M6 SHS-READING AND WRITING

CONTEXT OF TEXT DEVELOPMENT: HYPERTEXT AND INTERTEXT

RECAP

We have learned from the previous lesson that a claim of value is an arguable statement that presents one’s stand or point
about a particular subject or issue. In doing so, one needs to present convincing details that would persuade people to believe in
his/her point.

LESSON - CONTEXT OF TEXT DEVELOPMENT: HYPERTEXT

Being a critical reader also involves understanding that texts are always developed within a certain context. A text is
neither written nor read in a vacuum; its meaning and interpretation are affected by a given set of circumstances. Thus, context is
defined as the social, cultural, political, historical, and other related circumstances that surround the text and form
the terms from which it can be better understood and evaluated.
To better understand the message of the text, there are some readers
who would search for its related reading materials through the aid of
technology and this practice is known as hypertextuality which was coined
by Ted Nelson around 1965.

Hypertextuality according to K. Amaral, 2010 is simply a non-linear way of

presenting information. It also refers to the use of hyperlinks (or simply
“links”) to present text and static graphics. See sample below.

A hyperlink is an automated cross-reference to another location on the same document or to another document which,
when selected by a user, causes the computer to display the linked location or document within a very short period of time. They
take the form of buttons, underlined words and phrases, and other “hot” areas on the screen.
Web designers and others who are interested in hypertext often use the term “node” to refer to chunks of content. The
term “node” or Web page is the fundamental unit of hypertext content while links (or hyperlinks) are the pathways between
nodes.
Hypertext is a type of database that is well suited for handling large chunks of text. A database is a set of data that has a
regular structure and that is organized in such a way that a computer can easily find the desired information.
Hypertext documents can be static, dynamic or active.
A static document is one that is prepared in advance and appears in the web browser as is. The author of a static
document determines the content at the time the document is written.
A dynamically generated document is one that does not exist in a final form but, rather, is produced according to user
input, such as according to information that a user enters on a form.
 An active document consists of a computer program that the server sends to the browser and that the browser must run
locally. When it runs, the active document program can interact with the user and change the display continuously.

ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1 - Determine whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.
_____1. One way to interpret a text’s meaning is to understand the underlying circumstances that led to the construction of the
material.
_____2. Context does not consider the time and place in which the text was written.
_____3. Hypertext is a text which contains links to other text.
_____4. Hyperlinks restrict people from navigating materials related to the text being searched.

ACTIVITY 2 - WRITE / if the statement is correct and X if otherwise.

___1. Critical reading is just about extracting information from a text.
___2. Hypertext allows readers to acquire varied pieces of information which are updated.
___3. Hyperlinks give us choices when we look for information.
___4. Learners who would like to explore hypertext should have the ability to access information on the
computer.
___5. Hypertext allows readers to analyze information from multiple perspective.

ACTIVITY 3 - Fill in the blanks with the correct word to complete the meaning of the following statements. Choose the letter of
the correct answer from the word pool below.

A.Bookmark E. Static hypertext

B. Dynamic hypertext F. Web page
C. Hyperlink G. Web site
D. Hypertext H. World Wide Web

1. A text with embedded links in it is called a _____.

2. _____ takes you from one Web location to another.
3. _____ displays the same information every time its page is viewed.
4. A _____ is an individual HTML document.
5. _____ is a type of hyperlink that directs the readers to specific place within a document.

LESSON - CONTEXT OF TEXT DEVELOPMENT: INTERTEXT

Intertextuality is the shaping of texts’ meanings by other texts. It can refer to an author’s borrowing and transformation
of a prior text or to a reader’s referencing of one text in reading another.
Intertextual figures include: allusion, quotation, calque, plagiarism, translation, pastiche and parody.
The definition of intertextuality was created by the French semiotician Jullia Kristeva in 1960s. She created the term
from the Latin word intertexto, which means “to intermingle while weaving.” She argued that all works of literature being
produced contemporarily are intertextual with the works that came before it.
Another definition of intertextuality is that it is a literary discourse strategy (Gadavanji, n.d.) utilized by writers in
novels, poetry, theatre and even in non-written text (such as performances and digital media).
Fan fiction is a great example of intertextuality where authors enter the fictional world of other authors and create their
own stories.
Taylor Swift’s song “Love Story” makes intertextual references to Romeo and Juliet and scarlet letter.
“Cause you were Romeo, and I was scarlet letter
And my daddy said stay away from Juliet”
The singer-composer struggled a lot in her love life when she was in high school. The situation that she had was
somewhat related to William Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet.” Thus, she was inspired to compose a song connected to this
novel. This is where contextualization and intertextuality come in.
However, a twist is observed in the singer’s composition. The novel presents a tragic ending where both of the charters
died whereas in the song

“Love Story” depicts a happy ending.

“And said: “Marry me Juliet
You’ll never have to be alone
I love you and that’s all I really know
I talked to your dad, go pick out a white dress
It’s a love story baby just say yes”
Intertextuality have different types. These are: Accidental, Obligatory and Optional.
Accidental intertextuality is when readers often connect a text with another text, cultural practice or a personal
experience, without there being any tangible anchor point within the original text (John Fitzsimmons).
Obligatory intertextuality is when the writer deliberately invokes a comparison or association between two (or more)
texts.
 In this type, you have to have an understanding of a prior hypotext before you can compare and contrast it with its
subsequent piece of work.
Optional intertextuality expresses the intention of the writer in paying homage to the ‘original’ writers, or rewarding
those who have read the hypotext. The use of optional intertextuality may be something as simple as parallel characters or
plotlines.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 4 - Tell whether the following statements are TRUE of FALSE.

_______1. Intertextual relationship is best recognized if a reader has a prior knowledge of the hypertext.
_______2. Hypertext is written in a non-linear manner while intertext is both linear and non-linear.
_______3. An author could be sued for plagiarism once he/she applies intertextual relationship in his/her work.

ACTIVITY 5 - Identify the types of intertextuality used in the following situations.

_______________1. While watching Bird Box, you are suddenly reminded of the movie titled A Quiet Place for it has the same
plot with the film you are currently viewing.
_______________2. Claire has just watched the Filipino version of the Descendants of the Sun. Now, she needs to watch the
Korean version of it to identify their similarities and differences.
_______________3. Zydney has been greatly influenced by the works of J.K. Rowling. Because of this, she intends to direct a
play that portrays sorcery and plans to proclaim that the script is inspired from the Harry Potter series.

ACTIVITY 6 - Read the following questions carefully. Then, answer the questions that follow. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.
1. Which of the following statements best define intertextuality?
A. It is the copying of others work. C. It is the transaction of one text into a different language.
B. It is the allusion from one text to another. D. It presents the relationship between texts.
2. Which of the following could be used as a basis for intertextuality?
A. Films B. Novels C. Plays D. All of the above
3. What type of intertextuality is manifested if a popular singer wants to make a revival of Smokey
Mountain’s song “Paraiso.”
A. Accidental intertextuality C. Optional intertextuality
B. Obligatory intertextuality D. Both A and B
4. Why do authors use the concept of intertextuality?
A. to communicate their ideas C. to feel relax
B. to earn money D. all of the above
5. Intertextuality can take place ______________________.
A. across cultures C. within the same medium or styles
B. across mediums or styles D. all of the above
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

VALUING
“We cannot stop natural disasters but we can arm ourselves with knowledge: so many lives wouldn’t
have to be lost if there was enough disaster preparedness.’ -Petra Nemcova

“Caring for the Earth is not a hippie thing, it’s a survival thing.” -Unknown