SSLC Class 10 Hindi 3rd Language Textbook

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Third Language Hindi
10
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Tenth Standard
Karnataka Text Book Society (R.)

100 Ft. Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage,
Bengaluru - 560 085.
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Preface
The Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new textbooks
according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed on NCF – 2005 since June 2010.
Textbooks are prepared in 12 languages; seven of them serve as the media of instruction.
From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS, mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core
subjects namely mathematics, science and social science.
NCF – 2005 has a number of special features and they are:
• connecting knowledge to life activities
• learning to shift from rote methods
• enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks
• learning experiences for the construction of knowledge
• making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroom experiences
• caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country
• making education relevant to the present and future needs.
• softening the subject boundaries- integrated knowledge and the joy of learning.
• the child is the constructor of knowledge
The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches namely.
Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and Integrated approach
The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master skills and
competencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated with values. The
new books are not examination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they help the
learner in the all round development of his/her personality, thus help him/her become a
healthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of this great country, India.
The most important objectives of teaching language are listening, speaking, reading,
writing and reference work. These skills have been given a lot of importance in all the
language textbooks. Along with the inculcation of these skills, fundamental grammar,
opportunities for learners to appreciate beauty and imbibe universal life values have been
integrated in language textbooks. When learners master these competencies, they would
stop studying textbooks for the sake of passing examinations. In order to help learners
ii
master these competencies, a number of paired and group activities, assignments and
project work have been included in the textbooks. It is expected that these activities
would help learner master communicative skills. Ultimately, it is expected that students
master the art of learning to learn and make use of these competencies in real life. Textbooks
for students X have a special significance. As any other new textbook they help learners’
master skills and competencies and at the same time there is going to be a public
examination based on them.
The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the chairpersons, writers,
scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and the members of the Editorial Board and
printers in helping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks. A few works of
some writers and poets have been included in these textbooks. The textbook society is
extremely grateful to them for giving their consent for the inclusion of these pieces in the
textbooks.
Prof G S Mudambadithaya Nagendra Kumar

Coordinator Managing Director
Curriculum Revision and Textbook Preparation Karnataka Textbook Society®
Karnataka Textbook Society Bangalore, Karnataka
Bangalore, Karnataka
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PÀ£ÁðlPÀ ¥ÀoåÀ ¥ÄÀ ¸ÀPÛ À ¸ÀAWÀ (j) ¥ÀoåÀ ¥ÄÀ ¸ÀPÛ À ¥ÀjµÀÌgt À ¸À«Äw
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viii
nmR²>` nwñVH$ n[aîH$aU g{_{V
gdm©Ü`j :
àmo. ~aJyé am_M§Ðßnm, AÜ`j, H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` nmR²>` nwñVH$ n[aîH$aU g{_{V, ~|Jbyé.
gh`moJ :
lr E_.{n. _mXoJm¡S>m, à~§Y {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé-560085
lr Ho$.{O. a§Jæ`m, Cn{ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.
AÜ`j:
S>m°. E_. {d_bm, àmo\o$ga Ed§ AÜ`jm, {h§Xr {d^mJ, ~|Jbya {díd{dÚmb`, ~|Jbyé-560 056
gXñ` :
S>m°. ~r. Eg. gwã~bú_r, {h§Xr àdŠVm (AdH$me àmá) 558, 7 "E' _w»` amñVm, "E'
goŠQ>a, `bh§H$m Ý`y Q>mD$Z, ~|Jbyé - 560 064.
S>m°. am{JZr. Ama, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m (ñd¡pÀN>H$ AdH$me àmá) 738/4, gmopßnZH$mobm ñQ´>rQ>,
H$mern{V AJ«hma, Ho$.Ama. _whëbm, _¡gyé - 24
S>m°. gm¡å`m OQ>bm, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m, H«$mB©ñQ> Oy{Zà H$m°boO, ~|Jbyé - 560 029.
lr. e{eYa qgh, qhXr AÜ`mnH$, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, {haoh{ëb H$moßnbw, hmoboZagrnwa (Vm),
hmgZ ({Obm) 573211.
lr_Vr gr. EZ. gwYm, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, hw>{bH§$w Q>,o XmoS‹ >²S>~ëbmnwa (Vm) ~|Jbyé J«m_m§Va ({Obm)
lr. Or. EM. _§OwZmW, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, H$mobJr, {eH$marnwam (Vm) {ed_mo½Jm ({Obm)
CÞV n[aerbZ g{_{V :
S>m°. H$merZmW A§~bJo, AdH$me àmá àmo\o$ga, Jwb~Jm© {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.
S>m°. Ho$.E. go~mpñQ>`Z, H«$mBñQ> {díd{dÚmb`, hmogya amoS>, ~|Jbyé
S>m°. JUoe ndma, H$Zm©Q>H$ H|$Ðr` {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.
H$bmH$ma:
lr S>r. EZ. d|H$Q>oe, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, Ca_ma Ho$gbJoao, _§S²>`m {Obm.
H$m`©H«$_ g§`moOH$ :
lr_Vr O`bú_r gr.S>r., ghm`H$ {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.
ix
AZwH«$_{UH$m
H«$.g§. nmR> {dYm n¥.g§.

1. _mV¥^y{_ H${dVm 01
2. H$í_rar go~ H$hmZr 06
3. {Jëby aoIm{MÌ 13
4. A{^Zd _Zwî` H${dVm 26
5. _oam ~MnZ AmË_H$Wm 32
6. ~g§V H$s gÀMmB© EH$m§H$s 41
7. Vwbgr Ho$ Xmoho Xmohm 56
8. B§Q>aZoQ> H«$m§{V {Z~§Y 61
9. B©_mZXmam| Ho$ gå_obZ _| ì`§½` aMZm 73
10. Xþ{Z`m _| nhbm _H$mZ boI 86
11. g_` H$s nhMmZ H${dVm 96
12. amo~moQ> H$hmZr 102
13. _{hbm H$s gmhg JmWm ì`{ŠV n[aM` 113
14. gya - í`m_ nX 122
15. H$Zm©Q>H$ g§nXm {Z~§Y 128
16. ~mb-e{ŠV bKw Zm{Q>H$m 141
17. H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s 152
hma Zht hmoVr H${dVm
n[a{eîQ>
(A) nyaH$ dmMZ 160
(Am) {Z~§Y-boIZ 167
(B) nÌ-boIZ 174
(B©) ì`mH$aU 177
x
1. _mV¥^y{_
^JdVrMaU d_m© -
Bg H${dVm Ho$ X²dmam H${d _mV¥^y{_ H$s {deofVm H$m n[aM` XoVo hþE N>mÌm| Ho$ _Z
_| Xoeào_ H$m ^md OJmZm MmhVo h¢Ÿ&
_mV¥-^y, eV-eV ~ma àUm_!

A_am| H$s OZZr, Vw_H$mo eV-eV ~ma àUm_!
_mV¥-^y, eV-eV ~ma àUm_Ÿ&
Voao Ca _| em{`V Jm§Yr, ~wX²Y Am¡a am_,
_mV¥-^y eV-eV ~ma àUm_Ÿ&
hao-âo h¢ IoV gwhmZo,
\$b-\y$bm| go `wV dZ-CndZ,
Voao A§Xa âm hþAm h¡
I{ZOm| H$m {H$VZm ì`mnH$ YZŸ&
_wº$-hñV Vy ~m±Q> ahr h¡
gwI-g§n{Îm, YZ-Ym_,
EH$ hmW _| Ý`m`-nVmH$m,
kmZ-Xrn Xygao hmW _|,
OJ H$m ê$n ~Xb Xo, ho _m±,
H$mo{Q>-H$mo{Q> h_ AmO gmW _|Ÿ&
Jy±O CR>o O`-{h§X ZmX go -
gH$b ZJa Am¡a J«m_,
*******
1
H${dVm H$m Ame` :
^JdVrMaU d_m© Ho$ Zm_ H$mo {hÝXr gm{hË` _| AmXa Ho$ gmW {b`m OmVm
h¡& àñVwV H${dVm _| H${d Ho$ Xoeào_ H$s PbH$ {XIm`r XoVr h¡& do
_mV¥^y{_ H$mo àUm_ H$aVo hþE Cg_| {dÚ_mZ Anma dZ-g§nXm, I{ZO
g§n{Îm H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE ^maV Ho$ _hmZ² {d^y{V`m| H$m ñ_aU H$aVo h¢&
Bg H${dVm go ^maV H$s _hmZVm H$m n[aM` àmßV hmoVm h¡&
H${d n[aM` : ^JdVrMaU d_m© (1903-1981)

lr ^JdVrMaU d_m© H$m OÝ_ 30 AJñV 1903
H$mo CÞmd {Obo (C.à) Ho$ e\$snwa Jm±d _| hþAm
WmŸ& CÝhm|Zo Bbmhm~mX go ~r.E, Eb.Eb.~r. H$s
{S>J«r àmá H$sŸ& CÝhm|Zo "{dMma' Am¡a "ZdOrdZ'
Zm_H$ n{ÌH$mAm| H$m g§nmXZ {H$`m WmŸ& AmH$medmUr
Ho$ H$B© Ho$§Ðm| _| ^r godm H$sŸ& CZHo$ "{MÌboIm'
CnÝ`mg na Xmo ~ma {\$ë_-{Z_m©U hþAmŸ& Xygam
CnÝ`mg "^ybo-{~gao {MÌ' gm{hË` AH$mX_r go nwañH¥$V h¡Ÿ& AnZo {Ibm¡Zo,
nVZ, VrZ ff©, Q>o‹T>o-_o‹T>o amñVo, `wdamO MyÊS>m (CnÝ`mg), _oar H$hm{Z`m±,
_moMm©~§Xr VWm g§nyU© H$hm{Z`m± (H$hmZr-g§J«h), _oar H${dVmE±, g{dZ` Am¡a
EH$ Zmam‹O H${dVm (H${dVm-g§J«h), _oao ZmQ>H$, dgr`V (ZmQ>H$) Am{X CZH$s
AÝ` bmoH${à` H¥${V`m± h¢& 5 Aºy$~a 1981 H$mo d_m© Or H$m Xohm§V hþAmŸ&
2
eãXmW© :
em{`V - gmo`m hþAm, A_a - _¥Ë`whrZ, Omo H$^r Zht _aVm; hñV -
hmW, gwhmZo - gw§Xa, Ym_ - Ka, Jy±OZm - à{VÜd{ZV hmoZmŸ&
eãX `w½_ :
hao-âo, \$b-\y$b, dZ-CndZ, gwI-g§n{Îm, YZ-Ym_Ÿ
{Ûé{ŠV eãX :
eV-eV, H$mo{Q>-H$mo{Q>
Aä`mg
I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

1. H${d {H$go àUm_ H$a aho h¢ ?
2. ^maV _m± Ho$ hmWm| _| Š`m h¡ ?
3. AmO _m± Ho$ gmW H$m¡Z h¡ ?
4. g^r Amoa Š`m Jy±O CR>m h¡ ?
5. ^maV Ho$ IoV H¡$go h¢ ?
6. ^maV ^y{_ Ho$ A§Xa Š`m-Š`m âm hþAm h¡?
7. gwI-g§n{Îm, YZ-Ym_ H$mo _m± H¡$go ~m±Q> ahr h¡?
8. OJ Ho$ ê$n H$mo ~XbZo Ho$ {bE H${d {H$ggo {ZdoXZ H$aVo h¢?
9. "O`-qhX' H$m ZmX H$hm±-H$hm± na Jy±OZm Mm{hE?
II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. ^maV _m± Ho$ àH¥${V-gm¢X`© H$m dU©Z H$s{OE &
2. _mV¥^y{_ H$m ñdê$n H¡$go gwemo{^V h¡?
3
III. AZwê$nVm:
1. dgr`V : ZmQ>H$ :: {MÌboIm :
2. eV-eV : {Ûé{ŠV :: hao-âo :
3. ~mò§ hmW _o§ : Ý`m` nVmH$m :: Xm{hZo hmW _| :
4. hñV : hmW :: nVmH$m :
IV. XmoZm| I§S>m| H$mo Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
1. Voao Ca _| em{`V A. dZ-CndZ
2. \$b-\y$bm| go `wV Am. AmO gmW _|
3. EH$ hmW _| B. {H$VZm ì`mnH$
4. H$mo{Q>-H$mo{Q> h_ B©. eV-eV ~ma àUm_
5. _mV¥-^y C. Ý`m`-nVmH$m
D$. Jm§Yr, ~wÕ Am¡a am_
V. [aŠV ñWmZ H$s ny{V© H$s{OE :
1. H${d _mV¥^y{_ H$mo ~ma àUm_ H$a aho h¢ &
2. ^maV _m± Ho$ Ca _| Jm§Yr, ~wÕ Am¡a am_ h¢&
3. dZ, CndZ go `wŠV h¡&
4. hñV go _mV¥^y{_ gwI-g§n{Îm ~m±Q> ahr h¡&
5. g^r Amoa H$m ZmX Jy±O CR>o &
VI. ^mdmW© {b{IE :
EH$ hmW _| Ý`m`-nVmH$m,
kmZ-Xrn Xÿgao hmW _|,
OJ H$m ê$n ~Xb Xo, ho _m±,
H$mo{Q>-H$mo{Q> h_ AmO gmW _| &
4
Jy±O CR>o O`-qhX ZmX go -
gH$b ZJa Am¡a J«m_,
_mV¥-^y, eV-eV ~ma àUm_ &
VII. nÚ ^mJ H$mo nyU© H$s{OE :
hao-âo
hþAm h¡
&
,
àUm_ &
H${dVm go AmJo -
• Xoe^pŠV go g§~§{YV H$moB© H$ÞS> H${dVm H$jm _| gwZmBE &
• qhXr H$s AÝ` Xoe^pŠV-H${dVmAm| H$s H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OE &
5
2. H$í_rar go~
ào_M§X -
Bg H$hmZr _| ~mµOma _| bmoJm| Ho$ gmW hmoZodmbr YmoIo~mµOr na àH$me S>mbm
J`m h¡ Am¡a IarXmar H$aVo g_` gmdYmZr ~aVZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm na Omoa {X`m J`m
h¡&
H$b em_ H$mo Mm¡H$ _|
Xmo-Mma µOê$ar MrµO| IarXZo
J`m Wm& n§Om~r _odm\$amoem|
H$s XyH$mZ| amñVo hr _| n‹S>Vr
h¢& EH$ XyH$mZ na ~hþV
AÀN>o a§JXma, Jwbm~r go~
gOo hþE ZµOa Amò& Or
bbMm CR>m& AmOH$b {e{jV
g_mO _| {dQ>m{_Z Am¡a
àmoQ>rZ Ho$ eãXm| _| {dMma
H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm hmo JB© h¡&
Q>mo_mQ>mo H$mo nhbo H$moB© ^r Z
nyN>Vm Wm& A~ Q>mo_mQ>mo ^moOZ H$m Amdí`H$ A§J ~Z J`m h¡& JmOa ^r nhbo
Jar~m| H$o$ noQ> âZo H$s MrµO Wr& A_ra bmoJ Vmo CgH$m hbdm hr ImVo Wo;
_Ja A~ nVm Mbm h¡ {H$ JmOa _| ^r ~hþV {dQ>m{_Z h¢ ; Bg{bE JmOa
H$mo ^r _oOm| na ñWmZ {_bZo bJm h¡& go~ Ho$ {df` _| Vmo `h H$hm OmZo
bJm h¡ {H$ EH$ go~ amoµO ImBE Vmo AmnH$mo S>m°ŠQ>am| H$s µOê$aV Z ahoJr&
S>m°ŠQ>a go ~MZo Ho$ {bE h_ {Z_H$m¡‹S>r VH$ ImZo H$mo V¡`ma hmo gH$Vo h¢&
go~ Vmo ag Am¡a ñdmX _| AJa Am_ go ~‹T>H$a Zht h¡ Vmo KQ>H$a ^r Zht&
go~ H$mo `h ñWmZ {_b MwH$m h¡& A~ dh Ho$db ñdmX H$s MrµO Zht h¡,
Cg_| JwU ^r h¢& h_Zo Xy>H$mZXma go _mob-^md {H$`m Am¡a AmY goa go~ _m±Jo&
XÿH$mZXma Zo H$hm-~m~yOr, ~‹S>o _µOoXma go~ AmE h¢, Img H$í_ra Ho$&
Amn bo OmE±, ImH$a V~r`V Iwe hmo OmòJr&
_¢Zo é_mb {ZH$mbH$a Cgo XoVo hþE H$hm MwZ-MwZH$a aIZm&
6
XÿH$mZXma Zo VamOy
CR>m`r Am¡a AnZo Zm¡H$a go
~mobm-gwZmo, AmY goa
H$í_rar go~ {ZH$mb bm&
MwZH$a bmZm&
bm¢S>m Mma go~ bm`m&
XÿH$mZXma Zo Vm¡bm, EH$
{bµ\$mµ\$o$ _| CÝh| aIm Am¡a
é_mb _| ~m±YH$a _wPo Xo
{X`m& _¢Zo Mma AmZo CgHo$
hmW _| aIo&
Ka AmH$a {bµ\$mµ\$m
Á`m| H$m Ë`m| aI {X`m&
amV H$mo go~ `m H$moB© Xÿgam
\$b ImZo H$m H$m`Xm Zht h¡& \$b ImZo H$m g_` Vmo àmV…H$mb h¡& AmO
gw~h _w±h-hmW YmoH$a Omo ZmíVm H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ go~ {ZH$mbm, Vmo g‹S>m
hþAm Wm& EH$ énE Ho$ AmH$ma H$m {N>bH$m Jb J`m Wm& g_Pm, amV H$mo
XÿH$mZXma Zo XoIm Z hmoJm& Xÿgam {ZH$mbm& _Ja `h AmYm g‹S>m hþAm Wm&
A~ g§Xoh hþAm, XÿH$mZXma Zo _wPo YmoIm Vmo Zht {X`m h¡& Vrgam go~ {ZH$mbm&
`h g‹S>m Vmo Z Wm; _Ja EH$ Va\$ X~H$a {~bHw$b {nMH$ J`m Wm& Mm¡Wm
XoIm& dh `m| Vmo ~oXmJ Wm; _Ja Cg_| EH$ H$mbm gwamI Wm O¡gm AŠga
~oam| _| hmoVm h¡& H$mQ>m Vmo ^rVa d¡go hr Yã~o, O¡go ~oa _| hmoVo h¢& EH$
go~ ^r ImZo bm`H$ Zht& Mma AmZo n¡gm| H$m BVZm J_ Z hþAm {OVZm g_mO
Ho$ Bg Mm[a{ÌH$ nVZ H$m& XÿH$mZXma Zo OmZ~yPH$a _oao gmW YmoIo~mOr H$m
ì`dhma {H$`m& EH$ go~ g‹S>m hþAm hmoVm, Vmo _¢ CgH$mo j_m Ho$ `mo½` gw_PVm&
gmoMVm, CgH$s {ZJmh Z n‹S>r hmoJr& _Ja Mmam| Ho$ Mmam| Iam~ {ZH$b OmE±,
7
`h Vmo gm\$ YmoIm h¡& _Ja Bg YmoIo _| _oam ^r gh`moJ Wm& _oam CgHo$
hmW _| é_mb aI XoZm _mZmo Cgo YmoIm XoZo H$s àoaUm Wr& CgZo ^m±n {b`m
{H$ `h _hme` AnZr Am±Im| go H$m_ boZodmbo Ord Zht h¢ Am¡a Z BVZo
Mm¡H$g h¢ {H$ Ka go bm¡Q>mZo AmE±& AmX_r ~oB©_mZr V^r H$aVm h¡ O~ Cgo
Adga {_bVm h¡& ~oB©_mZr H$m Adga XoZm, Mmho dh AnZo T>rbonZ go hmo
`m ghO {dídmg go, ~oB©_mZr _| gh`moJ XoZm h¡& n‹T>o-{bIo ~m~wAm| Am¡a
H$_©Mm[a`m| na Vmo A~ H$moB© {dídmg Zht H$aVm& {H$gr WmZo `m H$Mhar `m
å`w{Z{gn¡{bQ>r _| Mbo OmBE, AmnH$s Eogr XþJ©{V hmoJr {H$ Amn ~‹S>r go ~‹S>r
hm{Z CR>mH$a ^r CYa Z Om`|Jo&
nhbo Eogm Zht Wm& ì`mnm[a`m| H$s gmI ~Zr hþB© Wr& `m| Vm¡b _| Mmho
N>Q>m±H$-AmY N>Q>m±H$ H$g b|; bo{H$Z Amn CÝh| nm±M H$s OJh ^yb go Xg
Ho$ ZmoQ> Xo AmVo, Vmo AmnH$mo K~amZo H$s H$moB© µOê$aV Z Wr& AmnHo$ énE
gwa{jV Wo& _wPo `mX h¡, EH$ ~ma _¢Zo _wha©_ Ho$ _obo _| EH$ XÿH$mZXma go
EH$ n¡go H$s aod{‹S>`m± br Wt Am¡a n¡go H$s OJh AR>ÝZr Xo Am`m Wm& Ka
AmH$a O~ AnZr ^yb _mby_ hþB© Vmo XÿH$mZXma Ho$ nmg Xm¡‹S>m J`m& Amem
Zht Wr {H$ dh AR>ÝZr bm¡Q>mòJm, na bo{H$Z CgZo àgÝZ{MÎm go AR>ÝZr bm¡Q>m
Xr Am¡a CbQ>o _wPgo j_m _m±Jr& `hm± H$í_rar go~ Ho$ Zm_ go g‹S>o hþE go~
~oMo OmVo h¢& _wPo Amem h¡, nmR>H$ ~mµOma _| OmH$a _oar Vah Am±I| Z ~§X
H$a {b`m H$a|Jo& Zht Vmo CÝh| ^r H$í_rar go~ hr {_b|Jo&
*******
nmR> H$m Ame`-
boIH$ AnZm AZw^d ~VmVo hþE nmR>H$m| H$mo gMoV H$aVo h¢ {H$
AJa IarXmar H$aVo g_` gmdYmZr Zht ~aV| Vmo YmoIm ImZo H$s g§^mdZm
hmoVr h¡&
8
boIH$ n[aM` : _w§er ào_M§X
ào_M§X Or H$m OÝ_ 31 OwbmB© 1880
H$mo dmamUgr Ho$ nmg b_hr Zm_H$ Jm±d _| hþAm
Wm& BZH$m dmñV{dH$ Zm_ YZnVam` Wm& do {ejm
{d^mJ _| Zm¡H$ar H$aVo Wo& ~MnZ _| hr ào_M§X
_mV¥ ào_ go d§{MV aho& BZH$m OrdZ Jar~r _| hr
JwµOam& do _o{Q´>H$ VH$ hr n‹T> nmò& do `WmW©dmXr
H$WmH$ma Wo&
BZH$s à_wI aMZmE± - JmoXmZ, godmgXZ, J~Z, {Z_©bm, H$_©^{y _ Am{X
BZHo$ à_wI CnÝ`mg h¢& ~‹S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r, Z_H$ H$m XamoJm, n§M na_oída,
nyg H$s amV Am{X BZH$s àgrÕ H$hm{Z`m± h¢& ào_M§X H$s H$hm{Z`m± "_mZgamoda'
Zm_ go g§H${bV h¢&
eãXmW© :
_odm\$amoe - _odm `m VmOo \$b ~oMZo dmbm, ZµOa - Ñ{ï>, {ZJmh,
{XIm`r XoZm; {Z_H$m¡‹S>r - Zr_ H$m \$b, ñdmX-é[M, bm¢S>m - N>moH$am, ~mbH$;
_mob-^md - _yë`, H$s_V, Xm_; VamOy - Vm¡bZo H$m gmYZ, vÀPÀÌr; H$m`Xm
- {Z`_, ar{V; JbZm - {H$gr dñVw H$m KZËd H$_ hmoZm,
~oXmJ-gm\$, {Og_| H$moB© XmJ Z hmo; gwamI - N>oX, ~oa - EH$ àH$ma H$m
\$b; ^m±n boZm - nhMmZZm, Mm¡H$g - gMoV, gmdYmZ; H$Mhar - XâVa,
gmI - boZ-XoZ, N>Q>m±H$ - goa H$m gmobhd| ^mJ H$s EH$ Vm¡b, aod‹S>r -
{Vb Am¡a MrZr go ~Zr {_R>mB©&
Aä`mg
1. boIH$ MrµO| IarXZo H$hm± Jò Wo?
2. boIH$ H$mo Š`m ZµOa Am`m?
3. boIH$ H$m Or Š`m| bbMm CR>m?
9
4. Q>mo_mQ>mo {H$gH$m Amdí`H$ A§J ~Z J`m h¡?
5. ñdmX _| go~ {H$ggo ~‹T>H$a Zht h¡?
6. amoµO EH$ go~ ImZo go {H$ZH$s µOê$aV Zht hmoJr?
1. AmOH$b {e{jV g_mO _| {H$gHo$ ~mao _| {dMma {H$`m OmVm h¡?
2. XyH$mZXma Zo boIH$ go Š`m H$hm?
3. XyH$mZXma Zo AnZo Zm¡H$a go Š`m H$hm?
4. go~ H$s hmbV Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&
III. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
A ~
1. go~ H$mo é_mb _| ~m±YH$a àmV…H$mb h¡&
2. \$b ImZo H$m g_` Vmo _wPo Xo {X`m&
3. EH$ go~ ^r ImZo ~Zr hþB© Wr&
4. ì`mnm[a`m| H$s gmI bm`H$ Zht&
IV. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
1. em_ x 9. g§Xoh x
2. IarXZm x 10. gm\$ x
3. ~hþV x 11. ~oB©_mZ x
4. AÀN>m x 12. {dídmg x
5. {e{jV x 13. gh`moJ x
6. Amdí`H$ x 14. hm{Z x
7. Jar~ x 15. nmg x
8. amV x 16. µJ_ x
10
V. AZwê$nVm :
1. Ho$bm : nrbm a§J :: go~ :
2. go~ : \$b :: JmOa :
3. ZmJnwa : g§Vam :: H$í_ra :
4. H$n‹S>m : ZmnZm :: Q>mo_mQ>mo :
VI. AÝ` dMZ {b{IE :
1. MrµO| -
2. amñVm -
3. \$b -
4. Ka -
5. énE -
6. Am±I| -
7. H$_©Mmar -
8. ì`mnmar -
9. aod‹S>r -
10. XyH$mZ -
VII àËòH$ eãX Ho$ A§{V_ Aja go EH$ Am¡a eãX ~ZmBE :
CXm : go~ J ~§Xa J a§J J Ja_
1. XyH$mZ
2. ~mµOma
3. é_mb
4. boIH$
11
VIII. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo ghr H«$_ go {b{IE :
1. JmOa Jar~m| ^r nhbo Ho$ noQ> H$s MrµO âZo Wr&
2. A~ MrµO Zht h¡ dh Ho$db ñdmX H$s&
3. Zhr§ bm`H$ ImZo ^r go~ EH$&
4. _mby_ hþB© Ka AmH$a AnZr ^yb&
IX. H$ÞS> AWdm A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
1. JmOa ^r nhbo Jar~m| Ho$ noQ> âZo H$s MrµO Wr&
2. XyH$mZXma Zo H$hm - ~‹S>o _µOoXma go~ Amò h¢&
3. EH$ go~ ^r ImZo bm`H$ Zht&
4. XyH$mZXma Zo _wPgo j_m _m±Jr&
nmR> go AmJo -
H$jm _| ào_M§X H$s Hw$N> gab H$hm{Z`m± n‹T>H$a CZH$s MMm© H$s{OE&
12
3. {Jëby
_hmXodr d_m©-
Bg nmR> go ñZoh^md VWm àmUr-X`m H$s grI {_bVr h¡& new-n{j`m| Ho$ ñd^md
Am¡a CZH$s OrdZ-e¡br Ho$ gmW-gmW CZHo$ à{V _hmXodr d_m© Ho$ ào_ go ~ÀMo
n[a{MV hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
AMmZH$ EH$ {XZ g~oao H$_ao go ~am_Xo _| AmH$a _¢Zo XoIm Xmo H$m¡E
EH$ J_bo Ho$ Mmam| Amoa Mm|Mm| go Nw>Am-Nw>Am¡db O¡gm Iob Iob aho h¢Ÿ& `h
H$mH$^wewpÊS> ^r {d{MÌ njr h¡-EH$ gmW g_mX[aV, AZmX[aV, A{V gå_m{ZV,
A{V Ad_m{ZVŸ&
h_mao ~oMmao nwaIo Z Jé‹S> Ho$ ê$n _| Am gH$Vo h¢, Z _`ya Ho$, Z
h§g Ho$Ÿ& CÝh| {nVanj _| h_go Hw$N> nmZo Ho$ {bE H$mH$ ~ZH$a hr AdVrU©
hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht, h_mao XyañW {àÒZm| H$mo ^r AnZo
AmZo H$m _Ywa g§Xoe BZHo$ H$H©$e ñda _| hr XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& Xygar Amoa
h_ H$m¡Am Am¡a H$m±d-H$m±d H$aZo H$mo Ad_mZZm Ho$ AW© _| hr à`wº$
H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
13
_oao H$mH$nwamU Ho$ {ddoMZ _| AMmZH$ ~mYm Am n‹S>r, Š`m|{H$ J_bo Am¡a
Xrdma H$s g§{Y _| {N>no EH$ N>moQ>o-go Ord na _oar Ñ{ï> éH$ J`rŸ& {ZH$Q>
OmH$a XoIm, {Jbhar H$m EH$ N>moQ>m-gm ~ÀMm h¡, Omo gå^dV… Km|gbo go
{Ja n‹S>m h¡ Am¡a A~ H$m¡E {Og_| gwb^ Amhma ImoO aho h¢Ÿ&
H$mH$X²d` H$s Mm|Mm| Ho$ Xmo Kmd Cg bKwàmU Ho$ {bE ~hþV Wo, AV…
dh {ZíMoï>-gm J_bo go {MnH$m n‹S>m WmŸ&
g~Zo H$hm, H$m¡E H$s Mm|M H$m Kmd bJZo Ho$ ~mX `h ~M Zht gH$Vm,
AV… Bgo Eogo hr ahZo {X`m OmdoŸ&
naÝVw _Z Zht _mZm-Cgo hm¡bo go CR>mH$a AnZo H$_ao _| bm`r, {\$a
éB© go aº$ nm|N>H$a Kmdm| na nopÝg{bZ H$m _ah_ bJm`mŸ& H$B© K§Q>o Ho$
CnMma Ho$ CnamÝV CgHo$ _w±h _| EH$ ~y±X nmZr Q>nH$m`m Om gH$mŸ& Vrgao
{XZ dh BVZm AÀN>m Am¡a AmídñV hmo J`m {H$ _oar C±Jbr AnZo Xmo
ZÝh| n§Om| go nH$‹S>H$a, Zrbo H$m±M Ho$ _mo{V`m| O¡gr Am±Im| go BYa-CYa XoIZo
bJmŸ&
VrZ-Mma _mg _| CgHo$ pñZ½Y amo`|, Pã~oXma ny±N> Am¡a M§Mb-M_H$sbr
Am±I| g~H$mo {dpñ_V H$aZo bJtŸ&
h_ Cgo {Jëby H$hH$a ~wbmZo bJoŸ& _¢Zo \y$b aIZo H$s EH$ hëH$s S>{b`m
_| éB© {~N>mH$a Cgo Vma go {I‹S>H$s na bQ>H$m {X`mŸ&
Xmo df© dhr {Jëby H$m Ka ahmŸ& dh ñd`§ {hbmH$a AnZo Ka _| PybVm
Am¡a AnZr H$m±M Ho$ _ZH$m|-gr Am±Im| go H$_ao Ho$ ^rVa Am¡a {I‹S>H$s go ~mha
Z OmZo Š`m XoIVm-g_PVm ahVm WmŸ& naÝVw CgH$s g_PXmar Am¡a H$m`©-
H$bmn na g~H$mo AmíM`© hmoVm WmŸ&
O~ _¢ {bIZo ~¡R>Vr V~ AnZr Amoa _oam Ü`mZ AmH${f©V H$aZo H$s Cgo
BVZr Vrd« BÀN>m hmoVr Wr {H$ CgZo EH$ AÀN>m Cnm` ImoO {ZH$mbmŸ&
14
dh _oao n¡a VH$ AmH$a ga© go naXo na M‹T> OmVm Am¡a {\$a Cgr VoOr
go CVaVmŸ& CgH$m `h Xm¡‹S>Zo H$m H«$_ V~ VH$ MbVm, O~ VH$ _¢ Cgo nH$‹S>Zo
Ho$ {bE Z CR>VrŸ&
H$^r _¢ {Jëby H$mo nH$‹S>H$a EH$ b§~o {bµ\$mµ\$o$ _| Bg àH$ma aI XoVr
{H$ CgHo$ AJbo Xmo n§Om| Am¡a {ga Ho$ A{V[aŠV gmam bKw JmV {bµ\$mµ\o$$ Ho$
^rVa ~§X ahVmŸ& Bg AX²>^wV pñW{V _| H$^r-H$^r K§Q>m| _o‹O> na Xrdma Ho$
ghmao I‹S>m ahH$a dh AnZr M_H$sbr Am±Im| go _oam H$m`©-H$bmn XoIm H$aVmŸ&
^yI bJZo na {MH$-{MH$ H$aHo$ _mZmo dh _wPo gyMZm XoVm Am¡a H$mOy
`m {~ñHw$Q> {_b OmZo na Cgr pñW{V _| {bµ\$mµ\o$$ go ~mhadmbo n§Om| go nH$‹S>H$a
Cgo Hw$VaVm ahVm&
{\$a {Jëby Ho$ OrdZ H$m àW_ dg§V Am`mŸ& ~mha H$s {Jbh[a`m± {I‹S>H$s
H$s Ombr Ho$ nmg AmH$a {MH$-{MH$ H$aHo$ Z OmZo Š`m H$hZo bJtŸ&
{Jëby H$mo Ombr Ho$ nmg ~¡R>H$a AnZonZ go ~mha Pm±H$Vo XoIH$a _wPo
bJm {H$ Bgo _wº$ H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ&
_¢Zo H$sb| {ZH$mbH$a Ombr H$m EH$ H$moZm Imob {X`m Am¡a Bg _mJ© go
{Jëby Zo ~mha OmZo na gM_wM hr _w{º$ H$s gm±g brŸ& BVZo N>moQ>o Ord
H$mo Ka _| nbo Hw$Îmo-{~{ëb`m| go ~MmZm ^r EH$ g_ñ`m hr WrŸ& _oao H$_ao
go ~mha OmZo na dh ^r {I‹S>H$s H$s Iwbr Ombr H$s amh ~mha Mbm OmVm
Am¡a {XZ â {Jbh[a`m| Ho$ PwÊS> H$m ZoVm ~Zm, ha S>mb na CN>bVm-Hy$XVm
ahVm Am¡a R>rH$ Mma ~Oo dh {I‹S>H$s go ^rVa AmH$a AnZo Pybo _| PybZo
bJVmŸ&
_wPo Mm¢H$mZo H$s BÀN>m Cg_| Z OmZo H$~ Am¡a H¡$go CËnÞ hmo J`r WrŸ&
H$^r \y$bXmZ Ho$ \y$bm| _| {N>n OmVm, H$^r naXo H$s MwÞQ> _| Am¡a H$^r
gmoZOwhr H$s n{Îm`m| _|&
15
_oao nmg ~hþV go new-njr h¢ Am¡a CZH$m _wPgo bJmd ^r H$_ Zht
h¡Ÿ& naÝVw CZ_| go {H$gr H$mo _oao gmW _oar Wmbr _| ImZo H$s {hå_V hþB©
h¡, Eogm _wPo ñ_aU Zht AmVmŸ&
{Jëby BZ_| AndmX WmŸ& _¢ O¡go hr ImZo Ho$ H$_ao _| nhþ±MVr, dh
{I‹S>H$s go {ZH$bH$a Am±JZ H$s Xrdma-~am_Xm nma H$aHo$ _oO na nhþ±M OmVm
Am¡a _oar Wmbr _| ~¡R> OmZm MmhVmŸ& ~‹S>r H${R>ZmB© go _¢Zo Cgo Wmbr Ho$
nmg ~¡R>Zm {gIm`m, Ohm± ~¡R>H$a dh _oar Wmbr _| go EH$-EH$ Mmdb CR>mH$a
~‹S>r g\$mB© go ImVm ahVmŸ& H$mOy CgH$m {à` ImX²` Wm Am¡a H$B© {XZ H$mOy
Z {_bZo na dh AÝ` ImZo H$s MrµO| `m Vmo boZm ~§X H$a XoVm Wm `m Pybo
go ZrMo \|$H$ XoVm WmŸ&
Cgr ~rM _wPo _moQ>a-XwK©Q>Zm _| AmhV hmoH$a Hw$N> {XZ AñnVmb _| ahZm
n‹S>mŸ& CZ {XZm| O~ _oao H$_ao H$m XadmµOm Imobm OmVm, {Jëby AnZo Pybo
go CVaH$a Xm¡‹S>Vm Am¡a {\$a {H$gr Xygao H$mo XoIH$a VoOr go AnZo Km|gbo _|
Om ~¡R>VmŸ& g~ Cgo H$mOy Xo OmVo, na§Vw AñnVmb go bm¡Q>H$a O~ _¢Zo CgHo$
Pybo H$s g\$mB© H$s Vmo Cg_| H$mOy âo {_bo, {OZgo kmV hmoVm Wm {H$ dh
CZ {XZm| AnZm {à` ImX²` {H$VZm H$_ ImVm ahmŸ&
_oar AñdñWVm _| dh V{H$ò na {gahmZo ~¡R>H$a AnZo ZÝho-ZÝho n§Om|
go _oao {ga Am¡a ~mbm| H$mo hm¡bo-hm¡bo ghbmVm ahVmŸ&
16
J{_©`m| _| O~ _¢ Xmonha _| H$m_ H$aVr ahVr Vmo {Jëby Z ~mha OmVm,
Z AnZo Pybo _| ~¡R>VmŸ& dh _oao nmg aIr gwamhr na boQ> OmVm Am¡a Bg
àH$ma g_rn ^r ahVm Am¡a R>§S>H$ _| ^r ahVmŸ&
{Jbh[a`m| Ho$ OrdZ H$s Ad{Y Xmo df© go A{YH$ Zht hmoVr, AV… {Jëby
H$s OrdZ-`mÌm H$m A§V Am hr J`mŸ& {XZ â CgZo Z Hw$N> Im`m, Z dh
~mha J`mŸ&
n§Oo BVZo R>§S>o hmo aho Wo {H$ _¢Zo OmJH$a hrQ>a Obm`m Am¡a Cgo CîUVm
XoZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`mŸ& naÝVw à^mV H$s àW_ {H$aU Ho$ gmW hr dh {Ma {ZÐm
_| gmo J`mŸ&
CgH$m Pybm CVmaH$a aI {X`m J`m h¡ Am¡a {I‹S>H$s H$s Ombr ~§X H$a
Xr JB© h¡, naÝVw {Jbh[a`m| H$s Z`r nr‹T>r Ombr Ho$ Cg nma {MH$-{MH$ H$aVr
hr ahVr h¡ Am¡a gmoZOwhr {IbVr hr ahVr h¡Ÿ&
gmoZOwhr H$s bVm Ho$ ZrMo {Jëby H$s g_m{Y h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE ^r {H$ Cgo
dh bVm g~go A{YH$ {à` Wr, Bg{bE ^r {H$ Cg bKw JmV H$m, {H$gr
dmgÝVr {XZ, Owhr Ho$ nrVm^ N>moQ>o \y$b Ho$ ê$n _| {Ib OmZo H$m {dídmg,
_wPo g§Vmof XoVm h¡Ÿ&
*******
nmR> H$m Ame` :
H$m¡Z H$h gH$Vm h¡ {H$ new-njr ^mdhrZ àmUr h¢? do ^r h_mar Vah
H$^r-H$^ma h_go ^r A{YH$ ^mdmZwHy$b, {dMmadmZ² Am¡a göX` ì`dhma
H$aVo h¢& _hmXodr d_m© Zo EH$ N>moQ>m-gm Ord, {Jbhar Ho$ ~ÀMo H$m aoIm§H$Z
H$a àmUr-OJV² H$s _mZd-ghO OrdZ e¡br H$m à^mdembr {MÌU {H$`m
h¡& AmO Ho$ g§X^© _| Ohm± _mZd Ho$ ñdmW© Ho$ H$maU new-njr H$s Om{V`m±
bwßV hmoVr Om ahr h¢, dhm± _hmXodr d_m© Or H$m `h "g§ñ_aU' CZH$s ajm
H$aZo Am¡a CZHo$ à{V ào_^md OJmZo H$s {Xem _| EH$ gmW©H$ à`ËZ {gX²Y
hmoVm h¡&
17
bo{IH$m H$m n[aM` :
_hmXodr d_m© Or {díd ñVa H$s H$d{`Ìr h¢Ÿ&
CÝh| "AmYw{ZH$ _ram' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& CZH$m
OÝ_ 24 _mM©, 1907 H$mo \$éIm~mX _| hþAmŸ&
CZHo$ {nVm JmoqdX àgmX d_m© Am¡a _mVm ho_mamZr
Wr§& CÝhm|Zo à`mJ Ho$ {díd{dX²`mb` go g§ñH¥$V _|
E_.E. Cnm{Y àmá H$a à`mJ Ho$ _{hbm {dX²`mnrR>
_| àYmZmÜ`m{nH$m H$m nX g§^mbmŸ&
_hmXodr d_m© Or Zo JX²` Am¡a nX²` XmoZm|
H$s aMZm H$s h¡Ÿ& BZH$s à_wI aMZmE± h¢ :
`m_m, gm§Ü`JrV, Xrn{eIm, ZraOm, Zrhma, AVrV Ho$ Mb{MÌ, ñ_¥{V H$s
aoImE±, nW Ho$ gmWr, _oam n[adma, l¥§Ibm H$s H${‹S>`m± Am{XŸ&
_hmXodr d_m© Or H$mo goŠg[a`m, _§Jb àgmX, {ÛdoXr nXH$ Am{X AZoH$
nwañH$ma àmá h¢Ÿ& CZH$s "`m_m' Ho$ {bE kmZnrR> nwañH$ma àmá h¡Ÿ&
Bg _hmZ² aMZmH$ma H$m {ZYZ {gV§~a, gZ² 1987 H$mo hþAmŸ&
{Q>ßnUr :
H$mH$^wewpÊS> … nwamU-H$Wm _| H$m¡E H$mo n{j`m| Ho$ Jwé Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma
{H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
eãXmW© …
AMmZH$-`H$m`H$, Suddenly; J_bm-\y$bm| Ho$ no‹S> `m nm¡Yo bJmZo H$m ~V©Z,
Pot; Kmd-O»_, hm¡bo go-Yrao go, H$m±M-erem, MwÝZQ>-{gbdQ>, ¤jUÉ ;
gmoZOwhr-EH$ Iwe~yXma \y$b, {Jbhar-Squirrel, _moQ>o éE± Am¡a b§~r ny±N>dmbm
EH$ _mXm OÝVw; AdVrU©-CËnÞ hmoZm, AdV[aV hmoZm; H$mH$X²d`-Xmo H$m¡E,
Mm|M-n{j`m| Ho$ _wI H$m AJ« ^mJ, _ah_-Am¡f{Y H$m bon, Pã~oXma-JwÀNo>
18
O¡gr, S>{b`m-N>moQ>r Q>moH$ar, _ZH|$-_{U, JmV-eara, Xoh; H$sb|-bmoho `m H$mR>
H$s Iy±Q>r, ~am_Xm-Ka Ho$ ~mha H$m ^mJ, gwamhr-ºÀÆf, nmZr aIZo H$m ~V©Z&
Aä`mg
1. bo{IH$m Zo H$m¡E H$mo Š`m| {d{MÌ njr H$hm h¡?
2. {Jbhar H$m ~ÀMm H$hm± n‹S>m Wm?
3. bo{IH$m Zo {Jëby Ho$ Kmdm| na Š`m bJm`m?
4. d_m© Or {Jbhar H$mo {H$g Zm_ go ~wbmVr Wt?
5. {Jbhar H$m bKw JmV {H$gHo$ ^rVa ~§X ahVm Wm?
6. {Jbhar H$m {à` ImX²` Š`m Wm?
7. bo{IH$m H$mo {H$g H$maU go AñnVmb _| ahZm n‹S>m?
8. {Jbhar J_u Ho$ {XZm| _| H$hm± boQ> OmVm Wm?
9. {Jbh[a`m| H$s OrdZmd{Y gm_mÝ`V`m {H$VZr hmoVr h¡?
10. {Jbhar H$s g_m{Y H$hm± ~Zm`r J`r h¡?
1. bo{IH$m H$mo {Jbhar {H$g pñW{V _| {XIm`r n‹S>r?
2. bo{IH$m Zo {Jëby Ho$ àmU H¡$go ~Mmò?
3. bo{IH$m H$m Ü`mZ AmH${f©V H$aZo Ho$ {bE {Jëby Š`m H$aVm Wm?
4. d_m© Or H$mo Mm¢H$mZo Ho$ {bE {Jëby H$hm±-H$hm± {N>n OmVm Wm?
5. {Jëby Zo bo{IH$m H$s J¡ahmµOar _| {XZ H¡$go {~Vmò?
19
III. nm±M N>… dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. {Jëby Ho$ H$m`©-H$bmn Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&
2. bo{IH$m Zo {Jbhar H$mo Š`m-Š`m {gIm`m?
3. {Jëby Ho$ A§{V_ {XZm| H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&
4. {Jëby Ho$ à{V _hmXodr d_m© Or H$s __Vm H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&
IV. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :
1. `h ^r {d{MÌ njr h¡&
2. Cgr ~rM _wPo _| AmhV hmoH$a Hw$N> {XZ AñnVmb
_| ahZm n‹S>m&
3. {Jëby Ho$ OrdZ H$m àW_ Am`m&
4. _oao nmg ~hþV go h¢&
5. {Jëby H$s H$m A§V Am hr J`m&
V. AZwê$n eãX {b{IE :
1. 1907 : _hmXodr d_m© Or H$m OÝ_:: 1987 :
2. Jwbm~ : nm¡Ym :: gmoZOwhr :
3. h§g : g\o$X :: H$m¡Am :
4. {~ëbr : å`mD±$-å`mD±$ :: {Jëby :
5. H$mo`b : _Ywa ñda :: H$m¡Am :
VI. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
1. H$B© K§Q>o Ho$ CnMma Ho$ Cnam§V CgHo$ _w±h _| EH$ ~y±X nmZr Q>nH$m`m
Om gH$m&
2. ~‹S>r H${R>ZmB© go _¢Zo Cgo Wmbr Ho$ nmg ~¡R>Zm {gIm`m&
20
3. {Jëby _oao nmg aIr gwamhr na boQ> OmVm Wm&
4. {XZ â {Jëby Zo Z Hw$N> Im`m, Z dh ~mha J`m&
VII. {Xò Jò ghr órqbJ eãXm| H$mo MwZH$a g§~§{YV nw{ëb§J eãX Ho$ AmJo
{b{IE :
(_`yar, bo{IH$m, lr_Vr, Hw${V`m)
nwq„J órqbJ
1. boIH$
2. lr_mZ
3. _`ya
4. Hw$Îmm
VIII. Imbr OJh ^[aE :
EH$dMZ ~hþdMZ
1. C±Jbr
2. Am±I|
3. ny±N>
4. {I‹S>{H$`m±
5. \y$b
6. n§Oo
7. {bµ\$mµ\$m
8. H$m¡Am
9. J_bo
10. Km|gbo
21
IX. CXmhaUmZwgma àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE :
1. {MnH$Zm {MnH$mZm {MnH$dmZm
{bIZm
{_bZm
MbZm
2. XoIZm {XImZm {XIdmZm
ôOZm
IobZm
XoZm
3. gmoZm gwbmZm gwbdmZm
amoZm
YmoZm
ImobZm
4. nrZm {nbmZm {nbdmZm
grZm
grIZm
5. _m±JZm _±JmZm _±JdmZm
~m±Q>Zm
_m±PZm
Om±MZm
22
X. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
{ZH$Q> x Xÿa CÎmrU© x AZwÎmrU©
1. {XZ x 1. Cn`moJ x
2. ^rVa x 2. CnpñW{V x
3. M‹T>Zm x 3. C[MV x
{dídmg x A{dídmg B©_mZ x ~oB©_mZ

1. {à` x 1. hmoe x
2. g§Vmof x 2. I~a x
3. ñdñW x 3. M¡Z x
~bdmZ x ~bhrZ YZ x {ZY©Z

1. ~w{Õ_mZ x 1. OZ x
2. e{ŠV_mZ x 2. ~b x
3. X`mdmZ x 3. JwU x
XI. g_mZmW©H$ eãXm| H$mo MwZH$a {b{IE :

(ImZm, eara, {M{H$Ëgm, BbmO, Xoh, Vbme, ^moOZ, gmhg, AMaO,
Y¡`©, T>±y‹T>, AmíM`©)
CXm : CnMma {M{H$Ëgm BbmO
1. JmV
2. Amhma
3. {dñ_`
4. {hå_V
5. ImoO
23
XII. H$maH$ H$m Zm_ {b{IE :
CXm : J_bo Ho$ Mmam| Amoa - g§~§Y H$maH$
1. _w±h _| EH$ ~±yX nmZr -
2. {Jëby H$mo nH$‹S>H$a -
3. OrdZ H$m àW_ dg§V -
4. {I‹S>H$s H$s Iwbr Ombr -
5. _¢Zo H$sb| {ZH$mbH$a -
6. Pybo go CVaH$a -
7. gwamhr na boQ> OmVm -
8. Hw$N> nmZo Ho$ {bE -
XIII.XrJ`r eãX-nhobr go new-n{j`m| Ho$ Zm_ Ty>±‹T>H$a {b{IE:
1)
_mo Hw$ _ `y a 2)
3)
a Îmm J é S> 4)
h§ H$ ~y V a 5)
6)
g {~ „r H$m¡ Am 7)
^mfm kmZ 8)
I. CXmhaUg{hV ñda g§{Y Ho$ nm±M ôXm| H$m Zm_ {b{IE&
ì`§OZ g§{Y
ì`§OZ Ho$ gmW ñda AWdm ì`§OZ Ho$ _ob go CËnÞ n[adV©Z H$mo ì`§OZ g§{Y
H$hVo h¢&
CXmhaU : OJV² + ZmW = OJÞmW
gV² + AmMma = gXmMma
24
dmH²$ + _` = dmL²>_`
dmH²$ + B©e = dmJre
fQ²> + Xe©Z = fS²>Xe©Z
II. g§{Y {dÀN>oX H$aHo$ {b{IE :
VëbrZ - {MXmZ§X -
{XJå~a - gÁOZ -
gX²J[V -
III. ñda g§{Y Am¡a ì`§OZ g§{Y Ho$ eãXm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE :
gXmMma, {Jare, dmJre, BË`m{X, gX¡d, Z`Z, OJÝZmW, _hmoËgd
fS²>Xe©Z, OJÝ_mohZ
ñda g§{Y ì`§OZ g§{Y
n[a`moOZm : new-n{j`m| H$s Üd{Z`m| H$s Vm{bH$m ~ZmBE&

nmR> go AmJo -
* AmnHo$ {à` nmbVy OmZda Ho$ ~mao _| Xg dmŠ` {b{IE&
* nmR> _| à`wŠV {H«$`m eãXm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&
* nmR> _| à`wŠV q~Xþ, M§Ðq~Xþ Am¡a ZwŠVm Ho$ nm±M-nm±M eãX {b{IE&
* "`y Q²>`y~' _| "{Jëby' H$m dr{S>`mo Xo{IE&
25
4. A{^Zd _Zwî`
am_Ymarqgh "{X>ZH$a' -
Bg H${dVm Ho$ X²dmam ~ÀMo ñZoh, _mZdr`Vm, ^mB©Mmam Am{X H$m _hËd g_P gH$Vo h¢&
AmO H$s Xþ{Z`m {d{MÌ, ZdrZ;

àH¥${V na gd©Ì h¡ {dO`r nwéf AmgrZ&
h¡ ~±Yo Za Ho$ H$am| _| dm[a, {dÚwV, ^mn,
hþŠ_ na M‹T>Vm-CVaVm h¡ ndZ H$m Vmn&
h¢ Zht ~mH$s H$ht ì`dYmZ
bm±K gH$Vm Za g[aV² {J[a {gÝYw EH$ g_mZ&
26
`h _ZwO,
{OgH$m JJZ _| Om ahm h¡ `mZ,
H$m±nVo {OgHo$ H$amo§ H$mo XoI H$a na_mUw&
`h _ZwO, Omo g¥{ï> H$m ûm¥§Jma,
kmZ H$m, {dkmZ H$m, AmbmoH$ H$m AmJma&
ì`mo_ go nmVmb VH$ g~ Hw$N> Bgo h¡ ko`,
na, Z `h n[aM` _ZwO H$m, `h Z CgH$m lo` &
lo` CgH$m, ~w{Õ na M¡VÝ` Ca H$s OrV,
lo` _mZd H$s Agr{_V _mZdm| go àrV;
EH$ Za go Xÿgao Ho$ ~rM H$m ì`dYmZ
Vmo‹S> Xo Omo, ~g, dhr kmZr, dhr {dÛmZ,
Am¡a _mZd ^r dhr&
*******
H${dVm H$m Ame` :
Bg nÚ^mJ _| d¡km{ZH$ `wwJ Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ _mZd H$m {díbofU
hþAm h¡& H${d {XZH$a Or Bg H${dVm Ûmam `h g§Xoe XoZm MmhVo h¢ {H$
AmO Ho$ _mZd Zo àH¥${V Ho$ ha VËd na {dO` àmßV H$a br h¡& na§Vw
H¡$gr {dS>§~Zm h¡ {H$ CgZo ñd`§ H$mo Zht nhMmZm, AnZo ^mB©Mmao H$mo Zht
g_Pm& àH¥${V na {dO` àmßV H$aZm _Zwî` H$s gmYZm h¡, _mZd-_mZd
Ho$ ~rM ñZoh H$m ~m±Y ~m±YZm _mZd H$s {g{Õ h¡& Omo _mZd Xÿgao _mZd
go ào_ H$m [aíVm Omo‹S>H$a Amng H$s Xÿar H$mo {_Q>mE, dhr _mZd H$hbmZo
H$m A{YH$mar hmoJm&
27
H${d n[aM` :
H${d am_Ymarqgh {XZH$a Or H$m OÝ_ B©. gZ² 1908
H$mo {~hma àm§V Ho$ _w§Joa {Obo _| hþAm& nhbo do
ao{S>`mo {d^mJ _| H$m_ H$aVo Wo& ~mX _| EH$ gaH$mar
H$m°boO Ho$ àmÜ`mnH$ ~Zo& AmJo MbH$a do ^maV
gaH$ma Ho$ qhXr gbmhH$ma Ho$ nX na {Z`wŠV hþE&
B©. gZ² 1974 H$mo BZH$m XohmdgmZ hþAm &
H${d H$s Hw$N> à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - hþ±H$ma, aoUwH$m,
agd§Vr, gm_YoZr, Yyn-N>m±h, Hw$éjoÌ, ~mny,
apí_a{W Am{X& H${d H$s ha aMZm _| öX` H$mo à^m{dV Am¡a CËgm{hV H$aZo
H$s nyU© epŠV h¡& BZH$s ^mfm gOrd Am¡a {df` Ho$ AZwHy$b h¡&
"A{^Zd _Zwî`' nÚ^mJ "Hw$éjoÌ' Ho$ fîR> gJ© go {b`m J`m h¡&
eãXmW© :
A{^Zd-Z`m, ZdrZ, AmYw{ZH$; dm[a-Ob, ^mîn, dmîn - vapour;
hþŠ_ - Amkm, ì`dYmZ - naXm, éH$mdQ>, ~mYm; g[aV² - ZXr, g[aVm;
qgYw-gmJa, g_wÐ; AmbmoH$-àH$me, ko` - OmZH$mar, lo`-è, H$ë`mU,
_§Jb &
Aä`mg
1. AmO H$s Xþ{Z`m H¡$gr h¡?
2. _mZd Ho$ hþŠ_ na Š`m M‹T>Vm Am¡a CVaVm h¡?
3. na_mUw {H$go XoIH$a H$m±nVo h¢?
4. "A{^Zd _Zwî`' H${dVm Ho$ H${d H$m Zm_ {b{IE &
5. AmYw{ZH$ nwéf Zo {H$g na {dO` nm`r h¡?
6. Za {H$Z-{H$ZH$mo EH$ g_mZ bm±K gH$Vm h¡?
7. AmO _ZwO H$m `mZ H$hm± Om ahm h¡?
28
1. "àH¥${V na gd©Ì h¡ {dO`r nwéf AmgrZ' - Bg n§pŠV H$m Ame`
g_PmBE &
2. {XZH$a Or Ho$ AZwgma _mZd H$m ghr n[aM` Š`m h¡?
3. Bg H${dVm H$m Xÿgam H$m¡Z-gm erf©H$ hmo gH$Vm h¡? Š`m|?
III. ^mdmW© {b{IE :
`h _ZwO, Omo g¥pîQ> H$m ûm¥§Jma,
kmZ H$m, {dkmZ H$m, AmbmoH$ H$m AmJma &
ì`mo_ go nmVmb VH$ g~ Hw$N> Bgo h¡ ko`,
na, Z `h n[aM` _ZwO H$m, `h Z CgH$m lo` &
IV. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo nhMmZH$a {b{IE :
CXm : ZdrZ-AmgrZ
1. ^mn -
2. ì`dYmZ -
3. ûm¥§Jma -
4. ko` -
5. OrV -
V. n§{ŠV`m± nyU© H$s{OE :
AmO H$s Xþ{Z`m , ZdrZ ;
àH¥${V {dO`r AmgrZ&
_| dm[a, ^mn,
hþŠ_ na H$m Vmn&
29
VI. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :
1. Xþ{Z`m -
2. {d{MÌ -
3. ZdrZ -
4. Za -
5. dm[a -
6. H$a -
7. AmJma -
VII. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

1. AmO x
2. x àmMrZ
3. M‹T>Vm x
4. g_mZ x
5. x AkmZ
6. OrV x
7. x gr{_V
8. VmoS‹ > x
30
VIII. EH$ eãX {b{IE :
O¡go : g^r OJhm| _| - gd©Ì
1. AmgZ na ~¡R>m hþAm -
2. ~Mm hþAm -
3. _Zw H$s g§VmZ -
4. {deof kmZ -
5. A{YH$ {dX²`m àmá
IX. AZwê$n eãX {b{IE :
1. {J[a : nhm‹S> :: dm[a :
2. ndZ : dm`w : qgYþ :
3. µO_rZ : Amg_mZ : AmH$me :
4. Za : AmX_r :: Ca :
H${dVm go AmJo -
• {XZH$a Or H$s AÝ` H$mì`-H¥${V`m| H$m n[aM` àmßV H$s{OE&
• ""_mZd H$s ghr nhMmZ ~w{Õ d VH©$ Zht na§Vw _mZdr`Vm h¡&'' -
Bg {df` na H$jm _| EH$ dmX-{ddmX à{V`mo{JVm H$m Am`moOZ H$s{OE&
31
5. _oam ~MnZ
S>m°.E.nr.Oo. AãXþb H$bm_-

Bg nmR> Ho$ Ûmam N>mÌ gmXJr, Ym{_©H$ g{hîUwVm, {_b-OwbH$a ahZm Am¡a {H$Vm~|
n‹T>Zo H$m à`moOZ Am{X H$s àoaUm nm gH$Vo h¢&
_oam OÝ_ _Ðmg amÁ` (A~ V{_bZmSw>)
Ho$ am_oída_² H$ñ~o _| EH$ _Ü`dJu`
n[adma _| hþAm Wm& _oao {nVm
O¡Zwbm~XrZ H$s H$moB© ~hþV AÀN>r
Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejm Zht hþB© Wr Am¡a Z hr
do H$moB© ~hþV YZr ì`{ŠV Wo& BgHo$
~mdOyX do ~w{Õ_mZ Wo Am¡a CZ_| CXmaVm
H$s gÀMr ^mdZm Wr& _oar _m±,
Am{e`å_m, CZH$s AmXe© OrdZg§{JZr
Wt& _oao _mVm-{nVm H$mo h_mao g_mO _|
EH$ AmXe© X§nVr Ho$ ê$n _| XoIm OmVm Wm&
_¢ H$B© ~ÀMm| _| go EH$ Wm, b§~o-Mm¡‹S>o d gw§Xa _mVm-{nVm H$m N>moQ>r
H$X-H$mR>r H$m gmYmaU-gm {XIZodmbm ~ÀMm& h_ bmoJ AnZo nwíV¡Zr Ka _|
ahVo Wo& am_oída_² H$s _g{OXdmbr Jbr _| ~Zm `h Ka MyZo-nËWa d BªQ>
go ~Zm nŠH$m Am¡a ~‹S>m Wm& _oao {nVm AmS>§~ahrZ ì`{ŠV Wo Am¡a g^r
AZmdí`H$ Ed§ Eoemo-Amam_dmbr MrµOm| go Xÿa ahVo Wo& na Ka _| g^r
Amdí`H$ MrµO| g_w{MV _mÌm _| gwb^Vm go CnbãY Wt& dmñVd _|, _¢ H$h±ÿJm
{H$ _oam ~MnZ ~hþV hr {ZpíM¨VVm Am¡a gmXJr _| ~rVm - ^m¡{VH$ Ed§
^mdZmË_H$ XmoZm| hr Ñ{ï>`m| go&
_¢ àm`… AnZr _m± Ho$ gmW hr agmoB© _| ZrMo ~¡R>H$a ImZm Im`m H$aVm Wm&
do _oao gm_Zo Ho$bo H$m nÎmm {~N>mVt Am¡a {\$a Cg na Mmdb Ed§ gwJ{§ YV,
ñdm{Xï> gm§~ma S>mbVr; gmW _| Ka H$m ~Zm AMma Am¡a Zm[a`b H$s VmµOr MQ>Zr
^r hmoVr&
32
à{V{ð>V {ed _§{Xa-{OgHo$ H$maU am_oída_² à{gÕ VrW©ñWb h¡-H$m h_mao
Ka go Xg {_ZQ> H$m n¡Xb amñVm Wm& {Og BbmHo$ _| h_ ahVo Wo, dh _wg{b_
~hþb Wm& bo{H$Z dhm± Hw$N> qhXÿ n[adma ^r Wo, Omo AnZo _wgb_mZ n‹S>mo{g`m|
Ho$ gmW {_b-OwbH$a ahVo Wo& h_mao BbmHo$ _| EH$ ~hþV hr nwamZr _g{OX
Wr, Ohm± em_ H$mo Z_mµO Ho$ {bE _oao {nVmOr _wPo AnZo gmW bo OmVo Wo&
am_oída_² _§{Xa Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o nwOmar njr bú_U emór _oao {nVmOr Ho$
A{^ÝZ {_Ì Wo& AmÜ`mpË_H$ _m_bm| na MMm©E± H$aVo ahVo& O~ _¢ àíZ nyN>Zo
bm`H$ ~‹S>m hþAm Vmo _¢Zo {nVmOr go Z_mµO H$s àmg§{JH$Vm Ho$ ~mao _| nyN>m&
do H$hVo - "O~ Vw_ Z_mµO n‹T>Vo hmo Vmo Vw_ AnZo eara go BVa ~«÷m§S> H$m
EH$ {hñgm ~Z OmVo hmo; {Og_| Xm¡bV, Am`w, Om{V `m Y_©-n§W H$m H$moB©
ôX^md Zht hmoVm&'
_wPo `mX h¡, {nVmOr H$s {XZM`m© nm¡ \$Q>Zo Ho$ nhbo hr gw~h Mma
~Oo Z_mµO n‹T>Zo Ho$ gmW ewê$ hmo OmVr Wr& Z_mµO Ho$ ~mX do h_mao Zm[a`b
Ho$ ~mJ Om`m H$aVo& ~mJ Ka go H$ar~ Mma _rb Xÿa Wm& H$ar~ XO©Z
â Zm[a`b H§$Y>o na {bò {nVmOr Ka bm¡Q>Vo Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX hr CZH$m
ZmíVm hmoVm&
_¢Zo AnZr {dkmZ Ed§ àm¡Úmo{JH$s H$s gmar qµOXJr _| {nVmOr H$s ~mVm|
H$m AZwgaU H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡& _¢Zo CZ ~w{Z`mXr gË`m| H$mo g_PZo
H$m âgH$ à`mg {H$`m h¡ {H$ Eogr H$moB© X¡dr e{ŠV µOê$a h¡ Omo h_|
^«_, Xþ…Im|, {dfmX Am¡a Ag\$bVm go Nw>Q>H$mam {XbmVr h¡ VWm ghr amñVm
{XImVr h¡&
O~ {nVmOr Zo bH$‹S>r H$s Zm¡H$mE± ~ZmZo H$m H$m_ ewê$ {H$`m, Cg g_`
_¢ N>h gmb H$m Wm& ò Zm¡H$mE± VrW©`m{Ì`m| H$mo am_oída_² go YZwfH$mo{S>>
(goVwŠH$amB© ^r H$hm OmVm h¡) VH$ bmZo-bo OmZo Ho$ H$m_ AmVr Wt& EH$
33
ñWmZr` R>oHo$Xma Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ Ho$ gmW {nVmOr g_wÐ VQ> Ho$ nmg Zm¡H$mE±
~ZmZo bJo& ~mX _| Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ H$s _oar ~‹S>r ~hZ µOmoham Ho$ gmW
emXr hmo JB©& Zm¡H$mAm| H$mo AmH$ma boVo hþE _¢ Jm¡a go XoIVm Wm& {nVmOr H$m
H$mamo~ma H$mµ\$s AÀN>m Mb ahm Wm& EH$ {XZ gm¡ _rb à{V K§Q>o H$s aµâVma
go hdm Mbr Am¡a g_wÐ _| Vyµ\$mZ Am J`m& Vyµ\$mZ _| goVwŠH$amB© Ho$ Hw$N> bmoJ
Am¡a h_mar Zmd| ~h JBª& Cgr _| nm_~Z nwb ^r Qy>Q> J`m Am¡a `m{Ì`m| go
âr Q´>oZ XwK©Q>ZmJ«ñV hmo JB©& V~ VH$ _¢Zo {gµ\©$ g_wÐ H$s Iy~gyaVr H$mo hr
XoIm Wm& CgH$s Anma Ed§ A{Z`§{ÌV D$Om© Zo _wPo hVà^ H$a {X`m&
C_« _| H$mµ\$s \$H©$ hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ _oao A§Va§J {_Ì
~Z JE& dh _wPgo H$ar~Z n§Ðh gmb ~‹S>o Wo Am¡a _wPo "AmµOmX' H$hH$a nwH$mam
H$aVo Wo& h_ XmoZm| amoµOmZm em_ H$mo Xÿa VH$ gmW Ky_Zo Om`m H$aVo& h_
_g{OXdmbr Jbr go {ZH$bVo Am¡a g_wÐ Ho$ aoVrbo VQ> na Mb n‹S>Vo& _¢ Am¡a
ObmbwX²XrZ àm`… AmÜ`mpË_H$ {df`m| na ~mV| H$aVo&
àg§Jde _wPo `hm± `h ^r CëboI H$a XoZm Mm{hE {H$ nyao BbmHo$ _| {gµ\©$
ObmbwX²XrZ hr Wo, Omo A§J«oµOr _| {bI gH$Vo Wo& _oao n[a{MVm| _|, ObmbwX²XrZ
Ho$ ~am~a {ejm H$m ñVa {H$grH$m ^r Zht Wm Am¡a Z hr {H$grH$mo CZHo$
~am~a ~mhar Xþ{Z`m Ho$ ~mao _| nVm Wm & ObmbwX²XrZ _wPo h_oem {e{jV
ì`{ŠV`m|, d¡km{ZH$ ImoOm|, g_H$mbrZ gm{hË` Am¡a {M{H$Ëgm {dkmZ H$s
CnbpãY`m| Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmVo ahVo Wo& dhr Wo {OÝhm|Zo _wPo gr{_V Xmào go
~mha {ZH$mbH$a ZB© Xþ{Z`m H$m ~moY H$am`m&
_oao ~më`H$mb _| nwñVH|$ EH$ Xþb©^ dñVw H$s Vah hþAm H$aVr Wt& h_mao
`hm± ñWmZr` ñVa na EH$ nyd© H«$m§{VH$mar `m H${hE, CJ« amï´>dmXr Eg.Q>r.Ama.
_m{ZH$_ H$m {ZOr nwñVH$mb` Wm& CÝhm|Zo _wPo h_oem n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE
CËgm{hV {H$`m & _¢, AŠga CZHo$ Ka go n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE {H$Vm~| bo Am`m H$aVm
Wm&
34
Xÿgao {Og ì`{ŠV H$m _oao ~mb-OrdZ na Jham Aga n‹S>m, dh _oao MMoao
^mB© eågwX²XrZ Wo& dh am_oída_² _| AI~mam| Ho$ EH$_mÌ {dVaH$ Wo& AI~ma
am_oída_² ñQ>oeZ na gw~h H$s Q´>oZ go nhþ±MVo Wo, Omo nm_~Z go AmVr Wr&
Bg AI~ma EO|gr H$mo AHo$bo eågwX²XrZ hr MbmVo Wo& am_oída_² _| AI~mam|
H$s Ow_bm EH$ hµOma à{V`m± {~H$Vr Wt&
~MnZ _| _oao VrZ nŠHo$ XmoñV Wo - am_mZ§X emór, AaqdXZ Am¡a

{edàH$me& ò VrZm| hr ~«m÷U n[admam| go Wo& am_mZ§X emór Vmo am_oída_²
_§{Xa Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o nwOmar njr bú_U emór H$m ~oQ>m Wm& AbJ-AbJ Y_©,
nmbZ-nmofU, n‹T>mB©-{bImB© H$mo boH$a h__| go {H$gr ^r ~ÀMo Zo H$^r ^r
Amng _| H$moB© ôX^md _hgyg Zht {H$`m&
*******
nmR> H$m Ame` :
^maV Ho$ amï´>n{V H$bm_ Or H$m OrdZ gmXJr H$m {_gmb Wm& CZHo$
_mVm-{nVm H$m n[al_, AmS>§~ahrZ OrdZ g~Ho$ {bE AmXe©àm` h¡& CZH$m
n[adma A{V{W`m| H$s godm go g§V¥á Wm& CZH$m n[adma Ym{_©H$ EH$Vm H$mo
_mZVm Wm& ~ÀMm| Ho$ M¡VÝèrb, ~hþ_wIr ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE Eogo
AmXe© ì`{ŠV`m| H$s OrdZr àoaUmàX h¡&
35
boIH$ n[aM` :
ACb \$H$sa O¡Zwbm~XrZ AãXþb H$bm_ Or H$m OÝ_ 15-10-1931 H$mo
hþAm& ~‹S>o d¡km{ZH$ S>m°.E.nr.Oo. AãXþb H$bm_ Or 25-07-2002 go 24-07-
2007 VH$ h_mao Xoe Ho$ amï´>n{V Wo& Xoe Ho$ AmXe© VWm "OZdmXr amï´>n{V'
Ho$ Zm_ go ^maV Ho$ H$amo‹S>-H$amo‹S> öX`m| _| à{V{ð>V H$bm_ Or AnZr 82 dfm]
H$s C_« _| ^r AZoH$mZoH$ gm_m{OH$ àJ{Verb Am§XmobZm| _| AË`§V g{H«$` aho&
~ÀMm| VWm `wdH$m| Ho$ M¡VÝèrb Ed§ ~hþ_wIr ì`{ŠVËd Ho$ {Z_m©UmW© AmnHo$ Zò
A{^`mZ H$m _§Ì Wm - "_¢ Š`m X±ÿ?' ñdn[adV©Z H$s Amoa CÝ_wI Bg A{^`mZ
H$m CX²Kmof Wm - B©_mZXma H$m`© Ed§ B©_mZXma H$m Zm_& "hmo_nmb' A{^`mZ
Ûmam Amn ~MnZ _| hr BZ gdmbm| H$mo ~moZm MmhVo Wo {H$ ""_¢ Xoe Ho$ {bE
Š`m Xo gH$Vm h±ÿ? g_mO Ed§ n[aga Ho$ {bE Š`m H$a gH$Vm h±ÿ?''
(Xo{IE : http://www.whatcanigive.info)
eãXmW© :
H$ñ~m - N>moQ>m eha, OrdZ g§{JZr-nËZr, amoµOmZm - {ZË`, H$X-H$mR>r -
Xoh H$m JR>Z, g_w{MV - `mo½`, nwíV¡Zr - n¡V¥H$, Omo nr{‹T>`m| go Mbm AmVm
hmo, Omo H$B© nr{‹T>`mo§ VH$ Mbm Om` ; ~hþb - ~hþV , nm¡ \$Q>Zm
(_whmdam) - à^mV hmoZm , ~w{Z`mX - Ztd, âgH$ - `Wm e{ŠV, H$m_ AmZm
(_whmdam) - BñVo_mb hmoZm, H$m_ _| AmZm; VQ> - {H$Zmam , aµâVma - J{V,
aoV - ~mby , Aga - à^md , Ow_bm -Hw$b, _hgyg - {OgH$m kmZ `m AZw^d
hmo, R>Ho $m - a contract ({Z`V g_` `m Xa na H$moB© H$m_ `m ~mV H$aZo-
H$amZo H$m BH$ama) , hVà^-{ZñVoO, {e{Wb; H$ar~Z - bJ^J, ñVa - _mZ,
CnbpãY - àm{á , Xmàm - H$m`©jÌo , d¥Îm ; AŠga - àmM… A{YH$Va, {dVaH$
- ~m±Q>Zdo mbm , H$mamo~ma - H$m`©ì`mnma&
36
Aä`mg

1. AãXþb H$bm_ Or H$m OÝ_ H$hm± hþAm?
2. AãXþb H$bm_ Or ~MnZ _| {H$g Ka _| ahVo Wo?
3. AãXþb H$bm_ Or Ho$ ~MnZ _| Xþb©^ dñVw Š`m Wr?
4. AãXþb H$bm_ Or Ho$ MMoao ^mB© H$m¡Z Wo?
1. AãXþb H$bm_ H$m ~MnZ ~hþV hr {ZpíM¨VVm Am¡a gmXJr _| ~rVZo
Ho$ H$maU {b{IE &
2. Am{e`å_m Or AãXþb H$bm_ H$mo ImZo _| Š`m-Š`m XoVr Wt?
3. O¡Zwbm~XrZ Z_mµO Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$hVo Wo?
4. O¡Zwbm~XrZ Zo H$m¡Z-gm H$m_ ewê$ {H$`m?
III. Mma `m nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. eågwX²XrZ AI~mam| Ho$ {dVaU H$m H$m`© H¡$go H$aVo Wo?
IV. BZ _whmdam| na Ü`mZ Xr{OE :
nm¡ \$Q>Zm = à^mV hmoZm
H$m_ AmZm = H$m_ _| AmZm, BñVo_mb hmoZm
V. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :
~ÀMm, Jbr, Ho$bm, Zm¡H$m, à{V`m±, nwñVH|$
37
VI. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
~hþV, em_, g\$b, AÀN>m, ~‹S>m, AnZm
VII. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
A Am
1. _oao {nVm MMoao ^mB©
2. _«Xmg amÁ` A§Va§J {_Ì
3. eågwX²XrZ am_mZ§X emór
4. Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ O¡Zwbm~XrZ
5. nŠH$m XmoñV V{_bZmSw>
am_oída_²
VIII.[aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE :
1. Am{e`å_m CZH$s AmXe© Wt&
2. am_oída_² à{gÕ h¡&
3. nwOmar njr bú_U emór _oao {nVmOr Ho$ Wo&
4. AI~ma EO|gr H$mo AHo$bo hr MbmVo Wo&
5. Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ H$s Ho$ gmW emXr hmo JB©&
IX. AZwê$nVm :
1. Jm§YrOr : amï´>{nVm :: AãXþb H$bm_:
2. ObmbwX²XrZ : OrOm :: eågwX²XrZ :
3. Q´>oZ : ^y-`mÌm :: Zm¡H$m :
4. qhXÿ : _§{Xa :: Bñbm_ :
38
X. ghr eãX go Imbr ñWmZ ^[aE :
1. AãXþb H$bm_ H$m OÝ_ _| hþAm&
A) MoÝZ¡ Am) ~|Jbyé B) am_oída_² B©) lra§J_²
2. am_oída_² _| à{V{ð>V _§{Xa h¡&
A) {dîUw Am) Aæ`ßnm B) hZw_mZ B©) {ed
3. O¡Zwbm~XrZ H$s {XZM`m© Ho$ nhbo ewê$ hmoVr Wr&
A) nm¡ \$Q>Zo Am) gy`m©ñV B) Xmonha B©) em_
4. Ah_X ObmbwX²XrZ AãXþb H$bm_ H$mo H$hH$a nwH$mam
H$aVo Wo&
A) AãXþb Am) AmµOmX B) amï´>dmXr B©) H$bm_
XI. dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :
OrdZ g§{JZr, nwíV¡Zr, à{gÕ, {XZM`m©, g§Vw{ï>
XII. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :
Ka, ~w{Z`mX, em_, eara, XmoñV
^mfm kmZ
I. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m eãXm| H$mo {b{IE :
n‹T>Zm - n‹T>mZm
1. XoIZm -
2. gwZZm -
3. H$aZm -
39
4. OJZm -
5. ôOZm -
6. MbZm -
7. ~¡R>Zm -
8. amoZm -
9. YmoZm -
10. XoZm -
II. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma àoaUmW©H$ eãXm| H$s ghm`Vm go nm±M dmŠ`
~ZmBE :
CXm : AÜ`mnH$ H$hmZr gwZmVo h¢&
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
nmR> go AmJo -
^maV Ho$ amï´>n{V`m| Ho$ {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$aHo$ CZH$m g§{já n[aM` Xr{Oò&
40
6. ~g§V H$s gÀMmB©
{dîUw à^mH$a -
N>mÌ Bg EH$m§H$s _| {M{ÌV ~mbH$ Ho$ M[aÌ go ào[aV hmoH$a àm_m{UH$Vm go OrZm
grI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
nmÌ-n[aM`
~g§V : EH$ Jar~ eaUmWu b‹S>H$m
àVmn : ~g§V H$m N>moQ>m ^mB©
n§{S>V amO{H$emoa : EH$ ZoVm
S>m°ŠQ>a VWm Xmo amh MbVo ì`{ŠV
nhbm Ñí`
(ñQ>Oo na gw{dYmZwgma EH$ ~‹S>o ZJa Ho$ ~mµOma H$m àVrH$mË_H$ Ñí`Ÿ&
AmZo-OmZo, boZ-o XoZo H$m emoa, \o$ardmbm| H$s nwH$maŸ& CÝhtHo$ ~rM _| EH$ b‹S>H$m,
Z§Jo n¡a, \$Q>o H$n‹S>o nhZo, hmW _| gm_mZ g§^mbo ^mJVm hþAm AmVm h¡Ÿ& CgH$s
Am`w bJ^J 12 df© H$s h¡Ÿ& CgH$m Zm_ ~g§V h¡Ÿ& dh nwH$ma ahm h¡Ÿ&)
41
~g§V : N>bZr bo bmo, ~Q>Z bo bmo, {X`mgbmB© bo bmoŸ&
(H$moB© CgH$s ~mV Zht gwZVmŸ& g~ Cgo XoIVo h¢ Am¡a
AmJo ~‹T> OmVo h¢Ÿ& Bgr g_` EH$ IX²XaYmar ì`{ŠV dhm±
go OmVo {XImB© XoVo h¢Ÿ& do _OXya ZoVm n§. amO{H$emoa h¢Ÿ& ~g§V
CÝh| XoIH$a CZHo$ nrN>o ^mJVm h¡Ÿ&)
~g§V : gmh~! ~Q>Z br{OE, Xogr ~Q>ZŸ& gmh~, {X`mgbmB© br{OEŸ&
amO{H$emoa : ^mB©! _wPo Hw$N> Zht Mm{hEŸ& OmAmo, {H$gr Am¡a H$mo XmoŸ&
~g§V : gmh~ N>bZr br{OEŸ& XyY N>m{ZE, Mm` N>m{ZE...
amO{H$emoa : _wPo Zht Mm{hEŸ&
~g§V : ~Q>Z...
amO{H$emoa : ZhtŸ&
~g§V : {X`mgbmB©...
amO{H$emoa : Zht, ZhtŸ&
~g§V : ({dZ_« ñda) gmh~ EH$ N>bZr bo br{OEŸ& {g\©$ Xmo AmZm
H$s_V h¡Ÿ&
amO{H$emoa : na ^mB© ! _wPo Zht Mm{hE Vmo H¡$go bo by± ?
~g§V : AÀN>m Amn N>… n¡go...&
amO{H$emoa : Amohmo! H$h {X`m _wPo Hw$N> Zht Mm{hEŸ&
~g§V : (éAm±-gm) gmh~, g~oao go A~ VH$ Hw$N> Zht {~H$mŸ& Amngo
Amem WrŸ& gmh~! EH$ Vmo bo br{OEŸ&
amO{H$emoa : (Oo~ go Xmo n¡go {ZH$mbVo hþE) Vw_ Vmo... AÀN>m Vwåh| n¡go
Mm{hEŸ& bmo, ò Xmo n¡go bmo Am¡a OmAmoŸ&
~g§V : (EH$X_) Zht gmh~, ZhtŸ& _¢ n¡go Zht by±JmŸ&
42
amO{H$emoa : Zht bmoJo ?
~g§V : Or Zht, Amn N>bZr ãrX br{OEŸ&
amO{H$emoa : AÀN>m, EH$ N>bZr _| Vwåh| Š`m ~MoJm ?
~g§V : Xmo n¡goŸ&
amO{H$emoa : Vmo ~g n¡go bo bmo Am¡a g_P bmo _¢Zo EH$ N>bZr ãrX brŸ&
~g§V : Zht gmh~, ZhtŸ& `h Vmo ^rI h¡Ÿ& _¢ ^rI Zht by±JmŸ&
Amn N>bZr bo b|Ÿ&
(amO{H$emoa na Bg ~mV H$m ~‹S>m Aga hmoVm h¡Ÿ& do ghgm
Cg ~ÀMo H$mo XoIVo h¢ {\$a Oo~ Q>Q>mobVo h¢, na n¡go Zht
{_bVo&)
amO{H$emoa : ^mB©, _oao nmg n¡go Zht h¢& hmoVo Vmo bo boVm, ZmoQ> h¡Ÿ&
~g§V : (CXmg) ZmoQ> h¡Ÿ& n¡go Vmo _oao nmg ^r Zht h¢Ÿ& Hw$N> {~H$m
hr ZhtŸ&
amO{H$emoa : V^r Vmo H$hVm WmŸ& AÀN>m, H$b bo by±Jm `m _oao Ka bo
AmZmŸ& {H$eZJ§O _| ahVm hÿ±Ÿ&
~g§V : (EH$X_) Zht gmh~, AmO hr bo br{OEŸ& Amn ZmoQ> _wPo
Xr{OE, _¢ A^r ~mµOma go ^wZm bmVm hÿ±Ÿ&
amO{H$emoa : ^mB© Vw_ Vmo...
~g§V : ~g _¢ `h Am`mŸ&
amO{H$emoa : AÀN>m bmo, ^wZm bmAmo, A^r AmZmŸ&
~g§V : A^r Am`m, gmh~Ÿ& Amn `ht R>ha| ; A^r nbH$ _maVo hr
Am`mŸ&
(~g§V ZmoQ> boH$a ~mµOma H$s Amoa ^mJVm h¡Ÿ& amO{H$emoa dht I‹S>o
ahVo h¢Ÿ& Yrao-Yrao n§Ðh-~rg {_ZQ> ~rV OmVo h¢Ÿ& O¡g-o O¡go g_`
~rVVm h¡, do CËgwH$ hmoH$a ~mµOma H$s Amoa XoIVo h¢Ÿ&)
43
amO{H$emoa : n§Ðh {_ZQ> hmo JE, A~ VH$ Zht Am`mŸ& H$hm± ah J`mŸ?
_wPo Vmo bJVm h¡ A~ Zht bm¡Q>oJmŸ&
Xygam Ñí`
(ñQ>oO na µOam gm n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW nhbo O¡gm Ñí`Ÿ& EH$
Amoa {H$eZJ§O H$m ~moS>© bJm hþAm h¡Ÿ& hëH$m emoa h¡Ÿ& g§Ü`m
hmo JB© h¡Ÿ& bmoJ Kam| H$s Amoa bm¡Q> aho h¢Ÿ& CÝhtHo$ ~rM
_| EH$ Xw~bm-nVbm b‹S>H$m OëXr-OëXr AmVm h¡Ÿ& dh Z§Jo
n¡a h¡,Ÿ H$n‹S>o \$Q>o h¢Ÿ& Am`w bJ^J Xg df© h¡Ÿ& CgH$s eŠb
~g§V go {_bVr h¡Ÿ& dh CgH$m N>moQ>m ^mB© àVmn h¡Ÿ& dh
AmVo-OmVo ì`{ŠV`m| go Hw$N> nyN> ahm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ _wI na
ì`J«Vm h¡Ÿ&)
àVmn : Š`m| Or, {H$eZJ§O `hr h¡ ?
EH$ ì`{ŠV : hm±Ÿ&
àVmn : n§.amO{H$emoa H$hm± ahVo h¢ ?
EH$ ì`{ŠV : H$m¡Z amO{H$emoa ?
àVmn : Omo b¡ŠMa XoVo h¢Ÿ& _OXyam| H$s ~ñVr _| OmVo h¢Ÿ&
EH$ ì`{ŠV : _¢ Zht OmZVm, AmJo nyN>moŸ&
(àVmn AmJo ~‹T> OmVm h¡, Am¡a EH$ Xygao ì`{ŠV go nyN>Vm h¡Ÿ&)
àVmn : Š`m| Or, n§.amO{H$emoa H$hm± ahVo h¢ ?
Xygam ì`{ŠV : H$m¡Z n§.amO{H$emoa ? do Omo _OXyam| Ho$ ZoVm h¢ ?
àVmn : hm±, hm±, do hrŸ&
Xygam ì`{ŠV : (Bemam H$aHo$) CYa XoImo, dh Zrbm naXm h¡ Z!
àVmn : hm±Ÿ&
Xygam ì`{ŠV : ~g do dht ahVo h¢Ÿ&
44
(ì`{ŠV AmJo ~‹T> OmVm h¡Ÿ& àVmn Zrbo naXodmbo _H$mZ Ho$
gm_Zo OmH$a nwH$maVm h¡Ÿ&)
àVmn : amO{H$emoa Or, n§.amO{H$emoa Or !
(A§Xa go AmdmµO AmVr h¡Ÿ&)
amO{H$emoa : H$m¡Z ? ({I‹S>H$s go Pm±H$H$a XoIVo h¢) Š`m| ^mB©, Š`m ~mV
h¡?
àVmn : Or, _wPo _oao ^mB© Zo ôOm h¡Ÿ&
amO{H$emoa : Vwåhmam ^mB© ! R>hamo _¢ AmVm hÿ±Ÿ& (~mha AmH$a) Voam ^mB©
H$m¡Z h¡, ~ÀMo !
àVmn : AmO Xmonha H$mo CgZo AmnH$mo EH$ N>bZr ~oMr WrŸ&
amO{H$emoa : hm±, hm±, AmO _¢Zo EH$ b‹S>Ho$ go EH$ N>bZr br Wr& EH$
énE H$m ZmoQ> {X`m Wm&
àVmn : dh ZmoQ> ^wZmZo J`m Wm, _Ja O~ ^wZmH$a bm¡Q> ahm Wm
Vmo _moQ>a Ho$ ZrMo Am J`m& _moQ>a CgHo$ D$na go {ZH$b JB©&
amO{H$emoa : (AMaO) Š`m ! _moQ>a CgHo$ D$na go {ZH$b JB© !
45
àVmn : (ñda {JaVm h¡) CgH$m gm_mZ, n¡go, g~ {~Ia JEŸ& CgHo$
XmoZm| n¡a Hw$Mbo JEŸ&
amO{H$emoa : (^`) n¡a Hw$Mbo JE...
àVmn : (éAm±-gm) Or hm±Ÿ& Am¡a Bg{bE dh AmnHo$ nmg Z Am
gH$mŸ& dh ~ohmoe hmo J`m WmŸ& ~‹S>r _w{íH$b go Cgo Ka
bo JEŸ& ~‹S>r Xoa _| O~ Cgo hmoe Am`m Vmo CgZo _wPo AmnHo$
n¡go bm¡Q>m>Zo H$mo H$hmŸ& _¢ AmnHo$ gm‹T>o Mm¡Xh AmZo bm`m hÿ±Ÿ&
amO{H$emoa : (Imo`m-Imo`m) _oao gm‹T>o Mm¡Xh AmZo bmE hmoŸ! CgZo ôOo h¢!
bo{H$Z ~ÀMo ! dh A~ H$hm± h¡ ?
àVmn : KaŸ&
amO{H$emoa : Ka _| H$m¡Z h¡ ?
àVmn : H$moB© ZhtŸ&
amO{H$emoa : H$moB© Zht...?
àVmn : Or hm± ! _¢ Am¡a _oam ^mB©, h_ XmoZm| ^rIy Ahra Ho$ Ka
_| ahVo h¢Ÿ&
amO{H$emoa : Vwåhmao _m±-~mn Š`m...
àVmn : (amo n‹S>Vm h¡) do _mao JEŸ& X§Jm| Ho$ {XZm| _| CÝh| {H$gr Zo
_ma S>mbm...
amO{H$emoa : (Imo`m-Imo`m) CÝh| {H$gr Zo _ma S>mbm? Vw_ XmoZm| ^rIy
Ahra Ho$ Ka ahVo hmo! (EH$X_ OmJH$a) ~ÀMo! amoAmo _VŸ&
_¢ A^r Vwåhmao gmW MbVm hÿ±Ÿ& A^r...
àVmn : Amn _oao gmW Mb|Jo ?
amO{H$emoa : hm±, A^r MbmoŸ& (AmJo ~‹T>Vo h¢) na hm± ! Vwåhmam Ka H$hm±
h¡ ?
àVmn : Ahra Q>rbo _|Ÿ&
46
amO{H$emoa : (A§Xa H$s Amoa XoIH$a) A_aqgh! _¢ Ahra Q>rbm Om ahm
hÿ±Ÿ& Vw_ Bgr dŠV S>m°. d_m© H$mo boH$a dhm± AmAmoŸ& H$hZm
{H$ EH$ b‹S>Ho$ H$s Q>m±J| _moQ>a Ho$ ZrMo AmH$a Hw$Mbr JB© h¢Ÿ&
OëXr H$amo! ^rIy Ahra H$m Ka nyN> boZmŸ& (_w‹S>H$a) AmAmo
~ÀMo, Mb|Ÿ&
(àVmn M{H$V-{dpñ_V CÝh| XoIVm h¡Ÿ& {\$a R>Jm-gm CZHo$
AmJo-AmJo OmVm h¡Ÿ& naXm {JaVm h¡Ÿ&)
Vrgam X¥í`
(ñQ>oO na EH$ H$ÀMo Ka Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ Amogmao H$m Ñí`Ÿ& µO_rZ
na Xar {~N>r h¡, Cg na ~g§V boQ>m h¡Ÿ& ah-ah H$a XX©
go H$amh CR>Vm h¡Ÿ& àVmn Am¡a amO{H$emoa H$m àdoe)
àVmn : `h ahm, gmh~Ÿ&
amO{H$emoa : Aao ! `h Vmo µO_rZ na boQ>m h¡Ÿ&
~g§V : (M{H$V hmoH$a) Amn ! Amn AmE h¢....
amO{H$emoa : H$hm± MmoQ> bJr h¡, ~oQ>m ? XoIy±....
(amO{H$emoa nmg AmH$a Q>m±J XoIVo h¢Ÿ& {H$gr Zo \$ñQ> EoS>
Xr h¡Ÿ& nQ²>Q>r ~±Yr h¡Ÿ& Ny>Vo hr Mr˜ {ZH$b OmVr h¡Ÿ& ~g§V
AmoR> ^tMH$a Amh ItMVm h¡Ÿ&)
~g§V : Amoh, Amoh ...
(amO{H$emoa Hw$N> Xoa Bgr Vah XoIVo h¢Ÿ&)
amO{H$emoa : Zht, Zht, K~amAmo ZhtŸ&
~g§V : (XX© go H$amhVo hþE) _¢ _moQ>a go Q>H$am J`m Wm, Bg{bE
V~ AmnHo$ n¡go Z bm¡Q>m gH$mŸ&
amO{H$emoa : Cg ~mV H$s qMVm Z H$amo, ~oQ>m! _¢Zo S>m°ŠQ>a H$mo ~wbdm`m
h¡Ÿ& Vw_ R>rH$ hmo OmAmoJoŸ&
47
~g§V : S>m°ŠQ>a H$mo ~wbdm`m h¡...
(S>m°ŠQ>a H$m àdoe)
S>m°ŠQ>a : h¡bmo n§{S>V Or ! _¢Zo Bgo ~mµOma _| XoIm h¡Ÿ&
amO{H$emoa : Or hm± ! µOam Xo{IE VmoŸ&
(S>m°ŠQ>a n¡a XoIVo h¢Ÿ& ~g§V µOmoa go AmoR> ^tMVm h¡Ÿ& àVmn
H$s Am±Im| go Am±gy PaVo h¢Ÿ& dh H$^r ^mB© H$mo XoIVm h¡,
H$^r S>m°ŠQ>a H$moŸ& amO{H$emoa CËgwH$Vm go nyN>Vo h¢Ÿ&)
amO{H$emoa : Š`m| S>m°ŠQ>a ! R>rH$ hmo OmEJm Z ?
S>m°ŠQ>a : (J§^ra) n§{S>V Or ! Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ n¡a H$s hS²>‹S>r Qy>Q>
JB© h¡Ÿ& ñH«$sZ H$aHo$ XoIZm hmoJmŸ& Xygam n¡a R>rH$ h¡, na
Bgo A^r AñnVmb bo OmZm Mm{hEŸ&
amO{H$emoa : Vmo Š`m hþAm, A^r bo MbmoŸ& _¢ Eå~wb§g Ho$ {bE \$moZ H$a
AmVm hÿ±Ÿ&
S>m°ŠQ>a : Or hm±, H$a AmBEŸ& _¢ V~ VH$ B§OoŠeZ bJmVm hÿ±Ÿ&
~g§V : (Am±I| ImobH$a)Amn ! Amn Š`m H$a aho h¢ ? _¢ Jar~ hÿ±...
48
amO{H$emoa : (h±gH$a) Vw_ qMVm _V H$amoŸ& ~g MwnMmn boQ>o ahmo ~oQ>m!
S>m°ŠQ>a gmh~ ! O~ VH$ _¢ Zht AmVm Amn `ht ah|, Bgo
~MmZm hr hmoJmŸ& `h Jar~ h¡ na Bg_| EH$ Xwb©^ JwU h¡,
`h B©_mZXma h¡Ÿ&
(S>m°ŠQ>a àVmn H$s ghm`Vm go B§OoŠeZ V¡`ma H$aVo h¢Ÿ& ~g§V
Am±I| ~§X H$a boVm h¡Ÿ& jU â Ho$ {bE CgHo$ _wI na em§{V
Am¡a H¥$VkVm Câ AmVr h¡Ÿ& S>m°ŠQ>a B§OoŠeZ bJmVo h¢, ~g§V
AmoR> ^tMVm h¡Ÿ& àVmn ^mB© H$m {ga Wm_Vm h¡, Am¡a naXm
{JaVm OmVm h¡Ÿ&)
*******
nmR> H$m Ame` :
{dîUw à^mH$a _mZd-_Z Ho$ nmaIr boIH$ h¢& Bg EH$m§H$s _| CÝhm|Zo
ñdm{^_mZ, naXþ…IH$mVaVm O¡gr _mZdr` ^mdZmAm| H$m gw§Xa {MÌU {H$`m
h¡& Jar~ hmoH$a ^r ñdm{^_mZr Am¡a n[al_ H$s H$_mB© go OrZodmbo ~g§V
Am¡a àVmn EH$ Amoa h¢ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa H§$Jmbm| Ho$ à{V h_XXu {XImVo hþE
AmXa Ho$ gmW ì`dhma H$aZodmbo amO{H$emoa O¡go nmÌ AZwgaUr` h¢&
boIH$ n[aM` : {dîUw à^mH$a (1912-2009)

_mZd-OrdZ H$m `WmW© {MÌU H$aZodmbo boIH$m| _|
{dîUw à^mH$a Or H$m _hËdnyU© ñWmZ h¡& CZH$m
OÝ_ CÎma àXoe Ho$ _wµOâ\$aZJa Ho$ _ranwa _|
gZ² 1912 B©. _| hþAm& n§Om~ _| {ejm nmH$a dht
15 df© VH$ CÝhm|Zo gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar H$s& gZ² 1955
_| AmH$medmUr Ho$ {Xëbr H|$Ð _| ZmQ>H$ {ZX}eH$
~Zo& S>o‹T> df© ~mX dhm± go Ë`mJnÌ {X`m Am¡a V~
go ñdV§Ì gm{hpË`H$ Ho$ ê$n _| OrdZ `mnZ H$a
aho Wo &
49
{dîUw à^mH$a Or Jm§YrdmXr boIH$ _mZo OmVo h¢& AmnHo$ EH$m§H$s _mZdr`
g§dXo ZmAm| go AmoVàmoV h¢& _mZdr` g§~Y§ m| H$m _Zmodk¡ m{ZH$ YamVb na ^mdmË_H$
{MÌU CZHo$ EH$m§{H$`m| H$s {deofVm h¡& CZH$s à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - Amdmam
_grhm, VQ> Ho$ ~§YZ, {Z{eH$m§V, Xn©U H$m ì`pŠV, YaVr A~ ^r Ky_ ahr
h¡, `wJo-`wJo H«$m§{V, J¥hñWr Am{X&
eãXmW© :
amh - amñVm, _mJ© ; {X`mgbmB© - ¸æíQPÜwx , Matchstick;
N>bZr - OmbrXma N>moQ>m CnH$aU, EH$ AmZm- N>… n¡go, éAm±-gm - amoZo
O¡go, Ahra - ½dmbm, AmoR>-^tMZm - XX© ghZ H$aZm, \o$ardmbo - Ky_-
{\$aH$a gm_mZ ~oMZodmbo ì`mnmar, ^wZm bmZm - ~‹S>o {gŠHo$ H$mo {Mëba/Nw>Q²>Q>o
Ho$ ê$n _| ~XbZm, Amogmam - ~am_Xm, Ka Ho$ AmJo H$m ^mJ; eŠb - ñdê$n,
AmH¥${V; ì`J«Vm - ì`mHw$b, C{Û½Z, ~oM¡Z &
Aä`mg
1. ~g§V Š`m-Š`m ~oMVm Wm?
2. ~g§V Ho$ ^mB© H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm ?
3. n§{S>V amO{H$emoa Š`m H$m_ H$aVo Wo ?
4. N>bZr H$m Xm_ Š`m Wm ?
5. ~g§V Am¡a àVmn H$hm± ahVo Wo ?
6. "~g§V H$s gÀMmB©' EH$m§H$s _| {H$VZo Ñí` h¢?
7. EH$m§H$s H$m àW_ Ñí` H$hm± KQ>Vm h¡?
50
8. ~g§V Ho$ Ka na S>m°ŠQ>a H$mo H$m¡Z bo AmVm h¡?
9. n§.amO{H$emoa Ho$ AZwgma ~g§V _| {Z{hV Xþb©^ JwU H$m¡Z-gm h¡?
10. n§.amO{H$emoa H$hm± ahVo Wo?
1. N>bZr go Š`m-Š`m H$a gH$Vo h¢ ?
2. ~g§V amO{H$emoa go Š`m {dZVr H$aVm h¡?
3. ~g§V amO{H$emoa go Xmo n¡go boZo go Š`m| BZH$ma H$aVm h¡?
4. ~g§V amO{H$emoa Ho$ nmg Š`m| Zht bm¡Q>m ?
5. àVmn amO{H$emoa Ho$ Ka Š`m| Am`m?
6. ~g§V Zo amO{H$emoa H$mo N>bZr IarXZo Ho$ {bE {H$g Vah ào[aV
{H$`m?
7. ~g§V Ho$ n¡a XoIH$a S>m°ŠQ>a Zo Š`m H$hm ?
III. Mma-N>… dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. ~g§V B©_mZXma b‹S>H$m h¡ & H¡$go?
2. ~g§V Am¡a àVmn Ahra Ho$ Ka _| Š`m| ahVo h¢?
3. amO{H$emoa Ho$ _mZdr` ì`dhma H$m n[aM` Xr{OE &
IV. AZwê$nVm :
1. n§.amO{H$emoa : {H$eZJ§O :: ~g§V :
2. n§.amO{H$emoa : _OXÿam| Ho$ ZoVm :: ~g§V :
3. n§.amO{H$emoa : _m{bH$ :: A_aqgh :
4. àVmn : N>moQ>m ^mB© :: d_m© :
5. ? : àíZmW©H$ {Mh²Z :: ! :
51
V. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :
1. _¢ A^r ~mµOma go bmVm hÿ± &
2. _¢ AmnHo$ AmZo bm`m hÿ± &
3. h_ XmoZm| Ho$ Ka _| ahVo h¢ &
4. _¢ Ho$ {bE \$moZ H$a AmVm hÿ± &
5. Bg_| EH$ Xþb©^ JwU h¡, `h h¡ &
VI. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo {ZX}emZwgma {b{IE :

1. EH$ N>bZr _| Vwåh| Š`m ~MoJm ? (dV©_mZH$mb _|)
2. _¢ A^r ~mµOma go ^wZm bmVm hÿ± & (^yVH$mb _|)
3. EH$ Xÿgao ì`pŠV go nyN>Vm h¡ & (^{dî`V²H$mb _| )
VII. {dbmo_mW©H$ eãX {b{IE :

1. nrN>o ×
2. IarXZm ×
3. boZm ×
4. AmZm ×
5. em§{V ×
6. Jar~ ×
VIII. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :

1. CgH$s Am`w bJ^J 12 df© H$s h¡&
2. g~oao go A~ VH$ Hw$N> Zht {~H$m&
52
3. _¢ ^rI Zht by±Jm&
4. ~‹S>r _wpíH$b go ~g§V H$mo Ka bo JE&
5. ~g§V AmoR> ^tMH$a Amh ItMVm h¡&
6. `h Jar~ h¡ na Bg_| EH$ Xþb©^ JwU h¡&
IX. n[a`moOZm :
• {dîUw à^mH$a Ho$ AÝ` EH$m§{H$`m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE Am¡a {H$gr EH$
EH$m§H$s H$m gma g§jon _| {b{IE &
^mfm kmZ
I. qbJ nhMmZH$a AbJ-AbJ gyMr ~ZmBE Am¡a CZHo$ AÝ` qbJ eãX
{b{IE :
b‹S>H$m, ~ÀMr, Xþ~bm, nVbm, W¡br, gm{h~m, ^mB©, _m±, S>m°ŠQ>a,
n§{S>VmBZ
nw{ëb§J órqbJ
CXm: 1. b‹S>H$m b‹S>H$s
2. ~ÀMr
3. Xþ~bm
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
53
II. aoIm§{H$V eãX H$m dMZ nhMm{ZE Am¡a Cg eãX H$m AÝ` dMZ ê$n
{b{IE :
CXm : amO{H$emoa na Bg ~mV H$m ~‹S>m Aga hmoVm h¡& ~mV|
1. {\$a do Oo~ Q>Q>mobVo h¢&
2. A§Xa go AmdmµO AmVr h¡ &
3. EH$ b‹S>Ho$ H$s Q>m±J| _moQ>a Ho$ ZrMo Hw$Mbr JB© h¢&
4. ~g§V Am±I| ~§X H$a boVm h¡&
5. bmoJ AnZo-AnZo Ka bm¡Q> aho h¢&
6. bmoJ Ka H$s Amoa bm¡Q> aho h¢&
7. _OXÿam| H$s ~ñVr _| amO{H$emoa H$m _H$mZ h¡&
8. ~g§V Ho$ XmoZm| n¡a Hw$Mbo JE&
9. _oao nmg n¡go Zht h¢&
10. CgH$m H$n‹S>m \$Q>m h¡&
11. amO{H$emoa {I‹S>H$s go Pm±H$Vo h¢&
12. ~g§V Ho$ n¡a H$s hS²>‹S>r Qy>Q> J`r h¡&
g_mg
"g_mg' H$m VmËn`© h¡ "g§{járH$aU'& Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ eãXm| H$m
_ob "g_mg' H$hbmVm h¡& BZHo$ _ob go CËnÞ Z`m Am¡a gmW©H$ eãX
"gm_m{gH$ nX' AWdm "g_ñV nX' H$hbmVm h¡& eãXm| H$mo AbJ H$aHo$
{bIZm "{dJ«h dmŠ`' H$hbmVm h¡&
O¡go : g_ñVnX {dJ«h dmŠ`
1. amOnwÌ amOm H$m nwÌ
2. _mVm-{nVm _mVm Am¡a {nVm
54
"g_mg' _| Xmo nX hmoVo h¢&
1. nyd©nX - nhbm nX
2. CÎma nX - Xÿgam nX AWdm AmJodmbm nX
O¡go : nbH$ _maZm - nyd©nX-nbH$, CÎma nX-_maZm,
{dJ«h dmŠ`- nbH$ H$mo _maZm
III.[aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE:
g_ñV nX {dJ«h dmŠ` g_mg H$m ôX
CXm: ~ohmoe hmoe {Og_| Z hmo Aì``r^md g_mg
1. gw{dYmZwgma VËnwéf g_mg
2. Xþ~bm-nVbm
3. Zrbo a§Jdmbm naXm
4. n§Ðh {_ZQ>
5. Qy>Q>o h¢ n¡a {OgHo$
nmR> go AmJo -
• "~g§V H$s gÀMmB©' EH$m§H$s H$m _§MZ AnZr H$jm _| H$s{OE&
• ào_M§X H$s H$moB© EH$ H$hmZr n{‹T>E Am¡a H$jm _| gwZmBE&
• "`y Q²>`y~' _| "B©_mZXma b‹S>H$m' dr{S>`mo Xo{IE Am¡a H$jm _| MMm©
H$s{OE&
55
7. Vwbgr Ho$ Xmoho
Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg -
BZ Xmohm| Ho$ X²dmam N>mÌ AÀN>o H$_© H$aZo Am¡a Z¡{VH$Vm go OrdZ {~VmZo H$s grI
àmßV H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
1. _w{I`m _wI gm| Mm{hE, ImZ nmZ H$mo EH$ &

nmb¡ nmog¡ gH$b A§J, Vwbgr g{hV {ddoH$ &&
2. O‹S> MoVZ, JwU-Xmof_`, {dñd H$sÝh H$aVma &
g§V-h§g JwU Jhqh n`, n[ah[a dm[a {dH$ma &&
3. X`m Y_© H$m _yb h¡, nmn _yb A{^_mZ &
Vwbgr X`m Z N>m±{S>ò, O~ bJ KQ> _| àmU &&
4. Vwbgr gmWr {dn{Îm Ho$, {dÚm {dZ` {ddoH$ &
gmhg gwH¥${V gwgË`d«V, am_ âmogmo EH$ &&
5. am_ Zm_ _{Z Xrn Yé, Orh> Xohar Ûma &
Vwbgr ^rVa ~m{ham¡, Omo Mmhgr C{O`ma &&
*******
Xmohm| H$m Ame` :
VwbgrXmg Or Zo BZ Xmohm| _| _w{I`m Ho$ bjU, g§V H$m ñd^md Am{X
na àH$me S>mbm h¡& gmW hr CÝhm|Zo X`m-Y_© H$m _hËd, A{^_mZ,
Ë`mJ, {ddoH$`wV ì`dhma, am_ na {dídmg, am_ Zm_ Omn BË`m{X H$m
~ImZ H$aVo hþE gwPmd {X`m h¡ {H$ BZgmZ H$mo Zr{V`wV OrdZ {~VmZm
Mm{hE&
56
H${d n[aM`:
Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg(gZ²1532-1623)
Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg {h§Xr gm{hË` Ho$ ^{ŠVH$mb H$s
am_^{ŠV emIm Ho$ à_wI H${d h¢Ÿ& VwbgrXmg H$m
OÝ_ gZ² 1532 _| CÎma àXoe Ho$ amOmnwa _| hþAm
WmŸ& CZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ AmË_mam_ Am¡a _mVm H$m
hþbgr WmŸ& H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ O~ VwbgrXmg Or
H$m OÝ_ hþAm, V~ CÝhm|Zo am_ Zm_ H$m CÀMmaU
{H$`m WmŸ& Bg{bE CZHo$ ~MnZ H$m Zm_
"am_~mobm' n‹S>mŸ& VwbgrXmg ^JdmZ am_ Ho$ AZÝ`
^ŠV WoŸ&
CZH$s à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - am_M[aV _mZg, {dZ`-n{ÌH$m, JrVmdbr,
Xmohmdbr, H${dVmdbr Am{XŸ& gZ² 1623 H$mo H$mer _| CZH$m Xohm§V hþAmŸ&
eãXmW© :
_w{I`m-ZoVm, gH$b-g§nyU©, {dñd-g§gma, H$sÝh-{H$`m, H$aVma-g¥pîQ>H$Vm©,
n`-XÿY, n[ah[a-Ë`mJZm, dm[a-nmZr, KQ>-eara, {dn{Îm-g§H$Q>, gwH¥${V-AÀN>o
H$m`©, Orh-Or^, Mmhgr-Mmam| Amoa&
^mdmW© :
1. àñVwV Xmoho _| VwbgrXmg _wI AWm©V² _w±h Am¡a _w{I`m XmoZm| Ho$ ñd^md
H$s g_mZVm Xem©Vo hþE {bIVo h¢ {H$ _w{I`m H$mo _w±h Ho$ g_mZ hmoZm
Mm{hE& _w±h ImZo-nrZo H$m H$m_ AHo$bm H$aVm h¡, bo{H$Z dh Omo ImVm-
nrVm h¡ Cggo eara Ho$ gmao A§Jm| H$m nmbZ-nmofU H$aVm h¡& Vwbgr
H$s am` _| _w{I`m H$mo ^r Eogo hr {ddoH$dmZ hmoZm Mm{hE {H$ dh H$m_
AnZr Vah go H$a| bo{H$Z CgH$m \$b g^r _| ~m±Q>o&
57
2. àñVwV Xmoho _| VwbgrXmg h§g njr Ho$ gmW g§V H$s VwbZm H$aVo hþE
CgHo$ ñd^md H$m n[aM` XoVo h¢ - g¥pîQ>H$Vm© Zo Bg g§gma H$mo
O‹S>-MoVZ Am¡a JwU-Xmof {_bmH$a ~Zm`m h¡& AWm©V², Bg g§gma _| AÀN>o-
~wao (gma-{Zñgma), g_P-Zmg_P Ho$ ê$n _| AZoH$ JwU-Xmof âo hþE
h¢, bo{H$Z h§g ê$nr gmYw bmoJ {dH$mam| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a AÀN>o JwUm| H$mo
AnZmVo h¢ &
3. àñVwV Xmoho _| VwbgrXmg Zo ñnîQ>V… ~Vm`m h¡ {H$ X`m Y_© H$m _yb
h¡ Am¡a A{^_mZ nmn H$m & Bg{bE H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$ O~ VH$ eara
_| àmU h¢, V~ VH$ _mZd H$mo AnZm A{^_mZ N>mo‹S>H$a X`mbw ~Zo ahZm
Mm{hE&
4. àñVwV Xmoho _| VwbgrXmg Or H$h aho h¢ {H$ _Zwî` na O~ {dn{Îm n‹S>Vr
h¡ V~ {dX²`m, {dZ` VWm {ddoH$ hr CgH$m gmW {Z^mVo h¢& Omo am_
na âmogm H$aVm h¡, dh gmhgr, gË`d«Vr Am¡a gwH¥$VdmZ ~ZVm h¡&
5. àñVwV Xmoho Ho$ X²dmam VwbgrXmg Or H$hVo h¢ {H$ {Og Vah Xohar na
{X`m aIZo go Ka Ho$ ^rVa VWm Am±JZ _| àH$me \¡$bVm h¡, Cgr Vah
am_-Zm_ OnZo go _mZd H$s Am§V[aH$ Am¡a ~mh²` ew{Õ hmoVr h¡&
Aä`mg
1. VwbgrXmg _wI H$mo Š`m _mZVo h¢ ?
2. _w{I`m H$mo {H$gHo$ g_mZ ahZm Mm{hE ?
3. h§g H$m JwU H¡$gm hmoVm h¡ ?
4. _wI {H$gH$m nmbZ-nmofU H$aVm h¡?
5. X`m {H$gH$m _yb h¡?
58
6. VwbgrXmg {H$g emIm Ho$ H${d h¢?
7. VwbgrXmg Ho$ _mVm-{nVm H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm?
8. VwbgrXmg Ho$ ~MnZ H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm?
9. nmn H$m _yb Š`m h¡?
10. VwbgrXmg Ho$ AZwgma {dn{Îm Ho$ gmWr H$m¡Z h¢?
1. _w{I`m H$mo _wI Ho$ g_mZ hmoZm Mm{hE& H¡$go?
2. _Zwî` H$mo h§g H$s Vah Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE?
3. _Zwî` Ho$ OrdZ _| àH$me H$~ \¡$bVm h¡?
III. AZwê$nVm:
1. X`m : Y_© H$m _yb :: nmn :
2. n[ah[a : Ë`mJZm :: H$aVma :
3. Orh : Or^ :: Xohar :
IV. ^mdmW© {b{IE :
1. _w{I`m _wI gm| Mm{hE, ImZ nmZ H$mo EH$ &
nmb¡ nmog¡ gH$b A§J, Vwbgr g{hV {ddoH$ &&
2. Vwbgr gmWr {dn{Îm Ho$, {dÚm {dZ` {ddoH$ &
gmhg gwH¥${V gwgË`d«V, am_ âmogmo EH$ &&
V. Xmoho H§$R>ñW H$s{OE &
59
VI. Omo‹S> H$a {b{IE :
A ~
1. {díd H$sÝh {dH$ma
2. n[ah[a dm[a H$aVma
3. O~ bJ KQ> am_ âmogmo EH$
4. gwgË`d«V _| àmU
VII. nyU© H$s{OE:

1. _w{I`m _wI gm| Mm{hE, &
2. nmb¡ nmog¡ gH$b A§J, &
3. am_ Zm_ _{Z Xrn Yé, &
4. Vwbgr ^rVa ~m{ham¡, &
VIII. C{MV {dbmo_ eãX na ghr (3) H$m {ZemZ bJmBE:

1. {ddoH$ godH$ A{ddoH$
2. X`m {ZX©`m ew^moX`m
3. Y_© __© AY_©$
4. {dH$ma A{dH$ma g§ñH$ma
5. {dZ` g{dZ` A{dZ`
Xmoho go AmJo -
• ahr_ Ho$ Xmoho n‹T>H$a CZ_| {Z{hV Zr{V VËd H$s H$jm _| MMm©
H$s{OE&
• {~hmar Ho$ Xg Xmohm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE &
60
8. B§Q>aZoQ>-H«$m§{V
g§H${bV-
AmO Ho$ g§X^© _| B§Q>aZoQ>-H«$m§{V go hmoZodmbo bm^ VWm hm{Z Ho$ ~mao _| N>mÌ OmZH$mar
àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a gMoV ah gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
AmO H$m `wJ B§Q>aZoQ> `wJ h¡Ÿ& ~‹S>o ~y‹T>m| go boH$a N>moQ>o ~ÀMm| VH$ g~
na Bg B§Q>aZoQ-H«$m§{V H$m Aga n‹S>m h¡Ÿ& EH$ {XZ amohZ ñHy$b go bm¡Q>Vo hr
B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ g§~§Y _| AnZo XmoñVm| Ho$ ~rM hþB© MMm© Ho$ ~mao _| AnZo ~m~yOr
go H$hZo bJmŸ& V~ CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ Cn`moJ go BZgmZr gmoM H$m
Xmàm ~‹T> J`m h¡Ÿ Am¡a CÝhm|Zo ~Xbr VH$ZrH$ Ho$ H$maU qµOXJr Ho$
~Xbo ZµO[aò H$mo ^r Cgo g_Pm`mŸ& bo{H$Z amohZ BVZo go g§Vwï> Zht hþAmŸ&
dh B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ ~mao _| {dñV¥V OmZH$mar nmZm MmhVm WmŸ& ~m~yOr BVZm hr
OmZVo Wo {H$ B§Q>aZoQ> EH$ Vah go {dídì`mnr H§$ß`yQ>am| H$m A§VOm©b (ZoQ>dH©$)
h¡, {OgH$s dOh go nyao {díd H$m {dñVma EH$ Jm±d H$m-gm N>moQ>m hmo J`m
h¡& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo amohZ H$mo gwPmd {X`m {H$ dh AnZo H§$ß`yQ>a {ejH$ go
nyN>-VmN> H$aoŸ&
61
Xygao {XZ amohZ AnZo H§$ß`yQ>a {ejH$ go BgHo$ ~mao _| Šbmg _| àíZ
nyN>Vm h¡Ÿ&
amohZ : ga! B§Q>aZoQ> H$m _Vb~ Š`m h¡? Bggo {H$g àH$ma H$s H«$m§{V
hþB© h¡?
{ejH$ : ~‹S>m AÀN>m gdmb h¡ ! gwZmo, B§Q>aZoQ> AZ{JZV H§$ß`yQ>am| Ho$ H$B©
A§VOm©bm| H$m EH$ Xygao go g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m Omb h¡Ÿ&
AmO BZgmZ Ho$ {bE ImZ-nmZ {OVZm µOê$ar h¡, B§Q>aZoQ> ^r
CVZm hr Amdí`H$ hmo J`m h¡Ÿ&
A{OV : dh H¡$go ga ?
{ejH$ : Hw$N> gmb nhbo Xya ahVo [aíVoXma `m XmoñVm| H$mo H$moB© I~a XoZr
n‹S>Vr Vmo h_| {MQ²>R>r {bIZr n‹S>Vr Wr `m Xya^mf H$m Cn`moJ
H$aZm n‹S>Vm WmŸ& Bggo g_` Am¡a n¡go XmoZm| H$m A{YH$ ì``
hmoVm WmŸ& bo{H$Z B§Q>aZoQ> X²dmam nb â _|, {~Zm Á`mXm IM©
62
{H$E H$moB© ^r {dMma hmo, pñWa {MÌ hmo, dr{S>`mo {MÌ hmo, Xw{Z`m
Ho$ {H$gr ^r H$moZo _| ôOZm _w_{H$Z hmo J`m h¡Ÿ& Vw_ Mmhmo
Vmo nyao EH$ nwñVH$mb` H$s {H$Vm~m| Ho$ {df` H$mo H$_ g_` _|
H$ht ^r ôO gH$Vo hmoŸ& B§Q>aZoQ> AmYw{ZH$ OrdZe¡br H$m
_hËdnyU© A§J ~Z J`m h¡Ÿ& em`X BgHo$ {~Zm g§Mma d gyMZm
XmoZm| hr joÌ R>n n‹S> OmVo h¢Ÿ&
Zohm : ga, B§Q>aZoQ> X²dmam Am¡a H$m¡Z-gr _XX {_bVr h¡ ?
{ejH$ : B§Q>aZoQ> X²>dmam Ka ~¡R>o-~¡R>o IarXmar H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& H$moB© ^r {~b
â gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& Bggo XyH$mZ OmZo Am¡a bmBZ _| K§Q>m| I‹S>o ahZo
H$m g_` ~M gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& B§Q>aZoQ>-~¢qH$J X²dmam Xw{Z`m H$s {H$gr
^r OJh na Mmho {OVZr ^r aH$_ ôOr Om gH$Vr h¡Ÿ&
AO` : Am¡a ?
63
{ejH$ : Am¡a "dr{S>`mo H$mÝ\$aoÝg' Ûmam EH$ OJh ~¡R>H$a Xw{Z`m Ho$ H$B©
Xoem| Ho$ à{V{Z{Y`m| Ho$ gmW 8-10 XÿaXe©Z Ho$ naXo na MMm©
H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& EH$ hr H$_ao _| ~¡R>H$a {d{^Þ Xoem| _| ahZodmbo
bmoJm| Ho$ gmW {dMma-{d{Z_` H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
A§Obr : ga, Š`m B§Q>aZoQ> H$s ghm`Vm go ~oamoµOJmar H$mo {_Q>m gH$Vo h¢?
{ejH$ : hm±, µOê$a ! ^maV _| AmB©.Q>r (BZ\$ma_oeZ Q>¡ŠZmobmOr) Am¡a
AmB©.Q>r.B©.Eg (BZ\$ma_oeZ Q>¡ŠZmobmOr EZo~ëS> g{d©gog) g§ñWmAm|
H$m àdoe B§Q>aZoQ> go g§^d hþAm h¡Ÿ& BZgo AZ{JZV bmoJm| H$mo
amo‹>OJma {_bm h¡ Am¡a {g\©$ h_mao Xoe _| hr Zht, H$B© Xoem|
H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V _| ^r gwYma hþAm h¡Ÿ&
Am_moX : ga, _¢Zo "gmoeb ZoQ>d{Hª$J' (Social Networking) eãX H$ht
n‹T>m WmŸ& BgH$m AW© Š`m h¡ ?
{ejH$ : "gmoeb ZoQ>d{Hª$J' EH$ H«$m§{VH$mar ImoO h¡, {OgZo Xw{Z`m â
Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo EH$ OJh na bm I‹S>m H$a {X`m h¡Ÿ& gmoeb
ZoQ>d{Hª$J Ho$ H$B© gmBQ²>g h¢, O¡go - \o$g~wH$, AmaHw$Q>, {Q²>dQ²>Q>a,
qbH$S>BZ Am{XŸ& BZ gmBQ>m| Ho$ H$maU Xoe-{dXoe Ho$ bmoJm| H$s
ahZ-ghZ, doe-^yfm, ImZ-nmZ Ho$ Abmdm g§ñH¥${V, H$bm Am{X
H$m à^md erK«m{VerK« h_mao g_mO na n‹S> ahm h¡Ÿ&
~ÀMmo, BVZm hr Zht, ^maV O¡go àJ{Verb amï´> B©-JdZ}Ýg
(B©-àemgZ) X²dmam ~Xbmd bmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a aho h¢Ÿ&
aOV : B©-JdZ}Ýg Š`m hmoVm h¡, ga ?
{ejH$ : B©-JdZ}Ýg X²dmam gaH$ma Ho$ g^r H$m_H$mO H$m {ddaU, A{^boI,
gaH$mar AmXoe Am{X H$mo `WmdV² bmoJm| H$mo gy{MV {H$`m OmVm
h¡Ÿ& Bggo àemgZ nmaXeu ~Z gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
64
AmXoe : ga, V~ Vmo B§Q>aZoQ> g_mO Ho$ {bE EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m daXmZ
gm{~V hþAmŸ&
{ejH$ : B§Q>aZoQ> gM_wM EH$ daXmZ h¡Ÿ& CgZo OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ _| AnZm
H$_mb {XIm`m h¡Ÿ& O¡go-{M{H$Ëgm, H¥${f, A§V[aj kmZ, {dkmZ,
{ejm Am{XŸ& `hm± VH$ {H$ Xoe Ho$ ajmXbm| H$s H$m`©dmhr _|
B§Q>aZoQ> H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m `moJXmZ h¡Ÿ&
nyOm : ga, Š`m B§Q>aZoQ> H$m H$moB© Xwîn[aUm_ ^r h¡ ?
{ejH$ : hm± hm±, h¡Ÿ& B§Q>aZoQ> EH$ Amoa daXmZ h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa dh
A{êmn ^r h¡Ÿ& B§Q>aZoQ> H$s dOh go n¡agr, ~¢qH$J \«$m°S>, h¡qH$J
(gyMZm/I~am| H$s Mmoar) Am{X ~‹T> ahr h¢Ÿ& _wŠV do~ gmBQ>,
M¡qQ>J Am{X go `wdm nr‹T>r hr Zht ~ÀMo ^r B§Q>aZoQ> H$s H$~§Y
~m±hm| Ho$ nme _| \±$go hþE h¢Ÿ& Bggo dŠV H$m Xwén`moJ hmoVm
h¡ Am¡a ~ÀMo AZwn`wŠV Am¡a AZmdí`H$ OmZH$mar hm{gb H$a
aho h¢Ÿ& Bg{bE Amn bmoJm| H$mo B§Q>aZoQ> go gMoV ahZm Mm{hEŸ&
65
amohZ : ga, AmnZo h_| B§Q>aZoQ> H«$m§{V Ho$ ~mao _| ~hþV gmar OmZH$mar
XrŸ& BgHo$ {bE g~H$s Va\$ go ~hþV YÝ`dmXŸ&
{ejH$ : EH$ ~mV `mX aIZm {H$ Bg joÌ H$s H«$m§{V {Za§Va MbVr ahoJr&
*******
nmR> H$m Ame` :
d¡km{ZH$ Am{dîH$mam| Zo _mZd-OrdZ H$mo gw{dYmOZH$ ~Zm`m h¡& B§Q>aZoQ>
go _mZd H$s OrdZe¡br Am¡a CgH$s gmoM _| H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z hþAm h¡&
AmO B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ {~Zm g§Mma d gyMZm XmoZm| joÌ H$_Omoa hmo OmVo h¢&
B§Q>aZoQ> Zo nyar Xþ{Z`m H$mo EH$ OJh bm I‹S>m H$a {X`m h¡& OrdZ Ho$
ha joÌ _| B§Q>aZoQ> H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m `moJXmZ h¡& B§Q>aZoQ> daXmZ h¡ Vmo
A{êmn ^r h¡ &
eãXmW© :
Xmàm-joÌ, gr_m; VH$ZrH$s-àm¡X²`mo{JH$s, Technology; Z‹>O[a`m-Ñ{ï>H$moU,
gwPmd-gbmh, AZ{JZV-Ag§»`, I~a-g_mMma, ì``-IM© H$aZm, gyMZm-
OmZH$mar, Information; R>>n n‹S>Zm-~§X hmoZm, aH$_-YZam{e, ImoO-emoY,
AÝdofU; A{^boI-{b{IV {ddaU, Record; `WmdV²>-O¡go Ho$ d¡go, n¡agr-
MwamH$a ZH$br à{V`m± ~ZmZm, Piracy; \«$m°S>-YmoIm, fraud; nme-~§YZ, \§$Xm;
hm{gb H$aZm-àmá H$aZm, BZ\$ma_oeZ Q>¡ŠZmobmOr-gyMZm àm¡X²`mo{JH$s&
{Q>ßnUr :
1. g§Mma _mÜ`_ - g_mMma nÌ, n{ÌH$mE±, Xya^mf, XyaXe©Z, B§Q>aZoQ> Am{X
gmYZ {OZH$m Cn`moJ gyMZmAm| Ho$ g§Xeo dhZ Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&
2. dr{S>`mo H$mÝ\$aoÝg - Video Conference - EH$ g^mJma {Og_| H$B©
bmoJm| Ho$ gmW 8-10 Q>r.dr. Ho$ naXo na EH$ gmW MMm© hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
66
3. BZ\$ma_oeZ Q>¡ŠZmobmOr EZo~ëS> g{d©gog - gyMZm àm¡X²`mo{JH$s X²dmam
g§^mì` godmE±-gyMZm àm¡X²`mo{JH$s Ho$ X²>dmam àmá H$am`r OmZodmbr
godmE±, O¡go - ~r.nr.Amo.&
4. H$~§Y ~m±h| - H$~§Y Zm_H$ EH$ amjg Wm {OgH$s ~m±h| b§~r hmoH$a
H$ht ^r nhþ±M gH$Vr WtŸ& H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ O~ CgZo AnZr ~m±hm|
_| lram_ VWm bú_U H$mo \±$gm`m WmŸ, V~ lram_ Zo CgH$s ~m±hm|
H$mo H$mQ> {X`m WmŸ& àñVwV nmR> _| B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ ì`mnH$ à^md H$mo
{XImZo Ho$ {bE BZ eãXm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
5. {XZ-à{V{XZ VH$ZrH$s-n[adV©Z hmoVm ahoJm& CgHo$ AZwê$n B§Q>aZoQ>
joÌ _| ^r n[adV©Z hmoVo ah|Jo&
Aä`mg

1. B§Q>aZoQ> H$m AW© Š`m h¡ ?
2. B§Q>aZoQ> ~¢qH$J X²dmam Š`m ôOm Om gH$Vm h¡ ?
3. àJ{Verb amï´> {H$gHo$ X²dmam ~Xbmd bmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a aho h¢?
4. g_mO Ho$ {H$Z joÌm| _| B§Q>aZoQ> H$m `moJXmZ h¡ ?
5. B§Q>aZoQ>-H«$m§{V H$m Aga {H$g na n‹S>m h¡?
6. AmB©.Q>r.B©.Eg H$m {dñV¥V ê$n Š`m h¡?
67
1. B§Q>aZoQ> H$m _Vb~ Š`m h¡?
2. ì`mnma Am¡a ~¢qH$J _| B§Q>aZoQ> go Š`m _XX {_bVr h¡?
3. B©-JdZ]g Š`m h¡?
1. g§Mma d gyMZm Ho$ joÌ _| B§Q>aZoQ> H$m Š`m _hËd h¡?
2. "dr{S>`mo H$mÝ\$aoÝg' Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE &
3. "gmoeb ZoQ>d{Hª$J' EH$ H«$m§{VH$mar ImoO h¡& H¡$go ?
4. B§Q>aZoQ> go H$m¡Z-gr hm{Z`m± hmo gH$Vr h¢ ?
IV. AZwê$nVm :
1. H§$ß`yQ>a : g§JUH$ `§Ì :: B§Q>aZoQ> :
2. AmB©.Q>r : BZ\$ma_oeZ Q>¡ŠZmobmOr : AmB©.Q>r.B©.Eg.
3. \o$g~wH$ : daXmZ :: h¡qH$J :
4. dr{S>`mo H$mÝ\$aoÝg : {dMma-{d{Z_` :: B©-àemgZ :
V. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
1. B§Q>aZoQ> Zo nyao {díd H$mo 1. ~hþV ~‹S>m daXmZ gm{~V hþAm&
2. B§Q>aZoQ> X²dmam H$moB© ^r 2. gMoV ahZm Mm{hE&
3. B§Q>aZoQ> g_mO Ho$ {bE 3. {~b â gH$Vo h¢ &
4. B§Q>aZoQ> H$s dOh go 4. EH$ N>moQ>o Jm±d H$m ê$n Xo {X`m h¡&
5. B§Q>aZoQ> go g~H$mo 5. n¡agr, h¡qH$J Am{X ~‹T> ahr h¢&
68
VI. H$moîR>H$ _| {XE JE eãXm| _| go C{MV eãX MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE:
1. B§Q>aZoQ> EH$ Vah go {dídì`mnr H§$ß`yQ>am| H$m h¡&
(A§VOm©b, ~{hOm©b)
2. AmB©. Q>r Am¡a AmB©. Q>r. B©. Eg go AZ{JZV bmoJm| H$mo
{_bm h¡& (H$n‹S>m, amoµOJma)
3. gmoeb ZoQ>d{Hª$J Ho$ H$B© h¢& (gmBS²>g, gmBQ²>g)
4. B©-JdZ]g go àemgZ ~Z gH$Vm h¡ & (nmaXeu,
AnmaXeu)
5. B§Q>aZoQ> gM_wM EH$ h¡& (A^`XmZ, daXmZ)
6. Xoe Ho$ H$s H$m`©dmhr _| B§Q>aZoQ> H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m
`moJXmZ h¡& (ajmXbm|, nw{bgXbm|)
7. B§Q>aZoQ> EH$ Amoa daXmZ h¡ Vmo dh ^r h¡& (Anhmg,
A{êmn)
VII. H$ÝZS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
1. B§Q>aZoQ> AmYw{ZH$ OrdZe¡br H$m _hËdnyU© A§J ~Z J`m h¡&
2. B§Q>aZoQ> X²dmam Ka ~¡R>o-~¡R>o IarXmar H$a gH$Vo h¢&
3. B§Q>aZoQ> H$s ghm`Vm go ~oamoµOJmar H$mo {_Q>m gH$Vo h¢ &
VIII.ghr {dbmo_ eãXm| H$mo MwZH$a {b{IE :
(Zm_w_{H$Z, A{êmn, Cn`wŠV, KQ>Zm, gXþn`moJ, ApñWa)
1. ~‹T>Zm × 2. pñWa ×
3. _w_{H$Z × 4. daXmZ ×
5. Xþén`moJ × 6. AZwn`wŠV ×
69
IX AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE : (CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma)
CXm : n¡gm - n¡go CXm : I~a - I~a|
1. naXm - 1. {H$Vm~ -
2. H$_am - 2. OJh -
3. Xmàm - 3. H$mo{ee -
CXm : `wJ - `wJ CXm : qµOXJr - qOX{J`m±
1. XmoñV - 1. OmZH$mar -
2. H§$ß`yQ>a - 2. {MQ²>R>r -
3. [aíVoXma - 3. OrdZe¡br -
X. BZ dmŠ`m| _| à`wŠV {dam_ {Mh²Zm| H$m Zm_ {b{IE :

1. AmO H$m `wJ B§Q>aZoQ> `wJ h¡ &
2. B§Q>aZoQ> H$m _Vb~ Š`m h¡ ?
3. ~‹S>m AÀN>m gdmb h¡ !
4. bmoJm| Ho$ gmW {dMma - {d{Z_` H$a gH$Vo h¢ &
5. hm± hm± , Xþîn[aUm_ h¢ &
XI. n[a`moOZm :
g§Mma d gyMZm Ho$ {d{^ÝZ _mÜ`_m| H$s {MÌg{hV gyMr ~ZmBE Am¡a ha EH$
go hmoZdo mbo bm^ VWm hm{Z H$m Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| {ddaU {b{IE &
70
XII. eãXImoO : H$ÝZS>, qhXr Am¡a A§J«oµOr g_mMma-nÌm| Ho$ Zm_ ZrMo {XE
JE h¢& CZH$mo Ty>±‹T> H$a {b{IE :
Z S>o g§ am B§ à A gm Q>m
Om H$ ßVm d ŠH$ {S> B ÝZ _
a `w åg {d O ^m ` {h S>
H$ C a Z ŠV {h Z ñWm Am°
H$ \$ ho ` V Z E qh à
dm Šg Xþ n B§ am Q>m Zm© dm
{S> B Ur O ào ñVm {Ì ^m Q>
Ur `m ëS> Z H$m g bm H$ åg
qhXr
CXm : 1. Zd^maV Q>mBåg
2.
3.
H$ÝZS>
1.
2.
A§J«oµOr>
1.
2.
71
^mfm kmZ
I. {ZX}emZwgma dmŠ`m| H$m H$mb n[adV©Z H$aHo$ {b{IE :
1. g~ na B§Q>aZoQ>-H«$m§{V H$m Aga n‹S>m h¡& (^{dî`V²H$mb _|)
2. amohZ {dñV¥V OmZH$mar nmZm MmhVm Wm& (dV©_mZH$mb _|)
3. amohZ H§$ß`yQ>a {ejH$ go àíZ nyN>oJm& (^yVH$mb _|)
II. H$mb nhMmZH$a {b{IE :
1. BZgmZr gmoM H$m Xmàm ~‹T> ahm h¡&
2. {nVmOr Zo amohZ H$mo g_Pm`m &
3. B§Q>aZoQ> AmYw{ZH$ OrdZe¡br H$m _hËdnyU© A§J ~Z J`m h¡&
4. B§Q>aZoQ> gM_wM EH$ daXmZ h¡&

5. B©-JdZ]g go àemgZ nmaXeu ~ZoJm&
nmR> go AmJo -
• B§Q>aZoQ> Ûmam hmoZodmbo Am¡a ^r AZoH$ bm^ Am¡a hm{Z`m| Ho$ ~mao _| H$jm
_| MMm© H$s{OE &
• Am°ZbmBZ ~¢qH$J, Am°ZbmBZ empßn¨J, Am°ZbmBZ {Q>H$Q> ~wqH$J O¡go AÝ`
Am°ZbmBZ gw{dYmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmßV H$s{OE &
72
9. B©_mZXmam| Ho$ gå_obZ _|
h[ae§H$a nagmB© -
àñVwV ì`§½` aMZm _| EH$ gm_m{OH$ Ag§J{V H$s Amoa g§Ho$V {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& Bg_|
hmñ` Am¡a ì`§½` H$m gw§Xa gpå_lU h¡Ÿ& Bg aMZm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go nagmB© Or Zo
B©_mZXma H$hbmZodmbo bmoJm| H$s ~oB©_mZr H$m nXm©\$me {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
_¢Zo H$VB© Eogm Hw$N> Zht {H$`m, {Oggo B©_mZXma _mZm OmD±$Ÿ& Z OmZo
CÝh| H¡$go `h ^«_ hmo J`m {H$ _¢ B©_mZXma hÿ±Ÿ& _wPo nÌ {_bm, ""h_ bmoJ
Bg eha _| EH$ B©_mZXma gå_obZ H$a aho h¢Ÿ& Amn Xoe Ho$ à{gÕ B©_mZXma
h¢Ÿ& h_mar àmW©Zm h¡ {H$ Amn Bg gå_obZ H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$a|Ÿ& h_ AmnH$mo
AmZo-OmZo H$m nhbo XO} H$m {H$am`m X|Jo VWm Amdmg, ^moOZ Am{X H$s CÎm_
ì`dñWm H$a|JoŸ& AmnHo$ AmJ_Z go B©_mZXmam| VWm CXr`_mZ B©_mZXmam| H$mo ~‹S>r
àoaUm {_boJrŸ&'' _¢ J`mŸ& bo{H$Z hb{\$`m H$hVm hÿ± {H$ B©_mZXmar Ho$ {bE
Zht J`mŸ& B©_mZ go _wPo Hw$N> boZm-XoZm Zht h¡Ÿ& _¢ `h {hgm~ bJmH$a J`m
{H$ Xygao XO} _| OmD±$Jm Am¡a nhbo H$m {H$am`m by±JmŸ& Bg Vah EH$ gm¡ nMmg
énò ~M|JoŸ& `h ~oB©_mZr H$hbmòJrŸ& na CZ bmoJm| Zo _wPo amï´>r` ñVa H$m
B©_mZXma _mZm hr Š`m| ?
73
ñQ>oeZ na _oam Iy~ ñdmJV hþAmŸ& bJ^J Xg ~‹S>r \y$b-_mbmE± nhZm`r
J`tŸ& gmoMm, Amg-nmg H$moB© _mbr hmoVm Vmo \y$b-_mbmE± ^r ~oM boVmŸ&
_wPo hmoQ>b Ho$ EH$ ~‹S>o H$_ao _| R>ham`m J`mŸ& _oao H$_ao Ho$ ~m`| Am¡a
gm_Zo Xmo hm°b Wo, {OZ_| bJ^J Vrg-n¢Vrg à{V{Z{Y R>hao WoŸ& _oao Xmo
B©_mZXma gmWr ^r _oao hr H$_ao _| Am JòŸ& _¢Zo gmoMm Vmbm bJm`m OmòJm,
Vmo BÝh| VH$br\$ hmoJrŸ& _¢Zo Vmbm Zht bJm`mŸ& CX²>KmQ>Z emZXma hþAmŸ& _¢Zo
bJ^J EH$ K§Q>o VH$ ^mfU {X`mŸ&
bmoJ Om MwHo$ WoŸ& _¢ Wm _w»` A{V{WŸ& _wPgo bmoJ ~mV| H$a aho WoŸ&
_¢ MbZo bJm, Vmo Mßnb nhZZo J`mŸ& XoIm, _oar Mßnb| Jm`~ WtŸ& Z`r
Am¡a AÀN>r Mßnb| WtŸ& A~ dhm± EH$ Omo‹S>r \$Q>r-nwamZr Mßnb| ~Mr Wt& _¢Zo
CÝh| hr nhZ {b`mŸ& `h ~mV \¡$b J`r {H$ _oar Z`r Mßnb| H$moB© nhZ
J`mŸ&
EH$ B©_mZXma S>obrJoQ> _oao H$_ao _| AmòŸ& H$hZo bJo, ""Š`m AmnH$s
Mßnb| H$moB© nhZ J`m ?''
_¢Zo H$hm, ""hm±, BVZo ~‹S>o Obgo _| Mßnbm| H$s AXbm-~Xbr hmo hr
OmVr h¡Ÿ&'' {\$a _¢Zo Ü`mZ go XoIm, CZHo$ nm±dm| _| _oar hr Mßnb| WtŸ& dh
^r _oar Mßnb| XoI aho WoŸ& do ~hþV H$aHo$ CZH$s hr WtŸ&
74
na dh ~o{hMH$ _wPo g_PmZo bJo, ""Xo{IE, Mßnb| EH$ OJh Zht
CVmaZr Mm{hEŸ& EH$ Mßnb `hm± CVm[aò, Vmo Xygar Xg \$sQ> XyaŸ& V~ Mßnb|
Mmoar Zht hmoVtŸ& EH$ hr OJh Omo‹S>r hmoJr, Vmo H$moB© ^r nhZ boJmŸ& _¢Zo
Eogm hr {H$`m WmŸ&''
_¢ XoI ahm Wm {H$ dh _oar hr Mßnb| nhZo h¢ Am¡a _wPo g_Pm
aho h¢Ÿ&
_¢Zo H$hm, ""H$moB© ~mV ZhtŸ& gw~h Xygar IarX by±JmŸ& AmnH$s Mßnb|
Zht J`t, `h JZr_V h¡Ÿ&''
{\$a _¢Zo XoIm {H$ EH$ {~ñVa H$s MmXa Jm`~ h¡Ÿ& _¢Zo Am`moOZH$Vm©Am|
go H$hm, Vmo CÝhm|Zo Odm~ {X`m, ""hmoQ>bdmbo Zo YwbmZo H$mo ôO Xr hmoJrŸ&
Xygar Am OmòJrŸ&'' na Xygar Am`r ZhtŸ&
Xygao {XZ Jmo{ð>`m± ewê$ hmo J`tŸ& amV H$mo Jmo{ð>`m| go bm¡Q>mŸ& XoIm {H$
Xmo Am¡a MmXa| Jm`~ h¢Ÿ& VrZm| Mbr J`tŸ&
Xygao {XZ ~¡R>H$ _| OmZo Ho$ {bE Yyn H$m Mí_m ImoOZo bJm, Vmo Zht
{_bm, em_ H$mo Vmo WmŸ&
_¢Zo EH$-Xmo bmoJm| go H$hm, Vmo ~mV \¡$b J`rŸ&
Bgr g_` ~Jb Ho$ H$_ao _| hëbm hþAm, ""Aao _oam ~«r\$Ho$g H$hm± Mbm
J`m? `ht Vmo aIm WmŸ&''
_¡§Zo nyN>m, ""Cg_| n¡go Vmo Zht Wo ?''
Odm~ {_bm, ""n¡go Vmo Zht WoŸ& H$mJµOmV WoŸ&''
_¢Zo H$hm, ""Vmo {_b OmòJmŸ&''
_¢ {~Zm Yyn H$m Mí_m bJmò ~¡R>H$ _| nhþ±MmŸ&
~¡R>H$ _| n§Ðh {_ZQ> Mm` H$s Nw>Å>r hþB©Ÿ& bmoJm| Zo ghmZw^y{V àH$Q> H$sŸ&
EH$ gÁOZ AmòŸ& H$hZo bJo, ""~‹S>r Mmo[a`m± hmo ahr h¢Ÿ& Xo{IE, AmnH$m
Yyn H$m Mí_m hr Mbm J`mŸ&''
75
dh Yyn H$m Mí_m bJmò WoŸ& _wPo `mX Wm, EH$ {XZ nhbo dh
Yyn H$m Mí_m Zht bJmò WoŸ& _¢Zo XoIm, Omo Mí_m dh bJmò Wo, dh _oam
hr Wm&
H$hZo bJo, ""AmnZo Mí_m bJm`m Zht Wm ?''

_¢Zo H$hm, ""amV H$mo Š`m Mm±XZr _| Yyn H$m Mí_m bJm`m OmVm h¡?
_¢Zo H$_ao H$s Q>o~wb na aI {X`m WmŸ&''
dh ~mobo, ""H$moB© CR>m bo J`m hmoJm&''
_¢ CÝh| XoI ahm Wm Am¡a dh _oam Mí_m bJmò BV_rZmZ go ~¡R>o WoŸ&
Vrgao {XZ amV H$mo bm¡Q>m, Vmo Hw$N> hamaV Wr Wmo‹S>r R>ÊS> ^r WrŸ& _¢Zo
gmoMm, {~ñVa go H$å~b {ZH$mb by±Ÿ& na H$å~b ^r Jm`~ WmŸ&
{\$a hëbm hþAmŸ& ñdmJV g{_{V Ho$ _§Ìr AmòŸ& H$B© H$m`©H$Vm© AmòŸ&
_§Ìr H$m`©H$Vm©Am| H$mo S>m±Q>Zo bJo, ""Vw_ bmoJ Š`m H$aVo hmo ? Vwåhmar S²>`yQ>r
`hm± h¡Ÿ& Vwåhmao ahVo Mmo[a`m± hmo ahr h¢Ÿ& `h B©_mZXma gå_obZ h¡Ÿ& ~mha
`h Mmoar H$s ~mV \¡$br, Vmo {H$VZr ~XZm_r hmoJr ?''
H$m`©H$Vm©Am| Zo H$hm, ""h_ Š`m H$a| ? AJa gå_mZZr` S>obrJoQ> `hm±-
dhm± Om`|, Vmo Š`m h_ CÝh| amoH$ gH$Vo h¢ ?''
76
_§Ìr Zo Jwñgo go H$hm, ""_¢ nw{bg H$mo ~wbmH$a `hm± g~H$s Vbmer
H$admVm hÿ±Ÿ&''
_¢Zo g_Pm`m, ""Eogm ha{JµO _V H$[aòŸ& B©_mZXmam| Ho$ gå_obZ _| nw{bg
B©_mZXmam| H$s Vbmer b§o, `h ~‹S>r Aemo^Zr` ~mV hmoJrŸ& {\$a BVZo ~‹S>o
gå_obZ _| Wmo‹S>r J‹S>~‹S>r hmoJr hrŸ&''
EH$ H$m`©H$Vm© Zo H$hm, ""Vbmer {H$ZH$s H$adm`|Jo, AmYo Ho$ bJ^J
S>obrJoQ> Vmo {H$am`m boH$a Xmonha H$mo hr dmng Mbo JòŸ&''
amV H$mo nhZZo Ho$ H$n‹S>o {gahmZo X~mH$a gmo`mŸ& Z`r Mßnb| Am¡a eoqdJ
H$m {S>ã~m {~ñVa Ho$ ZrMo X~m`mŸ&
gw~h _wPo bm¡Q>Zm WmŸ& _wPo CZ bmoJm| Zo AÀN>m n¡gm {X`mŸ& _¢Zo gm_mZ
~m±YmŸ&
_§Ìr Zo H$hm, ""nagmB© Or, Jm‹S>r AmZo _| Xoa h¡Ÿ& M{bò, ñdmJV g{_{V
Ho$ gmW AÀN>o hmoQ>b _| ^moOZ hmo OmòŸ& A~ Vmbm bJm XoVo h¢Ÿ&''
na Vmbm ^r Jm`~ WmŸ& Vmbm VH$ Mwam {b`mŸ& JO~ hmo J`mŸ&
_¢Zo H$hm, ""[aŠem ~wbdmBòŸ& _¢ grYm ñQ>oeZ OmD±$JmŸ& `hm± Zht
éHy±$JmŸ&''
_§Ìr h¡amZ WoŸ& ~mobo, ""Eogr ^r Š`m ZmamµOJr h¡ ?''
_¢Zo H$hm, ""ZmamµOJr H$VB© Zht h¡Ÿ& ~mV `h h¡ {H$ MrµO| Vmo g~ Mwam
br J`tŸ& Vmbm VH$ Mmoar _| Mbm J`mŸ& A~ _¢ ~Mm hÿ±Ÿ& AJa éH$m Vmo
_¢ hr Mwam {b`m OmD±$JmŸ&''
*******
nmR> H$m Ame` :
Bg OJV² _| AÀN>mB©-~wamB© XmoZm| {XImB© XoVr h¢& h§g-jra Ý`m` H$s Vah
BZ_| h_| {g\©$ AÀN>mB© H$mo AnZmH$a ~wamB© H$mo N>mo‹S> XoZm Mm{hE& ~oB©_mZr
^r EH$ AdJwU h¡& ~oB©_mZm| na ì`§½` H$aVo hþE àñVwV aMZm Ûmam boIH$
Zo gMoV {H$`m h¡ {H$ h_ ~oB©_mZr go Xÿa ah| &
77
boIH$ n[aM` :
H$b_ H$mo boIH$ H$s Vbdma _mZZodmbo lr h[ae§H$a
nagmB© {hÝXr gm{hË` OJV² H$s EH$ ~oOmo‹S> {Z{Y h¢&
BZH$m OÝ_ _Ü`àXoe Ho$ O_mZr Jm±d _| 22 AJñV 1924
H$mo hþAm WmŸ& BZH$s Hw$N> à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - h±gVo h¢
amoVo h¢, ^yV Ho$ nm±d nrN>o, gXmMma H$m VmdrµO, d¡îUd
H$m {\$gbZ Am{XŸ& {hÝXr Ho$ ì`§½` gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg
_| BZH$m `moJXmZ A{X²dVr` h¡Ÿ&
eãXmW© :
nXm©\$me-AZmdaU, H$VB©-ha{J‹O, H$^r ^r; hb{\$`m-H$g_ go,
VH$br\$-H$ï>, emZXma-d¡^d`wV, S>obrJoQ>-Delegate, à{V{Z{Y; Obgm-
g_mamoh, CËgd; {hMH$-g§H$moM, JZr_V-Iwer H$s ~mV, Mí_m-EoZH$,
H$mJ‹OmV-H$mJO-nÌ, hëbm-emoa, BV_rZmZ-âmogm, {dídmg; hamaV-hëH$m
Áda; ha{J‹>O-{~ëHw$b, {H$gr Xem _| ^r; {gahmZm-V{H$`mŸ&
Aä`mg
1. àñVwV H$hmZr Ho$ boIH$ H$m¡Z h¢ ?
2. boIH$ Xygao XO} _| Š`m| g\$a H$aZm MmhVo Wo ?
3. boIH$ H$s Mßnb| {H$gZo nhZr Wt ?
4. ñdmJV g{_{V Ho$ _§Ìr {H$gH$mo S>m±Q>Zo bJo ?
5. boIH$ nhZZo Ho$ H$n‹S>o H$hm± X~mH$a gmoò ?
6. gå_obZ _| boIH$ Ho$ ^mJ boZo go {H$Z-{H$Z H$mo àoaUm {_b
gH$Vr Wr?
7. boIH$ H$mo H$hm± R>ham`m J`m?
78
8. ~«r\$Ho$g _| Š`m Wm?
9. boIH$ Zo Yyn H$m Mí_m H$hm± aIm Wm?
10. Vrgao {XZ boIH$ Ho$ H$_ao go Š`m Jm`~ hmo J`m Wm?

1. boIH$ H$mo ôOo Jò {Z_§ÌU nÌ _| Š`m {bIm J`m Wm?
2. \y$b _mbmE± {_bZo na boIH$ Š`m gmoMZo bJo?
3. boIH$ Zo _§Ìr H$mo Š`m g_Pm`m?
4. Mßnbm| H$s Mmoar hmoZo na B©_mZXma S>obrJoQ> Zo Š`m gwPmd {X`m?
5. boIH$ Zo H$_am N>mo‹S>H$a OmZo H$m {ZU©` Š`m| {b`m?
6. _w»` A{V{W H$s ~oB©_mZr H$hm± {XImB© XoVr h¡?

1. boIH$ Ho$ Yyn H$m Mí_m Imo OmZo H$s KQ>Zm H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&
2. _§Ìr VWm H$m`©H$Vm©Am| Ho$ ~rM _| Š`m dmVm©bmn hþAm?
3. gå_obZ _| boIH$ H$mo H$m¡Z-go AZw^d hþE? g§jon _| {b{IE&
IV. AZwê$nVm:
1. nhbm {XZ : Mßnb| Jm`~ Wr§ :: Xÿgao {XZ :
2. Vrgao {XZ : H$å~b Jm`~ Wm :: Mm¡Wo {XZ :
3. [aŠem : VrZ n{h`m| H$m dmhZ :: gmB[H$b :
4. aobJm‹S>r : nQ>ar :: hdmB©OhmO :
79
V. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :
1. h_ bmoJ Bg eha _| EH$ gå_obZ H$a aho h¢ &
2. _oar Mßnb| Wt&
3. dh _oam Mí_m bJmò go ~¡R>o Wo&
4. {\$a BVZo ~‹S>o gå_obZ _| Wmo‹S>r hmoJr hr &

1. AmJ_Z ×
2. amV ×
3. Odm~ ×
4. ~oMZm ×
5. gÁOZ ×
VII.~hþdMZ ê$n {b{IE :

1. H$n‹S>m -
2. MmXa -
3. ~mV -
4. {S>ã~m -
5. MrµO -
80
VIII. àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE :
1. R>haZm
2. YmoZm
3. XoIZm
4. bm¡Q>Zm
5. CVaZm
6. nhZZm
IX. g§{Y-{dÀN>oX H$aHo$ g§{Y H$m Zm_ {b{IE :
1. ñdmJV
2. ghmZw^{y V
3. gÁOZ
4. namonH$ma
5. {ZpíM¨V
6. gX¡d
X. H$ÝZS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
1. h_ AmnH$mo AmZo-OmZo H$m nhbo XO} H$m {H$am`m X|Jo&
2. ñQ>oeZ na _oam Iy~ ñdmJV hþAm &
3. Xo{IE, Mßnb| EH$ OJh Zht CVmaZr Mm{hE&
4. A~ _¢ ~Mm hÿ±& AJa éH$m Vmo _¢ hr Mwam {b`m OmD±$Jm &
81
XI. B©_mZ JwU Ho$ gm_Zo ghr {M• (√) Am¡a ~oB©_mZ JwU Ho$ gm_Zo JbV
{M• (×) bJmBE :
1. Xÿgao bmoJm| H$s dñVwAm| H$mo dm{ng nhþ±MmZm &
2. Mmoar H$aZm &
3. amñVo _| {_br dñVwAm| H$mo nw{bg ñQ>oeZ nhþ±MmZm &
4. H$m_Mmoar H$aZm &
5. ~Jb _| Nw>ar _w±h _| am_-am_ H$aZm &
6. PyR> ~mobZm &
7. ZoH$ _mJ© na MbZm &
8. OmZ~yPH$a JbVr H$aZm &
9. ~hmZm ~ZmZm &
10. gM ~mobZm &
11. g_` na H$m_ nyam H$aZm &
12. YmoIm XoZm &
13. OmbgmµOr H$aZm &
14. Mmoa ~mµOmar Am¡a {_bmdQ> H$aZm &
15. {ZîR>m go H$m`© H$aZm &
16. ^«îQ>mMma _| em{_b hmoZm &
17. godm^md go Xÿgam| H$s ghm`Vm H$aZm &
18. Xoe Ho$ à{V gÀMm A{^_mZ aIZm &
19. gÀMo ^md go ~‹S>m| H$m AmXa H$aZm &
20. AnZo ghnm{R>`m| Ho$ gmW ^mB©Mmao H$m ì`dhma H$aZm &
82
XII. {MÌ XoIH$a H$hmZr a{ME Am¡a CgHo$ {bE EH$ C{MV erf©H$
Xr{OE :
83
^mfm kmZ
I. {XE JE {ZX}emZwgma dmŠ` ~X{bE :
1. _oao nmg Mßnb Zht Wr& (dV©_mZH$mb _|)
2. EH$ {~ñVa H$s MmXa Jm`~ h¡& (^yVH$mb _|)
3. Cg_| n¡go Vmo Zhr§ Wo& (^{dî`V²H$mb _|)
4. H$moB© CR>m bo J`m hmoJm& (dV©_mZH$mb _|)
5. dh Yyn H$m Mí_m bJmò Wo& (^{dî`V²H$mb _|)
6. gw~h _wPo bm¡Q>Zm Wm& (^{dî`V²H$mb _|)
II. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| Ho$ AmJo H$mb nhMmZH$a {b{IE :

1. _¢Zo gm_mZ ~m±Ym&
2. ~‹S>r Mmo[a`m± hmo ahr h¢&
3. nhbo XO} H$m {H$am`m by±Jm&
4. S>obrJoQ> Xmonha H$mo hr dmng Mbo Jò&
5. _oar Mßnb| XoI aho Wo&
84
III. BZ H$hmdVm| H$m AW© g_PH$a dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$s{OE :
O¡go : H$hmdV - Ohm± Mmh dhm± amh&
AW© - BÀN>m hmoZo na Cgo nmZo H$m _mJ© ñd`§ {_b OmVm h¡&
dmŠ` - `{X _Zwî` Mmho Vmo H${R>Z go H${R>Z H$m`© H$mo ^r nyam
H$a gH$Vm h¡, Š`m|{H$ Ohm± Mmh dhm± amh&
1. Jwé Jw‹S> hr aho, Mobo eŠH$a hmo Jò&
2. O¡gm Xoe, d¡gm ôg&
3. {Z~©b Ho$ ~b am_&
4. ~§Xa Š`m OmZo AXaH$ H$m ñdmX&
5. hmWr Ho$ Xm±V ImZo Ho$ Am¡a, {XImZo Ho$ Am¡a&
nmR> go AmJo -
• {dÚm{W©`m| H$s g_ñ`mAm| na AnZr nmR>embm _| EH$ {dÚmWu
gå_obZ H$m Am`moOZ H$s{OE&
• {H$gr gå_obZ _o§ ^mJ boH$a dhm± Ho$ AZw^dm| na H$jm _| MMm©
H$s{OE&
85
10. Xþ{Z`m _| nhbm _H$mZ
S>m°. {dO`m Jwám-

_mZd H$mo gVV à`ËZerb hmoZm Mm{hE& Xÿgam| H$s ghm`Vm go dh ZdrZ dñVwAm|
H$mo ~ZmZm ^r grI gH$Vm h¡& Z Ho$db bmoJm| go A{nVw àm{U`m|o go ^r h_| grI
{_bVr h¡&
nydm}Îma ^maV _| ~gZodmbo qgJ\$mo Am{Xdm{g`m| _| Omo H$hmZr H$hr OmVr
h¡, CgHo$ AZwgma g~go nhbo AmX_r H$mo _H$mZ ~ZmZm ~hþV-go newAm| Zo
{gIm`m&
CZ {XZm| AmX_r Jw\$mAm| _| Am¡a no‹S>m| Ho$ ZrMo ahVm Wm& Cg g_` {H$ÝÐÿ
bm{b_ Am¡a qH$Mm bmbrXm_ Zm_H$ Xmo XmoñVm| Zo V` {H$`m {H$ do _H$mZ
~ZmE±Jo& _wpíH$b `h Wr {H$ do Zht OmZVo Wo {H$ _H$mZ H¡$go ~ZmE OmVo
h¢, Bg{bE do newAm| go nyN>-VmN> H$aZo Ho$ {bE O§Jb H$s Amoa Mb n‹S>o&
CZH$s _wbmH$mV g~go nhbo hmWr go hþB©& XmoZm| XmoñVm| Zo hmWr H$mo
Z_ñH$ma {H$`m, {\$a H$hm, ""hmWr ^mB©, h_ bmoJ _H$mZ ~ZmZm MmhVo h¢&
Amn ~Vm gH$Vo h¢ {H$ _H$mZ H¡$go ~ZmE OmVo h¢?''
86
hmWr ~mobm, ""Bg_| Š`m H${R>ZmB© h¡? no‹S>m| go bH$‹S>r Ho$ BVZo _moQ>o Am¡a
_O~yV Jmobo H$mQ> bmo, {OVZo _oao n¡a h¢&''
XmoZm| XmoñVm| Zo AmJo nyN>m, ""BgHo$ ~mX Š`m H$aZm n‹S>oJm?''
hmWr Zo CÎma {X`m, ""AmJo H$s ~mV Vmo _¢ Zht OmZVm& _wPo aÎmr-â
^r nVm Zht&''
XmoZm| XmoñV AmJo ~‹T>o& amñVo _| CÝh| gm±n {_bm& XmoñVm| Zo gm±n H$mo amoH$m&
Cgo Z_ñH$ma {H$`m& ~mobo, ""gm±n ^mB©, h_ bmoJ Ka ~ZmZm MmhVo h¢& Amn
~Vm gH$Vo h¢ {H$ H¡$go ~Zm`m OmE? hmWr Zo h_go H$hm h¡ {H$ CgHo$ n¡a
O¡go _O~yV Am¡a _moQ>o bH$‹S>r Ho$ Jmobo no‹S> go H$mQ> bmo& Cgo ~g BVZm hr
_mby_ h¡& AmJo H$s ~mV dh Zht OmZVm&''
gm±n Zo H$hm, ""Eogm H$amo {H$ bH$‹S>r Eogr nVbr Am¡a b§~r H$mQ>mo, O¡gm
_¢ h±ÿ&''
XmoZm| XmoñVm| Zo nyN>m, ""BgHo$ ~mX {\$a Š`m H$aZm n‹S>oJm?''
gm±n Zo H$hm, ""AmJo H$s ~mV _¢ Zht OmZVm& _wPo aÎmr-â nVm Zht&
XmoZm| XmoñV Am¡a AmJo ~‹T>o& amñVo _| g‹S>H$-{H$Zmao CÝh| EH$ ^¢g I‹S>r
{_br& ^¢g H$m ^¢gm _a J`m Wm& ^¢go H$m _m§g Xÿgao OmZda Im JE Wo&
Imbr n§Oa n‹S>m Wm& ^¢g CgrHo$ nmg I‹S>r Xþ…I _Zm ahr Wr& XmoZm| XmoñV
^¢g Ho$ gm_Zo nh±þMo& Cgo Z_ñH$ma {H$`m Am¡a ~mobo, ""^¢g ~hZ, h_ bmoJ
_H$mZ ~ZmZm MmhVo h¢& Amn ~Vm gH$Vr h¢ {H$ H¡$go ~Zm`m OmE? hmWr
Zo ~Vm`m {H$ BVZo _moQ>o Am¡a _O~yV Jmobo no‹S>m| go H$mQ> bmo {OVZo CgHo$ n¡a
h¢& gm±n Zo H$hm {H$ Eogr b§~r Am¡a nVbr bH${‹S>`m± H$mQ> bmo, O¡gm dh IwX
h¡& BgHo$ AmJo H$s ~mV Z hmWr ~Vm nm`m, Z gm±n& ~oMmao XmoZm| H$mo aÎmr-
â nVm Zht&''
^¢g Zo XmoZm| XmoñVm| H$mo AnZo ^¢go H$m n§Oa {XIm`m& ~mobr, ""O¡go Bg
n§Oa _| Mma n¡am| na h{È>`m± n‹S>r h¢, Cgr Vah Mma _moQ>o Jmobo µO_rZ _|
Jm‹S>H$a CZ na nVbr Am¡a b§~r bH${‹S>`m| go N>ßna H$m n§Oa ~Zm bmo&''
87
XmoZm| Zo nyN>m, ""BgHo$ ~mX Š`m H$aZm hmoJm?''
^¢g Zo CÎma {X`m, ""AmJo H$s ~mV _¢ Zht OmZVr& _wPo aÎmr-â nVm
Zht&''
V~ XmoZm| XmoñV AmJo ~‹T>o& amñVo _| EH$ Vmbm~ {_bm& Vmbm~ _| EH$
~hþV ~‹S>r _N>br V¡a ahr Wr& XmoZm| XmoñV dht R>ha JE& {\$a XmoZm| Zo _N>br
Ho$ nmg OmH$a Z_ñH$ma {H$`m Am¡a ~mobo, ""h_ bmoJ _H$mZ ~ZmZm MmhVo
h¢& hmWr H$hVm h¡ {H$ CgHo$ n¡am| O¡go _moQ>o Am¡a _O~yV bH$‹S>r Ho$ Jmobo no‹S>m|
go H$mQ> bmo& gm±n Zo ~Vm`m {H$ O¡gm dh h¡, d¡gr nVbr Am¡a b§~r bH${‹S>`m±
H$mQ> bmo& ^¢g Zo `h {XIbm {X`m {H$ BZ XmoZm| {H$ñ_ H$s bH${‹S>`m| H$mo H¡$go
O_m`m OmE& BgHo$ AmJo H$s ~mV CZ bmoJm| _| go {H$gr H$mo nVm Zht& H$moB©
aÎmr-â ^r Zht OmZVm&''
_N>br Zo H$hm, ""Amn bmoJ µOam _oar nrR> H$s n{Å>`m± Ü`mZ go XoI bmo&
{\$a no‹S>m| go ~hþV-gr n{Îm`m± Vmo‹S> bmo& BZ n{Îm`m| H$mo N>ßna na Cgr Vah
O_m Xmo, O¡gr _oar nrR> na n{Å>`m± h¢&
88
_N>br H$s ~mV gwZH$a XmoñVm| H$s g_P _| Am J`m {H$ A~ do
_H$mZ ~Zm gH$Vo h¢& _H$mZ ~ZmZo H$m nyam VarH$m CÝh| _mby_ hmo J`m&
A~ Am¡a Hw$N> OmZZo H$s µOê$aV Zht Wr& XmoZm| XmoñV O§Jb go bm¡Q>H$a AmE
Am¡a EH$ OJh _H$mZ ~Zm {b`m& `h Xþ{Z`m _| AmX_r Ho$ hmWm| ~Zm nhbm
_H$mZ Wm&
*******
nmR> H$m Ame` :
AZm{XH$mb go _mZd new-n{j`m| go AnZo n[aga Am¡a dmVmdaU go
Hw$N>-Z-Hw$N> grIVm Am ahm h¡¡& Mt{Q>`m| go {JaH$a CR>Zo H$m gmhg grIm
h¡ Vmo _wJu Zo Cgo gw~h OëXr CR>Zo H$s grI Xr h¡& Bgr àH$ma {d{^Þ
new-n{j`m| H$s Üd{Z`m| H$m AZwH$aU H$aVo-H$aVo CgZo AnZr ^mfm H$mo
g_¥Õ ~Zm`m h¡& àñVwV H$hmZr _| `hr {XIm`m J`m h¡ {H$ BÝgmZ Zo _H$mZ
~ZmZm ^r new-àm{U`m| go grIm& CgH$m gab {Zê$nU Bg H$hmZr _| {H$`m
J`m h¡&
89
bo{IH$m n[aM` : S>m°. {dO`m Jwám
S>m.° {dO`m Jwám Or H$m OÝ_ 21 {Xg§~a gZ² 1946 H$mo hþAm& AmnZo bmB~«ao r
gmB§g _| ñZmVH$moÎma VWm nrEM.S>r H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s h¡& Hw$éjoÌ
{díd{dX²`mb` _| qhXr àmÜ`mnH$ Ho$ ê$n _| H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Jm§Yr ZoeZb
å`y{g`_ VWm {Xëbr {díd{dX²`mb` _| bmB~«[o a`Z H$m H$m_ {H$`m h¡& godm go
{Zd¥Îm hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Amn boIZ H$m`© _| ì`ñV h¢&
AmnH$s àH$m{eV nwñVH|$ h¢ - h_mao ~hmXþa ~ÀMo (gyMZm Am¡a àgmaU _§Ìmb`),
XmoñVr {H$Vm~m| go (Children's Literature and Reading Habbit), ~mb H$hmZr g§Jh« ,
Xþ{Z`m _| nhbm _H$mZ, Q>obr\$moZ H$s _aå_V, \$sg H$s {Oå_oXmar, ~w{X²Y_mZ
Ý`m`mYre Am{X&
eãXmW© :
_H$mZ - Ka, J¥h ; aÎmr - WmoS‹ >m , IwX - ñd`§ , hÈ>r - ªÀÄÆ¼É, Bone;
_wpíH$b - H$ï> , V` H$aZm - {ZíM` H$aZm , _O~yV - Ñ‹T> , Jm‹S>Zm -
JS²>‹T>m ImoXH$a Cg_| H$moB© dñVw aIH$a {_Å>r go T>H$Zm , nVbr - Xþ~br, Omo
_moQ>m Z hmo ; Vmbm~ - gamoda , {H$ñ_ - àH$ma, ^m±{V, T>J§ , VO©; VarH$m
- ar{V, T>J§ ; Jmobo - d¥Îm, JmobmH¥${V&
Aä`mg
1. qgJ\$mo Am{Xdmgr H$hm± ahVo Wo?
2. g~go nhbo AmX_r H$mo _H$mZ ~ZmZm {H$gZo {gIm`m?
3. _H$mZ Ho$ ~mao _| nyN>-VmN> H$aZo XmoZm| XmoñV H$hm± Mb n‹S>o?
4. XmoñVm| H$s _wbmH$mV g~go nhbo {H$ggo hþB©?
5. XmoñVm| Zo Š`m-Š`m V` {H$`m?
6. hmWr go CÎma nmH$a XmoñV {H$ggo {_bo?
7. g~ OmZdam| H$s ~mV| gwZH$a XmoñVm| Zo Š`m {H$`m?
90
1. bm{b_ Am¡a qH$Mm bmbrXm_ O§Jb H$s Amoa Š`m| Mb n‹S>o?
2. XmoñVm| Zo hmWr Ho$ gmW {H$gH$s MMm© H$s?
3. hmWr Zo XmoñVm| H$mo Š`m CÎma {X`m?
4. XmoñVm| Zo {H$Z-{H$Z OmZdam| go _wbmH$mV H$s?
III. VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. gm±n Zo XmoñVm| H$mo Š`m gwPmd {X`m?
2. ^¢g Ho$ n§Oa go XmoñVm| H$mo Š`m OmZH$mar {_br?
3. _N>br Zo XmoñVm| Ho$ àíZ H$m Š`m Odm~ {X`m?
IV. AZwê$nVm:
1. hmWr : O§Jbr OmZda :: ^¡¢g :
2. _N>br : nmZr :: gm±n :
3. _N>br : V¡aZm :: gm±n :
4. hmWr : gy±‹S> :: ^¢g :
V. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE:
1. H$hmZr - 6. _N>br -
2. Jw\$m - 7. bH$‹S>r -
3. noS‹ > - 8. nÅ>r -
4. nÎmr - 9. bmoJ -
5. hÈ>r - 10. Ka -
91
VI. AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE:
1. AmX_r - 4. eoa -
2. hmWr - 5. _moa -
3. ^¢g - 6. ~hZ -

1. ~hþV × 6. _O~yV ×
2. {XZ × 7. b§~r ×
3. ZrMo × 8. nmg ×
4. _wpíH$b × 9. XmoñV ×
5. AmJo × 10. H$mQ>Zm ×
VIII. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE:

A Am
1. Vmbm~ n¡a
2. hmWr _N>br
3. ^¢g Am{Xdmgr
4. nhbm h{È>`m±
5. qgJ\$mo _H$mZ
92
IX. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE:
1. ^¢g Zo XmoñVm| H$mo AnZo ^¢go H$m {XIm`m&
2. XmoñVm| H$s _wbmH$V A§V _| go hþB©&
3. Amn bmoJ µOam _oar nrR> H$s Ü`mZ go XoI bmo&
4. ^¢g ~hZ, h_ bmoJ ~ZmZm MmhVo h¢&
X. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE:
1. _H$mZ 2. no‹S> 3. XmoñV 4. ^|Q>
XI. àW_ àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE:
1. ~ZZm - 4. grIZm -
2. {JaZm - 5. H$aZm -
3. bJZm - 6. R>haZm -
XII. ghr eãX MwZH$a {b{IE :
(nmZr, nmbVy OmZda, Jm±d, Amg_mZ, {~b, no‹S, O§Jb)
1. hmWr 3. ^¢g
2. gm±n 4. _N>br
5. njr 6. ~¡bJm‹S>r
93
XIII. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE:
1. ^¢g Zo XmoñVm| H$mo n§Oa {XIm`m&
2. gm±n Zo H$hm, "AmJo H$s ~mV _¢ Zht OmZVm&'
3. hmWr ~mobm, "Bg_| Š`m H${R>ZmB© h¡?'
4. Vmbm~ _| EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>r _N>br V¡a ahr Wr&
nmR> go AmJo -
I. nmbVy Am¡a O§Jbr OmZdmam| H$s gyMr V¡`ma H$s{OE:
nmbVy OmZda O§Jbr OmZda
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
7. 7.
8. 8.
94
II. ZrMo {bIo eãXm| Ho$ AmYma na {b{IE {H$ H$m¡Z Š`m H$m_ H$aVm
h¡? -
CXm : ~‹T>B© bH$‹S>r H$m H$m_
1. Hw$åhma
2. bwhma
3. gwZma
4. Owbmhm
5. XyH$mZXma
6. hbdmB©
7. S>mŠ° Q>a
8. AÜ`mnH$
9. g¡{ZH$
10. {H$gmZ
95
11. g_` H$s nhMmZ
-{g`mam_eaU Jwá
g_` ~hþV AZ_mob h¡& CgH$m _hËd YZ go ^r Á`mXm h¡& Bg H${dVm Ûmam N>mÌ
g_` H$s _hÎmm g_P|Jo&
CX²`moJr H$mo H$hm± Zht gwg_` {_b OmVm,
g_` Zï> H$a H$ht gm¡»` H$moB© ^r nmVm&
Ambg hr `h H$am ahm h¡ g^r ~hmZo,
Omo H$aZm h¡, H$amo A^r, H$b hmo Š`m OmZo?
nm gH$Vo {\$a Zht H$^r Vw_ BgH$mo ImoHo$
Mmhmo Vw_ Š`m| Zht MH«$dVu ^r hmoHo$&
H$a gH$Vm H$~ H$m¡Z Ðì` h¡ BgH$s g_Vm,
{\$a ^r Vw_H$mo Zht µOam h¡ BgH$s qMVm&&
g_` B©e H$m {X`m hþAm A{V AZwn_ YZ h¡,
`hr g_` hr Ahmo Vwåhmam ew^ OrdZ h¡&
VwÀN> H$^r Vw_ Zht EH$ nb H$mo ^r OmZmo,
nb-nb go hr ~Zm hþAm OrdZ H$mo _mZmo&&
H$aZm h¡ Omo H$m_, Cgr _| {MËV bJm Xmo,
AmË_m na {dídmg H$amo, g§Xoh ^Jm Xmo&&
Eogm gwg_` ^bm Am¡a H$~ Vw_ nmAmoJo,
ImoH$a nrN>o Bgo gd©Wm nNVmAmoJo&&
*******
96
nmR> H$m Ame` :
"g_`' A{YH$ _hËdnyU© VWm Cn`moJr hmoVm h¡& g_` H$mo Omo AnZm
gÀMm gmWr ~Zm boJm, dh AnZo H$m_ _| g\$b hmoJm& Bg H${dVm _| `h
g§Xoe {X`m J`m h¡ {H$ h_| H$m_ H$aZo H$m Omo Adga àmá hmoVm h¡, Cgo ì`W©
OmZo Zht XoZm Mm{hE&
H${d n[aM`:
H${d {g`mam_eaU Jwá H$m OÝ_ 4 {gV§~a 1895 H$mo
_Ü`àXoe Ho$ Pm±gr Ho$ {MaJm±d _| hþAm Wm& {nVm H$m Zm_
goR> am_MaU H$ZH$Zo Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ H$m¡eë`m ~mB© Wm&
ò qhXr Ho$ amï´>H${d _¡{WbreaU Jwá Ho$ AZwO Wo& àma§{^H$
{ejm Ho$ ~mX Ka na hr CÝhm|Zo JwOamVr, A§J«oµOr VWm CXÿ©
^mfm grIr& 1929 _| _hË_m Jm§YrOr Ho$ g§nH©$ _| AmH$a dYm© _| aho& CZH$s
à_wI aMZmE± h¢- _m¡`©{dO`, AZmW, {dfmX, AmÐm©, AmË_moËgJ©, _¥Ê_`r,
~mny, ZHw$b Am{X& XrK©H$mbrZ gm{hË` godm Ho$ {bE CÝh| ZmJar àMm[aUr
g^m, dmamUgr X²dmam "gwYmH$a nXH$' àXmZ {H$`m J`m& b§~o g_` H$s ~r_mar
Ho$ H$maU 29 _mM© 1963 _| BZH$m {ZYZ hþAm>&
eãXmW© :
CX²`moJr - n[al_r, _ohZVr; gm¡»`-gwI , Ambg - Ambñ`, H$m_Mmoar ;
~hmZm - ~mV Q>mbZm, Zm_ _mÌ H$m H$maU ; Ðì`-YZ, nXmW©, gm_J«r;
AZwn_ - AZmoIm, ~oOmo‹S>, Cn_m{dhrZ ; VwÀN>-N>moQ>m, jwÐ, {Zñgma, Aën;
nb-jU, {MÎm-_Z, Ü`mZ, A§V…H$aU ; {dídmg-âmogm, `H$sZ; gwg_` -
AÀN>m g_`, CÎm_ Adga; ImoZm - J±dmZm, gd©Wm - gXm, h_oem&
97
Aä`mg
1. H${d Ho$ AZwgma _Zwî` H$mo gwI H$~ Zht {_bVm?
2. ~hmZo ~ZmZo H$m à_wI H$maU Š`m h¡?
3. g_` {H$gH$m {X`m hþAm AZwn_ YZ h¡?
4. H${d {H$g na {dídmg H$aZo H$mo H$hVo h¢?
5. g_` Ho$ ImoZo go Š`m hmoVm h¡?
1. _Zwî` H$o$ {bE gwI H$s àm[á H$~ g§^d h¡?
2. g_` H$m gXþn`moJ H¡$go H$aZm Mm{hE?
3. H${dVm H$s A§{V_ Mma n§{ŠV`m| _| H${d Š`m H$hZm MmhVo h¢?
III. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| _| go ghr eãX MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V©
H$s{OE :
(gd©Wm, MH«$dVu, H$amo A^r, ew^)
1. Omo H$aZm h¡, , H$b hmo Š`m OmZo?
2. Mmhmo Vw_ Š`m| Zhr§ ^r hmoHo$&
3. `hr g_` hr Ahmo Vwåhmam OrdZ h¡&
4. ImoH$a nrN>o Bgo nN>VmAmoJo&
IV. AZwê$nVm :
1. Ambg : n[al_ :: Zï> :
2. OmZmo : _mZmo :: bJm Xmo :
3. YZ : {ZY©Z :: {X`m :
4. OrdZ : _aU :: ImoZm :
98
1. CX²`moJr gwI
2. Ambg AZwn_ YZ
3. OrdZ g_Vm
4. g_` ~hmZm
5. Ðì` nb-nb
gwg_`
VI. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo nhMmZH$a {b{IE :
CXm : OmVm - nmVm
1. ~hmZo -
2. g_Vm -
3. YZ -
4. bJm Xmo -
5. OmZmo -
6. nmAmoJo -
VII. ZrMo {Xò JE eãXm| H$m ewÕ ê$n {b{IE :
1. MH$adaVr -
2. MtVm -
3. ZíQ> -
4. Abmg -
99
5. gadWm -
6. g`_ -
VIII. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma eãX {b{IE:

CXm : g_` - gwg_`
1. nwÌ -
2. \$b -
3. _Z -
4. `mo½` -
5. è -
6. ZmX -
7. _{V -
IX. g_` Ho$ _hËd go g§~§{YV {ZåZ{b{IV Xmohm Am¡a H${dVmAm| H$mo n{‹T>E
Am¡a {b{IE& H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OE :
1. H$mb H$a¡ gmo AmO H$a, AmO H$a¡ gmo A~,
nb _| nab` hmodoJm, ~hþ[a H$aoJm H$~&>
2. CR> OmJ _wgm{H$a ^moa ^B©,
A~ a¡Z H$hm± Omo gmodV h¡&
Omo gmodV h¡ gmo ImodV h¡,
Omo OmJV h¡ gmo nmdV h¡&
100
3. Omo AmO H$aZm gmo A~ H$a bo&
4. O~ {M{‹S>`m MwJ J`r IoV,
V~ nN>Vmò Š`m hmoVm h¡&
X. AnZo AÜ`mnH$ H$s ghm`Vm go Bgo nyU© H$s{OE :
EH$ nha = K§Q>o
EH$ {XZ = K§Q>o
EH$ gámh = {XZ
EH$ nj = {XZ
EH$ _mg = {XZ
EH$ gmb = {XZ
XI. Vm{bH$m _| _hrZm| H$m Zm_ {b{IE Am¡a 30 {XZ AmZodmbo _hrZm| _| ham
a§J, 31 AmZodmbo _hrZm| _| nrbm a§J, 28/29 AmZodmbo _hrZo _| bmb a§J
^[aE :
nmR> go AmJo -
"g_` H$m _hËd' {df` na Xg dmŠ`m| H$m EH$ {Z~§Y {b{IE&
101
12. amo~moQ>
S>m°. àXrn _wImonmÜ`m` "AmbmoH$' -

N>mÌm| H$mo Bg nmR> Ho$ Ûmam g_Pm`m OmVm h¡ {H$ _erZ H$^r ^r _Zwî` H$m ñWmZ
Zht bo gH$Vm Am¡a _Zwî` H$m _hËd H$^r H$_ Zht hmo gH$Vm&
dfm] go gŠgoZm n[adma _| H$m_ H$a ahm Wm gmYmoam_& AMmZH$ EH$ {XZ
MbVr ~g go {JaH$a Cgo IVaZmH$ MmoQ> Am JB©& Cgo AñnVmb _| ^Vu H$amZm
n‹S>m& gŠgoZm n[adma ~‹S>m Wm& ~oQ>o-~o{Q>`m|, ZmVr-nmoVm| go Ka _| h_oem am¡ZH$
Am¡a Mhb-nhb ~Zr ahVr& gmYmoam_ Ho$ AñnVmb nhþ±M OmZo go g^r H$s
VH$br\|$ ~‹T> JBª& YraO gŠgoZm go n[admadmbm| H$m `h Xþ…I Zht XoIm J`m&
V^r n[adma Ho$ _w{I`m Ho$ ZmVo CÝhm|Zo H$moB© \¡$gbm {H$`m& Bg \¡$gbo Ho$ VhV
AJbo amoµO do "amo~moQ>mo{ZŠg H$m°anmoaoeZ' Ho$ H$m`m©b` Om nhþ±Mo&
df© 2030 Ho$ Zd§~a H$m _hrZm Wm& XâVa A^r Iwbm hr Wm& EH$ amo~moQ>
d¡Š`y_ ŠbrZa go XâVa Ho$ \$e© H$mo gm\$ H$a ahm Wm& H§$ß`yQ>a{dX² H¥${Ì_
~w{Õ (Am{Q>©\$s{e`b B§Q>¡brO|g) H$m g_mdoe amo~moQ> _| H$aZo _| g\$b hmo JE
Wo& Hw$N> amo~moQ>m| _| Vmo _mZdr` g§doXZm Ho$ JwU n¡Xm H$aZo _| ^r H§$ß`yQ>a{dXm|
Ed§ amo~mo{Q>H$s d¡km{ZH$m| H$mo g\$bVm {_br Wr&
102
H$mC§Q>a na ~¡R>o EH$ amo~moQ> Zo hr YraO gŠgoZm H$m ñdmJV {H$`m, "Or
lr_mZ²! _¢ AmnHo$ {bE Š`m H$a gH$Vm h±ÿ?' Odm~ _| YraO gŠgoZm ~mobo,
"_wPo Kaoby H$m_H$mO H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ ~w{Õ_mZ amo~moQ> H$s µOê$aV h¡&' `h
gwZH$a H$mC§Q>a na ~¡R>m amo~moQ> ~mobm, "bo{H$Z Kaoby H$m_H$mO Ho$ {bE ~w{Õ_mZ
amo~moQ> Š`m|? Amn gmYmaU amo~moQ> go ^r H$m_ Mbm gH$Vo h¢&'
"XaAgb _wPo ~w{Õ_mZ amo~moQ> Mm{hE& _oao ZmVr-nmoVm| H$m hmo_dH©$ H$amZo
Ho$ {bE Ed§ dS>© àmogoga na _oam H$m_ g±^mbZo Ho$ {bE ^r...&'
"R>rH$ h¡, O¡gr AmnH$s _Ou& O~ Amn µÁ`mXm H$s_V MwH$mH$a ~w{Õ_mZ
amo~moQ> H$s godmE± boZo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma hr h¢ Vmo h_| ^bm Š`m EVamO hmo
gH$Vm h¡&''
YraO gŠgoZm H$mo `h amo~moQ> ~hþV hr ì`dhma-Hw$eb Am¡a MmbmH$ bJm&
gM_wM J«mhH$ H$s ZãµO nH$‹S>Zo H$s H$bm _| dh nma§JV bJVm Wm&
Cg {XZ Xmonha H$mo hr H§$nZr H$m EH$ H$m{_©H$, Omo EH$ amo~moQ> hr Wm,
gŠgoZm n[adma _| H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE amo~mo{Zb H$mo N>mo‹S> J`m& {Og amo~moQ>
H$m Am°S>©a YraO gŠgoZm Zo {X`m Wm CgrH$m Zm_ amo~mo{Zb Wm&
amo~mo{Zb Ho$ Ka _| Am OmZo go g^r Zo amhV H$s gm±g br& gw~h ZmíVm
H$amZo, _oh_mZm| Ho$ ñdmJV _| Ûma ImobZo, Ka Ho$ N>moQ>o ~ÀMm| H$mo H$hm{Z`m±
103
gwZmZo, ~ÀMm| H$mo hmo_dH©$ _| _XX H$aZo VWm YraO gŠgoZm Ho$ dS>© àmogoga
na H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ Abmdm em_ H$mo dh n[adma Ho$ nmbVy Hw$Îmo eoê$ H$mo Kw_mZo
H$m H$m_ ^r nyar _wñV¡Xr Ho$ gmW H$aZo bJm Wm&
amo~mo{Zb amoµO em_ H$mo eoê$ H$mo Q>hbmZo Ho$ {bE bo OmVm Wm& Eogo _|
EH$ {XZ CgH$s _wbmH$mV amo~moXrn go hmo JB©& amo~moXrn Cgr _mohëbo _| ahZo
dmbo e_m© n[adma Ho$ Hw$Îmo P~ê$ H$mo Kw_mZo Am`m H$aVm Wm& XmoZm| amo~moQ>m|
Ho$ ~rM XmoñVr hþB© Vmo eoê$ Am¡a P~ê$ ^r Amng _| {hb-{_b JE&
amo~mo{Zb H$s Vah amo~moXrn ^r EH$ ~w{Õ_mZ amo~moQ> Wm& ~mVm|-~mVm| _|
EH$ {XZ amo~moXrn Zo amo~mo{Zb H$mo ~Vm`m, "OmZVo hmo amo~mo{Zb, Vwåhmao AmZo
go nhbo gŠgoZm n[adma _| H$m¡Z H$m_ H$aVm Wm?'
amo~mo{Zb H$mo Bg ~mao _| Hw$N> nVm Zht Wm& dh ~mobm, "Zht Vmo, _wPo
BgH$s H$moB© OmZH$mar Zht h¡& na Vwåh| {H$gZo ~Vm`m?'
"_¢Zo e_m© n[adma H$mo Vwåhmao gŠgoZm n[adma Ho$ ~mao _| ~mVMrV H$aVo
gwZm h¡& gmYmoam_ Zm_ H$m godH$ EH$ ~g XþK©Q>Zm _| Km`b hmoH$a {H$gr
AñnVmb _| h¡&'
104
"gmo Vmo R>rH$ h¡, na Bg_| Img ~mV Š`m h¡? R>rH$ hmoH$a dh Xþ~mam
gŠgoZm n[adma go Am Ow‹S>oJm&'
"Zht amo~mo{Zb! `ht Vw_ JbV hmo& Vwåhmao n[adma Ho$ _w{I`m YraO
gŠgoZm H$s e_m© gmh~ go _wbmH$mV hþB© Wr& CÝhm|Zo ~Vm`m {H$ dh A~
gmYmoam_ H$s Nw>Å>r H$aZodmbo h¢&'
gwZH$a amo~mo{Zb Mm¢H$ J`m& ~mobm, "Š`m H$hm Vw_Zo! do bmoJ gmYmoam_
H$s Nw>Å>r H$aZodmbo h¢! na Š`m|?'
"Bg{bE {H$ Vw_ CÝh| ~hþV ^m JE hmo& ~y‹T>o gmYmoam_ H$mo Wmo‹S>m _wAmdµOm
XoH$a do CgH$mo$ Jm±d {Ôdm X|Jo&'
"_Ja amo~moXrn, `h Vmo amo~mo{Q>H$s Ho$ {Z`_ Ho$ {déÕ h¡& H$moB© amo~moQ>
{H$gr B§gmZ H$mo H¡$go ZwH$gmZ nhþ±Mm gH$Vm h¡! `h Vmo gmYmoam_ Ho$ noQ> na
bmV _maZm hþAm& Zht, h_| Hw$N> Am¡a H$aZm hmoJm&'
amo~mo{Zb H$s ~mV gwZH$a amo~moXrn ~mobm, "d¡km{ZH$ Ed§ {dkmZ boIH$
AmBµOH$ Am{g_mod Ho$ amo~mo{Q>H$s Ho$ {Z`_ Ho$ {Ibm\$ Vmo `h h¡ hr {H$ H$moB©
amo~moQ> {H$gr B§gmZ Ho$ ZwH$gmZ H$m H$maU ~Zo, gmW-gmW _mZdr` ZµO[aò go
^r `h JbV h¡ {H$ h_mao H$maU {H$gr ^r B§gmZ H$s Zm¡H$ar H$mo IVam nhþM± &o '
XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM Hw$N> Jwá _§ÌUm hþB©& {\$a XmoZm| AnZo-AnZo nmbVy Hw$Îmm|
Ho$ gmW AnZo _m{bH$m| Ho$ Ka bm¡Q> JE&
AJbo amoµO amo~mo{Zb Am¡a amo~moXrn "amo~moQ>mo{ZŠg H$m°anmoaoeZ' Ho$ XâVa _|
hm{µOa hþE& H§$nZr Ho$ _m{bH$ amo~moOrV go CÝhm|Zo ^|Q> H$s& gmar ~mV| {dñVma
go g_PmBª& gwZH$a amo~moOrV ~mobm, "_Ja _¢ Š`m H$ê±$! _¢ Vmo AZw~§Y H$s
eVm] go ~±Ym h±ÿ& ì`mnma _| AJa _¢ {Z`_ H$mo XoIZo bJ±y Vmo H$a {b`m _¢Zo
Y§Ym& _¢ Vw_ bm|Jm| H$s H$moB© _XX Zht H$a gH$Vm&'
105
amo~mo{Zb Am¡a amo~moXrn Zo ~hþV g_PmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s& amo~moOrV Q>g
go _g Zht hþAm& Cgo Am{g_mod Ho$ {Z`_m| go ~‹T>H$a Y§Yo H$s qMVm Wr&
{Zame hmoH$a XmoZm| dmng bm¡Q> AmE&
Hw$N> {XZ Am¡a JwµOa JE& gŠgoZm n[adma amo~mo{Zb H$mo nmH$a \y$bm Zht
g_m ahm Wm& na amo~mo{Zb gmYmoam_ Ho$ H$maU ~hþV qM{VV Wm& CgHo$ H$maU
gmYmoam_ H$s Zm¡H$ar H$mo Am±M AmE, `h Cgo {H$gr ^r gyaV _| _§Oya Zht
Wm& amo~mo{Zb gmoMVm {H$ B§gmZ AnZo ñdmW© Am¡a bmbM Ho$ VhV {Z`_ Am¡a
H$mZyZm| H$mo A±JyR>m {XIm XoVm h¡, na bJVm h¡, amo~moQ>m| _| ^r A~ dhr H$_r
n¡Xm hmo JB© h¡&
Cgr amV amo~mo{Zb H$mo YraO gŠgoZm Zo EH$ {dkmZ H$Wm dS>© àmogoga
na Q>mBn H$aZo Ho$ {bE Xr& H$Wm g§jon _| Bg àH$ma Wr- EH$ Ka _| Zm¡H$a
H$mo, Omo {H$gr OmZbodm ~r_mar go nr{‹S>V Wm, {ZH$mbH$a CgH$s OJh na
EH$ amo~moQ> H$mo aI {X`m OmVm h¡& {H$gr Vah amo~moQ> H$mo Bg ~mV H$s
OmZH$mar {_b OmVr h¡ Vmo dh "amo~mo{Q>H$ g§K' go g§nH©$ gmYH$a g§K H$mo
gmar ~mVm| go AdJV H$amVm h¡& g§K amo~moQ>m| H$s h‹S>Vmb H$s KmofUm H$a XoVm
h¡& A§VV… g_Pm¡Vm Bg ~mV na hmoVm h¡ {H$ Cg Zm¡H$a H$mo Ka _| {\$a
go aI {b`m OmEJm&
H$hmZr Q>mBn H$aHo$ amo~mo{Zb H$s YmpËdH$ Am¡a Vmam| âo n[an§Wdmbr
Imon‹S>r _| `H$m`H$ _mZmo Zrbr amoeZr hmo JB©&
AJbo amoµO hr amo~moXrn Ho$ gmW dh g§K Ho$ H$m`m©b` Om nhþ±Mm& g~
~mV| gwZH$a AÜ`j Zo g§K H$s H$m`©H$m[aUr H$s AmnmVH$mbrZ ~¡R>H$ ~wbmB©&
~¡R>H$ _| V` hþAm {H$ g^r amo~mo{Q>H$ H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ H$m_ H$aZodmbo amo~moQ>m| H$s
h‹S>Vmb H$m Amh²dmZ H$a {X`m OmE&
amo~mo{Q>H$ H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ _m{bH$m| Ho$ ~rM Bg Amh²dmZ go hbMb _M JB©&
CÝhm|Zo amo~moOrV na gŠgoZm n[adma Ho$ gmW hþE AZw~§Y H$mo Vwa§V aX²X H$a
106
XoZo H$m X~md S>mbm& amo~moOrV AHo$bm n‹S> J`m& _O~yaZ Cgo YraO gŠgoZm
Ho$ gmW AnZo AZw~§Y H$mo Vwa§V aX²X H$aHo$ amo~mo{Zb H$mo dmng ~wbmZo H$s
~mV _mZZr n‹S>r&
YraO gŠgoZm H$mo O~ `h g~ nVm Mbm Vmo CZHo$ hmWm| Ho$ VmoVo C‹S>
JE& `h gM Wm {H$ CÝhm|Zo gmYmoam_ H$mo Zm¡H$ar go {ZH$mbZo H$m \¡$gbm
H$a {b`m Wm, na ~Xbo hþE hmbmV _| CÝh| _O~ya hmoH$a "amo~mo{Q>H$ g§K'
Ho$ AÜ`j Ho$ nmg OmH$a `h JwOm[ae H$aZr n‹S>r {H$ O~ VH$ gmYmoam_ nyar
Vah go R>rH$ Zht hmo OmVm h¡, V~ VH$ amo~mo{Zb CgHo$ nmg H$m_ H$aVm
ahoJm& gmYmoam_ Ho$ R>rH$ hmoVo hr dh Cgo Xmo~mam H$m_ na aI b|Jo& g§K
H$mo `h ~mV _mZZo _| H$moB© Amn{Îm Zht Wr&
em_ H$mo amo~mo{Zb Am¡a amo~moXrn {_bo& amo~moXrn ~mobm, "_wPo Iwer h¡
{H$ h_mao H$maU {H$gr B§gmZ H$mo ZwH$gmZ Zht PobZm hmoJm&'
*******
nmR> H$m Ame` :
gŠgoZm n[adma Zm¡H$a gmYmoam_ H$mo {ZH$mbH$a amo~mo{Zb H$mo {Z`wŠV
H$aVo h¢& amo~mo{Zb Am¡a Xÿgao amo~moQ> amo~moXrn H$s _wbmH$mV hmoZo na CÝh| nVm
MbVm h¡ {H$ gmYmoam_ H$s A~ Nw>Q>² Q>r H$a Xr OmEJr& CgH$s Zm¡H$ar Mbr
OmEJr& amo~mo{Zb Am¡a amo~moXrn AnZo g§Kf© Ho$ Ûmam YraO gŠgoZm H$mo _O~ya
H$aVo h¢ {H$ gmYmoam_ H$mo Xmo~mam Zm¡H$ar na aIr OmE& A§V _| amo~moXrn
Iwe hmoVm h¡ {H$ CZgo B§gmZm| H$mo H$moB© ZwH$gmZ Zht PobZm hmoJm&
eãXmW© :
IVaZmH$ - IVao H$m, ^ÒZH$; _w{I`m - Ka H$m àYmZ , ZmVo -
g§~§Y go, VhV - A§VJ©V , d¡Š`y_ ŠbrZa - g\$mB© H$aZo H$m EH$ _erZ,
g_mdoe - em{_b H$aZm, EVamµO - Amn{Îm, Xmof {ZH$mbZm; ZãµO - Zm‹S>r,
nma§JV-{ZnwU , H$m{_©H$ - H$_©Mmar, _wñV¡Xr - VËnaVm, _wAmdµOm - hµOm©Zm,
{H$gr H$m`© `m hm{Z Ho$ ~Xbo _| {X`m J`m YZ; ZµO[a`m - gmoMZo H$m VarH$m,
107
_§ÌUm - {dMma-{d_e©, gbmh ; AZw~§Y - {b{IV g_Pm¡Vm, Contract; gyaV
- eŠb, Moham; _§Oya - ñdrH$ma , g§nH©$ - _ob, g§`moJ ; AdJV - OmZm
hþAm, YmpËdH$ - YmVw go ~Zm, YmVw g§~§Yr; n[an§W-dh Omo amñVm amoHo$ hþE
hmo, `H$m`H$ - AMmZH$, EH$mEH$; AmnmVH$mbrZ - g§H$Q> H$mb H$m, Amh²dmZ
- nwH$maZm, ~wbmZm&
Aä`mg
1. dfm] go gŠgoZm Ho$ n[adma _| H$m¡Z H$m_ H$a ahm Wm?
2. YraO gŠgoZm {H$g H$m`m©b` _| Om nhþ±Mo?
3. EH$ amo~moQ> d¡Š`y_ ŠbrZa go Š`m gm\$ H$a ahm Wm?
4. amo~mo{Zb H$s _wbmH$mV {H$ggo hþB©?
5. e_m© n[adma Ho$ Hw$Îmo H$m Zm_ {b{IE&
6. amo~mo{Zb Am¡a amo~moXrn {H$ggo {_bZo JE?
7. d¡km{ZH$ boIH$ H$m Zm_ {b{IE&
1. gmYmoam_ H$mo Š`m hþAm Wm?
2. YraO gŠgoZm H$mo ~w{Õ_mZ amo~moQ> H$s µOê$aV Š`m| Wr?
3. amo~moXrn Zo amo~mo{Zb go Š`m H$hm?
4. amo~mo[Zb Zo amo~moOrV H$mo Š`m g_PmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s?
5. H$hmZr H$mo Q>mBn H$aVo g_` amo~mo{Zb H$mo Š`m hþAm?
III. nm±M-N>… dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. YraO gŠgoZm Zo Kaoby H$m_H$mO Ho$ {bE amo~moQ> aIZo H$m {ZU©` Š`m|
{b`m?
2. amo~mo{Zb Am¡a amo~moXrn H$s _wbmH$mV H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&
108
3. {dkmZ H$Wm H$m gma {b{IE&
4. amo~mo{Q>H$ H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ _m{bH$m| Ho$ ~rM hbMb Š`m| _M JB©?
IV. {ZåZ{b{IV H$maH$m| H$mo MwZH$a {b{IE :
(H$m, Ho$, _|, go, H$s)
1. df© 2030 Zd§~a H$m _hrZm Wm&
2. Amn gmYmaU amo~moQ> ^r H$m_ Mbm gH$Vo h¢&
3. amo~mo{Zb Ka _| Am OmZo go g^r Zo amhV H$s gm±g br&
4. amo~moQ>m| h‹S>Vmb H$s KmofUm hþB© &
5. g§K H$mo `h ~mV _mZZo H$moB© Amn{Îm Zht Wr&
A ~
1. `h gwZH$a H$mC§Q>a na Jwá _§ÌUm hþB©&
2. _Ja, amo~moXrn, `h Vmo nmH$a \y$bm Zht g_m ahm Wm&
3. em_ H$mo amo~mo{Zb ~¡R>m amo~moQ> ~mobm&
4. XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM Hw$N> amo~mo{Q>H$s Ho$ {Z`_ Ho$ {déÕ h¡&
5. gŠgoZm n[adma Am¡a amo~moXrn {_bo&
amo~mo{Zb H$mo
VI. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :
1. ~oQ>m - 5. ~o{Q>`m± -
2. ZmVr - 6. nmoVm -
3. Hw$Îmm - 7. H§$n{Z`m± -
4. Nw>Å>r - 8. Zm¡H$[a`m± -
109
VII. AZwê$nVm :
1. eoê$ H$mo Q>hbmZm : amo~mo{Zb :: P~ê$ H$mo$ Kw_mZm :
2. _w{I`m : YraO gŠgoZm :: godH$ :
3. Q>g go _g Z hmoZm : AQ>b ahZm :: \y$bo Z g_mZm :
^mfm kmZ
_whmdao:
Omo dmŠ`m§e AnZo gm_mÝ` AW© H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a {H$gr {deof AW© H$mo àH$Q>
H$aVm h¡, dh _whmdam H$hbmVm h¡&
CXmhaU : Am±Io§ MwamZm - AnZo Amn H$mo {N>nmZm
Am±I§o {XImZm - Y_H$mZm, S>amZm, Jwñgm H$aZm
AŠb H$m A§Ym - _yI©
AmñVrZ H$m gm±n - H$nQ>r {_Ì
H$mZ âZm - MwJbr H$aZm
I. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma _whmdao {b{IE:
1. eara Ho$ A§Jm| go g§~§{YV - CXm… A±JRy >m {XImZm - gm\$ BZH$ma H$aZm
2. A§H$mo§ go g§~§{YV - CXm… Zm¡ Xmo ½`mah hmoZm - ^mJ OmZm
110
II. _whmdam| H$m AW© {bIH$a dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :
1. Am±I IwbZm -
2. B©X H$m Mm±X hmoZm -
3. H$mZ I‹S>o hmoZm -
4. hdm go ~mV| H$aZm -
5. ~mV H$m YZr -
III. _whmdam| H$mo ghr AW© Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

1. amhV H$s gm±g boZm - {dM{bV Z hmoZm
2. noQ> na bmV _maZm - M¡Z H$s gm±g boZm/Vgëbr H$aZm
3. Q>g go _g Z hmoZm - AmíM`©M{H$V hmoZm
4. \y$bm Zht g_mZm - Zm¡H$ar `m ghy{b`V N>rZZm
5. Am±M AmZm - dŠV AmZo na BZH$ma H$aZm
6. A±JyR>m {XIm XoZm - hm{Z nhþ±MZm
7. hbMb _MmZm - ~hþV Iwe hmoZm
8. hmWm| Ho$ VmoVo C‹S>Zm - emoa _MmZm
IV. {ZåZ{b{IV _whmdam| go dmŠ` nyam H$s{OE :

(gm±g amoHo$ hþE, Zm¡ Xmo ½`mah hmo OmZm, Jwñgm hdm hmo OmZm, qMJm[a`m±
gwbJZm, Xm±Vm| Vbo C±Jbr X~mZm, ^yMmb Am OmZm)
1. _mñQ>a gmh~ H$s Am±Im| _| ahr Wt&
111
2. _m{bH$ H$mo XoIH$a S´>mBda H$m hmo J`m&
3. AnZo gm_Zo eoa H$mo XoI _¢ H$m\$s Xoa VH$ I‹S>m ahm&
4. AÜ`m{nH$m H$s AZwnpñW{V _| ~ÀMm| Zo H$jm _| BVZm emoa _Mm aIm
Wm, Eogm bJ ahm Wm, _mZmo H$jm _| hmo&
5. EH$ ì`{ŠV H$mo AnZo _w±h go Q´>H$ ItMVo XoI h_ X~mH$a
ah JE&
6. {~ëbr H$mo gm_Zo go AmVm XoI Myhm hmo J`m&
nmR>> go AmJo -
amo~moQ> EH$ _erZ h¡, na Cg_| _mZdVm H$m ^md âm hþAm h¡&
_mZd ^r Bg àH$ma H$s _mZdVm H$m ^md H$hm± Am¡a H¡$go àH$Q> H$a
gH$Vm h¡ - BgHo$ ~mao _| MMm© H$s{OE&
112
13. _{hbm H$s gmhgJmWm
-g§H${bV
Bg boI X²dmam N>mÌ `h OmZH$mar àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢ {H$ _{hbmE± ^r gmhg àXe©Z
_| nwéfm| go Hw$N> H$_ Zht h¢& {~N>Ð| r nmb Bg {dMma H$m EH$ {ZXe©Z h¡& Eogr
_hrbmAm| go àoaUm nmH$a N>mÌ gmhgr ^md AnZm gH$Vo h¢&
nhbr _{hbm EdaoñQ> {dOoVm {~N>|Ðr nmb
H$mo EdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>r na M‹T>Zodmbr nhbr
^maVr` _{hbm hmoZo H$m Jm¡ad àmá h¡& {~N>|Ðr
H$m OÝ_ EH$ gmYmaU ^maVr` n[adma _| hþAm
Wm& {nVm {H$eZnmb qgh Am¡a _m± h§gmXoB© ZoJr
H$s nm±M g§VmZm| _| `h Vrgar g§VmZ h¢& {~N>|Ðr
Ho$ ~‹S>o ^mB© H$mo nhm‹S>mo§ na OmZm AÀN>m bJVm
Wm& ^mB© H$mo XoIH$a CÝhm|Zo {ZíM` H$a {b`m
{H$ do ^r dhr H$a|Jr Omo CZH$m ^mB© H$aVo h¢&
do {H$gr go nrN>o Zhr§ aho§Jr, CZgo ~ohVa H$aHo$
{XIbmE±Jr& Bgr OµÁ~o go CÝhm|Zo nd©VmamohU H$m
à{ejU boZm ewê$ H$a {X`m&
{~N>|Ðr H$mo ~MnZ _| amoµO nm±M {H$bmo_rQ>a n¡Xb Mb H$a ñHy$b OmZm
n‹S>Vm Wm& ~mX _| nd©VmamohU-à{ejU Ho$ Xm¡amZ CZH$m H$R>moa n[al_ ~hþV
H$m_ Am`m& {gbmB© H$m H$m_ grI {b`m Am¡a {gbmB© H$aHo$ n‹T>mB© H$m IM©
OwQ>mZo bJr§& Bg Vah CÝhm|Zo g§ñH¥$V _| E_.E VWm ~r.ES> VH$ H$s {ejm
àmá H$s&
n‹T>mB© Ho$ gmW-gmW {~N>|Ðr Zo nhm‹S> na M‹T>Zo Ho$ AnZo bú` H$mo ^r
h_oem AnZo gm_Zo aIm& Bgr Xm¡amZ CÝhmo§Zo Zo "H$mbmZmJ' nd©V H$s M‹T>mB©
H$s& gZ² 1982 _| CÝhm|Zo "J§JmoÌr ½bo{eà'(6672 _r) VWm "ê$S> Joamo'
(5819 _r) H$s M‹T>mB© H$s {Oggo CZ_| AmË_{dídmg Am¡a ~‹T>m&
113
AJñV 1983 _| O~ {Xëbr _| {h_mb` nd©Vmamo{h`m| H$m gå_obZ hþAm V~
do nhbr ~ma VoZqOJ ZmoJ} (EdaoñQ> na M‹T>Zodmbo nhbo nwéf) VWm Ow§Ho$ Vm~r
(EdaoñQ> na M‹T>Zodmbr nhbr _{hbm) go {_br§& V~ CÝhm|Zo g§H$ën {b`m {H$
do ^r CZH$s Vah EdaoñQ> na nhþ±Mo§Jr Am¡a dh {XZ ^r Am`m, O~ 23 _B©
1984 H$mo EdaoñQ> nhþ±MH$a ^maV H$m P§S>m \$ham {X`m& Cg g_` CZHo$ gmW
nd©Vmamohr A§J XmoaOr ^r Wo&
^maV H$s Bg _{hbm X²dmam {b{IV `h B{Vd¥Îmm§V ~hþV àoaUmXm`H$ VWm
amoMH$ h¡& Bg_| CÝhm|Zo Bg ~mV H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ {H$ do EdaoñQ> Ho$ {eIa
na H¡$go nhþ±Mr§ -
H$Z©b Iwëba Zo gmCW H$mob VH$ H$s M‹T>mB© Ho$ {bE VrZ {eIa Xbm|
Ho$ Xmo g_yh ~Zm {XE& _¢ gw~h Mma ~Oo CR> JB©, ~\©$ {nKbmB© Am¡a Mm`
~ZmB©& Hw$N> {~ñHw$Q> Am¡a AmYr Mm°H$boQ> H$m hëH$m ZmíVm H$aZo Ho$ níMmV²
_¢ bJ^J gm‹T>o nm±M ~Oo AnZo V§~y go {ZH$b n‹S>r& A§J XmoaOr Zo _wPgo
nyN>m Š`m _¢ CZHo$ gmW MbZm Mmh°±yJr& _wPo CZ na {dídmg Wm& gmW hr
gmW _¢ AnZr AmamohU j_Vm Am¡a H$_©R>Vm Ho$ ~mao _| ^r AmídñV Wr&
gw~h 6.20 na O~ A§J XmoaOr Am¡a _¢ gmCW H$mob go ~mha {ZH$bo Vmo
{XZ D$na M‹T> Am`m Wm& hëH$s-hëH$s hdm Mb ahr Wr Am¡a R>§S> ~hþV A{YH$
Wr& h_Zo ~J¡a añgr Ho$ hr M‹T>mB© H$s& A§J XmoaOr EH$ {ZpíMV J{V go
D$na M‹T>Vo JE& _wPo ^r CZHo$ gmW MbZo _| H$moB© H${R>ZmB© Zht hþB©& O_r
hþB© ~\©$ H$s grYr d T>bmD$ MQ²>Q>mZ| BVZr g»V Am¡a ^wa^war Wr§, _mZmo ereo
H$s MmXa {~N>r hmo& h_| ~\©$ H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE \$md‹S>o H$m BñVo_mb H$aZm n‹S>m&
Xmo K§Q>o go H$_ g_` _| hr h_ {eIa H¢$n na nhþ±M JE& A§J XmoaOr
Zo nrN>o _w‹S>H$a nyN>m, ""Š`m Vw_ WH$ JB© hmo?'' _¢Zo Odm~ {X`m, ""Zhr§''
`h gwZH$a do ~hþV A{YH$ AmíM`©M{H$V Am¡a AmZ§{XV hþE& Wmo‹S>r Mm` nrZo
Ho$ ~mX h_Zo nwZ… M‹T>mB© ewê$ H$a Xr& ëhmQy> EH$ Zm`bm°Z H$s añgr bm`m
Wm Bg{bE A§J XmoaOr Am¡a _¢ añgr Ho$ ghmao M‹T>o, O~{H$ ëhmQy> EH$ hmW
go añgr nH$‹S>o hþE ~rM _| Mbm& V^r ëhmQy> Zo Jm¡a {H$`m {H$ _¢ BZ D±$MmB©`m|
Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ Mma brQ>a Am°ŠgrOZ H$s Anojm bJ^J T>mB© brQ>a
114
Am°ŠgrOZ à{V {_ZQ> H$s Xa go boH$a M‹T>
ahr Wr& _oao aoJwboQ>a na O¡go hr CgZo
Am°ŠgrOZ H$s Amny{V© ~‹T>mB© _wPo H${R>Z M‹T>mB©
AmgmZ bJZo bJr&
X{jUr {eIa Ho$ D$na hdm H$s J{V ~‹T>
JB© Wr& Cg D±$MmB© na VoµO hdm Ho$ Pm|Ho$
^wa^wao ~\©$ Ho$ H$Um| H$mo Mmam| Va\$ C‹S>m aho
Wo {Oggo Hw$N> {XImB© Zht Xo ahm Wm& _¢Zo
XoIm {H$ Wmo‹S>r Xÿa VH$ H$moB© D±$Mr M‹T>mB© Zht
h¡& T>bmZ EH$X_ grYr ZrMr Mbr JB© h¡&
_oar gm±g _mZmo EH$X_ éH$ JB© Wr& _wPo bJm
{H$ g\$bVm ~hþV ZµOXrH$ h¡& 23 _B©, 1984
H$o$ {XZ Xmonha Ho$ 1 ~OH$a 7 {_ZQ> na _¢
EdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>r na I‹S>r Wr& EdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>r
na nhþM± Zodmbr _¢ àW_ ^maVr` _{hbm Wr&
EdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>r na BVZr OJh Zht Wr {H$ Xmo ì`{ŠV gmW-gmW I‹S>o
hmo gH|$& Mmam| Va\$ hµOmam| _rQ>a b§~r grYr T>bmZ H$mo XoIVo hþE h_mao gm_Zo
_w»` àíZ gwajm H$m Wm& h_Zo \$md‹S>o go nhbo ~\©$ H$s IwXmB© H$a AnZo AmnH$mo
gwa{jV ê$n go pñWa {H$`m& BgHo$ ~mX _¢ AnZo KwQ>Zm| Ho$ ~b ~¡R>r& ~\©$ na
AnZo _mWo H$mo bJmH$a _¢Zo gmJa_mWo Ho$ VmO H$m Mw§~Z {H$`m& {~Zm CR>o hr
_¢Zo AnZo W¡bo go hZw_mZ Mmbrgm Am¡a XþJm© _m± H$m {MÌ {ZH$mbm& _¢Zo BÝh|
AnZo gmW bmE bmb H$n‹S>o _| bnoQ>m Am¡a N>moQ>r-gr nyOm H$aHo$ BZH$mo ~\©$ _|
X~m {X`m& CR>H$a _¢ AnZo aÁOw ZoVm A§J XmoaOr Ho$ à{V AmXa ^md go PwH$s&
CÝhm|Zo _wPo Jbo bJm`m& Hw$N> Xoa ~mX gmoZ_ nwbOa nhþ±Mo Am¡a CÝhm|Zo \$moQ>mo
{bE&
115
Bg g_` VH$ ëhmQy> Zo h_mao ZoVm H$mo EdaoñQ> na nh±þMZo H$s gyMZm Xo
Xr Wr& V~ _oao hmW _o§ dm°H$s-Q>m°H$s {X`m J`m& H$Z©b Iwëba Zo _wPo ~YmB©
Xr Am¡a ~mobo, ""Xoe H$mo Vw_ na Jd© h¡&'' h_Zo {eIa na 43 {_ZQ> ì`VrV
{H$E Am¡a AnZr dmngr `mÌm 1 ~OH$a 55 {_ZQ> na Ama§^ H$s& A§J XmoaOr
Am¡a _¢ gmCW H$mob na gm`§ nm±M ~Oo VH$ nhþ±M JE& g~Zo gmCW H$mob
go {eIa VH$ Am¡a dmng gmCW H$mob VH$ H$s `mÌm (MmoQ>r na éH$Zo g{hV)
nyao 10 K§Q>o 40 {_ZQ> Ho$ A§Xa nyar H$aZo na ~YmB© Xr& _¢ O~ V§~y _| Kwg
ahr Wr, _¢Zo _oOa Hw$_ma H$mo H$Z©b Iwëba go dmàb¡g na ~mV H$aVo gwZm,
""Amn {dídmg H$a| `m Z H$a| lr_mZ, {~N>|Ðr nmb Ho$db VrZ K§Q>o _| hr
dm{ng Am JB© h¡ Am¡a dh CVZr hr MwñV {XI ahr h¡ {OVZr dh AmO
gw~h M‹T>mB© ewê$ H$aZo go nhbo Wr&''
_wPo nd©VmamohU _| loð>Vm Ho$ {bE ^maVr` nd©VmamohU g§K H$m à{V{ð>V
ñdU©-nXH$ VWm AÝ` AZoH$ gå_mZ Am¡a nwañH$ma àXmZ {H$E JE& nX²_lr
Am¡a à{V{ð>V AOw©Z nwañH$ma H$s KmofUm H$s JB©& g~Ho$ AmH$f©U Am¡a gå_mZ
H$m H|o$Ð hmoZm _wPo ~hþV AÀN>m bJm&
Bg Vah {~N>|Ðr H$mo EdaoñQ> na nh±þMZodmbr nhbr ^maVr` _{hbm hmoZo
H$m Jm¡ad àmá hþAm&
({~N>|Ðr nmb X²dmam {b{IV "EdaoñQ>-_oar {eIa `mÌm' na AmYm[aV>)
*******
nmR> H$m Ame` :
Bg nmR> go ~ÀMo gmhg JwU, Ñ‹T> {ZíM`, AWH$ n[al_, _wgr~Vm|
H$m gm_Zm H$aZm BË`m{X AmXe© JwU grIVo h¢& BgHo$ gmW {h_mb` H$s
D±$Mr Mmo{Q>`m| H$s OmZH$mar ^r àmá H$aVo h¢& `h nmR> {gÕ H$aVm h¡
{H$ "_ohZV H$m \$b AÀN>m hmoVm h¡&'
116
eãXmW© :
MmoQ>r - {eIa, OµÁ~m - hm¡gbm, Xm¡amZ - Cg g_`, P§S>m - nVmH$m,
ÜdO; V§~y - em{_`mZm, AmamohU - M‹T>Zm, H$_©R>Vm - H$m_ H$aZo H$s e{ŠV
H$m ^md, ~J¡a - {~Zm, \$md‹S>m - IwXmB© H$m gmYZ, BñVo_mb - Cn`moJ,
ZµOXrH$ - nmg, aÁOw - añgr&
Aä`mg
1. {~N>|Ðr nmb H$mo H$m¡Z-gm Jm¡ad àmá hþAm h¡?
2. {~N>|Ðr Ho$ _mVm-{nVm H$m¡Z Wo?
3. {~N>|Ðr Zo Š`m {ZíM` {H$`m?
4. {~N>|Ðr Zo {H$g ½bo{eà na M‹T>mB© H$s?
5. gZ² 1983 _| {Xëbr _| H$m¡Z-gm gå_obZ hþAm Wm?
6. EdaoñQ> na ^maV H$m P§S>m \$hamVo g_` nmb Ho$ gmW H$m¡Z Wo?
7. H$Z©b H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm?
8. ëhmQy> H$m¡Z-gr añgr bm`m Wm?
9. {~N>|Ðr Zo W¡bo go H$m¡Z-gm {MÌ {ZH$mbm?
10. H$Z©b Zo ~YmB© XoVo hþE {~N>|Ðr go Š`m H$hm?
11. _oOa H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm?
12. {~N>Ð| r H$m ^maVr` nd©VmamohU g§K Zo H$m¡Z-gm nXH$ XoH$a gå_mZ {H$`m?
1. {~N>|Ðr nmb Ho$ n[adma H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&
2. {~N>|Ðr H$m ~MnZ H¡$go ~rVm?
3. {~N>|Ðr Zo nd©VmamohU Ho$ {bE {H$Z-{H$Z MrµOm| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m?
4. EdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>r na nhþ±MH$a {~N>|Ðr Zo Š`m {H$`m?
117
III. Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. {~N>|Ðr Zo nhm‹S> na M‹T>Zo H$s V¡`mar {H$g àH$ma H$s?
2. X{jUr {eIa na M‹T>Vo g_` {~N>|Ðr Ho$ AZw^d Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&
3. àñVwV nmR> go Š`m g§Xoe {_bVm h¡?
IV. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

A ~
1. J§JmoÌr ½bo{eà H$s M‹T>mB© gZ² 1984
2. nd©Vmamo{h`m| H$m gå_obZ gZ² 1985
3. EdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>r na nhþ±MZm gZ² 1982
gZ² 1983
V. AZwê$n eãX {b{IE :

1. nhm‹S> : {J[a :: MmoQ>r :
2. H$mbmZmJ : nd©V :: J§JmoÌr :
3. H$Z©b : Iwëba :: _oOa :
4. Mm` : Ja_ :: ~\©$ :
5. nhbo {h_mb` nd©Vmamohr nwéf : VoZqOJ ZmoJ} :: nhbr EdaoñQ>
nd©Vmamohr _{hbm :
118
VI. órqbJ eãX {b{IE :
nw{ëb§J órqbJ
1. ~mn -
2. nwéf -
3. ^mB© -
4. ~oQ>m -
5. lr_mZ -
VII. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE :
1. n‹T> + AmB© = n‹T>mB©
2. M‹T> + AmB© =
3. H${R>Z + AmB© =
4. D±$Mm + AmB© =
5. ~‹S> + AmB© =
VIII. AÝ` dMZ {b{IE :

1. MQ²>Q>mZ -
2. añgr -
3. erem -
4. MmoQ>r -
5. MmXa -
119
IX. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :
1. AmamohU x
2. M‹T>Zm x
3. R>S§ >m x
4. n[al_ x
5. gm_Zo x
X. g_mZmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :

CXm: nhm‹S> = {J[a nd©V
MmoQ>r = ,
gw~h = ,
_{hbm = ,
ZµOXrH = ,
XI. {ZåZ eãXm| _| {deofU VWm g§km eãXm| H$mo AbJ-AbJ H$s{OE :
eãX g§km {deofU
CXm: D±$Mm nd©V - nd©V D±$Mm
1. _Ywa ñda - ,
2. H$H©$e AmdmµO - ,
3. ~‹S>m gmYw - ,
4. R>§S>r hdm - ,
5. Zm`bm°Z añgr - ,
120
XII. AZoH$ eãX Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX {Xò Jò h¢, T>±y‹T>H$a {b{IE :
CXm : Omo n‹T>m {bIm Z hmo - AZn‹T>
1. Ohm± nhþ±Mm Z Om gHo$ - _m{gH$
2. _mg _| EH$ ~ma AmZodmbm - gÀM[aÌ
3. Omo H$^r Z _ao - Ajå`
A_a
4. AÀN>o M[aÌdmbm - dZMa
5. Omo Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo hmo - nmíMmË`
6. Omo pñWa aho - àË`j
ñWmB©
7. {Ogo j_m Z {H$`m Om gHo$ - XþJ©_
8. Omo dZ _| Ky_Vm hmo - H¥$Vk
9. {OgH$m g§~§Y npíM_ go hmo -
10. Omo CnH$ma _mZVm hmo -
XIII. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :
1. {~N>|Ðr H$m OÝ_ EH$ gmYmaU n[adma _| hþAm Wm&
2. {~N>|Ðr H$mo amoµO n¡Xb MbH$a ñHy$b OmZm n‹S>Vm Wm&
3. X{jUr {eIa Ho$ D$na hdm H$s J{V ~‹T> JB© Wr&
4. _wPo bJm {H$ g\$bVm ~hþV ZµOXrH$ h¡&
5. _¢ EdaoñQ> H$s MmoQ>r na nhþ±MZodmbr àW_ ^maVr` _{hbm Wr&
n[a`moOZm : gmhgr$ _{hbmAm| Ho$ Zm_ VWm joÌ H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&
nmR>> go AmJo -
AnZo {H$gr XmoñV H$s AWdm AnZr hr H$moB© gmhg JmWm H$jm _| gwZmBE&
121
14. gya-í`m_
gyaXmg -
àñVwV nX _| H${d gyaXmg Zo H¥$îU H$s ~mb-brbm H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE CgHo$ ñd^md,
^mobonZ Ed§ _mVm èmoXm Ho$ dmËgë` H$m gw§Xa {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
_¡`m _moqh XmD$ ~hþV {IPm`moŸ&

_mogm| H$hV _mob H$mo brZmo, Vmo{h Ogw_{V H$~ Om`moŸ&&
H$hm H$hm¢ B{h [ag Ho$ _mao, IobZ hm¢ Zqh OmVŸ&
nw{Z nw{Z H$hV H$m¡Z h¡ _mVm, H$mo h¡ Vw_amo VmVŸ&&
Jmoao Z§X OgmoXm Jmoar, Vw_ H$V ñ`m_ garaŸ&
MwQ>H$s X¡ X¡ h±gV ½dmb, g~ {gI¡ XoV ~b~raŸ&&
Vy _moqh H$mo _maZ grIr, XmC{h H$~hþ± Z IrP¡Ÿ&
_mohZ H$mo _wI [ag g_oV b{I, Ogw_{V gw{Z gw{Z arP¡Ÿ&&
gwZhþ H$mÝh ~b^Ð M~mB©, OZ_V hr H$mo YyVŸ&
"gya' ñ`m_ _mo{h§ JmoYZ H$s gm¢, hm¢ _mVm Vy nyVŸ&&
*******
122
nX H$m Ame` :
~ÀMo ñd^md go ^mobo hmoVo h¢& do h_oem AnZo _mVm-{nVm go AnZo
^mB©, ~hZ Am¡a {_Ìm| H$s Hw$N>-Z-Hw$N> {eH$m`V H$aVo ahVo h¢& CZH$m
~mb ghO ñd^md XoIH$a ~‹S>m| H$mo h±gr AmVr h¡ Am¡a CÝh|o nwMH$maH$a
gm§ËdZm XoVo h¢& _m± Am¡a ~oQ>o Ho$ Eogo ghO g§~§Y H$s H$ënZm H$a gyaXmg
Or Zo AnZo Bg nX _| CgH$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU {H$`m h¡&
H${d n[aM` :
gyaXmg (gZ² 1540-1642)
^ŠV H${d gyaXmg {h§Xr gm{hË`mH$me Ho$
gy`© _mZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& BÝh| ^{ŠVH$mb H$s gJwU
^{ŠVYmam H$s H¥$îU^{ŠV-emIm Ho$ àdV©H$ _mZm
OmVm h¡Ÿ& BZH$m OÝ_ CÎma àXoe Ho$ éZH$Vm Jm±d
_| gZ² 1540 H$mo hþAm WmŸ& BZH$s à_wI aMZmE±
h¢- "gya gmJa', "gya gmamdbr' Ed§ "gm{hË`bhar'Ÿ&
BZH$s _¥Ë`w gZ² 1642 H$mo hþB©Ÿ& BZHo$ H$mì`m| _|
dmËgë`, l¥§Jma VWm ^{ŠV H$m {ÌdoUr g§J_
hþAm h¡Ÿ&
eãXmW© :
_¡`m-_m±, _moqh-_wPo, XmD$-^¡æ`m (~bam_), {IPmZm-{M‹T>mZm,
_mogm|-_wPgo, _mob-_yë`, Xm_; Vmo{h-VwPo, Ogw_{V-OgmoXm, èmoXm; Om`mo-
OÝ_ {X`m, [ag- H«$moY, Ho$ _mao-Ho$ H$maU, Vw_amo-Vwåhmao, VmV-{nVm, H$V- Š`m|,
ñ`m_-H$mbm, ½dmb-JmonmbH$, {gI¡-{gImZm, ~b^Ð-~b~ra, ~bam_; arP¡-
_mo{hV hmoZm, gwZhþ-gwZmo, H$mÝh-H¥$îU, M~mB©-nrR> nrN>o ~wamB© H$aZodmbm,
MwJbImoa; OZ_V hr H$mo-OÝ_ go hr, YyV-Xwï, b{I-XoIH$a, gm¢-H$g_,
gm¡J§Y; hm¢-_¢, nyV-nwÌŸ&
123
^mdmW© :
àñVwV n§pŠV`m| _| ^mB© ~bam_ Ho$ à{V H¥$îU H$s {eH$m`V H$m _mohH$
dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& H¥$îU AnZr _m± èmoXm go {eH$m`V H$aVm h¡ {H$ ^mB©
_wPo ~hþV {M‹T>mVm h¡& dh _wPgo H$hVm h¡ {H$ Vwåh| èmoXm _m± Zo OÝ_ Zht
{X`m h¡ ~pëH$ _mob {b`m h¡& Bgr Jwñgo Ho$ H$maU CgHo$ gmW _¢ IobZo Zht
OmVm& dh _wPgo ~ma-~ma nyN>Vm h¡ {H$ Vwåhmao _mVm-{nVm H$m¡Z h¢? dh
`h ^r H$hVm h¡ {H$ Z§X Am¡a èmoXm Vmo Jmoao h¢, bo{H$Z Vwåhmam eara Š`m|
H$mbm h¡? CgH$s Eogr h±gr-_µOmH$ gwZH$a _oao g~ ½dmb {_Ì MwQ>H$s ~Om-
~OmH$a h±gVo h¢& CÝh| ~bam_ Zo hr Eogm H$aZm {gIm`m h¡& _m±, Vw_Zo Ho$db
_wPo hr _maZm grIm h¡ Am¡a ^mB© na H$^r Jwñgm Zht H$aVr& (AnZo ^mB©
Ho$ à{V H«$mo{YV Am¡a gImAm| Ûmam An_m{ZV) H¥$îU Ho$ H«$moY`wV _wI H$mo
XoIH$a Am¡a CgH$s ~mVm| H$mo gwZH$a èmoXm Iwe hmo OmVr h¡& dh H$hVr
h¡ - ho H¥$îU! gwZmo & ~bam_ OÝ_ go hr MwJbImoa h¡& _¢ JmoYZ H$s H$g_
ImH$a H$hVr hÿ±, _¢ hr Voar _mVm hÿ± Am¡a Vw_ _oao nwÌ hmo&
Bg nX _| gyaXmg Zo ~mbH¥$îU Ho$ ^mobonZ Am¡a èmoXm Ho$ dmËgë` H$m
_m{_©H$ {MÌU {H$`m h¡&
Aä`mg
1. gya-í`m_ nX Ho$ aM{`Vm H$m¡Z h¢?
2. H¥$îU H$s {eH$m`V {H$gHo$ à{V h¡?
3. èmoXm Am¡a Z§X H$m a§J H¡$gm Wm?
4. MwQ>H$s Xo-XoH$a h±gZodmbo H$m¡Z Wo?
5. èmoXm {H$gH$s H$g_ ImVr h¡?
6. ~mbH¥$îU {H$ggo {eH$m`V H$aVm h¡ ?
7. ~bam_ Ho$ AZwgma {H$go _mob {b`m J`m h¡ ?
8. ~mbH¥$îU H$m a§J H¡$gm Wm ?
124
1. H¥$îU ~bam_ Ho$ gmW IobZo Š`m| Zht OmZm MmhVm?
2. ~bam_ H¥$îU Ho$ _mVm-{nVm Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$hVm h¡?
3. H¥$îU AnZr _mVm èmoXm Ho$ à{V Š`m| ZmamµO h¡?
4. ~mbH¥$îU AnZr _mVm go Š`m-Š`m {eH$m`V| H$aVm h¡?
5. èmoXm H¥$îU Ho$ H«$moY H$mo H¡$go em§V H$aVr h¡?
1. nX H$m ^mdmW© AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IE &
IV. nÚ^mJ nyU© H$s{OE :
1. Jmoao Z§X gara &
~b~ra &&
2. gwZhþ H$mÝh &
Vy nyV &&
V. AZwê$nVm :
1. ~b^Ð : ~bam_ :: H$mÝh :
2. OgmoXm : _mVm :: Z§X :
3. arPZm : _mo{hV hmoZm :: {IOmZm :
4. ~b~ra : ~bam_ :: OgmoXm :
125
VI. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
A ~
1. gyaXmg H$m OÝ_ H¥$îU ^{ŠV emIm
2. gJwU ^{ŠVYmam H$s gZ² 1540 H$mo hþAm
3. CÎma àXoe H$m éZH$Vm gZ² 1642 H$mo hþB©
4. gyaXmg Or H$s _¥Ë`w gya H$m OÝ_ñWmZ
VII. ghr eãX MwZH$a {b{IE:
(MwJbImoa, Jmoar, í`m_, MwQ>H$s, ~mb-brbm)
1. OgmoXm
2. H¥$îU
3. ½dmb {_Ì
4. ~bam_
5. H¥$îU H$s
VIII. AmYw{ZH$ ê$n {b{IE:
O¡go : _¡`m - _mVm
1. _mo{h§ 6. Ogw_{V
2. _mogm| 7. YyV
3. [ag 8. H$mÝh
4. gara 9. nyV
5. {gI¡ 10. OZ_V
126
nX go AmJo -
• ^ŠV H$d{`Ìr _ram~mB© H$m n[aM` nmBE Am¡a H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OE&
• H$ÝZS> Ho$ H${d nwa§XaXmg Am¡a H$ZH$Xmg H$s OmZH$mar àmßV H$s{OE&
• {MÌ XoIH$a EH$ H$hmZr a{ME Am¡a CgHo$ {bE EH$ C{MV erf©H$ Xr{OE&
127
15. H$Zm©Q>H$-g§nXm
g§H${bV-
àñVwV {Z~§Y X²dmam N>mÌ H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ AVrV d¡^d, dV©_mZ àm¡Úmo{JH$s-{dH$mg VWm
àH¥${V-g§nXm Ho$ gmW-gmW Bg amÁ` Ho$ _hmZ² ì`{ŠV`m| H$s gmYZm H$m n[aM` àmá
H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` ^maV Xoe H$m àJ{Verb amÁ` h¡Ÿ& `hm± H$s Am~mXr
bJ^J N>… H$amo‹S> go D$na h¡& àH¥${V_mVm Zo H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` H$mo AnZo hmWm|
go g±dmaH$a gw§Xa Am¡a g_¥X²Y ~Zm`m h¡Ÿ& H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s àmH¥${VH$ gwf_m Z`Z
_Zmoha h¡Ÿ& npíM_ _| {demb Aa~r g_wÐ bhamVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr àm§V _| X{jU
go CÎma Ho$ N>moa VH$ \¡$br b§~r nd©V_mbmAm| H$mo npíM_r KmQ> H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
BÝht KmQ>m| H$m Hw$N> ^mJ gh²`m{Ð H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& X{jU _| Zrb{J[a H$s
nd©Vmd{b`m± emo^m`_mZ h¢Ÿ&
H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$ÞS> ^mfm ~mobr OmVr h¡Ÿ Am¡a BgH$s amOYmZr ~|Jbyé h¡Ÿ&
`hm± Xoe-{dXoe Ho$ bmoJ AmH$a ~g Jò h¢Ÿ& ~|Jbyé {ejm H$m hr Zht, ~{ëH$
~‹S>o-~‹S>o CX²`moJ-Y§Ym| H$m ^r H|$Ð h¡Ÿ& `hm± à{gÕ ^maVr` {dkmZ g§ñWmZ,
EM.E.Eb, EM.E_.Q>r, AmB.Q>r.AmB, ~r.EM.B©.Eb, ~r.B©.Eb O¡gr ~¥hV²
g§ñWmE± h¢Ÿ& Bgo "{g{bH$m°Z {gQ>r' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
ga.gr.dr.am_Z,ga.E_.{dídoídaæ`m,S>m°Ÿ.gr.EZ.Ama.amd, S>m°.eHw§$Vbm Xodr
O¡go {X½JOm| Zo d¡km{ZH$ VWm àm¡X²`mo{JH$s Ho$ joÌ _| ZmamÙ _y{V© Zo AnZr
_hÎma CnbpãY`m| go H$Zm©Q>H$ H$mo {díd nQ>b na A§{H$V {H$`m h¡Ÿ& gZ² 2013
_| S>m°. gr.EZ.Ama. amd H$mo gdm}ÀM nwañH$ma "^maV aËZ' àmßV hþAm h¡ &
`hm± gmoZm, Vm±~m, bmohm Am{X H$B© àH$ma H$s Cn`moJr YmVwE± {_bVr
h¢Ÿ& ^ÐmdVr _| H$mJµO, bmoho Am¡a BñnmV Ho$ ~‹S>o H$maImZo h¢Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm
H$Zm©Q>H$ _| MrZr, {g_|Q>, aoe_ Am¡a H$mJµO CËnmXZ Ho$ AZoH$ H$maImZo h¢Ÿ&
128
H$Zm©Q>H$ _| M§XZ Ho$ no‹S> {dnwb _mÌm _| h¢& Bg{bE H$Zm©Q>H$ H$mo "M§XZ H$m
AmJma' H$hVo h¢Ÿ& `hm± M§XZ H$m Vob, gm~wZ VWm H$bmH¥${V`m± ^r ~Zm`r
OmVr h¢Ÿ&
H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$mdoar, H¥$îUm, Vw§J-
^Ðm Am{X AZoH$ Z{X`m± ~hVr h¢Ÿ& BZ
Z{X`m| na ~m±Y ~Zmò Jò h¢Ÿ& BZgo
hµOmam| EH$‹S> µO_rZ gtMr OmVr h¡Ÿ&
BgHo$ Abmdm BZ Z{X`m| Ho$ Obme`m|
H$s ghm`Vm go D$Om©-CËnmXZ H|$Ð ^r
ñWm{nV {H$ò Jò h¢Ÿ& OmoJ, Aã~r,
JmoH$mH$, {edZg_wÐ Am{X ObànmV JmobJw~§ O
µ
_Z_mohH$ h¢Ÿ&
H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` H$s {eënH$bm AZmoIr h¡Ÿ& ~mXm_r, Eohmob,o nQ²>Q>XH$ëbw _|
Omo _§{Xa h¢, CZH$s {eënH$bm Am¡a dmñVwH$bm AX²^Vw h¡Ÿ& ~obay , hbo~rSw>,
gmo_ZmWnwa Ho$ _§{Xam| _| nËWa H$s Omo _y{V©`m± h¢, do gOrd bJVr h¢Ÿ& ò gwX§ a
_y{V©`m± h_| am_mÙ, _hm^maV, nwamUm| H$s H$hm{Z`m± gwZmVr h¢Ÿ& ldU~obJmobm
_| 57 \w$Q> D±$Mr Jmo_Q>ío da H$s EH${ebm à{V_m h¡, Omo Xw{Z`m H$mo Ë`mJ Am¡a
em§{V H$m g§Xe o Xo ahr h¡Ÿ& {dO`nwam Ho$ JmobJw~§ O
µ H$s pìhñn[a¨J J¡bar dmñVwH$bm
H$m A{ÛVr` Ñï>mV§ h¡Ÿ& _¡géy H$m amO_hb H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ d¡^d H$m àVrH$ h¡Ÿ&
àmMrZ g|Q> {\$bmo{_Zm MM©, OJZ_mohZ amO_hb (AmQ>© J¡bar) H$m nwamVËd dñVw
g§Jh« mb` AË`§V AmH$f©Ur` h¢Ÿ&
_¡géy H$m amO_hb

129
J§J, H$X§~, amï´>Hy$Q>, MmbwŠ`, hmo`²gb, AmoS>oà Am{X amOd§eOm| Zo VWm
H¥$îUXodam`, _XH$[aZm`H$, amZr Aã~ŠH$m Xodr, {H$Îmyé MoÞå_m, Qr>ny gwëVmZ,
Am{Xbemh O¡go emgH$m| Zo H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` H$s lrd¥{Õ _| AnZm _hËdnyU©
`moJXmZ {X`m h¡Ÿ&
H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ AZoH$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo gmao g§gma _| H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s H$s{V©
\¡$bm`r h¡Ÿ& dMZH$ma ~gdÊUm H«$m§{VH$mar g_mO gwYmaH$ WoŸ& AŠH$_hmXodr,
Aëb_à^w, gd©©k O¡go AZoH$ g§Vm| Zo AnZo AZ_mob "dMZm|' X²dmam ào_, X`m
Am¡a Y_© H$s grI Xr h¡Ÿ& nwa§XaXmg, H$ZH$Xmg Am{X ^ŠV H${d`m| Zo ^{ŠV,
Zr{V, gXmMma Ho$ JrV Jmò h¢Ÿ& n§nm, aÞm, nmoÞm, Hw$_maì`mg, h[aha,
amKdm§H$ Am{X Zo _hmZ² H$mì`m| H$s aMZm H$a H$ÞS> gm{hË` H$mo g_¥Õ ~Zm`m h¡Ÿ&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma Hw$doånw, X.am. ~|Ðo, {edam_ H$ma§V, _mpñV
d|H$Q>oe Aæ`§Jma, {d.H¥$. JmoH$mH$, `y.Ama. AZ§V_y{V©, {Jare H$mZm©S> Am¡a
M§ÐeoIa H§$~ma kmZnrR> nwañH$ma go Ab§H¥$V h¢Ÿ& `h H$ÞS> ^mfm, g§ñH¥${V
VWm H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ {bE Jm¡ad H$m {df` h¡Ÿ&
*******
130
nmR> H$m Ame` :
"OZZr OÝ_ ^y{_íM ñdJm©X{n Jar`{g'& àËòH$ ì`pŠV H$m AnZr
OÝ_^y{_ go AZwamJ Am¡a Cg na A{^_mZ H$aZm ghO h¡& H$Zm©Q>H$ h_mar
OÝ_^y{_ h¡& `hm± H$s àmH¥${VH$ gwf_m, gm{hpË`H$ d¡^d Am¡a kmZ-{dkmZ
joÌ H$s àJ{V Anma h¡& Xoe-{dXoe Ho$ bmoJ `hm± H$s VH$ZrH$s Ho$ {dH$mg
H$s _wŠVH§$R> go àe§gm H$aVo h¢& Bg g§X^© _| àñVwV nmR> AË`§V àmg§{JH$
Ed§ gmW©H$ h¡&>
{Q>ßnUr :
pìhñn[a¨J J¡bar
`h {dO`nwam Ho$ {díd {d»`mV JmobJw§~µO _| h¡& BgH$s dmñVwH$bm AZmoIr
h¡& Bg Jw§~µO Ho$ EH$ N>moa go Yr_r AmdmµO _| ~mV| H$a| Vmo dh {déÕ N>moa
_| ñnîQ> gwZmB© XoVr h¡& Bg Jw§~µO H$s EH$ Am¡a {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ `hm±
EH$ ~ma AmdmµO {ZH$mbZo go `h gmV ~ma à{VÜd{ZV hmoVr h¡&
eãXmW© :
Am~mXr - OZg§»`m, g±dmaZm - gOmZm, gwf_m - AË`{YH$ gw§XaVm,
bhamZm - Va§{JV hmoZm, N>moa - {H$Zmam, A§{V_ {gam; KmQ> - Ghats,
M‹T>md-CVma H$m nhm‹S>r _mJ©; Amdbr - H$Vma, n§{ŠV; {X½JO - _hmZ²
ì`{ŠV, àm¡X²`mo{JH$s - VH$ZrH$s, CnbpãY - àm{á, {g{X²Y; nQ>b - naXm,
YmVw - I{ZO nXmW©, BñnmV - \$m¡bmX, Steel ; {dnwb - A{YH$, AmJma
- Ka, gtMZm - {^JmoZm, nmZr XoZm; D$Om© - e{ŠV, Energy; dmñVwH$bm
- B_maV-_H$mZ Am{X ~ZmZo H$s H$bm, à{V_m - _y{V©, A{ÛVr` - {OgHo$
g_mZ Xygam Z hmo, Ñï>m§V - CXmhaU, lrd¥{Õ - CÞ{V, àJ{V; `moJXmZ
- gh`moJ XoZm, AZ_mob - A_yë`, ~oOmo‹S>&
131
{dñV¥V ê$n :
EM.E.Eb - {h§XwñVmZ EamoZm°{Q>H$b {b{_Q>oS>
EM.E_.Q>r - {h§XwñVmZ _erZ Qy>ëg
AmB.Q>r.AmB- B§{S>`Z Q>obr\$moZ B§S>ñQ´>rg
~r.B©.Eb - ^maV BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg {b{_Q>oS>
~r.EM.B©.Eb - ^maV hodr Bbo{ŠQ´>H$ëg {b{_Q>oS>
Aä`mg
1. npíM_r KmQ> {H$go H$hVo h¢?
2. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-go ObànmV h¢?
3. ldU~obJmobm H$s Jmo_Q>oída _y{V© H$s D±$MmB© {H$VZr h¡?
4. {H$g ZJa H$mo {g{bH$m°Z {gQ>r H$hm OmVm h¡?
5. ^ÐmdVr Ho$ Xmo à_wI H$maImZm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE &
6. g|Q> {\$bmo{_Zm MM© {H$g ZJa _| h¡?
7. {dO`nwam ZJa H$m à_wI AmH$f©H$ ñWmZ H$m¡Z-gm h¡?
8. Aa~r g_wÐ H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s {H$g {Xem _| h¡?
9. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s X{jU {Xem _| H$m¡Z-gr nd©V_mbmE± emo^m`_mZ h¢?
1. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s à_wI Z{X`m± Am¡a ObànmV H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-go h¢?
2. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ {H$Z gm{hË`H$mam| H$mo kmZnrR> nwañH$ma àmßV h¡?
3. ~m±Y Am¡a Obme`m| Ho$ Š`m Cn`moJ h¢?
4. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ Hw$N> à_wI amOd§em| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE &
5. ~|Jbyé _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-gr ~¥hV² g§ñWmE± h¢ ?
132
III. Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :
1. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ àmH¥${VH$ gm¢X`© H$m dU©Z H$s{OE &
2. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s {eënH$bm H$m n[aM` Xr{OE &
3. H$ÝZS> ^mfm VWm g§ñH¥${V H$mo H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ gm{hË`H$mam| H$s Š`m
XoZ h¡?
IV. H$moîR>H$ _| {XE JE eãXm| _| go C{MV eãX MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :
(J§J, Ë`mJ, nwamU, d¡^d, H$s{V©, gm~wZ, M§XZ, em§{V)
1. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$mo H$m AmJma H$hVo h¢ &
2. Jmo_Q>oída H$s à{V_m Xþ{Z`m H$mo Ë`mJ Am¡a H$m g§Xoe
Xo ahr h¡ &
3. _¡gyé H$m amO_hb H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ H$m àVrH$ h¡&
4. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ AZoH$ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo gmao g§gma _| H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s
\¡$bm`r h¡&
V. H$ÝZS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| H$ÝZS> ^mfm ~mobr OmVr h¡ Am¡a BgH$s amOYmZr
~|Jbyé h¡&
2. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| M§XZ Ho$ no‹S> {dnwb _mÌm _| h¢&
3. OJZ_mohZ amO_hb H$m nwamVËd dñVw g§J«hmb` AË`§V
AmH$f©Ur` h¡&
4. dMZH$ma ~gdÊUm H«$m§{VH$mar g_mO gwYmaH$ Wo&
133
VI. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma BZ eãXm| Ho$ n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :
CXm : nd©V A{Ð nhm‹S> {J[a
1. gmJa
2. AmJma
3. Ob
4. AmH$me
1. gw§Xa ×
2. {dXoe ×
3. Am{X ×
4. gOrd ×
5. gXmMma ×
6. Am`mV ×
VIII. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma ~hþdMZ ê$n ~ZmZm gr{IE :

CXm : g§{Y - g§{Y`m±
1. _y{V© -
2. CnbpãY -
3. H¥${V -
4. Zr{V -
5. g§ñH¥${V -
6. nX²Y{V -
134
IX. {dÀN>oX H$a g§{Y H$m Zm_ {b{IE :
1. {X½JO 5. OJZ_mohZ
2. nd©Vmdbr 6. gXmMma
3. g§Jh« mb` 7. AË`§V
4. Obme`
X. {dJ«h H$s{OE Am¡a g_mg H$m Zm_ {b{IE :
1. Xoe-{dXoe
2. ObànmV
3. amOd§e
4. amO_hb
XI. n[a`moOZm :
• lr H¥$îUXodam`, {dîUwdY©Z, Bå_{S> nw{bHo$er Am{X amOmAm| Ho$
~mao _| {MÌ g{hV {ddaU {b{IE&
• H$Zm©Q>H$ _| ~hZodmbr Z{X`m| H$s gyMr V¡`ma H$s{OEŸ& ha EH$ ZXr
Ho$ ~mao _| nm±M-nm±M dmŠ` {b{IE&
XII. ghr {dH$ën H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OE :
1. Vw§J-^Ðm ZXr BZ amÁ`m| _| ~hVr h¡-
A) H$Zm©Q>H$-V{_bZmSw> Am) H$Zm©Q>H$-_hmamîQ´>
B) H$Zm©Q>H$-Am§Y« àXoe B©) H$Zm©Q>H$-Ho$ab
2. ldU~obJmobm H$s Jmo_Q>oída _y{V© H$m {Z_m©U BÝhm|Zo H$am`m Wm-
A) XrdmZ nyU©æ`m Am) {_Om© Bñ_mBb
B) lr dra|Ð ho½JS>o B©) Mmdw§S>am`m
135
3. kmZnrR> go nwañH¥$V àW_ H$ÝZS> gm{hË`H$ma ò h¢ -
A) M§ÐeoIa H§$~ma Am) Hw$d|nw
B) `y. Ama. AZ§V_y{V© B©) {Jare H$mZm©S>
4. H$ÝZS> ^mfm Ho$ àW_ "amîQ´>H${d' H$s Cnm{Y go Ab§H¥$V gm{hË`H$ma
ò h¢ -
A) JmoqdX n¡ Am) Hw$d|nw
B) Or.Eg. {edéÐßnm B©) Vr.Z§.lr
XIII. AW© g_{PE Am¡a dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$s{OE :
1. VH$ - WH$
2. Mmoa - N>moa
3. ~mV - ^mV
4. H$mb - Imb
XIV. AZwê$nVm :
1. X{jU go CÎma Ho$ N>moa H$s nd©V_mbm : npíM_r KmQ> :: X{jU H$s
nd©Vmd{b`m± :
2. H$Zm©Q>H$ : M§XZ H$m AmJma :: ~|oJbyé :
3. gr.dr.am_Z : Zmo~ob nwañH¥$V :: ga.E_. {dídoídaæ`m :
4. ^ÐmdVr : bmoho Am¡a BñnmV :: _¡gyé :

5. H$mdoar : ZXr :: OmoJ :
136
6. ~obyé : {eënH$bm :: JmobJw§~µO :
7. g|Q> {\$bmo{_Zm : MM© :: OJZ_mohZ amO_hb :
8. H¥$îUXodam` : emgH$ :: amï´>Hy$Q> :
9. ~gdÊUm : dMZH$ma :: H$ZH$Xmg :
10. n§nm : àmMrZ H${d :: H§$~ma :
nmR> go AmJo
I. {XE-JE ghr H$maH$ {Mh²Z [aŠV ñWmZ _| ^[aE Am¡a Bg AZwÀN>oX
Ho$ {bE C{MV erf©H$ Xr{OE :
(Zo, H$mo, go, H$m, H$s, Ho$, Ho$ {bE, _|, na)
{H$Îmya Zm¡ _rb Xÿar pñWV g§Jmo„r Zm_H$ EH$ N>moQ>m-gm

Jm±d h¡& Bgr Jm±d EH$ J‹S> [aò n[adma am`ÊUm
OÝ_ 15 AJñV gZ² 1793 B©. hþAm Wm& BZHo$ {nVmOr
Zm_ â_ÊUm Wm& am`ÊUm _mVm Zm_ M§Mmo~m Wm& am`ÊUm
AnZo ^mB© {gX²XÊUm g§J H$gaV gmW-gmW
eñÌmä`mg ^r {H$`m& n[al_ \$bñdê$n {H$Îmya amZr MoÝZå_m
amÁ` am`ÊUm _w»` goZmn{V nX Amê$‹T>
hþE& CÝhm|Zo A§J«oOm| Xoe ^JmH$a ^maV_mVm
ñdV§ÌVm {XbmZm hr AnZm na_ H$V©ì` _mZm Wm&
137
II. dJ© nhobr :
1 2 7 7 3 7 7 7 4
7 7 7 5 7 7 7 7 7
6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 8 9 7 7 7 7
10 7 7 7 7 11 12
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
13 7 7 7 7 14
7 7 7 7 15 7 7 7 7
16 17 7 7 7 7 7 7 18
7 7 7 19 20 7 7 7 7 7
21 7 7 7 7 7 22
~mE± go XmE± -
1. am`Myé {Obo go {d^ŠV hmoH$a C{XV Z`m {Obm - Zm_ nbQ> J`m h¡& (3)
4. gmoZo H$m ImZ `hm± h¡ & (3)
5. à{gX²Y ZmQ>H$-A{^ZoVm draÊUm Bg Jm±d Ho$ Wo & (2)
6. Bgo H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ amOYmZr H$hm OmVm h¡ & (3)
7. ~rXa {Obm Ho$ g_rn H$m {Obm H|$Ð & (3)
8. Vw_Hy$é {Obo Ho$ {gX²YJ§Jm Ho$ gmW Bg Jm±d H$m Zm_ OwS‹ >m ahVm h¡& (4)
10. `h Ho$bXr g§ñWmZ H$s amOYmZr h¡ & (3)
11. à{gX²Y _m[aH$m§~m-_§{Xa Bg ñWmZ _| h¡ & (3)
13. à»`mV VoO µ J|X~mO lrZmW Bg Jm±d Ho$ h¢ - Zm_ nbQ> J`m h¡ & (4)
14. H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s amOYmZr & (4)
15. _XH$[a Zm`H$ Zo `hm± emgZ {H$`m Wm & (4)
138
16. amZr MoÝZå_m H$m Jm±d & (3)
18. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| AË`{YH$ dfm© hmoZo H$m ñWmZ & `hm± go gy`m©ñV H$m Ñí`
_Z_mohH$ bJVm h¡ - Zm_ nbQ> J`m h¡& (3)
19. amOm, amZr, amoaa, am°Ho$Q> H$mo Bg ObànmV _| XoI gH$Vo h¢ & (2)
21. Jw\$m§Va {eënH$bm H$m AX²^wV CXmhaU Bg Jm±d _| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡
- Zm_ nbQ> J`m h¡& (3)
22. ho_mdVr ZXr na `hm± ~m±Y ~Zm`m J`m h¡ & (3)
D$na go ZrMo -
2. _yH$m§{~H$m _§{Xa `hm± h¡ & (3)
3. _{S>Ho$ar Ho$ nmg H$m {d»`mV ObànmV & (2)
4. H$moS>dm ^mfm Bg {Obo _| ~mobr OmVr h¡ & (3)
8. {edßnZm`H$ H$s amOYmZr, A~ EH$ {Obm H|$Ð ñWmZ ^r h¡ & (4)
9. à»`mV OmoJ ObànmV Bg Jm±d _| h¡ & (4)
10. gm{‹S>`m| H$mo ~wZZodmbm `h Jm±d ~mJbH$moQ> {Obo _| h¡ & (4)
12. eamdVr ZXr H$mo bm±M X²dmam nma H$a Bg Jm±d H$s Mm¡S>oídar Xodr Ho$
Xe©Z H$aZm h¡ & (4)
17. hmgZ {Obo Ho$ Bg Jm±d _| ~‹S>o gwa§J X²dmam ZXr H$m nmZr ~hm`m J`m
h¡ - Jm±d H$m Zm_ nbQ> J`m h¡ & (3)
18. hbo~rSw> Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>m hþAm `h Jm±d {eënH$bm H$m OrVm-OmJVm CXmhaU
h¡ & (3)
20. AUw D$Om© CËnmXZ H|$Ð `hm± ñWm{nV h¡ - Zm_ nbQ> J`m h¡ & (2)
139
CÎma. ~mE± go XmE± D$na go ZrMo
1. H$moßnbm 2. H$moëbyé
4. H$mobma 3. Apã~
5. Jwpã~ 4. H$moS>Jw
6. _¡gyé 8. {ed_mo½Jm
7. Jwë~Jm© 9. Joégmoßnm
8. {edJ§Jo 10. BbH$b
10. BŠHo$[a 12. qgJXÿé
11. {ga{g 17. ~mJyé
13. OmdJb 18. ~obyé
14. ~|Jbyé 20. H¡$Jm
15. {MÌXþJ©
16. {H$Îmyé
18. AmJw§~o
19. OmoJ
21. ~mXm_r
22. Jmoê$é
140
16. ~mb-e{ŠV
OJVam_ Am`©-
~ÀMm| _| AÀN>o Am¡a ~wao XmoZm| JwU hmoVo h¢& AÀN>r AmXVm| Ho$ Ûmam CZH$mo JwUr
~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h¡& Bg bKw Zm{Q>H$m _| ~ÀMm| H$s g§J{R>V e{ŠV H$mo COmJa {H$`m
J`m h¡ Omo ~hþV hr àoaUmXm`H$ h¡&
nmÌ-n[aM`
am_y, í`m_y, _mohZ, g§O`, {H$emoa, _ZmoO - ñHy$b Ho$ N>mÌ
JwéOr - ñHy$b Ho$ AÜ`mnH$
H$boŠQ>a gmh~
EH$ ~wµOwJ©
nhbm Ñí`
(am_y Am¡a í`m_y H§$Mo IobZo _| ì`ñV h¢)
am_y : (í`m_y go) haodmbo H$mo _ma&
(í`m_y _maVm h¡)
í`m_y : bJ J`r Z? bm, A~ gmao H§$Mo _oao hmo Jò&
am_y : Voao H¡$go hmo Jò? {ZemZm Vmo Zrbodmbo H$mo bJm h¡& ham H§$Mm Vmo
AbJ n‹S>m h¡&
141
í`m_y : PyR> _V ~mob& Vy gXm Iob _| ~oB©_mZr H$aVm h¡¡& Xo-Xo H§$Mo& daZm
_ma Xÿ±Jm & (am_y H$s H$_rµO H$m H$m°ba nH$‹S>Vm h¡&)
am_y : N>mo‹S>, _oar H$_rµO N>mo‹S>&
(Vrgao b‹S>Ho$ _mohZ H$m àdoe)
_mohZ : Aao, Aao! Š`m| PJ‹S> aho hmo?
í`m_y : `h _oao H§$Mo Zht XoVm& Iob _| ~oB©_mZr H$aVm h¡&
am_y : `h PyR> ~mob ahm h¡&
_mohZ : XoImo, A~ Vmo ñHy$b H$m g_` hmo ahm h¡& K§Q>r ~OZodmbr h¡& `h
\¡$gbm ~mX _| H$a boZm&
í`m_y : AÀN>m, A~ Vmo N>mo‹S>Vm h±y, na em_ H$mo Xo XoZm&
am_y : Mb Mb, AnZm amñVm nH$‹S>& ~‹S>m Am`m H§$Mo boZodmbm&
_mohZ : Aao ^mB©, ñHy$b Zht MbZm h¡ Š`m?
am_y : Vw_ OmAmo ñHy$b, _¢ Zht OmD±$Jm& EH$ {XZ ñHy$b Zht OmZo go
Š`m hmoVm h¡?
í`m_y : _mohZ ^¡`m, `h Vmo H$B© {XZ ñHy$b Zht OmVm& {Og {XZ ^r J¥h-
H$m`© Zht H$aVm, Cg {XZ ñHy$b go Nw>Q²>Q>r H$a boVm h¡& AmO J{UV
H$m H$m_ {XImZm h¡ Z?
_mohZ : am_y! {XImAmo Vmo J{UV H$s H$m°nr&
am_y : dh Vmo _¢ Ka ^yb Am`m&
_mohZ : XoImo am_y, `h R>rH$ Zht& EH$ PyR> H$mo {N>nmZo Ho$ {bE H$B© PyR>
~mobZo n‹S>Vo h¢&
í`m_y : Mbmo _mohZ ^¡`m, Bgo ahZo Xmo& ñHy$b MbZo _| Xoa hmo ahr h¡,
Mbmo& (XmoZm| Mbo OmVo h¢& am_y H§$Mo IobZo bJVm h¡&)
142
Xÿgam Ñí`
(ñHy$b _| ^moOZmdH$me H$m dŠV h¡& nm±M ~mbH$ ñHy$b Ho$ EH$ H$moZo _| EH$Ì
hmoH$a ~mVo§ H$a aho h¢&)
í`m_y : XoImo Z _mohZ ^¡`m, AmO am_y Zo Iob _| {\$a go _oao gmW
~oB©_mZr H$s&
g§O` : dh Vmo ~mV-~mV _| PyR> ~mobZo bJm h¡&
_ZmoO : _¢Zo gwZm h¡ {H$ ~mah gmb go ZrMo H$s C_« Ho$ ~ÀMm| H$mo Vmo H$moB©
nmn Zht bJVm& Mmho dh PyR> ~mobZm hr Š`m| Z hmo&
í`m_y : Aao _yI©, `hr Vmo C_« h¡ AÀN>r AmXV| S>mbZo H$s, A~ Omo AmXV
n‹S> OmEJr, dh gXm gmW ahoJr - hm±&
{H$emoa : JwéOr ^r `hr H$hm H$aVo h¢&
_mohZ : hm±, h_| A^r go AÀN>r AmXV| S>mbZr Mm{hE& BgHo$ {bE h_o§
{_bH$a Hw$N> H$aZm hmoJm&
{H$emoa, g§O` : Š`m H$aZm hmoJm?
í`m_y : h_| EH$ Q>mobr ~ZmZr n‹S>oJr&
_mohZ : Bg Q>mobr _| h_ am_y H$mo ^r em{_b H$a|Jo Am¡a CgH$s J§Xr AmXV|
Nw>‹S>dmE±Jo&
(Q>Z-Q>Z H$aHo$ ñHy$b H$s K§Q>r ~OVr h¡&)
_mohZ : Mbmo, A~ H$jmAm| _| Mb|& em_ H$mo g~ `ht {_bZm& hm±, am_y
H$mo H$m¡Z bmEJm?
g§O` : Cgo _¢ ~wbm bmD±$Jm& dh _oar ~mV _mZVm h¡&
143
Vrgam Ñí`
(_mohZ, g§O`, {H$emoa, í`m_y, _ZmoO Am¡a am_y ~¡R>o ~mV| H$a aho h¢&)
_mohZ : AmO go h_ EH$ N>moQ>r-gr Q>mobr Ama§^ H$a aho h¢& Cg Q>mobr H$m
Zm_ hmoJm "~mb-e{ŠV'&
am_y : `h Q>mobr Š`m H$aoJr?
g§O` : g~go nhbo Vmo h_ AnZo CZ gm{W`m| na Ü`mZ X|Jo Omo {Z`{_V
ê$n go ñHy$b Zht OmVo VWm n‹T>mB© go Or MwamVo h¢&
{H$emoa : R>rH$ H$hm& Xÿgam H$m_ hmoJm ñHy$b Ho$ n[aga H$mo ñdÀN> aIZm&
Vrgam H$m`© hmoJm Jm±d H$s J§XJr H$mo Xÿa H$aZm& h_ amoµO EH$ K§Q>m
Jm±°d H$s g\$mB© _| bJmE±Jo&
_ZmoO : Jm±d _| H$B© JS²>‹T>o h¢, CZH$mo {_Q²>Q>r go Tm±nZm hmoJm&
í`m_y : Jm±d H$m Hy$‹S>m S>mbZo Ho$ {bE EH$ {ZpíMV OJh ~ZmE±Jo VWm Jm±d
Ho$ g^r ^mB`m| go H$h|Jo {H$ Hy$‹S>m Cgr OJh _| S>mb|&
_mohZ : Q>mobr H$m AJbm H$m_ hmoJm Jm±d H$mo ham-âm aIZm& h_ Jm±d
H$o$ Mmam| Va\$ no‹S>-nm¡Yo bJmE±Jo VWm AnZo Kam| _| ^r \$bXma no‹S>
bJmE±Jo&
am_y : `h Vmo ~‹S>m ZoH$ H$m_ h¡& h_| H$b go hr H$m_ ewwê$ H$aZm Mm{hE&
144
g§O` : nhbo Vy `h ~Vm {H$ Vy {Z`{_V ê$n go ñHy$b OmEJm `m Zht&
am_y : OmD±$Jm&
_ZmoO : h_ g~H$mo Q>mobr Ho$ {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ H$aZm hmoJm&
g~ ~ÀMo : hm±, H$a|Jo&
í`m_y : AnZr Q>mobr Ho$ _w{I`m Ho$ ê$n _| _¢ _mohZ H$m Zm_ aIVm h±ÿ& AmnH$s
Š`m am` h¡?
g~ ~ÀMo: h_| _§Oya h¡&
Mm¡Wm Ñí`
(EH$ gmb ~mX - Jm±d _| {demb g^m H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m h¡&
{Obo Ho$ H$boŠQ>a, {dYm`H$ VWm gan§M AmE hþE h¢& Jm±d Ho$ g~ bmoJ
CnpñWV h¢&)
H$boŠQ>a : Bg Jm±d H$mo gm\$-gwWam XoIH$a _wPo hm{X©H$ àgÞVm hþB© h¡&
Jm±d H$mo EH$ Z`m OrdZ àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& BZ ~ÀMm| H$s {OVZr ~‹S>mB©
H$s OmE CVZr hr Wmo‹S>r h¡& BZ g~Zo {_bH$a Jm±d H$mo ñdÀN> dmVmdaU
{X`m h¡& ~mb-e{ŠV Ho$ H$maU AmnH$m Jm±d EH$ AmXe© Jm±d ~Z J`m h¡&
(CnpñWV bmoJ Vm{b`m± ~OmVo h¢)
145
H$boŠQ>a : gaH$ma H$s Va\$ go "~mb-e{ŠV' Q>mobr H$mo nm±M hµOma énò {XE
JE h¢& Bg Q>mobr H$m _w{I`m AmH$a `h am{e ñdrH$ma H$ao&
(_mohZ OmVm h¡& H$boŠQ>a gmh~ _mohZ H$mo nm±M hµOma énò H$m {bµ\$mµ\$m XoVo
h¢&)
_mohZ : ò énò h_ àmYmZmÜ`mnH$ Or H$mo Xo X|Jo& ñHy$b Ho$ nwñVH$mb` _|
Jar~ ~ÀMm| Ho$ {bE h_ nwñVH$m| H$m à~§Y H$a|Jo&
EH$ ~wµOwJ© : ò Jm±d Ho$ gÀMo gnyV h¢&
g^r bmoJ ~mobVo h¢ - ~mb-e{ŠV H$s O`!
*******
nmR> H$m Ame` :
Bg nmR> _| nm±M-N>… b‹S>Ho$ g§J{R>V hmoH$a AnZr ~mb-e{ŠV H$mo
àH$Q> H$a aho h¢& Hw$N> b‹S>Ho$ EH$ gmW ahH$a AÀN>r AmXVm| H$mo AnZmZo
H$m à`ËZ H$aVo h¢& BVZm hr Zht g~ ~ÀMo {_bH$a AnZo Jm±d H$mo EH$
Z`m OrdZ àXmZ H$aVo h¢& Bg nmR> X²dmam ~mb-e{ŠV H$m _hËd ~Vm`m
Om ahm h¡&
boIH$ n[aM` :
OJVam_ Am`© (gZ² 1910-gZ² 1993) : OJVam_ Am`© Or H$m OÝ_ D$Zm,
{h_mMbàXoe _| 16 {Xg§~a gZ² 1910 H$mo hþAm& AmnH$s n‹T>mB© {ZH$Q> Jm±d
Ho$ S>r.E.dr. ñHy$b _| hþB©& ñHy$b Ho$ d[að> AÜ`mnH$ n§.Vwbgram_ Or H$s XoIaoI
_| {ejm nmB©& Amn A_a ehrX ^JVqgh Ho$ gmW H$B© H«$m§{VH$mar KQ>ZmAm| go
Ow‹S>o aho& Amn ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ Ho$ g_` ^mB© na_mZ§X Ho$ gmW ^r aho Omo
~hþV ~‹S>o Xoe^ŠV Wo Am¡a CZHo$ gmW H$B©-H$B© {XZ AkmVdmg ^r {H$`m& 4
AJñV, gZ² 1993 H$mo OJVam_ Am`© Or H$m Xohm§V hþAm&
146
eãXmW© :
H$§Mm - UÉÆÃ°, Glass Marble; {ZemZm - bú`, ~oB©_mZr - Aàm_m{UH$Vm,
YmoIm; \¡$gbm-{ZU©`, J¥h-H$m`©- Ka _| H$aZo Ho$ {bE {X`m OmZodmbm Aä`mg,
Home Work ; C_«-Am`w, AdñWm; AmXV - Aä`mg, ñd^md ; Q>mobr-_§S>br,
g_yh, Group; em{_b H$aZm - {_bmZm, J§XJr - _¡bmnZ, JS²>‹T>m - YaVr _|
Jham ñWmZ, ºÀ¼Àî, Pit ; T>m±nZm - T>m±H$Zm, {N>nmZm; Hy$‹S>m - Kmg-\y$g Am{X J§Xr
MrµO|, \$bXma - \$b XoZodmbm, Cn`moJr ; ZoH$ - AÀN>m, Am`moOZ - à~§Y,
B§VO
µ m_ ; {dYm`H$ - ì`dñWm H$aZodmbm, {ZU©` H$aZodmbm, {dYmZg^m Ho$ gXñ` ;
gan§M - Jm±d H$m _w{I`m, ~‹S>mB© - àe§gm, {bµ\$mµ\$m - nÌ Am{X âH$a ôOZo H$s
W¡br, gnyV - AÀN>m ~oQ>m, AÀN>m b‹S>H$m&
Aä`mg
1. H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z H§$Mo Iob aho Wo?
2. Iob _| H$m¡Z gXm ~oB©_mZr H$aVm h¡?
3. am_y H$mo ñHy$b OmZo Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z H$hVm h¡?
4. am_y Zo {H$g {df` H$m J¥h-H$m`© Zht {H$`m Wm?
5. h_| {H$g C_« _| AÀN>r AmXV| S>mbZr h¡?
6. am_y H$mo Q>mobr _| bmZo H$s {Oå_oXmar {H$gZo br?
7. Q>mobr H$m _w{I`m H$m¡Z ~Zm?
8. ~ÀMm| H$s Vmar\$ {H$gZo H$s?
1. am_y _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-gr ~war AmXV| Wt?
2. Jm±d H$s g\$mB© Ho$ {bE ~mbH$ Š`m H$m_ H$aVo h¢?
3. Jm±d H$mo AmXe© Jm±d H¡$go ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h¡?
147
4. H$boŠQ>a gmh~ Zo ~ÀMm| H$s ~‹‹S>mB© _| Š`m H$hm?
5. nm±M hµOma énò {_bZo na _mohZ Š`m gmoMVm h¡?
III. {_bmZ H$s{OE :
1. ~oB©_mZr H$aZodmbm _mohZ
2. Q>mobr H$m Zm_ nm±M hµOma
3. BZm_ Ho$ énò ~wµOwJ©
4. Q>mobr H$m _w{I`m am_y
5. ò Jm±d Ho$ gnyV h¢ ~mb-e{ŠV
IV. Imbr OJh ^[aE :
1. am_y Am¡a í`m_y Iob aho Wo&
2. H$s H$m°nr Ka na ^yb Am`m h±ÿ&
3. A^r go AÀN>r S>mbZr Mm{hE&
4. H$s J§Xr AmXV| Nw>‹S>dmE±Jo&
5. amoµO EH$ K§Q>m Jm±d H$s _| bJmE±Jo&
6. Hy$‹S>m S>mbZo Ho$ {bE EH$ OJh ~ZmE±Jo&
7. AmnH$m Jm±d EH$ Jm±d ~Z J`m h¡&
V. eãX b‹S>r ~ZmBE :
O¡go : H§$MmJMmé$Jén`mJ`maJa_m (A§{V_ dU© go EH$ Z`m eãX)
1. ~mbH$ J
2. Jm±d$ J
3. Q>mobr$ J
4. \$bXma$ J
5. BZm_$ J
148
CXm : AnZm x nam`m
1. amV x 6. hm{Z x
2. Am{X x 7. VmoS‹ > x
3. Am`mV x 8. Wmo‹S>m x
4. Am` x 9. CVma x
5. CëQ>m x
VII."~oB©_mZr' B©_mZr H$m {dbmo_ eãX h¡& "B©_mZr' eãX go nhbo "~o' CngJ©
Omo‹S>Zo go `h eãX ~Zm h¡& Bgr Vah An, AZ, Hw$, ~X CngJm] (àË``)
H$mo Omo‹S>H$a nm±M-nm±M eãX ~ZmBE&
VIII.
O
_
Z
"Z' H$mo A§{V_ Aja Ho$ ê$n _| à`moJ H$a eãX a{ME:
Z_yZm: OZ _Z
149
IX. AW©nyU© dmŠ` ~ZmBE:
í`m_y XoVo h¢&
H$boŠQ>a gmh~ BZm_ ~ZVr h¡&
_mohZ Q>mobr IobVo h¢&
~mbH$m| H$s H§$Mm ~ZmVo h¢&
~mbH$ boVm h¡&
IobVm h¡&
O¡go : í`m_y H§$Mm IobVm h¡&
^mfm kmZ
I. ì`{ŠVdmMH$ Am¡a Om{VdmMH$ g§kmAm| H$mo nhMm{ZE:
_w{I`m, H$boŠQ>a, Jm±d, ~mb-e{ŠV, í`m_y, am_y, ~mbH$, J{UV,
_mohZ, JwéOr, _ZmoO, H$_rµO
ì`{ŠVdmMH$ g§km Om{VdmMH$ g§km
150
II. Bg Zm{Q>H$m _| _ma, N>mo‹S>, nH$‹S>, ~mob, S>mb, Xo, bJm, _mZ O¡go
AZoH$ YmVwAm| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& ZrMo {Xò Jò eãXm| H$mo C{MV
YmVwAm| Ho$ gmW {b{IE:
1. H$_rµO - 5. Jwñgm -
2. no‹S> - 6. gM -
3. énò - 7. ~mV -
4. H§$Mm - 8. Hy$‹S>m -
{deof gyMZm : "{H«$`m' H$m _yb ê$n "YmVw' h¡&
III. Bg Zm{Q>H$m _| "g§`wŠV {H«$`m'Am| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡ O¡go-IobZo
bJm, ~Z J`m BË`m{X& Bg Vah Ho$ {H«$`m-`w½_m| H$mo Ty>±‹T>H$a gyMr
~ZmBE&
gyMZm: g§`wŠV {H«$`m/{H«$`m-`w½_ = "Xmo {H«$`mAm| H$m EH$ gmW à`moJ&'
nmR> go AmJo -
* gmo{ME, AJa AmnH$m H$moB© gmWr am_y O¡go hmoVm Vmo Cgo gwYmaZo
Ho$ {bE Amn Š`m `moOZm ~ZmVo?
* AnZm Jm±d, AnZm {Obm, AnZm n[aga - g~ Hw$N> AnZm h¡&
BÝh| gwYmaZo Ho$ {bE AmnZo Š`m {H$`m h¡? Š`m H$aZm MmhVo h¢?
AnZo {_Ìm| go MMm© H$s{OE&
* ñHy$b Ho$ dm{f©H$moËgd na Bg Zm{Q>H$m H$m A{^Z` H$s{OE&
* Bg Zm{Q>H$m H$m AnZr _mV¥^mfm _| AZwdmX H$a ñHy$b H$s dm{f©H$
n{ÌH$m _| àH$m{eV H$a|&
* gmhg àXe©Z `m godm-H$m`© Ho$ {bE nwañH$ma àmá ~ÀMm| H$s
H$WmAm| H$m MmQ>© ~ZmH$a àXe©Zr H$m Am`moOZ H$a|&
151
17. H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s
H$^r hma Zht hmoVr
gmohZbmb {X²ddoXr-
Bg H${dVm _| H${d Zo `h g§Xoe {X`m h¡ {H$ gVV à`ËZerb ì`{ŠV
H$s {ZpíMV ê$n go OrV hmoVr h¡& g_ñ`mAm| go _±wh Z _m‹oS>H$a AmJo ~‹T>Zm
Mm{hE&
bham| go S>aH$a Zm¡H$m nma Zht hmoVr,

H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s H$^r hma Zhr§ hmoVr&
ZÝht MtQ>r O~ XmZm boH$a MbVr h¡,

M‹T>Vr Xrdmam| na gm¡ ~ma {\$gbVr h¡&
_Z H$m {dídmg aJm| _| gmhg âVm h¡,
M‹T>H$a {JaZm, {JaH$a M‹T>Zm Z AIaVm h¡&
Am{Ia CgH$s _ohZV ~oH$ma Zht hmoVr,
H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s H$^r hma Zht hmoVr&
Sw>~{H$`m± qgYw _| JmoVmImoa bJmVm h¡,
Om OmH$a Imbr hmW bm¡Q>H$a AmVm h¡&
{_bVo Zht ghO hr _moVr Jhao nmZr _|,
~‹T>Vm XþJZm CËgmh Bgr h¡amZr _|&
_wÆ>r CgH$s Imbr ha ~ma Zht hmoVr,
152
Ag\$bVm EH$ MwZm¡Vr h¡, Bgo ñdrH$ma H$amo,
Š`m H$_r ah JB©, XoImo Am¡a gwYma H$amo&
O~ VH$ Z g\$b hmo, ZtX M¡Z H$mo Ë`mJmo Vw_,
g§Kf© H$m _¡XmZ N>mo‹S>H$a _V ^mJmo Vw_&
Hw$N> {H$E {~Zm hr O`-O`H$ma Zht hmoVr,
*******
H${dVm H$m Ame` :
Bg H${dVm _| H$mo{ee H$aZo go g\$bVm àmá H$aZo H$m g§Xoe {_bVm
h¡& H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$ OrdZ H$s à{V`mo{JVm _| Ag\$bVm go {d_wI Z
hmoVo hþE AnZr H${_`m| H$mo IwX nhMmZH$a ñdà`ËZ go bJmVma AmJo ~‹T>Zo
go hma H$^r Zht hmoVr h¡&
H${d n[aM` :
gmohZbmb {X²ddoXr (gZ² 1906 - gZ² 1988)
gmohZbmb {X²ddoXr Or qhXr Ho$ gwà{gX²Y H${d h¢&
AmnH$m OÝ_ 23 \$adar gZ² 1906 H$mo hþAm& AmnZo
~Zmag qhXÿ {díd{dX²`mb` go E_.E., Eb.Eb.~r. H$s
{S>J«r br Am¡a AmOr{dH$m Ho$ {bE O_tXmar VWm ~¢qH$J
H$m H$m_ H$aVo aho& gZ² 1938 go gZ² 1942 VH$ Amn amï´>r` nÌ "X¡{ZH$
A{YH$ma' Ho$ g§nmXH$ Wo& Hw$N> dfm] VH$ AmnZo Ad¡V{ZH$ ({~Zm doVZ Ho$)
~mb n{ÌH$m "~mb-gIm' H$m g§nmXZ ^r {H$`m& Amn _hmË_m Jm§Yr go
AË`{YH$ à^m{dV Wo&
ñdV§ÌVm àm{ßV Ho$ {bE Xoe^{ŠV d D$Om© go AmoVàmoV AmnH$s aMZmAm| H$s
{deof gamhZm hþB© VWm AmnH$mo "amï´>H${d' H$s Cnm{Y go Ab§H$¥ V {H$`m J`m&
gZ² 1988 _§o amï´>H${d {X²ddoXr Or H$m Xohm§V hmo J`m& AmnH$s à_wI H¥${V`m±
h¢- ^¡adr, dmgdXÎmm, Hw$Umb, nyOmJrV, {dfnmZ, `wJmYma Am¡a O` Jm§Yr&
153
~m±gwar, PaZm, {~Jwb, ~ÀMm| Ho$ ~mny, XÿY ~Vmem, ~mb ^maVr, {eew ^maVr,
Zohê$ MmMm, gwOmVm, à^mVr Am{X AmnH$m à_wI ~mb-gm{hË` h¡&
eãXmW© :
bha-Va§J, ~hmd; Zm¡H$m-Zmd , H$mo{ee-à`mg, à`ËZ ; hma-namO`,
{d\$bVm; ZÝhr§-N>moQ>r, bKw; XmZm-YmÝ`, AZmO, H$U (Grain); Xrdma-{^{Îm
(Wall), {dídmg-âmogm, `H$sZ; aJ-Zg, ñZm`w, Zm‹S>r (Nerve); gmhg-
Y¡`©, {hå_V, hm¡gbm (Courage); AIaZm-~wam bJZm, _ohZV-n[al_,
~oH$ma-ì`W©, {ZaW©H$; qgYw-gmJa, g_wÐ, A§~w{Y; JmoVmImoa-V¡amH$, h¡amZ
hmoZm-AmíM`©M{H$V hmoZm, MwZm¡Vr-Xmdm, bbH$ma; H$_r-A^md, Ý`yZVm; M¡Z-
Amam_, gwI; g§Kf©-Q>H$amd&
Aä`mg
1. {H$ggo S>aH$a Zm¡H$m nma Zhr§ hmoVr?
2. {H$ZH$s hma Zht hmoVr h¡?
3. XmZm boH$a H$m¡Z MbVr h¡?
4. Mr>§Q>r H$hm± M‹T>Vr h¡?
5. {H$gH$s _ohZV ~oH$ma Zht hmoVr?
6. gmJa _| Sw>~{H$`m± H$m¡Z bJmVm h¡?
7. _moVr H$hm± {_bVm h¡?
8. {H$gH$s _wÆ>r Imbr Zht hmoVr?
9. H$hm± go ^mJZm Zht Mm{hE?
10. Hw$N> {H$ò {~Zm hr Š`m Zht hmoVr h¡?
154
1. MtQ>r Ho$ ~mao _| H${d Š`m H$hVo h¢?
2. JmoVmImoa Ho$ ~mao _| H${d Ho$ {dMma Š`m h¢?
3. Ag\$bVm go g\$bVm H$s Amoa OmZo Ho$ ~mao _| H${d Š`m g§Xoe XoVo h¢?
III. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :
1. bha - Sw>~{H$`m±
2. MtQ>r - MwZm¡Vr
3. JmoVmImoa - gwYma
4. Ag\$bVm - XmZm
5. H$_r - Zm¡H$m
ghO
IV. ^mdmW© {b{IE :
ZÝht MtQ>r O~ XmZm boH$a MbVr h¡,
M‹T>Vr Xrdmam| na gm¡ ~ma {\$gbVr h¡&
_Z H$m {dídmg aJmo§ _| gmhg âVm h¡,
M‹T>H$a {JaZm, {JaH$a M‹T>Zm Z AIaVm h¡&
Am{Ia CgH$s _ohZV ~oH$ma Zht hmoVr,
H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s H$^r hma Zhr§ hmoVr&
155
V. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo nhMmZH$a {b{IE :
CXm : nma - hma
1. MbVr -
2. âVm -
3. bJmVm -
4. ~ma -
5. ñdrH$ma -
VI. g\$bVm àmá H$aZo go g§~§{YV eãXm| na Jmobm bJmBE :

gmW©H$ n[al_, AmË_{dídmg, Amam_ go gmoZm, gVV Aä`mg, h¡amZ
hmoZm, ~oH$ma H$m H$m_ H$aZm, namO` H$m ñdrH$ma, gmW©H$ H$m_ H$aZm,
Hw$N> H$aHo$ XoIZm, {ejm àm{á, ^Q>H$Zm, ^mJ OmZm, ^bm H$aZm&
VII {XE JE g§Ho$V q~XþAm| Ho$ AmYma na "n[al_' na bKw boI V¡`ma
H$s{OE:
H$mo{ee
_ohZV
CËgmh
gmhg
{JaZm-M‹T>Zm
ghOVm
Imbr hmW
MwZm¡Vr
g§Kf©
ZtX-M¡Z
156
VIII. H${dVm H$s A§[V_ n§{ŠV`m| H$mo H§$R>ñW H$aHo$ {b{IE:
Ag\$bVm
hma Zhr§ hmoVr&

IX. AZwê$nVm :
1. _ohZV : n[al_ :: H$mo{ee :
2. M‹T>Zm : CVaZm :: hmaZm :
3. ñdrH$ma : BÝH$ma :: M¡Z :
4. qgYw : g_wÐ :: hmW :
H${dVm go AmJo -
* àñVwV H${dVm H$s {ZåZ{b{IV H${dVm H$s n§{ŠV`m| go VwbZm H$s{OE :
nd©V H$s MmoQ>r Ny>Zo H$mo
nd©V na M‹T>Zm n‹S>Vm h¡&
gmJa go _moVr bmZo H$mo
JmoVm bJmZm hr n‹S>Vm h¡&&
CÚ_ {H$E {~Zm Vmo MtQ>r
^r AnZm Ka ~Zm Z nmVr&
CÚ_ {H$E {~Zm Vmo qgh H$mo
^r AnZm {eH$ma {_b Z nmVm&&
157
* Iob, H$bm, {gZo_m, {M{H$Ëgm, {dkmZ BË`m{X H$m`©jÌo _| g\$bVm
àmá {H$E hþE ì`{ŠV`m| H$s gyMr V¡`ma H$s{OE:
H«$.g§. H$m`©joÌ g\$bVm àmá ì`{ŠV`m| Ho$ Zm_
O¡go- 1. {H«$Ho$Q> g{MZ V|Sy>bH$a
* g\$bVm, AÀN>o H$m_, CËgmh ~‹T>mZodmbr àoaH$ gy{ŠV`m| H$m g§J«h

H$aHo$ {b{IE:
O¡go : h_mar g~go ~‹S>r emZ H$^r {JaZo _| Zhr§ h¡, A{nVw O~ h_
{Jao, ha ~ma CR>Zo _| h¡& - H$Zâ`y{e`g
* {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| H$s ghm`Vm go AnZo ghnm{R>`m| go, AÜ`mnH$m§o
go MMm© H$aHo$ H${dVm aMZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s{OE:
Zm_, Ym_, _mZ, emZ, amJ, Ë`mJ, `moJ, emoH$, amoH$, gmhg,
à`mg, Xÿa, H$gya, ~w{Õ, {g{Õ, Ü`mZ, gå_mZ
* `y Q²>`y~ _| 10 go ^r A{YH$ Bg H${dVm go g§~§{YV {MÌ g{hV
CXmhaU {_b|Jo& CZH$m g§J«h H$s{OE Am¡a H$jm _| Bg {df` na
MMm© H$s{OE&
158
n[a{eï>
(A) nyaH$ dmMZ
(1) e{Z … g~go gw§Xa J«h
(2) gË` H$s _{h_m
(3) ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì`
(Am) {Z~§Y-boIZ
(1) {Z~§Y H$m Z_yZm
• OZg§»`m H$s g_ñ`m
• Zmar Vw_ Ho$db lÕm hmo
(2) {Z~§Ym| H$s ê$naoIm
(B) nÌ-boIZ
(1) ì`{º$JV/Kaoby nÌ
(2) ì`mdhm[aH$ nÌ
(B©) ì`mH$aU
1. àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m 7. {dam_ {Mh²Z
2. g§{Y 8. H$mb
3. g_mg 9. qbJ
4. AZoH$ eãXm| Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX 10. H$maH$
5. _whmdao 11. "{H$' Am¡a "H$s' H$m à`moJ
6. H$hmdV| 12. {déX²YmW©H$ eãX
159
nyaH$ dmMZ
1. e{Z … g~go gw§Xa J«h
- JwUmH$a _wbo
gm¡a-_§S>b Ho$ g~go ~‹S>o J«h ~¥hñn{V Ho$ ~mX e{Z J«h H$s H$jm h¡Ÿ&
e{Z gm¡a-_§S>b H$m Xygam ~‹S>m J«h h¡Ÿ& `h h_mar n¥Ïdr go H$ar~ 750 JwZm
~‹S>m h¡Ÿ& e{Z Ho$ Jmobo H$m ì`mg 116 hµOma {H$bmo_rQ>a h¡ ; AWm©V², n¥Ïdr
Ho$ ì`mg go H$ar~ Zm¡ JwZm A{YH$Ÿ& h_mar n¥Ïdr gy`© go H$ar~Ÿ 15 H$amo‹S>
{H$bmo_rQ>a H$s Xÿar na h¡Ÿ& VwbZm _| e{Z J«h Xg JwZm A{YH$ Xya h¡Ÿ& Bgo
Xya~rZ Ho$ {~Zm H$moar Am±Im| go ^r AmH$me _| nhMmZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
h_mar nm¡am{UH$ H$WmAm| Ho$ AZwgma e{Z _hmamO gy`© Ho$ nwÌ h¢Ÿ&
e{Z H$mo "eZ¡íMa' ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& AmH$me Ho$ Jmob na `h J«h ~hþV
Yr_r J{V go MbVm {XImB© XoVm h¡ & Bgr{bE àmMrZ H$mb Ho$ bmoJm| Zo Bgo
"eZ¡…Ma' Zm_ {X`m WmŸ& "eZ¡…Ma' H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ - Yr_r J{V go
MbZodmbmŸ&
bo{H$Z ~mX Ho$ bmoJm| Zo Bg eZ¡íMa H$mo "gZrMa' ~Zm S>mbm ! gZrMa
H$m Zm_ boVo hr A§Y{dídm{g`m| H$s ê$h H$m±nZo bJVr h¡ ! EH$ ~ma `{X
`h J«h {H$gr H$s am{e _| nhþ±M Omò, Vmo {\$a gm‹T>o gmV gmb VH$ CgH$s
I¡a Zht!
e{Z H$mo `{X Xya~rZ go XoIm Omò, Vmo Bg J«h Ho$ Mhþ± Amoa db` (Jmob)
{XImB© XoVo h¢Ÿ& àH¥${V Zo Bg J«h Ho$ Jbo _| Iy~gyaV hma S>mb {Xò h¢Ÿ&
160
e{Z Ho$ BZ db`m| `m H§$H$Um| Zo Bg J«h H$mo gm¡a-_§S>b H$m g~go
gw§Xa Ed§ _Zmoha J«h ~Zm`m h¡Ÿ& dñVwV… e{Z gm¡a-_§S>b H$m gdm©{YH$ gw§Xa
J«h h¡Ÿ&
Vm‹>Or OmZH$mar Ho$ AZwgma ~¥hñn{V, `waoZg Am¡a ZonÀ`yZ Ho$ BX©-{JX©
^r db` h¢, na§Vw e{Z Ho$ db` Á`mXm {dñV¥V Am¡a ñnï> h¢Ÿ& e{Z Ho$ AX²^wV
db`m| Am¡a BgH$s AÝ` AZoH$ {deofVmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| {dñV¥V OmZH$mar h_|
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| hr {_br h¡Ÿ&
e{Z J«h AË`§V _§X J{V go H$ar~ Vrg dfm] _| gy`© H$m EH$ MŠH$a
bJmVm h¡ & Bg{bE gmb-â Ho$ A§Va Ho$ ~mX ^r AmH$me _| e{Z H$s pñW{V
_| H$moB© {deof n[adV©Z Zht {XImB© XoVmŸ& `h EH$ am{e _| H$ar~ T>mB© gmb
VH$ ahVm h¡Ÿ&
e{Z J«h gy`© go n¥Ïdr H$s Anojm H$ar~ Xg JwZm A{YH$ Xya h¡, Bg{bE
~hþV H$_ gy`©Vmn Cg J«h VH$ nhþ±MVm h¡ - n¥Ïdr H$m _mÌ gm¡dm± {hñgmŸ&
Bg{bE e{Z Ho$ dm`w_§S>b H$m Vmn_mZ eyÝ` Ho$ ZrMo 1500 g|Q>rJ«oS> Ho$ Amgnmg
ahVm h¡Ÿ& e{Z EH$ AË`ÝV R>§S>m J«h h¡Ÿ&
~¥hñn{V H$s Vah e{Z H$m dm`w_§S>b ^r hmBS´>moOZ, hr{b`_, _rWoZ
VWm E_mo{Z`m J¡gm| go ~Zm h¡Ÿ& e{Z H$s gVh Ho$ ~mao _| h_| H$moB© OmZH$mar
Zht h¡Ÿ& h_ Ho$db BgHo$ M_H$sbo ~mhar dm`w_§S>b H$mo hr XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
e{Z Ho$ Ho$§Ð^mJ _| R>mog JwR>br hmoZr Mm{hEŸ& bo{H$Z M§Ð_m, _§Jb `m ewH«$
H$s Vah e{Z H$s gVh na CVa nmZm AmX_r Ho$ {bE g§^d Zht hmoJmŸ&
A^r Xmo XeH$ nhbo VH$ e{Z Ho$ Xg CnJ«h ImoOo Wo& bo{H$Z A~
e{Z Ho$ CnJ«hm| H$s g§»`m 17 na nhþ±M JB© h¡Ÿ& YaVr go ôOo Jò ñdMm{bV
A§V[aj`mZ nm`mo{Zà VWm dmÒa e{Z Ho$ ZµOXrH$ nhþ±Mo Am¡a BÝhtHo$ µO[aE
Bg J«h Ho$ gmV ZE CnJ«h ImoOo JòŸ& e{Z Ho$ Am¡a ^r Hw$N> M§Ð hmo
gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
161
e{Z H$m g~go ~‹S>m M§Ð Q>mBQ>Z gm¡a-_§S>b H$m gdm©{YH$ _hËdnyU© Am¡a
{XbMñn CnJ«h h¡Ÿ& Q>mBQ>Z h_mao M§Ð go ^r H$m\$s ~‹S>m h¡Ÿ& BgH$m ì`mg
5150 {H$bmo_rQ>a h¡Ÿ& A^r Hw$N> gmb nhbo VH$ Q>mBQ>Z H$mo hr gm¡a-_§S>b
H$m g~go ~‹S>m CnJ«h g_Pm OmVm Wm, na§Vw dmÒa `mZ H$s ImoO~rZ go
nVm Mbm h¡ {H$ ~¥hñn{V H$m J¡Zr_rS> CnJ«h gm¡a-_§S>b H$m g~go ~‹S>m CnJ«h
h¡Ÿ& e{Z H$s gVh na A§V[aj`mZ H$mo CVmaZm Vmo g§^d Zht h¡, na§Vw Q>mBQ>Z
H$s gVh na A§V[aj`mZ H$mo CVmam Om gH$Vm h¡&
e{Z h_mao gm¡a-_§S>b H$m EH$ AX²>^wV Am¡a gw§Xa J«h h¡Ÿ& {H$gr ^r J«h
H$mo ew^ `m Aew^ g_PZo H$m H$moB© ^m¡{VH$ H$maU Zht h¡Ÿ& e{Z Vmo h_mao
gm¡a-_§S>b H$m g~go Iy~gyaV J«h h¡Ÿ&
*******
CÎma {b{IE :
1. gm¡a-_§S>b H$m g~go ~‹S>m J«h H$m¡Z-gm h¡ ?
2. gm¡a-_§S>b _| e{Z J«h H$m ñWmZ Š`m h¡ ?
3. n¥Ïdr Am¡a gy`© _| {H$VZm \$mgbm h¡ ?
4. e{Z {H$gH$m nwÌ h¡ ?
5. "eZ¡…Ma' H$m AW© Š`m h¡ ?
6. gy`© H$m EH$ MŠH$a bJmZo _| e{Z H$mo {H$VZm g_` bJVm h¡ ?
7. e{Z EH$ am{e _| {H$VZo gmbm| VH$ ahVm h¡ ?
8. ~hþV H$_ gy`©Vmn {H$g J«h na hmoVm h¡ ?
9. e{Z H$m {Z_m©U {H$g àH$ma hþAm h¡ ?
10. gm¡a-_§S>b H$m g~go ~‹S>m CnJ«h H$m¡Z-gm h¡ ?
162
2. gË` H$s _{h_m
- g§H${bV
gË` ! ~hþV ^mobm-^mbm, ~hþV hr grYm-gmXm ! Omo Hw$N> ^r AnZr
Am±Im| go XoIm, {~Zm Z_H$-{_M© bJmE ~mob {X`m - `hr Vmo gË` h¡Ÿ&
{H$VZm gab ! gË` Ñ{ï> H$m à{Vq~~ h¡, kmZ H$s à{V{b{n h¡, AmË_m
H$s dmUr h¡Ÿ&
gË`dm{XVm Ho$ {bE gm\$-gwWam _Z Mm{hEŸ& EH$ PyR> gm{~V H$aZo Ho$
{bE hµOmam| PyR> ~mobZo n‹S>Vo h¢Ÿ& Am¡a, H$ht nmob Iwbr, Vmo _w±h H$mbm H$aZm
n‹S>Vm h¡, An_m{ZV hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& {H$gr H$mo naoemZ H$aZo, XwIr H$aZo Ho$
CX²Xoí` go gË` ~mobZm Zht Mm{hEŸ& H$mZo H$mo "H$mZm' H$hH$a nwH$maZm `m
b§J‹S>o H$mo Cg O¡gr ZH$b H$a {XImZm gM ~mobZm Zht hmoVmŸ& `h Vmo {g\©$
N>o‹S>Zm hþAmŸ& Bg ~mV H$mo emñÌ _| `m| g_Pm`m J`m h¡ -
"gË`§ ~«y`mV², {à`§ ~«y`mV², Z ~«y`mV² gË`_{à`_²' AWm©V², "gM ~mobmo
Omo Xygam| H$mo {à` bJo, A{à` gË` _V ~mobmoŸ&'
g§gma _| {OVZo _hmZ² ì`{ŠV hþE, g~Zo gË` H$m ghmam {b`m h¡Ÿ& gË`
H$m nmbZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& amOm h[aíM§Ð H$s gË`{Zð>m {díd{d»`mV h¡Ÿ& CÝh| gË`
Ho$ _mJ© na MbVo AZoH$ H${R>ZmB`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m, bo{H$Z CZH$s
H$s{V© AmO ^r gyaO H$s amoeZr go H$_ àH$me_mZ ZhtŸ h¡& amOm XeaW
Zo gË` dMZ {Z^mZo Ho$ {bE AnZo àmU Ë`mJ {XEŸ& _hmË_m Jm§Yr Zo gË`
H$s e{ŠV go hr {dXoer emgZ H$mo PH$Pmoa {X`mŸ&
CZH$m H$WZ h¡ - ""gË` EH$ {demb d¥j h¡Ÿ& CgH$m {OVZm AmXa
{H$`m OmVm h¡, CVZo hr \$b Cg_| bJVo h¢Ÿ& CZH$m A§V Zht hmoVmŸ&'' gË`
~mobZo H$s AmXV ~MnZ go hr S>mbZr Mm{hEŸ& H$^r-H$^r PyR> ~mob XoZo
go Hw$N> j{UH$ bm^ Adí` hmoVm h¡, na Cggo A{YH$ hm{Z hr hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
j{UH$ bm^ {dH$mg Ho$ _mJ© Ho$ {bE ~mYm ~Z OmVm h¡Ÿ& ì`{ŠVËd Hw§${R>V
163
hmoVm h¡Ÿ& PyR> ~mobZodmbm| go bmoJm| H$m {dídmg CR> OmVm h¡Ÿ& CZH$s CÞ{V
Ho$ X²dma ~§X hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ&
gË` H$s _{h_m Anma h¡Ÿ& gË` _hmZ² Am¡a na_ e{ŠVembr h¡Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V
H$s gy{ŠV h¡ - "gË`_od O`Vo, ZmZ¥V_²>' AWm©V², "gË` H$s hr {dO` hmoVr
h¡, AgË` H$s Zht'& Om°Z _oÝg\$sëS> H$s YmaUm h¡ {H$ gË` H$s Zmd go hr
h_ ^dgmJa H$m g§VaU H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& gË` dh {MZJmar h¡ {Oggo AgË`
nb â _| ^ñ_ hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& AV… h_| ha pñW{V _| gË` ~mobZo Am¡a nmbZ
H$aZo H$m Aä`mg H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&
*******
{ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :

1. "gË`' Š`m hmoVm h¡ ? CgH$m ê$n H¡$go hmoVm h¡ ?
2. PyR> H$m ghmam boVo h¢ Vmo Š`m-Š`m ghZm n‹S>Vm h¡ ?
3. emñÌ _| gË` ~mobZo H$m VarH$m H¡$go g_Pm`m J`m h¡ ?
4. ""g§gma Ho$ _hmZ² ì`{ŠV`m| Zo gË` H$m ghmam {b`m h¡Ÿ''
- gmoXmhaU g_PmBEŸ&
5. _hmË_m Jm§Yr H$m gË` H$s e{ŠV Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$WZ h¡ ?
6. PyR> ~mobZodmbm| H$s hmbV H¡$gr hmoVr h¡ ?
7. ha pñW{V _| gË` ~mobZo H$m Aä`mg Š`m| H$aZm Mm{hE ?
164
3. ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì`
J_r© H$s Nw>{Å>`m±& qhXr {e[jH$m _rZm _¡S>_ Zo g_wXm` ^dZ _| 15 {Xdgr`
EH$ H$m`©{e{~a Am`mo{OV {H$`m h¡& H${dVm-dmMZ, H${dVm-aMZm,
ZmQ>H$-àXe©Z, g§^mfU-H$m¡eb, Q>oamH$moQ>m Jw{‹S>`m ~ZmZm BË`m{X H$m`©H«$_ `hm±
Am`mo{OV h¢&
ewH«$dma H$m {XZ& AmO H$m g§^mfU-"H$m¡eb {dH$gZ' h¡& Bg_| ^mJ boZo
Ho$ {bE N>mÌ ~‹S>r VËnaVm go _rZm _¡S>_ H$s àVrjm _| ~¡R>o h¢&
_rZm _¡S>_ AmH$a ~moS>© na {bIVr h¢- g§^mfU H$m {df` : "ZmJ[aH$m|
Ho$ _yb H$V©ì`'&
g^r N>mÌ-N>mÌm EH$ gmW hmW CR>mVo h¢ Am¡a H$hVo h¢ - "_¢ ~moby±Jm,
_¢ ~moby±Jr&'
_rZm : R>hamo, EH$-EH$ H$aHo$ _¢ nyN>±Jr, V~ ~VmAmo&
AHw$b : _¡S>_, EH$ ZmJ[aH$ H$s h¡{g`V go h_| AnZo Xoe Ho$ amï´>ÜdO,
amï´>JmZ, amï´>r` Ë`mohma Am{X H$m AmXa H$aZm Mm{hE&
_rZm : ghr H$hm, gb_m A~ Vw_ ~VmAmo&
gb_m : àH¥${V h_mar _mVm h¡& Bg{bE h_| àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$m Anì``
H$aZm Zht Mm{hE& AnZo n`m©daU H$mo ñdÀN> aIZm ^r h_mam
Xm{`Ëd h¡&
_rZm : Zr{b_m, Vw_ Š`m H$hZm MmhVr hmo?
Zr{b_m : _¡S>_, Xoe Ho$ à{V Jm¡ad H$m ^md aIZm Ed§ Xoe H$s EH$Vm Am¡a
AI§S>Vm H$mo H$m`_ aIZm h_mam H$V©ì` h¡&
_rZm : Vwåhmam {dMma {~bHw$b ghr h¡& AÝda, Vw_ Hw$N> H$hZo H$mo CVmdbo
{XI aho hmo&
165
AÝda : hm± _¡S>_, _¢ H$hZm MmhVm h±ÿ {H$ g_ñV Xoedm{g`m| Ho$ à{V ^mB©-
Mmao H$m ^md aIZm Am¡a Om{V, Y_©, ^mfm, àXoe, dJ© na
AmYm[aV g^r ôX-^mdm| go Xÿa ahZm Mm{hE&
_rZm : gm¡ \$sgXr ghr ~mV AÝda& H$moB© Am¡a Hw$N> H$hZm MmhVm h¡?
OmO© : d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU Am¡a gwYma H$s ^mdZm H$m {dH$mg H$aZm ^r
ZmJ[aH$ H$m H$V©ì` hmoVm h¡ Z _¡S>_?
_rZm : hm± OmO©, BVZm hr Zht, Xoe H$s ajm Ho$ {bE H${Q>~Õ ahZm,
gmd©O{ZH$ g§n{Îm H$mo gwa{jV aIZm, ì`{ŠVJV Am¡a gm_y{hH$ Ñ{ï>
go Xoe Ho$ CËH$f© Ho$ {bE gVV à`ËZerb ahZm BË`m{X ^r h_mao
H$V©ì` h¢&
ñQ>obm : h_| AnZr g§ñH¥${V Am¡a Jm¡adembr na§nam H$m gå_mZ H$aZm h¡,
g§{dYmZ Ho$ {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ ^r H$aZm Mm{hE&
q~Xþ : YÝ`dmX Q>rMa, AmnZo h_| BVZm Hw$N> g_Pm`m&
_rZm : AmO Ho$ ~ÀMo H$b Ho$ ZmJ[aH$ h¢& {dX²`m{W©`mo! AmO go, Zht
Zht; A~ go hr Amn BZ H$V©ì`m| H$m nmbZ H$aZm ewê$ H$amo&
Bggo AmnH$m {hV Vmo hmoJm hr, Xoe H$m H$ë`mU ^r hmoJm&
*******
{ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :
1. _rZm _¡S>_ Zo {H$VZo {XZm| Ho$ H$m`©{e{~a H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m Wm?
2. g§^mfU H$m {df` Š`m Wm?
3. AHw$b Zo _rZm _¡S>_ go Š`m H$hm?
4. gb_m Zo Š`m H$hm?
5. AÝda Zo _rZm _¡S>_ go Š`m H$hm?
6. _rZm _¡S>_ Zo N>mÌm| go A§V _| Š`m H$hm?
166
{Z~§Y-1
OZg§»`m H$s g_ñ`m
{df` àdoe - OZg§»`m H$s g_ñ`m gm_mÝ` ê$n go {díd H$s g_ñ`m h¡Ÿ&
à{V VrZ goH$§S> _| Xmo ~mbH$ OÝ_ boVo h¢Ÿ& na§Vw ^maV _| `h g_ñ`m {deof
ê$n go {dH$Q> ~Z JB© h¡Ÿ& ^maV joÌ\$b H$s Ñ{ï> go {díd H$m gmVdm± Xoe
h¡, na§Vw OZg§»`m H$s Ñ{ï> go Xygao ñWmZ na h¡Ÿ& `h Ho$db MrZ go nrN>o
h¡Ÿ& Bg g_` ^maV H$s OZg§»`m 125 H$amo‹S> go A{YH$ h¡Ÿ& OZg§»`m d¥{Õ
H$s dV©_mZ J{V go AZw_mZ h¡ {H$ gZ² 2020 B©. VH$ ^maV H$s OZg§»`m 125
H$amo‹S> go H$B© JwZm A{YH$ hmoJr&
OZg§»`m _| d¥{Õ Ho$ H$maU -
OZg§»`m _| d¥{Õ Ho$ H$B© H$maU h¢; `Wm -
1. {dkmZ H$s CÞ{V Ho$ gmW {M{H$Ëgm Ed§ ñdmñÏ` H$s gw{dYmAm| _| CÞ{V
hþB© h¡Ÿ& \$bV… OÝ_ boZodmbo {eewAm| H$s _¥Ë`w Xa _| H$_r hþB© h¡ VWm
Am¡gV Am`w _| d¥{Õ hþB© h¡, `mZr AmOH$b EH$ ^maVdmgr nhbo H$s
Anojm A{YH$ g_` VH$ Or{dV ahVm h¡Ÿ&
2. àmMrZ _mÝ`VmAm| Ho$ AZwgma ~ÀMo ^JdmZ H$s XoZ h¢Ÿ& AVEd n[adma
{Z`moOZ O¡go Cnm`m| H$mo gm_mÝ`V… AÀN>r ZµOa go Zht XoIm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
3. `h ^r EH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU h¡ {H$ A{YH$ ~ÀMo hmoZo go H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE
VWm n[adma H$s ajm H$aZo Ho$ {bE A{YH$ hmW CnbãY hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
CËnmXZ H$s d¥{Õ _| OZe{ŠV Ho$ _hËd H$mo H$m¡Z ZH$ma gH$Vm h¡ ?
4. OZg§»`m d¥{Õ H$mo amoH$Zo _| g~go A{YH$ ~mYH$ VÎd h¡ - A{ejmŸ&
A{e{jV bmoJm| H$mo Bg ~mV H$m kmZ Zht h¡ {H$ N>moQ>o n[adma Ho$ Š`m
\$m`Xo h¢Ÿ& Xygam H$maU h¡ - AÝY{dídmg VWm ê${‹T>dm{XVmŸ& BgHo$
167
A{V[aº$ ^maVr` bmoJ gÝVmZ H$mo B©ídar` XoZ g_PVo h¢ VWm g§VmZ
H$mo ^m½` Ho$ gmW Omo‹S> XoVo h¢Ÿ&
5. OZg§»`m H$mo {Z`§[ÌV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gaH$ma X²dmam {H$ò OmZodmbo Cnm`m|
Ho$ Ag\$b hmoZo H$m H$maU hr `h h¡ {H$ n[adma {Z`moOZ AnZmZo dmbm
dh dJ© h¡, {OgHo$ H$_ ~ÀMo hmoVo h¢Ÿ& {OZHo$ A{YH$ ~ÀMo hmoVo h¢,
do n[adma-{Z`moOZ H$mo AnZmVo Zht h¢Ÿ& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$
^maV Ho$ bmoJ gm_mÝ`V… n[adma-{Z`moOZ gÑe CnMmam| H$mo AnZmZo
Ho$ à{V {deof CËgmh Zht {XImVo h¢Ÿ&
n[aUm_ - OZg§»`m {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ Xwîn[aUm_ H$B© ê$nm| _| {XImB© XoVo h¢Ÿ&
OZg§»`m Ho$ {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ H$maU Xoe H$s àJ{V Hw§${R>V hmoVr h¡Ÿ& {H$VZo hr
_hËdmH$m§jr H$m`©H«$_ ~ZmE OmE±, do Ano{jV n[aUm_ Zht Xo nmVo h¢Ÿ& {nN>br
~mah n§Mdfu` `moOZmE± ^r A{YH$ OZg§»`m Ho$ H$maU ~m¡Zr gm{~V hþB© h¢Ÿ&
{H$VZr ^r gw{Z`mo{OV Ed§ gw{dMm[aV `moOZm ~ZmB© OmE, dh H$maJa Zht
hmoVr h¡, Š`m|{H$ O~ VH$ `moOZm H$s Ad{Y nyar hmoVr h¡, V~ VH$ OZg§»`m
BVZr A{YH$ hmo OmVr h¡ {H$ `moOZm H$m gw\$b Câ H$a Zht Am nmVm h¡Ÿ&
OZg§»`m {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ H$maU ~oH$mar H$s g_ñ`m _| ^r d¥{Õ hþB© h¡Ÿ,
Š`m|{H$ {Og J{V go OZg§»`m ~‹T>r h¡ Cg J{V go amoµOJma Ho$ gmYZm| _|
d¥{Õ Zht hþB© h¡Ÿ& Zm¡H$[a`m| H$s g§»`m gr{_V ahVr h¡Ÿ& AV… h_mao AZoH$
`wdH$-`wd{V`m± ~oamoµOJma ~Zo ahVo h¢Ÿ&
OZg§»`m H$s d¥{Õ Ho$ H$maU AnamYm| _| d¥{Õ hþB© h¡ VWm n`m©daU àXyfU
H$s g_ñ`m CËnÞ hmo JB© h¡Ÿ& n`m©daU àXyfU Ho$ \$bñdê$n ~r_m[a`m± \¡$bVr
h¢ Am¡a g_mO H$mo ñdñW aIZo H$s g_ñ`m CËnÞ hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& dñVwAm| H$s
_yë` d¥{Õ H$m EH$ à_wI H$maU ^r ~‹T>Vr hþB© OZg§»`m h¡Ÿ& CËnmXZ H$s
VwbZm _| O~ {H$gr dñVw H$s _m±J A{YH$ hmo Vmo Cg dñVw Ho$ _yë` _| d¥{Õ
hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& OZg§»`m d¥{Õ Ho$ H$maU {XZ-à{V {XZ _h±JmB© ~‹T> ahr h¡Ÿ&
168
CnMma - h_ g~H$m `h H$Îm©ì` h¡ {H$ Bg g_ñ`m Ho$ {ZamH$aU _| nyam
`moJXmZ X||Ÿ& ì`{ŠVJV ê$n _| n[adma H$mo N>moQ>o go N>moQ>m aIZo H$m à`mg H$a|Ÿ&
h_| `h g_P boZm Mm{hE {H$ A{YH$ ~ÀMm| H$m nmbZ-nmofU ~hþV H${R>Z
hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ~ÀMm| H$s g§»`m {OVZr H$_ hmoJr, CZH$s XoI^mb A{YH$ AÀN>r
Vah go H$a gH|$JoŸ&
h_mar gaH$ma VWm gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmAm| H$mo Mm{hE {H$ g^mAm|, Jmo{ð>`m|,
g§Mma-_mÜ`_m| Ûmam N>moQ>o n[adma go hmoZodmbo \$m`Xm| H$m àMma-àgma H$a|Ÿ&
H$hZo H$m VmËn`© `h h¡ {H$ n[adma H$mo gr{_V aIZo H$s _mZ{gH$Vm H$m
àMma ha ñVa na {H$`m OmE, {Oggo OZg§»`m-{Z`§ÌU H$mo OrdZ H$m EH$
Amdí`H$ A§J _mZ {b`m OmòŸ&
Cng§hma - h_mao Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg _| OZg§»`m H$s d¥{Õ EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>r ~mYm
h¡Ÿ& `mVm`mV, {ejm, amoµOJma Am{X {d{dY joÌm| _| OZg§»`m H$s d¥{Õ {gaXX©
~Z JB© h¡ & Bg g_ñ`m go Nw>Q>H$mam nmZo H$m EH$ hr Cnm` h¡Ÿ - Xoe H$m
àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$ Bg g_ñ`m H$m hb H$aZo _| ghm`H$ hmoŸ& h_| {ZåZ n§{º$`m±
OZ-OZ VH$ nhþ±MmZr Mm{hE -
""gwI_` OrdZ H$m `h gma
Xmo ~ÀMm| H$m hmo n[admaŸ&''
169
{Z~§Y-2
Zmar Vw_ Ho$db lÕm hmo
{df` àdoe - ^maV _| Zmar H$m ñWmZ nyOZr` h¡& Bg{bE àmMrZ
H$mb _| `hm± Zmar Ho$ à{V lÕm Ed§ ^pŠV H$s ^mdZm Wr& nwéf Ho$ OrdZ
_| dh _mVm Ho$ ê$n _|, ~hZ Ho$ ê$n _| VWm nËZr Ho$ ê$n _| AnZm `moJXmZ
XoVr h¡& Zmar Ho$ {~Zm nwéf H$m OrdZ AYyam _mZm OmVm h¡& H$hm J`m h¡
- ""`Ì Zm`©ñVw nyÁ`§Vo a_§Vo VÌ XodVm…'' AWm©V², ""Ohm± Zmar H$s nyOm hmoVr
h¡ dhm± ^JdmZ H$m {Zdmg hmoVm h¡&'' doX-Cn{ZfX H$mb go Zmar Zo emñÌ,
J{UV, IJmob {dkmZ Am{X joÌm| _| AnZr à{V^m Am¡a H$m¡eb H$mo à_m{UV
{H$`m h¡&
{df` {dñVma - AZm{XH$mb go ^maV _| ~hZodmbr n{dÌ Z{X`m| H$mo
J§Jm, `_wZm, H$mdoar, Z_©Xm O¡go pñÌ`m| Ho$ Zm_ {XE JE h¢& _mV¥ àYmZ
n[adma H$s ñdrH¥${V Bg ~mV H$mo à_m{UV H$aVr h¡ {H$ gm_m{OH$ joÌ _|
^r Zmar H$mo _mZ-gå_mZ àmßV hþAm h¡& bo{H$Z H$mbm§Va _| AkmZ Am¡a
ê${‹T>J«ñV A§Y{dídmgm| Ho$ H$maU Zmar H$m AZmXa hmoZo bJm& gwajm Ho$ Zm_
na CgH$s ñdV§ÌVm H$m haU hþAm& Cgo _mÌ {dbmg H$s dñVw _mZm OmZo
bJm& ~MnZ _| Zmar H$mo {nVm Ho$ Aml` _|, CgHo$ ~mX n{V Ho$ AYrZ
VWm A§V _| AnZo ~ÀMm| Ho$ ghmao OrdZ {~VmZm n‹S>Vm Wm& bo{H$Z A~ g_`
~Xb J`m h¡& Zmar H$s pñW{V _| ~hþV ~Xbmd Amò h¢& AmO H$s Zmar ñdV§Ì
ê$n go AmJo ~‹T>H$a nwéfm| Ho$ H§$Yo go H§$Ym {_bmH$a {ejm, {M{H$Ëgm, {dkmZ,
àm¡Úmo{JH$s, H$bm, gm{hË`, g§JrV Am¡a amOZr{V Am{X g^r joÌm| _| JUZr`
àJ{V H$a ahr h¡&
170
^maV H$mo ñdV§ÌVm {_bZo Ho$ ~mX gamo{OZr Zm`Sy> Zo àW_ _{hbm
amÁ`nmb ~ZH$a AnZr j_Vm H$m n[aM` {X`m& lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr Zo
àYmZ_§Ìr ~ZH$a ^maV Xoe H$mo àJ{V Ho$ nW na AJ«{gV {H$`m&
A§V[aj _| àdoe H$aZodmbr àW_ ^maVr` _{hbm H$ënZm Mmdbm Zo g§gma
H$mo `h {gÕ H$a {XIm`m h¡ {H$ ñÌr A§V[aj VH$ nhþ±M gH$Vr h¡& Bgr àH$ma
gw{ZVm {d{b`åg Zo ^r A§V[aj H$s `mÌm H$a AnZo gmhg H$m n[aM` {X`m
h¡& nr.Q>r. Cfm, ApídZr ZmMßnm, gm{Z`m {_Om©, gmBZm Zohdmb, _oar H$mo_,
Ádmbm JwQ²>Q>m Am{X Zo Iob-Hy$X Ho$ joÌ _| g§gma â _| ^maV H$m Zm_
amoeZ {H$`m h¡&
AZoH$ _{hbmE± _w»`_§Ìr, {ObmÜ`j Am¡a CÀM A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ ê$n _|
àemgZ H$m H$m`© g§^mb ahr h¢&
Cng§hma - AmO H|$Ð VWm amÁ` gaH$mam| Zo _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE AZoH$
`moOZmE± ~ZmB© h¢& CZHo$ {bE AmajU {X`m h¡& amÁ` gaH$ma Zo Xgdt H$jm
VH$ ~m{bH$mAm| H$mo {Z…ewëH$ {ejm H$s `moOZm ~ZmB© h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm AÝ`
H$B© gw{dYmE± ^r Xr Om ahr h¢& Amem H$a gH$Vo h¢ {H$ ^maVr` Zmar BZ
gw{dYmAm| go bm^mpÝdV hmoJr Am¡a AnZo Xoe Ho$ gdmªJrU {dH$mg _| ghm`H$
{gÕ hmoJr&
171
{Z~§Ym| H$s ê$naoIm
1. n`©Q>Z H$m _hËd
1. {df` àdoe - n`©Q>Z H$m AW© 2. n`©Q>Z-EH$ CX²`moJ 3. {dH$mg H$m
gyÌYma 4. n`©Q>Z go bm^ 5. n`©Q>Z-EH$ em¡H$ 6. Cng§hmaŸ&
2. ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì`

1. {df` àdoe - "ZmJ[aH$' Ho$ {d{^Þ AW©, "ZmJ[aH$' H$m ê$‹T> AWdm
ì`mdhm[aH$ AW© 2. ZmJ[aH$ - g_mO Am¡a amï´> 3. ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì`
AWdm ZmJ[aH$Vm Ho$ bjU 4. ZmJ[aH$ H$s nhMmZ 5. ZmJ[aH$ Ho$
A{YH$ma 6. ZmJ[aH$ Am¡a gaH$ma 7. Cng§hmaŸ&
3. ~oamo>O
‹ Jmar
1. {df` àdoe - ~oamoµOJmar H$m VmËn`© 2. ~oamo‹OJmar Ho$ àH$ma - (H$)
nyU© (I) Am§{eH$ (J) {e{jV (K) A{e{jV dJ© 3. ~oamo‹OJmar Ho$
Xwîn[aUm_-AnamYm| H$s d¥{Õ, Xoe H$s à{V^m H$s AZwn`mo{JVm, amï´>r`
gmYZm| H$m Anì`` 4. ~oamo‹>OJmar Ho$ H$maU - (i) OZg§»`m _| d¥{Õ
(ii) XmofnyU© {ejm-nÕ{V (iii) CX²`moJ-Y§Ym| H$m A^md 5. ~oamo‹OJmar
Xya H$aZo Ho$ Cnm` 6. Cng§hma &
4. _h±JmB©
1. {df` àdoe - _h±JmB©-EH$ ì`mnH$ g_ñ`mŸ 2. OrdZ H$s _yb
Amdí`H$VmE±-amoQ>r, H$n‹S>m, _H$mZ H$s ny{V© _| H${R>ZmB© 3. _h±JmB© Ho$
H$maU 4. _h±JmB© go CËnÞ AnamY-Mmoar, S>H¡$Vr, ^«ï>mMma Am{X
5. _h±JmB© H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ Cnm` 6. Cng§hma &
172
5. dZ _hmoËgd
1. {df` àdoe - dZ àH¥${V Ho$ Amdí`H$ A§J VWm _Zwî` Ho$ ghMa
2. d¥jm| H$m Cn`moJ 3. d¥jm| H$s Cn`mo{JVm Ho$ ~mao _| d¡km{ZH$m| H$m
_V 4. dZm| go àmá hmoZo dmbr {d{^Þ dñVwE±, amï´>r` Am` Ho$ gmYZ
5. dZm| H$m Zme 6. d¥jmamonU AWdm dZ _hmoËgd H$s na§nam H$m gZ²
1950 _| à{gÕ ñdV§ÌVm goZmZr Ed§ gm{hË`H$ma H$Ýh¡`mbmb _m{UH$bmb
_w§er X²dmam Ama§^, VXwnam§V {MßH$mo Am§XmobZ 7. Cng§hma&
******
173
1. ì`pŠVJV nÌ
{nVm H$mo nÌ
{X : 12-11-2017
nyÁ` {nVmOr,
gmXa àUm_Ÿ&
_¢ `hm± AmnHo$ Amerdm©X go Hw$eb hÿ±Ÿ& AmnH$m nÌ {_bm, n‹T>H$a AË`§V
Iwer hþBŸ© & _oar n‹T>mB© R>rH$ Mb ahr h¡Ÿ& AmnH$s AmkmZwgma _Z bJmH$a {XZ-
amV n‹T>mB© _| ì`ñV ahVm hÿ§°Ÿ& Iob-Hy$X `m Jnen _| Á`mXm g_` Jdm± Zht
ahm hÿ§°Ÿ&
h_mao ñHy$b H$s Amoa go AJbo _hrZo 10 go 13 VmarI VH$ e¡{jH$-
`mÌm H$m Am`moOZ hþAm h¡Ÿ& Cg_| _oao gmao {_Ì Om aho h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ gmW _¢
^r OmZm MmhVm hÿ§°Ÿ& Bg{bE _wPo é. 2000 ôOZo H$s H¥$nm H$a|Ÿ&
_mVmOr H$mo _oam àUm_, N>moQ>r ~hZ {à`m H$mo T>oa gmam ß`maŸ&
AmnH$m AmkmH$mar ~oQ>m,

hf©
godm _|,
lr à^mH$a ~r. E_.,
Ka Z§. 521, âV {Zdmg,
H$Zm©Q>H$ ñHy$b Ho$ g_rn,
amOoídar ZJa, ~rXa {Obm
174
2. ì`mdhm[aH$ nÌ
n«_mU nÌ Ho$ {bE nÌ
{XZm§H$ : 07-05-2017
àofH$,
g{MZ,
Zm¡dt H$jm, "~r' {d^mJ,
gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b,
amOmOrZJa, ~|Jbyé-560 010.
godm _|,
àmMm`m©,
gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b,
amOmOrZJa, ~|Jbyé-560 010.
{df` : à_mU nÌ hoVw
_hmoX`m,
Amngo {ZdoXZ h¡ {H$ _oao {nVmOr H$m V~mXbm _¡gyé _| hmo J`m
h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ gmW _wPo ^r OmZm hmoJmŸ&
AV… AZwamoY H$aVm hÿ§° {H$ _wPo Zm¡dt H$jm CÎmrU© hmoZo H$m à_mU nÌ,
ñHy$b N>mo‹S>Zo H$m à_mU nÌ VWm M[aÌ à_mU nÌ XoZo H$s H¥$nm H$a|Ÿ&
gYÝ`dmX,
AmnH$m AmkmH$mar N>mÌ,
g{MZ
175
nÌ-boIZ Ho$ nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
nX g§~moYZ A{^dmXZ g_mnZ
~‹S>o VWm Jwé- lX²Yo`, _mZZr`, MaU ñne©, MaU AmnH$m AmkmH$mar,
OZ Ho$ {bE _mÝ`da, AmXaUr`, d§XZ, X§S>dV² àUm_, ñZoh-^mOZ,
nyÁ`, nyOZr`, H¥$nmH$m§jr, MaU godH$,{dZrV
nyÁ`nmX, nyÁ` MaU gmXa Z_ñH$ma
~am~admbm| {à`da, {à` ^mB©, gào_ Z_ñVo/ Vwåhmam {_Ì/
Ho$ {bE {à` {_Ì, ~§Ywda Z_ñH$ma ñZohr, Vwåhmam hr,
Vwåhmam gX¡d
N>moQ>m| Ho$ {à`, {Ma§Ord {Ma§Ord ahmo, Vwåhmam {hV¡fr,

{bE Amerdm©X, àgÞ ew^{M§VH$,
ahmo, ew^merf ew^Ào Nw>
n[a{MVm| Ho$ {à` ~§Yw/~§Ywda, Z_ñVo, Z_ñH$ma ^dXr`, ^dXr`m,

{bE lr/{à` AmnH$m, AmnH$s
An[a{MVm| _hmoX`, lr_mZ², Z_ñVo, O` {h§X ^dXr`, AmnH$m

Ho$ {bE _mÝ`da ^dXr`m, AmnH$s
176
ì`mH$aU
1. àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m
{H«$`m H$m dh ê$n {Oggo H$Vm© ñd`§ H$m`© Z H$a, {H$gr Xygao H$mo
H$m`© H$aZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV H$aVm h¡, Cgo àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
1. _mohZ ImVm h¡Ÿ& ({H«$`m)
2 . _mohZ {IbmVm h¡Ÿ& (àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m)
àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m Ho$ Xmo ê$n {_bVo h¢Ÿ:
1. àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n
2. {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n
CXmhaU :
1. AmX_r CVamŸ& ({H«$`m)
2. H§$S>ŠQ>a Zo AmX_r H$mo CVmamŸ& (àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n)
3. bmoJm| Zo H§$S>ŠQ>a go AmX_r H$mo CVadm`mŸ& ({ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n)
àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ Hw$N> Am¡a CXmhaU:
{H«$`m àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n
h§g° Zm h§g° mZm h§g° dmZm
C‹S>Zm C‹S>mZm C‹S>dmZm
n‹T>Zm n‹T>mZm n‹T>dmZm
CR>Zm CR>mZm CR>dmZm
H$aZm H$amZm H$admZm
177
àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ~ZmZo Ho$ Hw$N> {Z`_ :
1. _yb {H«$`m Ho$ A§V _| "AmZm' bJmH$a àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n VWm "dmZm'
bJmH$a {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n ~Zm gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
YmVw {H«$`m àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n
CR> CR>Zm CR>mZm CR>dmZm
Mb MbZm MbmZm MbdmZm
{bI {bIZm {bImZm {bIdmZm
Xm¡S‹ > Xm¡S‹ >Zm Xm¡S‹ >mZm Xm¡S‹ >dmZm
AmoT‹ > AmoT‹ >Zm AmoT‹ >mZm AmoT‹ >dmZm
2. YmVw Ho$ Ama§^ _| XrK© ñda hmo Vmo Cgo õñd _| ~XbH$a àoaUmW©H$ ê$n
~Zm gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
YmVw {H«$`m àW_ àoaUmW©H$ ê$n {ÛVr` àoaUmW©H$ ê$n
OmJ OmJZm OJmZm OJdmZm
OrV OrVZm {OVmZm {OVdmZm
Iob IobZm {IbmZm {IbdmZm
~¡R> ~¡R>Zm {~R>mZm {~R>dmZm
178
2. g§{Y
* g§{Y eãX H$m AW© h¡ - _obŸ&
* Xmo dUm] `m Ajam| Ho$ _ob go hmoZodmbo {dH$ma H$mo g§{Y H$hVo h¡§Ÿ&
* O~ Xmo dU© Amng _| Ow‹S> Vo h¢ Vmo EH$ Z`m ê$n J«hU H$aVo h¢,
dU©-_ob H$s Bg à{H«$`m H$mo g§{Y H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
Y_© + A{YH$mar = Y_m©{YH$mar (A + A = Am)
{ed + Amb` = {edmb` (A + Am = Am)
* g§{Y Ho$ {ZåZ{b{IV VrZ ôX h¢ :
1) ñda g§{Y
2) ì`§OZ g§{Y
3) {dgJ© g§{Y
1) ñda g§{Y : O~ Xmo ñda Amng _| {_bH$a EH$ Z`m ê$n YmaU H$aVo
h¢, V~ Cgo ñda g§{Y H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
ñda g§{Y Ho$ {ZåZ{b{IV nm§°M ôX h¢Ÿ:
* XrK© g§{Y
* JwU g§{Y
* d¥{Õ g§{Y
* Ù² g§{Y
* A`m{X g§{Y
179
* XrK© g§{Y : Xmo gdU§© ñda {_bH$a XrK© hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& `{X A, Am,
B, B©, C, D$ Am¡a F$ Ho$ ~mX do hr õñd `m XrK© ñda Am`|, Vmo XmoZm|
{_bH$a H«$_e… Am, B©, D$ Am¡a F$ hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
H$) A + A = Am g_mZ + A{YH$ma = g_mZm{YH$ma

A + Am = Am Y_© + AmË_m = Y_m©Ë_m
Am + A = Am {dX²`m + AWu = {dX²`mWu
Am + Am = Am {dX²`m + Amb` = {dX²`mb`
I) B + B = B© H${d + B§Ð = H$dtÐ

B + B© = B© {J[a + B©e = {Jare
B© + B = B© _hr + B§Ð = _hr§Ð
B© + B© = B© aOZr + B©e = aOZre
(J) C + C = D$ bKww + CÎma = bKyÎma

C + D$ = D$ qgYw + D$Om© = qgYyOm©
D$ + C = D$ dYy + CËgd = dYyËgd
D$ + D$ = D$ ^y + D$Om© = ^yOm©
(K) F$ + F$ = F$ {nV¥ + F$U = {nV¥U
180
* JwU g§{Y : `{X A `m Am Ho$ ~mX B `m B©, C `m D$ Am¡a F$
Amò Vmo XmoZm| {_bH$a H«$_e… E, Amo Am¡a Aa hmo OmVo h¢&
CXmhaU :
(H$) A + B = E JO + B§Ð = JO|Ð
A + B© = E na_ + B©ída = na_oída
Am + B = E _hm + B§Ð = _h|Ð
Am + B© = E a_m + B©e = a_oe
(I) A + C = Amo dm{f©H$ + CËgd = dm{f©H$moËgd
A + D$ = Amo Ob + D${_© = Obmo{_©
Am + C = Amo _hm + CËgd = _hmoËgd
Am + D$ = Amo _hm + D${_© = _hmo{_©
(J) A + F$ = Aa gá + F${f = gá{f©
Am + F$ = Aa _hm + F${f = _h{f©
* d¥{Õ g§{Y : `{X A `m Am Ho$ ~mX E `m Eo Amò Vmo XmoZm| Ho$ ñWmZ
_| Eo VWm A `m Am Ho$ ~mX Amo `m Am¡ Amò Vmo XmoZm| Ho$ ñWmZ _| Am¡
hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
H$) A +E = Eo EH$ + EH$ = EH¡$H$
A + Eo = Eo _V + EoŠ` = _V¡Š`
Am +E = Eo gXm + Ed = gX¡d
Am + Eo = Eo _hm + Eoíd`© = _h¡íd`©
181
I) A + Amo = Am¡ na_ + AmoO = na_m¡O
A + Am¡ = Am¡ dZ + Am¡fY = dZm¡fY
Am + Amo = Am¡ _hm + AmoOñdr = _hm¡Oñdr
Am + Am¡ = Am¡ _hm + Am¡f{Y = _hm¡f{Y
* Ù²> g§{Y : `{X B, B©, C, D$ Am¡a F$ Ho$ ~mX H$moB© {^Þ ñda Amò
Vmo B-B© H$m `², C-D$ H$m d² Am¡a F$ H$m a hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
B + A= ` A{V + A{YH$ = AË`{YH$
B + Am= `m B{V + Am{X = BË`m{X
B + C= `w à{V + CnH$ma = àË`wnH$ma
C +A = d _Zw + A§Va = _Ýd§Va
C + Am = d gw + AmJV = ñdmJV
F$ +A = a {nV¥ + AZw_{V = {nÌZw_{V
F$ + Am= a {nV¥ + Amkm = {nÌmkm
F$ + C = a {nV¥ + CnXoe = {nÌwnXoe
* A`m{X g§{Y : `{X E, Eo Am¡a Amo, Am¡ Ho$ ~mX H$moB© {^Þ ñda AmE
Vmo E H$m A`², Eo H$m Am`>, Amo H$m Ad² Am¡a Am¡ H$m Amd hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
CXmhaU : H$) E + A = A` Mo + AZ = M`Z
E + A = A` Zo + AZ = Z`Z
I) Eo + A = Am` J¡ + AH$ = Jm`H$
Eo + B = Am` Z¡ + BH$m = Zm{`H$m
182
J) Amo + A = Ad ^mo + AZ = ^dZ
Am¡ + A = Amd nm¡ + AZ$ = nmdZ
K) Am¡ + B = Amd Zm¡ + BH$ = Zm{dH$
(2) ì`§OZ g§p§Y : ì`§OZ go ñda AWdm ì`§OZ Ho$ _ob go CËnÞ {dH$ma
H$mo ì`§OZ g§{Y H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
1) {XH²$ + JO = {X½JO 4) fQ²> + Xe©Z = fS>²Xe©Z
2) gV² + dmUr = gX²>dmUr 5) dmH²$ + Omb = dm½Omb
3) AM² + A§V = AO§V 6) VV² + ê$n = VÐÿn
(3) {dgJ© g§{Y : ñdam| AWdm ì`§OZm| Ho$ gmW {dgJ© (:) Ho$ _ob go
{dgJ© _| Omo n[adV©Z hmoVm h¡, Cgo {dgJ© g§{Y H$hVo h¢&
CXmhaU :
{Z: + M` = {ZíM`
{Z: + H$nQ> = {ZîH$nQ>
{Z: + ag = Zrag
Xþ… + J§Y = XþJªY
_Z: + aW = _ZmoaW
nwa: + {hV = nwamo{hV
183
3. g_mg
g_mg _| Xmo ñdV§Ì eãXm| H$m `moJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& H$_ go H$_ eãXm| Ho$
à`moJ go A{YH$ go A{YH$ AW© ~VmZo H$s g§{já {d{Y H$mo g_mg H$hVo
h¢Ÿ& Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ eãXm| Ho$ _ob go ~ZZodmbm eãX g_ñV nX H$hbmVm
h¡ & g_mg Ho$ {d{^Þ nXm| H$mo AbJ-AbJ H$aZo H$s à{H«$`m H$mo g_mg-
{dJ«h H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
g_mg N>… àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ…
1. Aì``r^md g_mg
2. H$_©Yma` g_mg
3. VËnwéf g_mg
4. {ÛJw g_mg
5. X²d§X²d g_mg
6. ~hþd«r{h g_mg
1. Aì``r^md g_mg :
Aì``r^md H$m empãXH$ AW© h¡ - Aì`` hmo OmZmŸ& {Og g_mg
_| nhbm nX Aì`` hmo VWm CgHo$ g_ñVnX ^r Aì``r ~Z Omò,
Cgo Aì``r^md g_mg H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Aì``r^md g_mg _| nhbm nX àYmZ
hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
O¡go :
{dJ«h gm_m{gH$ eãX nhbm nX Aì``
OÝ_ go boH$a AmOÝ_ Am
IQ>Ho$ Ho$ {~Zm ~oIQ>H$o ~o
184
noQ> â ânoQ> â
O¡gm g§^d hmo `Wmg§^d `Wm
{~Zm OmZo AZOmZo AZ
2. H$_©Yma` g_mg :
Bg g_mg _| ~mX H$m eãX (CÎma nX) àYmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg_| {deofU-
{deoî` (EH$ eãX {deofU, Xygam {deoî`) `m Cn_o`-Cn_mZ H$m g§~Y§ hmoVm
h¡Ÿ& AWm©V², XmoZm| _| go EH$ eãX H$s Cn_m Xygao go Xr OmVr h¡ `m VwbZm
H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ&
O¡go :
H$) nhbm nX {deofU VWm Xygam nX {deoî`
CXmhaU :
nhbm nX Xygam nX g_ñV nX {dJ«h
gV Y_© gX²>Y_© gV h¡ Omo Y_©
nrV A§~a nrVm§~a nrV (nrbm) h¡ Omo A§~a
Zrb H§$R> ZrbH§$R> Zrb h¡ Omo H§$R>
I) nhbm nX Cn_mZ VWm Xygam nX Cn_o`
CXmhaU :
H$ZH$ bVm H$ZH$bVm H$ZH$ Ho$ g_mZ bVm
M§Ð _wI M§Ð_wI M§Ð Ho$ g_mZ _wI
J)nhbm nX Cn_o` VWm Xygam nX Cn_mZ
CXmhaU :
_wI M§Ð _wIM§Ð M§Ð_m ê$nr _wI
H$a H$_b H$aH$_b H$_b ê$nr H$a
185
3. VËnwéf g_mg :
{Og g_mg _| CÎma nX (Xygam nX) àYmZ hmo, dh VËnwéf
g_mg Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg g_mg _| XmoZm| eãXm| Ho$ ~rM AmZodmbo
nagJm] (H$mo, Ho$ X²>dmam, Ho$ {bE, go, H$m, H$s, Ho$, _|, na) H$m bmon hmo
OmVm h¡Ÿ&
O¡go :
OÝ_ H$s eVr-OÝ_eVr, `hm§° nagJ© "H$s' H$m bmon hmo J`m h¡ Am¡a
g_ñVnX ~Zm h¡-OÝ_eVrŸ&
H$maH$m| H$s {d^{º$`m| Ho$ Zm_ Ho$ AZwgma VËnwéf g_mg Ho$ N>… ôX
{H$ò Jò h¢ :
H$) H$_© VËnwéf-H$_© H$maH$ H$s {d^{ŠV "H$mo' H$m bmon
O¡go :
ñdJ© H$mo àmá - ñdJ©àmá
J«§W H$mo {bIZodmbm - J§«WH$ma
JJZ H$mo My_Zodmbm - JJZMw§~r
{M{‹S>`m H$mo _maZodmbm- {M{‹S>`m_ma
nabmoH$ H$mo J_Z - nabmoH$J_Z
I) H$aU VËnwéf - H$aU H$maH$ H$s {d^{º$ "go', "Ho$ Ûmam' H$m bmonŸ
O¡g:o
AH$mb go nr{‹S> V - AH$mbnr{‹S> V
gya Ho$ X²>dmam H¥$V - gyaH¥$V
186
e{º$ go g§nÞ - e{º$g§nÞ
aoIm Ho$ X²>dmam A§{H$V- aoIm§{H$V
Alw go nyU© - AlwnU
y ©
J) g§àXmZ VËnwéf - g§àXmZ H$maH$ H$s {d^{º$ "Ho$ {bE' H$m bmon
O¡go :
gV Ho$ {bE AmJ«h - gË`mJ«h
amh Ho$ {bE IM© - amhIM©
g^m Ho$ {bE ^dZ - g^m^dZ
Xoe Ho$ {bE ^{º$ - Xoe^{º$
Xoe Ho$ {bE ào_ - Xoen«_o
Jwé Ho$ {bE X{jUm - JwéX{jUm
K) AnmXmZ VËnwéf - AnmXmZ H$maH$ H$s {d^{º$ "go' H$m bmonŸ
O¡go :
YZ go hrZ - YZhrZ
OÝ_ go A§Ym - OÝ_m§Y
nW go ^«ï> - nW^«ï>
Xoe go {ZH$mbm - Xoe{ZH$mbm
~§YZ go _wŠV - ~§YZ_wŠV
Y_© go {d_wI - Y_©{d_wI
187
M) g§~§Y VËnwéf - g§~§Y H$maH$ H$s {d^{º$ "H$m, H$s, Ho$' H$m bmonŸ
O¡go :
ào_ H$m gmJa - ào_gmJa
^y H$m XmZ - ^yXmZ
Xoe H$m dmgr - Xoedmgr
amOm H$s g^m - amOg^m
Ob H$s Ymam - ObYmam
amOm Ho$ nwÌ - amOnwÌ
N>) A{YH$aU VËnwéf - A{YH$aU H$maH$ H$s {d^{º$ "_|', "na' H$m bmonŸ
O¡go :
Amn na ~rVr - Amn~rVr
H$m`© _| Hw$eb - H$m`©H$w eb
XmZ _| dra - XmZdra
eaU _| AmJV - eaUmJV
Za _| loð> - Zaloð>
4. {X²>dJw g_mg :
Bg g_mg _| nhbm nX g§»`mdmMr hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h g_ñV eãX g_yhdmMr
^r hmoVm h¡&
O¡go :
gmV gm¡ (Xmohm|) H$m g_yh gVgB©
VrZ YmamE§° {ÌYmam
188
nm§°M dQ>m| H$m g_yh n§MdQ>r
VrZ do{U`m°§ {ÌdoUr
gm¡ df© eVmãXr
Mma amh| Mm¡amhm
~mah _mgm| H$m g_yh ~mah_mgm
5. X²>d§X²d g_mg :
{Og g_mg _| XmoZmo§ nX àYmZ hmoVo h¢, H$moB© Jm¡U nX Zht hmoVm, Cgo
X²d§X²>d g_mg H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Bg_| Xmo eãXm| H$mo {_bmZodmbo g_wÀM`~moYH$m|
(Am¡a, VWm, `m, AWdm, Ed§) H$m bmon hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
O¡go :
{dJ«h g_ñVnX
grVm Am¡a am_ grVm-am_
nmn AWdm nwÊ` nmn-nwÊ`
gw~h Am¡a em_ gw~h-em_
gwI `m XwI gwI-XwI
Xmb Am¡a amoQ>r Xmb-amoQ>r
BYa Am¡a CYa BYa-CYa
Xmo Am¡a Mma Xmo-Mma
^bm `m ~wam ^bm-~wam
189
6. ~hþd«r{h g_mg :
{Og g_mg _| g_ñVnX _| H$moB© ^r nX àYmZ Z hmoH$a AÝ` H$moB©
nX àYmZ hmo, Cgo ~hþdr« {h g_mg Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& ~hþdr« {h g_mg
_| {dJ«h H$aZo na A§V _| {OgH$m, {OgHo$, {OgH$s `m dmbm, dmbo, dmbr
AmVo h¢&
O¡go :
KZ Ho$ g_mZ í`m_ h¡ Omo (H¥$îU) - KZí`m_
ídoV A§~a (dñÌm|) dmbr (gañdVr) - ídoVm§~ar
b§~m h¡ CXa {OgH$m (JUoe) - b§~moXa
MH«$ h¡ nm{U (hmW) _| {OgHo$ ({dîUw) - MH«$nm{U
VrZ h¢ ZoÌ {OgHo$ ({ed) - {ÌZoÌ
Xg h¢ AmZZ (_w§°h) {OgHo$ (amdU) - XemZZ
Zrb h¡ H§$R> {OgH$m ({ed) - ZrbH§$R>
190
4. EH$b eãX - AZoH$ eãXm| Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX
EH$ dmŠ` `m dmŠ`m§e Ho$ ñWmZ na EH$ Cn`wŠV eãX aIm Om gH$Vm
h¡& ò g§{jßV eãX g§nyU© dmŠ` `m dmŠ`m§e H$mo AnZo _| g_oQ>o ahVo h¢&
CXmhaU:
Omo Xygam| H$s ^bmB© H$aVm hmo - namonH$mar
dmŠ` _| à`moJ :
1. àgmX h_oem Xygam| H$s ^bmB© H$aVm ahVm h¡Ÿ&
AWm©V²,
2. àgmX namonH$mar h¡Ÿ&
Cn`w©º$ Xygao dmŠ` _| EH$b eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
Hw$N AÝ` CXmhaU :
1. Omo ha g_` h§°gVm ahVm hmo - h±g_wI
2. Omo g~go àgÞVmnyd©H$ {_bVm-OwbVm hmo -{_bZgma
3. Omo B©ída _| {dídmg H$aVm hmo - AmpñVH$
4. Omo g~ Hw$N> OmZVm hmo- gd©k
5. Omo JrV JmVm hmo - Jm`H$
6. {OgH$s H$ënZm H$s Om gHo$ - H$mën{ZH$
Hw$N> Am¡a CXmhaU :
An[a{MV, {_V^mfr, H${d, H$d{`Ìr, Aeº$, nyOZr`, _m§gmhmar,
emH$mhmar, {ZX©`r, H¥$nmbw, {ZamH$ma, gd©ì`mnr, {ZaW©H$, gXmMmar, ghnmR>r
191
5. _whmdam
{Og dmŠ`m§e go àH$Q> AW© go {^Þ AW© nm`m OmVm h¡, Cgo _whmdam
H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
A§JyR>m {XImZm - XoZo go ñnï> BÝH$ma H$aZmŸ&
A§Jmao CJbZm - H«$moY _| H$R>moa dMZ ~mobZmŸ&
AnZm Cëbÿ grYm H$aZm - H$m_ {ZH$mbZmŸ/ñdmW© nyam H$aZm&
AmJ ~~ybm hmoZm - AË`§V H«$mo{YV hmoZmŸ&
Amg_mZ {ga na CR>mZm - emoa H$aZm&
H$_a H$gZm - V¡`ma hmoZmŸ&
IyZ ngrZm EH$ H$aZm - ~hþV _ohZV H$aZmŸ&
N>ŠHo$ Nw>‹S>mZm - ~war Vah hamZmŸ&
Xmb Z JbZm - g\$b Z hmoZmŸ&
192
6. H$hmdV
g§jon _| H$hr J`r AZw^dOÝ` M_ËH$manyU© ~mV H$mo H$hmdV `m
bmoH$mo{ŠV H$hVo h¢& Eogr C{ŠV`m± gwZZodmbo na Jham à^md S>mb gH$Vr h¢&
CXmhaU :
Omo JaOVo h¢ do ~agVo Zht - A{YH$ emoa _MmZo dmbo H$m_ H$_ H$aVo
h¢Ÿ&
AYOb JJar N>bH$V Om` - H$_ JwUm|dmbm ì`{º$ A{YH$ {XImdm
H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
Am_ Ho$ Am_ JwR>{b`m| Ho$ Xm_ - XwJwZm bm^Ÿ&
ImoXm nhm‹S> {ZH$br Mw{h`m - ~hþV à`ËZ H$aZo na ^r H$_ bm^ nmZm&
{MamJ Vbo A§°Yoam - AnZr ~wamB`m± Z {XImB© XoZmŸ&
Mmoa H$s Xm‹T>r _| {VZH$m - AnamYr ñd`§ ^`^rV ahVm h¡Ÿ&
Sy>~Vo H$mo {VZHo$ H$m ghmam - _wgr~V Ho$ g_` Wmo‹S>r ^r ghm`Vm
~hþV hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
hmWr Ho$ Xm±V ImZo Ho$ Am¡a, {XImZo Ho$ Am¡a - gm_Zo Hw$N> Am¡a,
nrN>o Hw$N> Am¡a&
193
7. {dam_ {Mh²Z
qhXr _| à`wº$ {dam_ {Mh²Z {ZåZ{b{IV h¢& Omo {Mh²Z ~mobVo `m n‹T>Vo
g_` éH$Zo H$m g§Ho$V XoVo h¢, CÝh| {dam_ {Mh²Z H$hVo h¢& [dam_ H$m AW©
h¡ - éH$Zm `m R>haZmŸ&
1. Aën {dam_ ........................ (,)
2. AY© {dam_ ........................ (;)
3. nyU© {dam_ ........................ (&)
4. àíZ {Mh²Z ........................ (?)
5. ^mdgyMH$ {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ {Mh²Z ........ (!)
6. `moOH$ {Mh²Z........................ (-)
7. CÕaU {Mh²Z....................... (‘‘ ’’ ) (‘’)
8. H$moð>H$ {Mh²Z....................... ( )
9. {ddaU {Mh²Z ........................ (:-) (:)
1. Aën {dam_ (,)
BgH$m AW© h¡ - Wmo‹S>r Xoa Ho$ {bE éH$Zm `m R>haZm&
O¡go- (1) gVre, {ddoH Am¡a {d{hV IobZo Ho$ ~mX Ka Mbo JòŸ&
2. AY© {dam_ (;)
Ohm± Aën {dam_ go A{YH$ Am¡a nyU© {dam_ go H$_ éH$Zm hmo, dhm±
AY© {dam_ H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ &
O¡go - (1) Iy~ _Z bJmH$a n‹T> ; narjm {ZH$Q> Am JB© h¡Ÿ&
194
3. nyU© {dam_ (&)
BgH$m AW© h¡ - nyar Vah éH$Zm `m R>haZmŸ&
O¡go -
(1) _mohZ EH$ AÀN>m b‹S>H$m h¡Ÿ&
(2) `h Jm` h¡&
4. àíZdmMH$ {Mh²Z (?)
{Og {Mh²Z go àíZ nyN>Zo H$m Am^mg hmoVm h¡, Cgo àíZdmMH$ {Mh²Z
H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go -
(1) AmnH$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?
(2) Š`m Amn _¡gyé Om aho h¢ ?
5. ^mdgyMH$ {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ {Mh²Z (!)
{Og {Mh²Z H$m à`moJ hf©, {dñ_`, AmíM`©, H$éUm, ^` Am{X ^md
àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm h¡, Cgo {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ {Mh²Z H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go - dmh !, {H$VZm AÀN>m !, hm` !, hm` hm` !,em~me !
6. `moOH$ {Mh²Z (-)
{Og {Mh²Z go Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ eãXm| H$mo OmoS‹ >m OmVm h¡, Cgo `moOH$
{Mh²Z H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go - \$b-\y$b, {XZ-amVŸ&
195
7. CX²YaU {Mh²Z ("" '') (" ')
{Og {Mh²Z Ho$ Ûmam {H$gr Ho$ H$WZ H$mo Á`m| H$m Ë`m| ~Vm`m OmVm
h¡, Cgo CX²YaU {M• H$hVo h¢&
O¡go -
(1) am_ Zo í`m_ go H$hm, ""_¢ Vwåhmar _XX H$ê±$JmŸ&''
8. H$moîR>>H$ {Mh²Z ( )
{H$gr eãX `m dmŠ`m§e H$m AW© ñnï> H$aZo `m CgH$s ì`m»`m H$aZo
Ho$ {bE Cgo H$moîR>H$ Ho$ ^rVa aIm OmVm h¡Ÿ &
O¡go -
(1) am_ Ho$ AZÝ` ^º$ (hZw_mZ) Zo MwZm¡Vr ñdrH$ma H$sŸ&
9. {ddaU {Mh²Z (:-) (:)
{H$gr ~mV H$m CÎma, {ddaU `m CXmhaU AJbr n§{º$ _| XoZm hmo,
Vmo {ddaU {Mh²Z H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&
O¡go -
(1) g§km Ho$ ôX : ì`{º$dmMH$, Om{VdmMH$, ^mddmMH$ Am{X &
196
8. H$mb
{H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgHo$ hmoZo Ho$ g_` H$m nVm MbVm h¡Ÿ, Cgo H$mb
H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go -
(1) _m± Zo AnZo ~oQ>o H$mo CnXoe {X`m WmŸ&
(2) aOV ñHy$b OmVm h¡&
(3) _mohZ JmZm JmEJmŸ&
H$mb Ho$ ôX
H$mb Ho$ VrZ ôX h¢ -
1) ^yVH$mb
2) dV©_mZH$mb
3) ^{dî`V²H$mb
1. ^yVH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go `h OmZm OmE {H$ H$m_ ~rVo
g_` _| hmo MwH$m Wm `m hmo ahm Wm, Cgo ^yVH$mb H$hVo h¢&
^yVH$mb Ho$ N>… ôX _mZo Jò h¢Ÿ:
(A) gm_mÝ` ^yVH$mb
(Am)AmgÝZ ^yVH$mb
(B) nyU© ^yVH$mb
(B©) AnyU© ^yVH$mb
(C) g§{X½Y ^yVH$mb
(D$) hoVw-hoVw_X² ^yVH$mb
197
(A) gm_mÝ` ^yVH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go H$m`© H$m ^yVH$mb _| gm_mÝ`
ê$n _| hmoZo H$m g§Ho$V {_bVm h¡, AWm©V² {H$gr {deof g_` H$m {ZíM`
Zht hmoVm, >Cgo gm_mÝ` ^yVH$mb H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go -
(1) gmoZy Am¡a _moZy Zo {_R>mB© Im`rŸ&
(2) am_y Zo {H$Vm~ n‹T>rŸ&
(Am) AmgÞ ^yVH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go H$m_ Ho$ A^r-A^r `m
{ZH$Q> _| g_má hmoZo H$m ~moY hmo, Cgo AmgÞ ^yVH$mb H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
AmgÞ H$m AW© h¡ {ZH$Q>Ÿ&
O¡go -
(1) _mVmOr A^r ~mµOma JB© h¢Ÿ&
(2) hbdmB© Zo Obo~r ~Zm`r h¡Ÿ&
(B) nyU© ^yVH$mb - ^yVH$mb H$s {Og {H«$`m go `h gy{MV hmoVm h¡ {H$
H$moB© H$m_ ^yVH$mb _| ~hþV nhbo g_má hmo MwH$m Wm, dh nyU© ^yVH$mb
H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&
O¡go -
(1) {H$aU ImZm Im MwH$m WmŸ&
(2) S´>mBda Jm‹S>r boH$a Om MwH$m WmŸ&
(B©) AnyU© ^yVH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go `h {d{XV hmo {H$ H$m`©
^yVH$mb _| àma§^ hmo MwH$m Wm, qH$Vw A^r nyU© Zht hþAm, Cgo AnyU©
^yVH$mb H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
198
O¡go -
(1) amhþb Iob ahm WmŸ&
(2) amo{hV JrV Jm ahm WmŸ&
(C) g§{X½Y ^yVH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go H$m`© H$m ^yVH$mb _| H$aZo
AWdm nyam hmoZo na g§Xoh àVrV hmo, dh g§{X½Y ^yVH$mb H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&
O¡go -
(1) gwerbm ImZm ~Zm MwH$s hmoJrŸ&
(2) àem§V Iob MwH$m hmoJmŸ&
(D$) hoVw-hoVw_X² ^yVH$mb - Ohm± {H«$`m go `h OmZm Om gHo$ {H$ H$m`©

^yVH$mb _| hmo gH$Vm Wm, na§Vw {H$gr AÝ` H$m`© Ho$ Z hmo gH$Zo Ho$
H$maU Zht hmo gH$m, dhm§° hoVw-hoVw_X² ^yVH$mb hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
O¡go -
(1) H${nb n‹T>Vm Vmo nmg hmo OmVmŸ&
(2) ~fm© hmoVr Vmo AÀN>r \$gb hmo OmVrŸ&
2. dV©_mZH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgH$m dV©_mZ (Mb aho)
g_` _| hmoZo H$m nVm MbVm h¡, Cgo dV©_mZH$mb H$hVo h¢&
O¡go -
(1) {nVmOr AI~ma n‹T> aho h¢Ÿ&
(2) {M{‹S>`m§° C‹S> ahr h¢Ÿ&
199
dV©_mZH$mb Ho$ VrZ ôX _mZo JE h¡§-
H$) gm_mÝ` dV©_mZH$mb
I) AnyU© dV©_mZH$mb
J) g§{X½Y dV©_mZH$mb Ÿ
H$) gm_mÝ` dV©_mZH$mb - {Og {H«$`m go dV©_mZH$mb _| H$m`© H$m hmoZm
`m H$aZm gm_mÝ` ê$n _| nm`m OmVm h¡, naÝVw {H«$`m H$m H$moB© R>rH$
g_` {ZpíMV Z hmo, Cgo gm_mÝ` dV©_mZH$mb H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go -
(1) dh Ka OmVm h¡Ÿ&
(2) Jm`| Kmg MaVr h¢Ÿ&
I) AnyU© dV©_mZH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go `h nVm Mbo {H$ H$m`©
dV©_mZH$mb _| ewê$ hmo J`m h¡ Am¡a A^r Omar h¡, Cgo AnyU©
dV©_mZH$mb H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go -
(1) H${nb {Ibm¡Zo go Iob ahm h¡Ÿ&
(2) AmMm`© Z¥Ë` {gIm aho h¢Ÿ&
J) g§{X½Y dV©_mZH$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n Ûmam H$m_ Ho$ dV©_mZH$mb
_| hmoZo `m H$aZo _| g§Xoh H$m ~moY hmo, Cgo g§{X½Y dV©_mZH$mb
H$hVo h¢&
O¡go -
(1) AÜ`mnH$ _hmoX` AmVo hm|JoŸ&
(2) Vwåhmao {nVmOr Ka nhþ§°MVo hm|JoŸ&
200
3. ^{dî`V²H$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go `h nVm Mbo {H$ H$m`© A^r
hmoZm ~mH$s h¡, AWm©V²> AmJo AmZodmbo g_` _| hmoJm, Cgo ^{dî`V²H$mb
H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go -
‹ (1) _¢ ^r H$b go {dX²`mb` OmD§°$JmŸ&
(2) 25 {Xg§~a H$mo {dX²`mb` ~§X ahoJmŸ&
^{dî`V²H$mb Ho$ Ho$db Xmo ôX _mZo Jò h¢ -
M) gm_mÝ` ^{dî`V²H$mb
N>) g§^mì` ^{dî`V²H$mb
M) gm_mÝ` ^{dî`V²H$mb - ^{dî`V²H$mb H$s {Og {H«$`m go `h gy{MV
hmo {H$ gm_mÝ` ar{V go {H«$`m ^{dî` _| hmoJr, na§Vw {H«$`m Ho$ ^{dî`
_| hmoZo H$m {ZpíMV g_` gy{MV Z hmo,> Cgo gm_mÝ` ^{dî`V²H$mb
H$hVo h¢&
O¡go -
(1) gwaoe Am_ ImEJm &
(2) _mbr nm¡Ym| H$mo nmZr XoJmŸ&
N>) g§^mì` ^{dî`V²H$mb - {H«$`m Ho$ {Og ê$n go ^{dî`V²H$mb _|
H$m`© Ho$ hmoZo _| g§Xho AWdm g§^mdZm nmB© OmE, dh g§^mì` ^{dî`V²H$mb
H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&
O¡go -
(1) em`X ~m[ae hmo OmEŸ&
(2) em`X A{_V H$b Am OmEŸ&
201
9. qbJ
g§km Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgHo$ nwéf `m ñÌr Om{V Ho$ hmoZo H$m ~moY hmoVm
h¡, Cgo qbJ H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
{h§Xr _| Xmo àH$ma Ho$ qbJ h¢-
1. nwqëbJ
2. ñÌrqbJ
1. nwqëbJ - nwéf Om{V H$m ~moY H$amZodmbo eãX nwqëbJ hmoVo h¢ &
O¡go- AmX_r, ~oQ>m, Hw$Îmm Am{XŸ&
2. ñÌrqbJ - ñÌr Om{V H$m ~moY H$amZodmbo eãX ñÌrqbJ hmoVo h¢ &
O¡go - b‹S>H$s, Am¡aV, _m§° Am{XŸ&
nwqëbJ AàmUrdmMH$ eãXm| Ho$ qbJ H$s nhMmZ Ho$ Hw$N gyÌ Bg àH$ma h¢-
1. àm`… ~‹S>r, ^mar Am¡a _moQ>r dñVwAm| Ho$ eãX nwqëbJ hmoVo h¢ &
O¡go- W¡bm, {S>ã~m, Wmb Am{XŸ&
2. nd©V, Xoe, g_wÐ, no‹S>, AZmO, dma, _mg, J«h-ZjÌ, g_`, YmVw,
Ðd, aËZ Ho$ Zm_ nwqëbJ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
3. AH$, AZ, Ama, Eam, Ëd, Zm, Amnm, Amd, nZ Am{X àË`` go
~ZZodmbo eãX nwqëbJ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go - V¡amH$, ndZ, gwZma, bwQ>oam, _Zwî`Ëd, amoZm, _moQ>mnm, ~Mmd,
b‹S>H$nZ Am{X&
4. àm`: àmUrdmMH$ eãXm| _| ñÌr Om{V H$mo ~VmZodmbo eãX ñÌrqbJ
hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go - ~hZ, nËZr, ~oQ>r Am{XŸ&
202
5. ZXr, Prb, ^mfm, ~mobr, {b{n, Hw$N> ZjÌ, {V{W, VmarI; eara Ho$
ò A§J - Am§°I, ZmH$, H$_a, N>mVr, Or^, nbH$, H$mohZr, H$bmB©;
ImZo H$s MrµO| - amoQ>r, H$Mm¡‹S>r, nyar, Xmb, gãOr; g§ñH¥$V Ho$
AmH$mam§V, CH$mam§V Am¡a BH$mam§V eãX ñÌrqbJ hmoVo h¢&
6. AmdQ>, AmhQ>, AmB©, Amg, B_m, Zr Am{X àË`` go ~ZZodmbo eãX
ñÌrqbJ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go - ~ZmdQ>, _wñH$amhQ>, n‹T>mB©, H$nmg, _Yw[a_m, H$aZr Am{X &
BZ gyÌm| H$s ghm`Vm go ñÌrqbJ Am¡a nwqëbJ eãXm| H$mo nhMmZm Om
gH$Vm h¡ VWm {d{^Þ àË``m| H$mo Omo‹S>H$a qbJ ê$n ~Zm gH$Vo h¢&
nwqëbJ go ñÌrqbJ ~ZmZo Ho$ {Z`_ :
1. A H$mo Am H$aHo$
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
N>mÌ N>mÌm
AmMm`© AmMm`m©
2. A, Am H$mo B© H$aHo$
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
Za Zmar
ZmZm ZmZr
3. Am H$mo B`m H$aHo$
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
Hw$Îmm Hw${V`m
~oQ>m ~oQ>r
203
4. eãXm| Ho$ A§V _| A, B© Ho$ ñWmZ na BZ Omo‹S> H$a
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
gwZma gwZm[aZ
ZmB© ZmBZ
5. eãXm| Ho$ A§V _| A, Am, B©, C, E Ho$ ñWmZ na AmBZ Omo‹S>H$a
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
R>mHw$a R>H$w amBZ
hbdmB© hbdmBZ
6. AH$ H$mo BH$m ~ZmH$a
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
~mbH$ ~m{bH$m
godH$ go{dH$m
7. eãX Ho$ A§V _| AmZr Omo‹S>H$a
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
goR> goR>mZr
Zm¡H$a Zm¡H$amZr
8. AH$mam§V eãXm| Ho$ A§V _| Zr Omo‹S>H$a
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
eoa eoaZr
_moa _moaZr
204
9. AmZ H$m AVr Ho$ ê$n _| ~XbH$a
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
_hmZ _hVr
lr_mZ lr_Vr
^m½`dmZ ^m½`dVr
10. B© Ho$ ñWmZ na BZr bJmH$a
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
ñdm_r ñd{_Zr
EH$mH$s EH$m{H$Zr
11. Vm Ho$ ñWmZ na Ìr bJmH$a
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
XmVm XmÌr
{dYmVm {dYmÌr
12. Hw$N> {deof eãX {OZH$m ñÌrqbJ _| {^Þ ê$n hmo OmVm h¡-
nwqëbJ ñÌrqbJ
^mB© ~hZ
Za _mXm
205
10. H$maH$
g§km `m gd©Zm_ Ho$ {Og ê$n go CgH$m g§~§Y dmŠ` _| AÝ`
eãXm| Ho$ gmW OmZm OmVm h¡, Cgo H$maH$ H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
CXmhaU :
* _mohZ Zo gVre H$mo EH$ {H$Vm~ XrŸ&
* ahr_ Zo _y{V© Ho$ {bE EH$ {MÌ ItMmŸ&
H$maH$ Ho$ {ZåZm§{H$V AmR> ôX h¢Ÿ:
1. H$Vm© H$maH$ - Bggo {H«$`m (H$m_) H$aZodmbo H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m
H$maH$ {Mh²Z h¡ "Zo' &
CXmhaU :
* a_oe Zo gwaoe H$s ghm`Vm H$s&
* ~m‹‹OrJa Zo AZoH$ M_ËH$ma {XImò&
2. H$_© H$maH$ - Bggo {H«$`m Ho$ \$b ^moJZodmbo H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m
{Mh²Z h¡ "H$mo' &
CXmhaU :
* _m{bH$ Zo Zm¡H$am| H$mo doVZ {X`mŸ&
* bmoJm| Zo Mmoa H$mo nH$‹S>mŸ&
3. H$aU H$maH$ - Bggo {H«$`m Ho$ hmoZo _| ghm`Vm XoZdo mbo gmYZ H$m ~moY
hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ H$m {Mh²Z h¡ - "go' &
CXmhaU :
* {H$gmZ hb go IoV OmoV ahm h¡Ÿ&
* a_oe H$b_ go nÌ {bIVm h¡Ÿ&
4. g§àXmZ H$maH$ - Bggo {H«$`m H$aZo Ho$ CX²>Xoí` `m à`moOZ H$m ~moY
hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ Ho$ {Mh²Z h¢ - Ho$ {bE, Ho$ X²dmam, Ho$ dmñVo
206
CXmhaU :
* _mVm Zo ~oQ>r Ho$ {bE EH$ A§JyR>r IarXrŸ&
* Zohm emo^m Ho$ {bE nwñVH$ bm`rŸ&
5. AnmXmZ H$maH$ - Bggo {H$gr {H«$`m Ho$ EH$ ñWmZ go hQ>Zo `m Xÿa
hmoZo H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ H$m {Mh²Z h¡ - "go' &
CXmhaU :
* J§Jm {h_mb` go {ZH$bVr h¡Ÿ&
* no‹S> go \$b {JamŸ&
6. g§~§Y H$maH$ - Bggo g§kmAm| Ho$ ~rM {^Þ-{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ g§~§Y H$m
~moY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ Ho$ {Mh²Z h¢ - "H$m', "Ho$', "H$s' &
CXmhaU :
* gamoda H$m nmZr ñdÀN> hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
* gmohZ Ho$ XmXm {Zaja WoŸ&
* e{e H$s _mVm Iwe WrŸ&
7. A{YH$aU H$maH$ - Bggo {H«$`m Ho$ hmoZo Ho$ ñWmZ `m g_` H$m ~moY
hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ Ho$ {Mh²Z h¢ - "_|' Am¡a "na' &
CXmhaU :
* a_oe Ho$ {nVm _w§~B© _| ahVo h¡§Ÿ&
* no‹S> na AZoH$ n§N>r ~¡R>Vo h¢Ÿ&
8. g§~moYZ H$maH$ - Bggo {H$gr g§km H$mo nwH$maZo H$m ^md àH$Q> hmoVm
h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maH$ Ho$ {Mh²Z h¢ - "Aao', "ho', "Amo', "hmo',"dmh' &
CXmhaU :
* Aao ! `h Š`m hmo J`m ?
* dmh ! {H$VZm AÀN>m h¡ !
207
11. "{H$' Am¡a "H$s' H$m à`moJ
* "{H$' H$maU ~moYH$ Aì`` h¡& H$m`© H$maU dmMH$ Aì`` Ho$ ê$n _|
Cn dmŠ`m| Ho$ Ama§^ _| à`moJ hmoVm h¡&
O¡go -
1. am_ Zo H$hm {H$ CgHo$ {nVmOr H$m Zm_ XeaW h¡Ÿ&
2. nw{bg Zo Mmoa H$mo BVZm nrQ>m {H$ dh ~ohmoe hmo J`mŸ&
3. ~g éH$s ^r Zht Wr {H$ bmoJ CgH$s Amoa Xm¡‹S> n‹S>oŸ&
4. {nVmOr _wPo n¡go XoZodmbo hr Wo {H$ MmMmOr Zo H$hm ""Cgo n¡gm
_V Xmo&''
5. _¢ ~mha OmZodmbm hr Wm {H$ ~m[ae hmoZo bJr&
* "{H$' Aì`` Ho$ à`moJ go dmŠ`mW© _| {dH$ën H$m ~moY hmoVm h¡ &
O¡go -
1. Vw_ Mm` {nAmoJo {H$ H$m\$s?
2. am_ Am`m {H$ H¥$îU?
"H$s' H$m à`moJ :
H$) ñÌrqbJ EH$dMZ VWm ~hþdMZ gyMH$ g§km eãXm| Ho$ g§~§Y ~VmZo Ho$
{bE "H$s' H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
O¡go -
^maV H$s amOYmZr
eha H$s b‹S> {H$`m§°
208
~oQ>o H$s b‹S>H$s
_mohZ H$s {H$Vm~|
{nVmOr H$s {H$Vm~
Ka H$s amo{Q>`m§°
Amn H$s ~mV|Ÿ
I) {H«$`m Ho$ ê$n _| ^r "H$s' H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
O¡go -
am_ Zo narjm nmg H$s Ÿ&
_¢ Zo {Xëbr H$s `mÌm H$sŸ&
CgZo H$moB© JbVr Zht H$sŸ&
J) g§~§Y~moYH$ Aì`` Ho$ ê$n _| {ZåZ{b{IV CXmhaUm| _| "H$s' H$m à`moJ
XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&
O¡go -
am_ H$s Amoa
CgH$s Va\$
no‹S> H$s ^m§°{V
209
12. {déX²YmW©H$ eãX
Hw$N> eãX Eogo hmoVo h¢Ÿ, Omo EH$ Xygao Ho$ R>rH$ {dnarV AW© àH$Q> H$aVo
h¢Ÿ& BÝh| {dnarVmW©H$ ({dbmo_) eãX H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BZH$s aMZm àË`` (hrZ
Am{X) VWm CngJ© (Hw$, gw, Xw, {Z, A, AZ² Am{X) H$s ghm`Vm go hmoVr
h¡Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r ñdV§Ì eãX ^r {dbmo_ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
Hw$N> àM{bV {dnarVmW©H$ eãXm| H$s gyMr :
1. A§YH$ma × àH$me 2. Am` × ì``
3. AmJo × nrN>o 4. A_¥V × {df/_¥V
J) CngJ© Omo‹S>H$a VWm CngJ© _| n[adV©Z Ho$ X²dmmam {Z{_©V
{dnarVmW©H$ eãX :
1. AmYma × {ZamYma 2. naV§Ì × ñdV§Ì
3. O` × namO` 4. g\$b × {d\$b/Ag\$b
K) A VWm AZ Ho$ à`moJ Ûmam {Z{_©V {dnarVmW©H$ eãX :
1. AmXa × AZmXa 2. Mb × AMb
3. {b{IV × A{b{IV 4. Amdí`H$ × AZmdí`H$
({deof : {dbmo_ eãXm| H$mo {bIVo g_` `h Ü`mZ _| aIZm Mm{hE {H$
VËg_ eãX H$m {dbmo_ VËg_ hmo, VX²>^d H$m VX²>^d, {dXoer H$m {dXoer
Am¡a XoeO H$m XoeO {dnarVmW©H$ eãX hr hmoŸ&)
* ì`mH$aU g§~§Yr A{YH$ OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE "`y Q²>`y~' XoI|&
210

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H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma

Karnataka Text Book Society (R.)

Prof G S Mudambadithaya Nagendra Kumar

D£ÀAvÀgÀ ²PÀët E¯ÁSÉAiÀÄÄ MAzÀjAzÀ ºÀvÀÛ£ÉÃ vÀgÀUÀwAiÀÄªÀgÉV£À

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E£ÉÆßAzÀÄ ¸ÀàµÀÖ£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¤ÃqÀ®Ä §AiÀÄ¸ÀÄvÉÛÃ£É. £ÀªÀÄä ¸À«ÄwUÀ¼ÀÄ

»ÃUÉ PÀæªÀÄ§zÀÞªÁV £ÀqÉzÀ PÉ®¸ÀPÉÌ vÀªÀÄä£ÀÄß vÁªÀÅ ¸ÀA¥ÀÆtð

JA.¦. ªÀiÁzÉÃUËqÀ ¥ÉÆ.æ §gÀUÆ À gÀÄ gÁªÀÄZÀAzÀ¥

H«$.g§. nmR> {dYm n¥.g§.

_mV¥-^y, eV-eV ~ma àUm_!

H${d n[aM` : ^JdVrMaU d_m© (1903-1981)

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

2. IarXZm x 10. gm\$ x

3. ~hþV x 11. ~oB©_mZ x

4. AÀN>m x 12. {dídmg x

5. {e{jV x 13. gh`moJ x

6. Amdí`H$ x 14. hm{Z x

7. Jar~ x 15. nmg x

8. amV x 16. µJ_ x

{dídmg x A{dídmg B©_mZ x ~oB©_mZ

~bdmZ x ~bhrZ YZ x {ZY©Z

XI. g_mZmW©H$ eãXm| H$mo MwZH$a {b{IE :

n[a`moOZm : new-n{j`m| H$s Üd{Z`m| H$s Vm{bH$m ~ZmBE&

AmO H$s Xþ{Z`m {d{MÌ, ZdrZ;

VII. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

S>m°.E.nr.Oo. AãXþb H$bm_-

~MnZ _| _oao VrZ nŠHo$ XmoñV Wo - am_mZ§X emór, AaqdXZ Am¡a

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

boIH$ n[aM` : {dîUw à^mH$a (1912-2009)

VI. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo {ZX}emZwgma {b{IE :

VII. {dbmo_mW©H$ eãX {b{IE :

VIII. H$ÞS> `m A§J«oµOr _| AZwdmX H$s{OE :

1. _w{I`m _wI gm| Mm{hE, ImZ nmZ H$mo EH$ &

VII. nyU© H$s{OE:

VIII. C{MV {dbmo_ eãX na ghr (3) H$m {ZemZ bJmBE:

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

X. BZ dmŠ`m| _| à`wŠV {dam_ {Mh²Zm| H$m Zm_ {b{IE :

4. B§Q>aZoQ> gM_wM EH$ daXmZ h¡&

H$hZo bJo, ""AmnZo Mí_m bJm`m Zht Wm ?''

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

III. Mma-N>… dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

VI. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

VII.~hþdMZ ê$n {b{IE :

2. EH$ {~ñVa H$s MmXa Jm`~ h¡& (^yVH$mb _|)

3. Cg_| n¡go Vmo Zhr§ Wo& (^{dî`V²H$mb _|)

4. H$moB© CR>m bo J`m hmoJm& (dV©_mZH$mb _|)

5. dh Yyn H$m Mí_m bJm`o Wo& (^{dî`V²H$mb _|)

6. gw~h _wPo bm¡Q>Zm Wm& (^{dî`V²H$mb _|)

II. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| Ho$ AmJo H$mb nhMmZH$a {b{IE :

S>m°. {dO`m Jwám-

VII. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

5. AmJo × 10. H$mQ>Zm ×

VIII. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE:

1. ^¢g Zo XmoñVm| H$mo AnZo ^¢go H$m {XIm`m&

2. XmoñVm| H$s _wbmH$V A§V _| go hþB©&

3. Amn bmoJ µOam _oar nrR> H$s Ü`mZ go XoI bmo&

4. ^¢g ~hZ, h_ bmoJ ~ZmZm MmhVo h¢&

X. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE:

1. _H$mZ 2. no‹S> 3. XmoñV 4. ^|Q>

XI. àW_ àoaUmW©H$ {H«$`m ê$n {b{IE:

VIII. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma eãX {b{IE:

S>m°. àXrn _wImonmÜ`m` "AmbmoH$' -

2. A§H$mo§ go g§~§{YV - CXm… Zm¡ Xmo ½`mah hmoZm - ^mJ OmZm