus, Nuclear DNA, Meiosis, Extracellular matrix
(ECM), Cytoskeleton, Analogue, Bacteria, Plasma membrane, Motor proteins, Cell motility, Listeria
monocytogenes, Chemotaxis, MreB, ParM, Polymer, Morphology, Growth factor, Express,
Differentiation, Metastasis.

Activated Carbon

An adsorbent form of very finely divided carbon, which is produced by a high-temperature treatment
of raw material (e.g., bone, coconut hulls) along with steam, air, or carbon monoxide.
One gram of the resultant activated carbon has an internal surface area (onto which many chemicals
can tightly adsorb) of approximately 1200 m², so it is often utilized for purifying water, air, and other
gases. It is sometimes utilized to remove hydrocarbon compounds from potable (e.g., drinkable) water
or to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from vegetable oils. See also Meter.

Activation Energy

The amount of energy (calories) required to bring all the molecules in one mole of a reacting
substance to the transition state. More simply, it may also be viewed as the energy required to bring
reacting molecules to a certain energy state from which point the reaction proceeds spontaneously.
See also Transition state (in a chemical reaction), Mole, Free energy.

Activator (of Enzyme)

A small molecule that stimulates (increases) an enzyme’s catalytic activity when it binds to an
allosteric site. See also Enzyme, Effector, Allosteric site, Catalyst.

Activator (of Gene)

A protein molecule that increases the expression of a given gene, by binding to transcription control
sites (e.g., within that gene or in adjacent intron). See also Protein, Gene, Expressivity, Transcription
activators, Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), Transcription factors, Intron,
Bursting.

Active Site

The region of an enzyme surface that binds the substrate molecule and transforms the substrate
molecule into the new (chemical) product (entity). This site is usually located not on a protruding
portion of the enzyme but rather in a cleft or depression. This establishes a controlled environment in
which the chemical reaction may occur. See also Catalytic site, Agonists, Pharmacophore, Substrate
(chemical), Enzyme, Antagonists, Meganuclease.

Active Transport

Cell-mediated, energy-requiring translocation of a molecule across a membrane in the direction of

increasing concentration (i.e., opposite of natural tendency). This is done via special membrane-bound
proteins (i.e., protein molecules embedded in the cell’s plasma membrane). See also Osmotic
pressure, Cell, Protein, Plasma membrane, Ion channels, G-proteins, Membrane transport.

Activity Coefficient

The factor by which the concentration of a solute must be multiplied to give its true thermodynamic
activity.

Activity-Based Screening

See High-throughput screening (HTS).

Acuron™ Gene

A gene, trademarked by Syngenta AG, that can be inserted into plants via genetic engineering
techniques. When that gene is inserted into the genome (DNA) of a plant, it confers tolerance to
herbicide(s) whose active ingredient is protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor (thus, such
herbicides are known as PPO inhibitors). See also Herbicide-tolerant crop, Gene, Genetic engineering,
Genome, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

One form of leukemia (cancer of the blood) that can be caused by fusion proteins. See also Cancer,
Fusion protein.

Acute Transfection

Short-term infection of cells with DNA. See also Transfection.

Acyl Carrier Protein

See ACP (acyl carrier protein).

Acylcarnitine Transferase

An enzyme that converts the mitochondrial metabolite acetyl carnitine into carnitine. See also
Enzyme, Acetyl carnitine, Carnitine.

Acyl-CoA

Acyl derivatives of coenzyme A (acyl-S-CoA). See also Carnitine, Coenzyme A, Trypsin inhibitors.

Acyltransferases
Refer to a class of enzymes that attach an acyl molecule (e.g., fatty acid) to the carbon-atom
“skeleton” of a large organic molecule (e.g., a triacylglycerol). See also Enzyme, Fatty acid,
Triacylglycerols.

AD

An acronym utilized to refer to the group of diseases known collectively as autoimmune disorders.
These include diseases such as multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis. See also
Autoimmune disease, Multiple sclerosis, Lupus.

Adalimumab

A monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor-alpha that was approved by the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003 for use as the pharmaceutical Humira™ to inhibit the structural
damage (to body joints) of the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis.
FDA subsequently approved adalimumab as a pharmaceutical treatment for

Reducing signs and symptoms of moderately to severely active polyarticular juvenile

idiopathic arthritis in patients 2 years of age and older
Reducing signs and symptoms of active arthritis, inhibiting the progression of structural
damage, and improving physical function
Reducing signs and symptoms in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis disease
Adult patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis who are candidates for
systemic therapy or phototherapy

In 2014, FDA approved adalimumab as a treatment for pediatric Crohn’s disease in patients aged 6
years and older when other treatments have not worked well.
See also Rheumatoid arthritis, Autoimmune disease, Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
Monoclonal antibodies (MAb), Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Phage display, Crohn’s disease.

Adaptation

Refers to the “adjustment” of a population of organisms to a changed environment.

For example, when the Industrial Revolution caused large amounts of black soot to be deposited
onto the white bark of certain trees in England in the nineteenth century, it resulted in adaptation (e.g.,
via selective breeding) of the population of a particular indigenous moth (Biston betularia), which had
previously consisted of a mixture of all-white and all-black members. Because the soot blackened the
formerly white bark of the trees it rested on, predatory birds were able to easily catch and eat the all-
white members of that moth population. Thus, there were fewer of the all-white moths present in the
breeding population and a greater preponderance of all-black members.
In the twentieth century, antipollution efforts in England resulted in a cessation of the airborne soot,
so that forest’s tree bark returned to its original white color. Because the predatory birds were now
able to more easily catch and eat the all-black members of that moth population, there were fewer of
the all-black moths present in the breeding population and a greater preponderance of all-white
members. See also Organism.

Adaptive Enzymes

See Inducible enzymes.

Adaptive Immune Response

See CD8+ T cells, Immune response.

ADBF

See Azurophil-derived bactericidal factor (ADBF).

ADC

Acronym for “antibody-drug conjugates.” See Immunoconjugate.

ADCC

See Antibody-dependent cellular toxicity.

Additive Genes
Genes that interact but do not show dominance (in the case of alleles) or epistasis (if they are not
alleles).
A single additive gene does not “show up” in the phenotype, but a collective group of additive genes
can result in a trait that is evident in the phenotype. See also Gene, Allele, Dominant allele, Epistasis,
Phenotype, Trait, Additive variance.

Additive Variance

Refers to the amount/percentage of an organism’s genetic variance that results from a single given
additive gene. See also Gene, Genetics, Additive genes.

Adenylate Cyclase

The enzyme (within cells) that catalyzes the synthesis (i.e., “manufacture”) of cyclic AMP. See Cyclic
AMP.

Adenine

A purine base, 6-aminopurine, occurring in ribonucleic acid (RNA) as well as in deoxyribonucleic

acid (DNA) and a component of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Adenine pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA. See also Base (nucleotide), Base pair (bp),
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Adenosine

Refers to the nucleoside (i.e., hybrid with ribose or deoxyribose) form of adenine. See also Adenine,
Nucleoside.

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

A ribonucleoside 5′-diphosphate serving as a phosphate group acceptor in the cell energy cycle. See
also Catabolism, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)

A ribonucleoside 5′-monophosphate that is formed by hydrolysis of ATP or ADP. See also Hydrolysis,
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Adenosine Monophosphate–Activated Protein Kinase

See AMPK.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The major carrier of chemical energy in the cells of all living things on this planet. A ribonucleoside
5′-triphosphate functioning as a phosphate group donor in the energy cycle of the cell. ATP contains
three phosphate/oxygen molecules linked together. When a phosphate–phosphate bond in ATP is
broken (hydrolyzed), energy that the cell can use to carry out its functions is produced. Thus, ATP
serves as the universal medium of biological energy storage and exchange, in living cells. See also
ATPase, ATP synthetase, Hydrolysis, Cyclic phosphorylation, Bioluminescence, ATP synthase,
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), Ubiquinone.

Adenovirus

A category of virus that can infect humans, monkeys, rodents, cattle, and fowl. Like all viruses,
adenoviruses can reproduce only inside living cells (of other host organisms). Adenovirus causes a
protein (metabolite) to be made that disables the p53 gene. Because the p53 gene then cannot perform
its usual function (i.e., prevention of uncontrolled cell growth caused by virus/DNA damage), the
adeno-virus thus “takes over” and causes the cell to make numerous copies of the virus until the cell
dies (thus releasing the virus copies into the body of the host organism to cause further infection). See
also Virus, Retroviruses, Gene delivery, Gene therapy, Cell, Protein, p53 gene, Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA).

Adequate Intake (AI)

See Choline.
Adhesion Molecule

From the Latin adhaerere = “to stick to.” The term “adhesion molecule” refers to a glycoprotein
molecular “chain” that protrudes from the surface membrane of certain cells and causes cells
(possessing “matching” adhesion molecules) to adhere to each other. For example, in 1952 Aaron
Moscona observed that (harvesting enzyme–separated) chicken embryo cells did not remain separated
but instead coalesced again into an (embryo) aggregate. In 1955, Philip Townes and Johannes
Holtfreter showed that “like” amphibian (e.g., frog) neuron cells will rejoin together after being
physically separated (e.g., with a knife blade), but “unlike” cells remain segregated (apart).
Adhesion molecules per se were formally discovered by Gerald M. Edelman in the 1970s.
Adhesion molecules also play a crucial role in guiding mono cytes to sources of infection (e.g.,
pathogens) because adhesion molecules in the walls of blood vessels (after activation caused by
pathogen invasion of adjacent tissue) adhere to like adhesion molecules in the membranes of
monocytes in the blood. The monocytes pass through the blood vessel walls, become macrophages,
and fight the pathogen infection (e.g., triggering tissue inflammation). See also Monocytes,
Macrophage, Polypeptide (protein), Cell, Pathogen, CD4 protein, CD44 protein, GP120 protein,
Vaginosis, Harvesting enzymes, Harvesting, Signal transduction, Selectins, Lectins, Glycoprotein,
Sugar molecules, Leukocytes, Lymphocyte, Neutrophils, Endothelium, Endothelial cells, P-selectin,
ELAM-1, Integrins, Cytokines.

Adhesion Protein

See Adhesion molecule, Endothelial cells.

Adipocytes

Specialized cells within an organism’s lymphatic system, which store the triacylglycerols (i.e., also
sometimes called “triglycerides”), after digestion of fats, and then later release fatty acids and
glycerol into the bloodstream (e.g., when needed by the organism). See also Cell, Triglycerides, Fatty
acid, Digestion (within organisms), Fats.

Adipocytokines

See Adipokines.
Adipokines

Refer to more than 50 protein hormones that are secreted by adipose cells and that act to help the body
regulate its metabolism, immunity, homeostasis, etc.
Many adipokines promote inflammation and make cells resistant to the effects of insulin.
Production of adipokines can be decreased by consumption of conjugated linoleic acid. See also
Protein, Hormone, Cell, Adipose, Metabolism, Homeostasis, Visfatin, Leptin, Tumor necrosis factor-
α, Resistin, Adiponectin, Interleukin-6, Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), Insulin.

Adiponectin

An adipokine that activates AMP-activated protein kinase and modulates signaling pathways
controlled by NFκB. See also Adipokines, AMP, Protein, Kinases, Signaling, Pathway, NFκB.

Adipose

Utilized to refer to “energy storage” tissues within some animals, consisting of fat molecules. Adipose
tissue tends to increase in animals’ bodies if they consume more energy-dense food than needed for
their level of energy expenditure (e.g., via exercise).
In humans older than 40, an increase in the body’s amount of adi-pose tissue is correlated with an
increased risk of premature death (e.g., from coronary heart disease).
Adipose tissue cells secrete a large number of compounds that impact the human body in a number
of ways. For example,

Leptin—a protein hormone signal to the brain that the body has “enough” energy stores,
which also stimulates the body to consume calories faster.
Visfatin—a protein that has some of the same effects as insulin (e.g., stimulates glucose
uptake by the body, which lowers blood sugar levels).
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)—a cytokine protein that initiates changes (inflammation)
in vascular tissues that result in monocytes adhering to internal walls of blood vessels,
thereby becoming a macrophage and resulting in formation of a plaque deposit. Additionally
and separately, TNF-α can also cause some tissues to become insulin resistant.
Angiotensin—a precursor molecule that can become angiotensin II in the body. The hormone
angiotensin II causes arteries to constrict (which can result in high blood pressure), promotes
macrophage accumulation into plaque deposits on blood vessel walls, and enhances the
metabolism of nitric oxide into free radical molecules.
Adiponectin—a molecule that acts to inhibit the development of insulin resistance in tissues
and acts to inhibit inflammation.
See also Fats, Coronary heart disease (CHD), Leptin, Lecithin, Choline, Visfatin, Insulin, Cytokines,
Monocytes, Adhesion molecule, Macrophage, Plaque, Metabolism, Nitric oxide, Free radical.

Adipose Triglyceride Lipase

See Lipase.

Adjuvant (to a Herbicide)

From the Latin word for “aid,” it refers to any compound that enhances the effectiveness (i.e., weed-
killing ability) of a given herbicide. For example, adjuvants such as surfactants can be mixed (prior to
application to weeds) with herbicide (in water), in order to hasten transport of the herbicide’s active
ingredient into the weed plant. That is because the herbicide must move from an aqueous (water)
environment into one (i.e., the weed plant’s cuticle or “skin”) comprised of lipids/lipophilic
molecules, before it can accomplish its task. See also Surfactant, Lipids, Lipophilic.

Adjuvant (to a Pharmaceutical)

From the Latin word for “aid,” it refers to any compound that enhances the desired response by the
body to that pharmaceutical. For example, adjuvants such as certain polysaccharides or surface-
modified nanoparticles (e.g., pan-DR-binding epitope derivatized dendrimer nanoparticle acts as an
adjuvant to amphotericin B, for treatment of leishmaniasis disease) can be injected along with
(vaccine) antigen in order to increase the immune response (e.g., production of antibodies) to a given
antigen.
Another example is that consumption of grapefruit juice by humans will increase the impact of
certain pharmaceuticals. Those pharmaceuticals include some sedatives, antihypertensives, the
antihistamine terfenadine, and the immunosuppressant cyclosporine. The adjuvant effect of grapefruit
juice is thought to be caused via inhibition of the enzyme cytochrome P4503A4, which catalyzes
reactions involved in the metabolism (breakdown) of those pharmaceuticals.
Another example is that consumption of the pharmaceutical known as clopidogrel (U.S. commercial
name Plavix™) by people immediately following a mild heart attack (severe chest pain)—along with
aspirin—greatly reduces the risk of death, strokes, and (new, additional) heart attacks versus taking
aspirin alone after a mild heart attack.
See also Cellular immune response, Humoral immunity, Polysaccharides, Nanotechnology,
Antigen, Antibody, Enzyme, Metabolism, Histamine, Cyclosporine, Cytochrome P4503A4.
Another random document with
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 Inhoudsopgave

VOORWOORD. VII
GEBEZIGDE LITTERATUUR. XI
INHOUD. XIII
LIJST VAN ILLUSTRATIES. XV
VERBETERINGEN. XVI
I. INDIANEN-BEVOLKING VAN WEST-INDIË. 1
Inleidende beschouwingen. 1
Inhoud der verhalen 7
Lijst der in dezen bundel opgenomen mondelinge
overleveringen der Indianen. 14
Indianen-Vertellingen. 66
1. De sage van Haboeri (W.) 66
2. De oorsprong der eerste menschen (C.) 73
3. De oorsprong van het menschdom (W.) 75
4. De oorsprong der Caraïben. (C.) 76
5. Hoe de Caraïben gekweekte planten leerden
kennen. (C.) 77
6. De dochter van den geestenbezweerder. 79
7. Hoe lichaamspijnen, dood en ellende in de wereld
kwamen. (C.) 81
8. Het hoofd van den Boschgeest en de nachtzwaluw.
(A.) 83
9. De vrouw, die een Boschgeest nabootste. (A.) 84
10. De Geest van een schimmelplant* redt een 86
Indiaansch meisje. (C.)
11. Een jagoear, die in een vrouw veranderde. (A.) 89
12. De man met een Baboen-vrouw. (A.) 91
13. Schildpad, die Boschrat er in liet loopen. (C.) 94
14. De bedrieger bedrogen. (C.) 95
15. Tijger en Miereneter. (C.) 96
16. Hariwali en de Wonderboom. (A.) 98
17. De legende van den Ouden man’s val. 103
18. Amanna en haar praatzieke man. (C.) 105
19. De zon en zijn beide tweelingzoons. (C.) 107
20. De Legende van den Vleermuis-berg. (M.) 111
21. De Uil en zijn schoonbroeders vleermuis. (W.) 112
22. De Lichtkever en de verdwaalde Jager. (C.) 114
23. De bina, de weder in het leven geroepen vader en de
slechte vrouw. (W.) 116
24. Hoe een jong Warrau-Indiaantje uit de handen der
Caraïben ontkwam. (W.) 119
25. Sluit de oogen en doe een wensch. (C.) 121
26. De gelukspot. (W.) 122
27. De honigbij en de zoete drank. (W.) 124
28. De piaiman en de stinkvogels*. (A.) 125
29. Hoe het ongeluk over de menschen kwam. De
geschiedenis van Maconaura en Anoeannaïtoe. (A.) 131
30. De kolibri, die tabak brengt aan den eersten piaiman.
(W.) 140
31. Het ontstaan der vrouwennaties. 145
32. Het gebroken ei. 146
33. De geest van den pasgeborene. 146
34. De huid van den Reuzenslang of Hoe de vogels hun 147
 tegenwoordig gevederte kregen.
35. Een waarschuwing voor de vrouwen. (A.) 148
36. Hoe een man van zijn luiheid genezen werd. (W.) 155
37. Zwarte Tijger, Wau-oeta en de gebroken boog. (W.) 157
38. De Legende van Letterhoutstomp. 162
39. De Legende van Arimoribo en Jorobodie. (C.) 165
40. Uitdrijven van een priester uit den Indiaanschen
hemel. 170
41. Uitdrijving der Indianen uit den Hemel der Paters. 174
42. Bezoek van Caraïben aan Macoesiland. (C.) 178
43. Legende van Paramaribo. 179
44. De Legende van Post Sommelsdijk. 180
45. Einde van den Indiaanschen broederoorlog. (A.) 182
46. De groote bloedzuigende vleermuis. (A.) 183
47. Legende van Mapajawari of de uitroeiing der
menscheneters. (C.) 184
48. Migratie-legende van den Kasi’hta-stam der Creek-
Indianen, 189
II. West-Indische neger-folklore. 197
Inleidende beschouwingen. 197
De Surinaamsche Anansi-tori’s en hare oorsprong. 203
LIJST DER NEGERVERTELLINGEN. 235
Inhoud der Surinaamsche Negervertellingen. 237
De anansi-tori en het bijgeloof. 246
VERTELLINGEN DER SURINAAMSCHE
STADSNEGERS. 258
1. Anansi, die een half dorp verovert. 258
2. Spin en de Prinses. 266
3. Het huwelijk van Heer Spin. 271
4. Anansi, Tijger en de doode Koe. 273
 5. Anansi en zijn kinderen. 276
6. Hoe Spin zijn schuldeischers betaalt. 277
7. Een feest bij de Waternimf. 281
8. Anansi en Kat. 282
9. Spin en Krekel. 285
10. Heer Spin als Geestelijke. 286
11. Heer Spin als roeier. 287
12. Spin neemt Tijger gevangen. 289
13. Heer Spin en Hond. 291
14. Tijger’s verjaardag. 293
15. Spin voert den Dood in. 295
16. Spin wedt, Tijger te berijden. 297
17. Verhaal uit het leven van vriend Spin. 299
18. Anansi als Amerikaan verkleed. 303
19. Heer Spin en de Waternimf. 305
20. Anansi, Hert en Kikvorsch. 306
21. Heer Spin als landbouwer. 308
22. Anansi en de Bliksem. 310
23. Ieder volwassen man moet een rood zitvlak hebben. 315
24. Hoe Anansi aan schapenvleesch wist te komen. 318
25. De geschiedenis van Fini Foetoe, Bigi bere en Bigi
hede. 321
26. Legende van Leisah I. 323
27. Legende van Leisah. II. 325
28. Verhaal van het land van „Moeder Soemba”. 327
29. Boen no habi tangi. 330
30. Geschiedenis van Kopro Kanon*. 332
31. De Meermin of Watramama. 335
32. De Boa in de gedaante van een schoonen jongeling. 337
 33. Het huwelijk van Aap. 339
DE ANANSI-TORI DER SURINAAMSCHE
BOSCHNEGERS. 342
Hoe Heer Spin door zijn bekwaamheid als
geneesheer de mooie dochter van den Landvoogd
wist te krijgen. 345
NEGER-VERTELLINGEN UIT HET WEST-INDISCHE
EILANDENGEBIED. 350
Curaçaosche Negervertellingen. Cuenta di Nansi. 350
Nansi en Temekóe-Temebè. 354
Creoolsche folk-lore van St.-Eustatius. 360
Braha- Nanci en Braha-Toekema. 362
Neger-vertellingen van Jamaica. Nancy-Stories. 367
1. Annancy in Krabbenland. 371
2. Reiger. 373
3. Annancy, Poes en Rat. 377
BIJVOEGSELS. 379
I. NEGER-SPREEKWOORDEN. 379
Suriname. 379
West-Afrika. 381
II. AVOND OP HET WATER in Sierra Leone 384
Spin, Olifant en Hippopotamus. 389
III. DIEREN-FABEL, 393
Wie zijn Krokodil’s verwanten? 393
VERKLAREND REGISTER. 396
A. 396
B. 397
C. 399
D. 400
E. 400
F. 400
G. 401
H. 401
I. 402
J. 402
K. 403
L. 406
M. 407
N. 408
O. 408
P. 409
R. 411
S. 411
T. 413
V. 414
W. 415
Y. 416
Z. 416
 Colofon
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Metadata

Titel: Mythen en
sagen uit
West-Indië
Auteur: Herman Info https://viaf.org/viaf/45474713/
van
Cappelle
Jr. (1857–
1932)
Illustrator: Willem Info
Antonius https://viaf.org/viaf/3295167202597667930008/
Josef
Backer
(1901–
1971)
Aanmaakdatum 2023-11-14
bestand: 20:38:53
UTC
Taal: Nederlands
(Spelling
 De Vries-
Te Winkel)
Oorspronkelijke 1926
uitgiftedatum:

Codering

Dit boek is weergegeven in oorspronkelijke schrijfwijze. Afgebroken

woorden aan het einde van de regel zijn stilzwijgend hersteld.
Kennelijke zetfouten in het origineel zijn verbeterd. Deze verbeteringen
zijn aangegeven in de colofon aan het einde van dit boek.

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2023-10-19 Begonnen.

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identifier=MMKB02:000123099:00004

Verbeteringen

De volgende verbeteringen zijn aangebracht in de tekst:

Bladzijde Bron Verbetering Bewerkingsafstand

n.v.t. GEILLUSTREERD GEÏLLUSTREERD 1/0
VII symphatieke sympathieke 2
XII, 165, [Niet in bron] ) 1
243, 408
XII, 400,
407 . [Verwijderd] 1
Passim. [Niet in bron] . 1
XII Volkenkunden Volkenkunde 1
XII Smithonian Smithsonian 1
XII reports report 1
XIII, 350,
350 St. Eustachius St.-Eustatius 3
XVI wreedzaam wreedzame 2
XVI vreedzaam vreedzame 2
XVI, 26,
46, 58,
158, 203,
253, 276,
287, 328,
356, 403,
405, 406,
410, 410,
412 , . 1
2 wreedzame vreedzame 1
4, 76, 76 wêer weêr 2/0
5 hebben heb 3
7 nêergelegd neêrgelegd 2/0
7 geïdialiseerd geïdealiseerd 1
8 Mythen-cathegorie Mythen-categorie 1
9, 207 beinvloed beïnvloed 1/0
11 met [Verwijderd] 4
12 beinvloeden beïnvloeden 1/0
13 Travells Travels 1
14, 92,
119, 222,
276, 287,
329, 355 — 1
17 af komstig afkomstig 1
17 voor voort 1
20, 165,
214, 214,
243, 334 . , 1
24 lichamspijnen lichaamspijnen 1
25 Anoeannaitoe Anoeannaïtoe 1/0
28 verweringskorst verweeringskorst 1
28 Indiaaan Indiaan 1
29, 409 over dag overdag 1
29, 164,
165 Caraiben Caraïben 1/0
31 demaan de maan 1
Passim. [Niet in bron] „ 1
Passim. Penard’s Penards 1
33 Caraibische Caraïbische 1/0
33 de de de 3
33 heuvel hemel 2
33 19 20 2
34 van daan vandaan 1
39 hebben heeft 4
40, 106,
106, 122 broer broêr 1/0
Passim. [Niet in bron] ” 1
41 jaguar jagoear 2
44 ,* *, 2
45 kalabassen kalebassen 1
47 Indíaansche Indiaansche 1/0
54 Missisippi-stroom Mississippi-stroom 1
55, 189 Ogleterpe Oglethorpe 2
55 Tchikili Tchikilli 1
56 mais maïs 1/0
60 Tot In 3
61 bij hij 1
62 Natuur Natur 1
63, 72 papagaai papegaai 1
66 Pallissade-palm Palissadepalm 2
69 antwoorde antwoordde 1
72 Onmiddelijk Onmiddellijk 1
74 gopend geopend 1
76 weér weêr 1/0
78, 125,
183, 184,
229, 264,
283, 294,
313, 321,
332, 336,
354 .* *. 2
78 lotgenoten lotgenooten 1
78 Allepäntepo Allepántepo 1/0
81 Jorokas Joroka’s 1
81, 117,
128, 233,
410 , [Verwijderd] 1
84 ”. .” 2
84, 148,
314, 314 mee meê 1/0
86 broers broêrs 1/0
96 lachtte lachte 1
97 Tamanoe Tamanoea 1
112 schoonbroeder schoonbroeders 1
112 broêr broêrs 1
114 schoonbroers schoonbroêrs 1/0
117 vermoordde vermoorde 1
121 hadden had 3
122 verweringsprodukten verweeringsprodukten 1
123 çassave-gerecht cassavegerecht 2/1
124, 364,
391 „ [Verwijderd] 1
127 van een van een van een 8
128 weer weêr 1/0
131 Agouti Agoeti 1
133, 141 schreidde schreide 1
133 Anoennaïtoe Anoeannaïtoe 1
134 uw Uw 1
135 Kakoutji Kaikoutji 1
137 wraken wrake 1
139 Anoeannitoe Anoeannaïtoe 2/1
142, 142 hem hen 1
142 zij hij 1
142 zouden zou 3
150 probeerden probeerde 1
151 weefpatroon vlechtpatroon 5
157 Tobe-heroanna Tobe-horoanna 1
158, 255,
264, 269,
269, 276,
376 [Niet in bron] , 1
158 tijger Tijger 1
159 ”* *” 2
162 niet [Verwijderd] 5
163, 164 Caraibisch Caraïbisch 1/0
164 Marorwijne Marowijne 1
164 Corantyn Corantijn 2
164 Marorvijne Marowijne 2
166 slotten slotte 1
170, 340 ” [Verwijderd] 1
183 Nu nu 1
184 uitroeiïng uitroeiing 1/0
185 zijn’s zijn 2
188 vluchtten vluchten 1
189 kanibalen kannibalen 1
189 achtiende achttiende 1
189 Kanibalenstam Kannibalenstam 1
189 Kanibalen Kannibalen 1
189 Giorgia Georgia 1
196 Ogletherpe Oglethorpe 1
198 dède hóso déde-hóso 2/1
201 negervertelingen negervertellingen 1
202 - [Verwijderd] 1
207 Neger-engelsche Neger-Engelsche 1
210 [Niet in bron] in 3
212 lostte loste 1
212, 239 Jamaïca Jamaica 1/0
220 Boesi-gramman Boesi-granman 1
229 Python’s Pythons 1
229 synonym synoniem 2
230 Aequtoriaal Aequatoriaal 1
231 Rabit Rabbit 1
233 Sierre Sierra 1
236 Temekoe-Temebe Temekóe-Temebè 2/0
239 Awarì-bang Awari-bángi 3/1
240 Negerengelsch Neger-Engelsch 2
243 Je Je 0
244 von van 1
246 lachtten lachten 1
246 anansi tori’s anansi-tori’s 1
247 kreool Creool 1
247 déde hóso déde-hóso 1
251 déde-hoso déde-hóso 1/0
251 arratta aratta 1
252 wachvrouw waschvrouw 1
252 Idiaansche Indiaansche 1
253, 296,
363 neer neêr 1/0
254 abormalen abnormalen 1
256, 256,
256 u U 1
267, 268 Jou Jouw 1
268, 277, jou jouw 1
284
269 „ ” 2
269 ” ,„ 2
272 anansi’s Anansi’s 1
276 Ma’ ’Ma 2
276 julie jullie 1
278 [Niet in bron] Vos 4
282, 295 anansi Anansi 1
282 anansì Anansi 2/1
282 Pína Pina 1/0
296, 304,
310, 311,
312, 312,
314, 314 Anansí Anansi 1/0
299, 307 anansí Anansi 2/1
303 broeders Broeders 1
303 zusters Zusters 1
303 Kosi Kósi 1/0
303 [Niet in bron] ,” 2
307, 338 wordt word 1
310, 310 10.000 10,000 1
311 . : 1
311 ! ? 1
313 buikpuin buikpijn 2
314 . ? 1
319 korsten kortsten 1
320 huigelachtige huichelachtige 2
322 broertjes broêrtjes 1/0
324 moeder Moeder 1
324 Vader’s Vaders 1
324 vaders Vaders 1
326 schuim Schuim 1
329, 329 Ma ’Ma 1
331 uit uit uit 4
332 ! : 1
333, 334,
334 Minimini Mininimi 2
334 patient patiënt 1/0
334 Kapro Kopro 1
338 wij Wij 1
338 er Er 1
340 gebruike gebruikelijke 5
344 Hoevell Hoëvell 1/0
345 spin-vertelling spinvertelling 1
348 verergde verergerde 2
348 hoelanger hoe langer 1
349 Spin’s Spins 1
350 voornaamsche voornaamste 2
350 dagens dagen 1
354 papiemento papiamento 1
357 guyave guave 1
365 St. Eustatius St.-Eustatius 1
370 kamplaats kampplaats 1
370 banencultuur bananencultuur 2
373 vrienden vriend 2
376 hollandsche Hollandsche 1
379 zachtzinige zachtzinnige 1
380 Iffi iffi 1
381 Houd Houdt 1
381 okro okra 1
381, 381 houd houdt 1
383 zend zendt 1
386 melodiën melodieën 1
390 houdt houd 1
394, 394 veèren veêren 1/0
396 Neger-engelsch Neger-Engelsch 1
396 Amalavica Amalivaca 2
399 [Niet in bron] : 1
399 Eunctus Eunectus 1
399 Piaaiman Piaiman 1
400 Mrs Mrs. 1
400 Dokoen Dokóen 1/0
400 Dokoenboom Dokóenboom 1/0
401 NE. N.E. 1
401 donkerebruinen donkerbruinen 1
402 Auruba Aruba 1
402 Dominico Dominica 1
402 Onca onca 1
403 Anacardicum Anacardium 1
405 Kopra Kanon Kópro Kanón 3/1
405 ,) ), 2
405, 416 [Niet in bron] - 1
406 kankantree kankantrie 1
407 Maconoura Maconaura 1
407 waarmêe waarmeê 2/0
408 Massoewa Masoewa 1
408 Winnamoeroe Winnamoroe 1
409 Ooloekwa-toelala Oeloekwa-toelala 1
409 [Niet in bron] ( 1
409 Okro Okra 1
409 ( [Verwijderd] 1
409 ) [Verwijderd] 1
410 Ipomaea Batatas Ipomoea batatas 2
413 [Niet in bron] L. 3
414 Verweerings-korst Verweeringskorst 1
414 Zuid-America Zuid-Amerika 1
415 Blondii blondii 1
415, 416 N.-E. N.E. 1
416 Magroveboomen Mangroveboomen 1

Afkortingen
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N.B. noorderbreedte
N.B. Nota bene
N.E. Neger-Engelsch
Ned.-Indië Nederlandsch-Indië
W.-I. West-Indië
Z.O. zuidoostelijke
Z.O. zuidoost
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