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Western Civilization
A BRIEF HISTORY
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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Western Civilization
A BRIEF HISTORY
Volume I: To 1715
NINTH EDITION
J ACKSON J. S PIELVOGEL
The Pennsylvania State University
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Western Civilization: A Brief History, ª 2017, 2014, 2011 Cengage Learning
Volume I: To 1715, Ninth Edition WCN: 02-200-203
Jackson J. Spielvogel
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
J A CKS O N J. S P I E L V O G E L is associate professor emeritus of history at The Pennsylvania State
University. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University, where he specialized in
Reformation history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and reviews have appeared in such
journals as Moreana, Journal of General Education, Catholic Historical Review, Archiv für
Reformationsgeschichte, and American Historical Review. He has also contributed chapters or articles
to The Social History of the Reformation, The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, the Simon
Wiesenthal Center Annual of Holocaust Studies, and Utopian Studies. His work has been supported
by fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the Foundation for Reformation Research. At
Penn State, he helped inaugurate the Western civilization courses as well as a popular course on
Nazi Germany. His book Hitler and Nazi Germany was published in 1987 (seventh edition, 2014).
He is the author of Western Civilization, first published in 1991 (ninth edition, 2015), and the
coauthor (with William Duiker) of World History, first published in 1994 (eighth edition, 2016).
Professor Spielvogel has won five major university-wide teaching awards. During the year 1988–
1989, he held the Penn State Teaching Fellowship, the university’s most prestigious teaching
award. In 1996, he won the Dean Arthur Ray Warnock Award for Outstanding Faculty Member,
and in 2000, he received the Schreyer Honors College Excellence in Teaching Award.
TO DIANE,
WHOSE LOVE AND SUPPORT MADE IT ALL POSSIBLE
J.J.S.
Brief Contents
DOCUMENTS XIV 9 THE RECOVERY AND GROWTH OF EUROPEAN

SOCIETY IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 198
MAPS XVII
FEATURES XIX 10 THE RISE OF KINGDOMS AND THE GROWTH OF
CHURCH POWER 221
PREFACE XX
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVI 11 THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND
DISINTEGRATION IN THE FOURTEENTH
INTRODUCTION TO STUDENTS OF WESTERN
CENTURY 249
CIVILIZATION XXX
STUDYING FROM PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS XXXI
12 RECOVERY AND REBIRTH: THE AGE OF THE
RENAISSANCE 273
1 THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: THE FIRST

13 REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN
THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 301
CIVILIZATIONS 1
2 THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: PEOPLES AND
14 EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW ENCOUNTERS,
1500–1800 327
EMPIRES 27
3 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS 48

15 STATE BUILDING AND THE SEARCH FOR ORDER
IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 357
4 THE HELLENISTIC WORLD 73
16 TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND A NEW EARTH:
5 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC 94 THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND THE
EMERGENCE OF MODERN SCIENCE 385
6 THE ROMAN EMPIRE 120
7 LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE GLOSSARY 405

MEDIEVAL WORLD 146
INDEX 413
8 EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IN THE EARLY
MIDDLE AGES, 750–1000 173
vi
Detailed Contents
DOCUMENTS
MAPS XVII
XIV
2 The Ancient Near East: Peoples
and Empires 27
FEATURES XIX
On the Fringes of Civilization 28
PREFACE XX
The Impact of the Indo-Europeans 28
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVI
The Hebrews: ‘‘The Children of Israel’’ 30
INTRODUCTION TO STUDENTS OF WESTERN
Was There a United Kingdom of Israel? 30
CIVILIZATION XXX
The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah 30
STUDYING FROM PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIALS XXXI The Spiritual Dimensions of Israel 32
The Neighbors of the Israelites 34
1 The Ancient Near East: The First

Civilizations 1
The Assyrian Empire
Organization of the Empire 37
The Assyrian Military Machine 37
36
Assyrian Society and Culture 38

The First Humans 2 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
The Emergence of Homo sapiens 2 T HE G OVERNING OF E MPIRES : T WO A PPROACHES 39
The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age 3
The Neolithic Revolution (ca. 10,000–4000 B.C.E.) 4
The Persian Empire 40
Cyrus the Great (559–530 B.C.E.) 40
The Emergence of Civilization 6 Expanding the Empire 42
Governing the Empire 42
Civilization in Mesopotamia 7
The Great King 44
The City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia 7
Persian Religion 44
Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia 9
The Culture of Mesopotamia 12 Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 45
Egyptian Civilization: ‘‘The Gift of the Nile’’ 14

The Impact of Geography
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
T HE G REAT F LOOD : T WO V ERSIONS 15
14
3 The Civilization of the
Greeks 48
The Old and Middle Kingdoms 16
Early Greece 49
Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt 18 Minoan Crete 49
The Culture of Egypt 18 The First Greek State: Mycenae 51
Disorder and a New Order: The New Kingdom 20
Daily Life in Ancient Egypt: Family and Marriage 21 The Greeks in a Dark Age
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE (ca. 1100–ca. 750 B.C.E.) 51
T HE E GYPTIAN D IET 22 Homer and Homeric Greece 52
Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 24 Homer’s Enduring Importance 52
vii
The World of the Greek City-States Culture in the Hellenistic World 85
(ca. 750–ca. 500 B.C.E.) 54 New Directions in Literature 86
The Polis 54 Hellenistic Art 87
A New Military System: The Greek Way of War 54 A Golden Age of Science 88
Colonization and the Growth of Trade 55 Philosophy: New Schools of Thought 89
Tyranny in the Greek Polis 56
Religion in the Hellenistic World 90
Sparta 56
Mystery Religions 90
Athens 58
The Jews in the Hellenistic World 90
The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 91
Greece 59
The Challenge of Persia 59
The Growth of an Athenian Empire in the Age of
Pericles 60
The Great Peloponnesian War 61
5 The Roman Republic
The Emergence of Rome 95
94
The Decline of the Greek States The Greeks in Italy 95

(404–338 B.C.E.) 62 The Etruscans 96
Early Rome 97
The Culture and Society of Classical
Greece 62 The Roman Republic (ca. 509–264 B.C.E.) 98
The Writing of History 62 The Roman State 98
Greek Drama 63 The Roman Conquest of Italy 99
The Arts: The Classical Ideal 64
The Greek Love of Wisdom 65
The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean
Greek Religion 67
(264–133 B.C.E.) 102
The Struggle with Carthage 102
Life in Classical Athens 68
The Eastern Mediterranean 103
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
W OMEN IN A THENS AND S PARTA 69 The Nature of Roman Imperialism 104
Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 70 Evolution of the Roman Army 104
Society and Culture in the Roman World 105
4 The Hellenistic World

Macedonia and the Conquests of
73
Roman Religion 106
The Growth of Slavery 106
The Roman Family 107
The Evolution of Roman Law 108
Alexander 74
The Development of Literature 109
Philip and the Conquest of Greece 74
Roman Art 111
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
D EMOSTHENES AND I SOCRATES A DDRESS P HILIP OF
Values and Attitudes 111
M ACEDONIA 75
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic
Alexander the Great 76
(133–31 B.C.E.) 111
FILM & HISTORY
Background: Social, Economic, and Political
A LEXANDER (2004) 79
Problems 112
The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms 81 The Reforms of the Gracchi 112
Hellenistic Monarchies 81 A New Role for the Roman Army: Marius and
The Threat from the Celts 81 Sulla 113
Political and Military Institutions 82 The Death of the Republic 113
Hellenistic Cities 83 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
Economic Trends in the Hellenistic World 84 T HE E ND OF THE R EPUBLIC : T HREE V IEWS 114
New Opportunities for Women 85 Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 117
viii Detailed Contents
6 The Roman Empire
The Age of Augustus (31 B.C.E.–14 C.E.)
120
121
The End of the Western Empire 150
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
T WO V IEWS OF THE H UNS 151
The New Order 121

The Germanic Kingdoms 152
The Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy 152
Augustan Society 123
The Visigothic Kingdom of Spain 153
Significance of the Augustan Age 124
The Frankish Kingdom 154
The Early Empire (14–180) 124 Anglo-Saxon England 154
The Julio-Claudians and Flavians 124 The Society of the Germanic Kingdoms 154
The Five ‘‘Good Emperors’’ (96–180) 125
The Roman Empire at Its Height: Frontiers and
Development of the Christian Church 156
The Power of the Pope 156
Provinces 125
The Monks and Their Missions 157
Prosperity in the Early Empire 127
Christianity and Intellectual Life 160
Roman Culture and Society in the Early
Empire 129 The Byzantine Empire 162
The Reign of Justinian (527–565) 162
The Golden Age of Latin Literature 129
From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire 165
The Silver Age of Latin Literature 132
The Upper-Class Roman Family 132 The Rise of Islam 166
Imperial Rome 132 Muhammad 167
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE The Teachings of Islam 167
C HILDREN IN THE R OMAN W ORLD 133 The Spread of Islam 168
The Gladiatorial Shows 135 Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 170
FILM & HISTORY
G LADIATOR (2000) 136
Transformation of the Roman World: Crises in

the Third Century 137
8 European Civilization in the
Early Middle Ages,
Political and Military Woes 137 750–1000 173
Economic and Social Crises 138
The World of the Carolingians 174
Transformation of the Roman World: The Rise Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire
of Christianity 138 (768–814) 174
The Religious World of the Roman Empire 138
The Carolingian Intellectual Renewal 178
The Jewish Background 139
Life in the Carolingian World 178
The Origins of Christianity 139
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Disintegration of the Carolingian
R OMAN A UTHORITIES AND A C HRISTIAN ON Empire 181
C HRISTIANITY 140 Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries 181
The Growth of Christianity 142
Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 143 The Emerging World of Lords
and Vassals 183
Vassalage 183
7 Late Antiquity and the

Emergence of the Medieval
Fief-Holding 184
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
L ORDS , V ASSALS , AND S AMURAI
AND J APAN 185
IN E UROPE
World 146 The Manorial System 186

The Late Roman Empire 147 The Zenith of Byzantine Civilization 187
The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine 147 The Macedonian Dynasty 188
The Empire’s New Religion 149 Women in Byzantium 188
Detailed Contents ix
The Slavic Peoples of Central and Eastern Christian Reconquest: The Spanish Kingdoms 227
Europe 190 The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire: Germany
Western Slavs 190 and Italy 228
Southern Slavs 191 New Kingdoms in Northern and Eastern Europe 229
Eastern Slavs 191 Impact of the Mongol Empire 230
Women in the Slavic World 191 The Development of Russia 231
The World of Islam 192 The Recovery and Reform of the Catholic
Islamic Civilization 194 Church 232
Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 195 The Problems of Decline 232
The Cluniac Reform Movement 232
Reform of the Papacy 232
9 The Recovery and Growth of

European Society in the High
Christianity and Medieval Civilization
Growth of the Papal Monarchy 233
233
Middle Ages 198 New Religious Orders and Spiritual Ideals 233
FILM & HISTORY
Land and People in the High Middle Ages 199 V ISION (2009) 236
The New Agriculture 200 Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages 237
The Life of the Peasantry 202 Voices of Protest and Intolerance 238
The Aristocracy of the High Middle Ages 202
The Crusades 239
The New World of Trade and Cities 204 Background to the Crusades 239
The Revival of Trade 204 The Early Crusades 241
The Growth of Cities 207 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS T HE S IEGE OF J ERUSALEM : C HRISTIAN AND M USLIM
T WO V IEWS OF T RADE AND M ERCHANTS 208 P ERSPECTIVES 244
Life in the Medieval City 209 The Crusades of the Thirteenth Century 245
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE What Were the Effects of the Crusades? 245
L IFE IN A M EDIEVAL T OWN 210 Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 246
Industry in Medieval Cities 211
The Intellectual and Artistic World of the High

Middle Ages 211
The Rise of Universities 211
A Revival of Classical Antiquity 213
11 The Later Middle Ages:
Crisis and Disintegration in
The Revival of Roman Law 214
the Fourteenth
The Development of Scholasticism 214
Century 249
Romanesque Architecture: ‘‘A White Mantle of A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social
Churches’’ 216 Crisis 250
The Gothic Cathedral 217 The Black Death: From Asia to Europe 250
Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 218 The Black Death in Europe 251
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
10
C AUSES OF THE B LACK D EATH : C ONTEMPORARY V IEWS 252
The Rise of Kingdoms and Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval 254
the Growth of Church War and Political Instability 256
Power 221 The Hundred Years’ War 256
Political Instability 258
The Emergence and Growth of European
FILM & HISTORY
Kingdoms, 1000–1300 222 J OAN OF A RC (1948)
England in the High Middle Ages 222 T HE M ESSENGER : T HE S TORY OF J OAN OF A RC (1999) 259
The Growth of the French Kingdom 224 Western Europe: England and France 260
x Detailed Contents
The German Monarchy 261 The Church in the Renaissance 296
The States of Italy 261 Dealing with Heresy and Reform 296
The Renaissance Papacy 297
The Decline of the Church 262
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State 262 Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 298
The Papacy at Avignon (1305–1378) 263
The Great Schism 264
The Conciliar Movement 265
Culture and Society in an Age of Adversity 265
13 Reformation and Religious
Warfare in the Sixteenth
The Development of Vernacular Literature 266 Century 301
A New Art: Giotto 267
Changes in Urban Life 267
Prelude to Reformation 302
Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism 302
Inventions and New Patterns 268
Church and Religion on the Eve of the
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE
E NTERTAINMENT IN THE M IDDLE A GES 269 Reformation 303
Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 270 Martin Luther and the Reformation in
Germany 304
12 Recovery and Rebirth:

The Age of the
The Early Luther 304
The Rise of Lutheranism 305
Organizing the Church 307
Renaissance 273 Germany and the Reformation: Religion and
Politics 308
Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance 274
The Spread of the Protestant
The Making of Renaissance Society 276 Reformation 310
Economic Recovery 276
The Zwinglian Reformation 310
Social Changes in the Renaissance 277
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
The Family in Renaissance Italy 278 A R EFORMATION D EBATE : C ONFLICT AT M ARBURG 311
The Italian States in the Renaissance 279 The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists 312
The Birth of Modern Diplomacy 280 The Reformation in England 312
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft 280 John Calvin and the Development of
Calvinism 313
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy 281
Italian Renaissance Humanism 281 The Social Impact of the Protestant
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Reformation 314
T HE R ENAISSANCE P RINCE : T HE V IEWS OF M ACHIAVELLI AND The Family 314
E RASMUS 282 Religious Practices and Popular Culture 315
Education in the Renaissance 284
The Impact of Printing 286
The Catholic Reformation 315
Catholic Reformation or Counter-Reformation? 315
The Artistic Renaissance 286 The Society of Jesus 317
Art in the Early Renaissance 287 A Revived Papacy 317
The Artistic High Renaissance 287 The Council of Trent 319
The Artist and Social Status 290
The Northern Artistic Renaissance 290
Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth
Century 319
The European State in the Renaissance 292 The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) 320
The Renaissance State in Western Europe 292 Philip II and Militant Catholicism 320
Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire 294 Revolt of the Netherlands 320
The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern The England of Elizabeth 321
Europe 295 FILM & HISTORY
The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine E LIZABETH (1998) 323
Empire 295 Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 324
Detailed Contents xi
14 Europe and the World:
New Encounters,
The Practice of Absolutism: Western
Europe 362
France: Foundations of Absolutism 362
1500–1800 327 The Reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715) 363
The Decline of Spain 366
On the Brink of a New World 328
The Motives for Expansion 328 Absolutism in Central and Eastern
The Means for Expansion 329 Europe 366
The German States 366
New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish The Emergence of Austria 367
Empires 329 Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major
The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Power 368
Empire 329 The Ottoman Empire 370
Voyages to the New World 331 The Limits of Absolutism 370
S PICES AND W ORLD T RADE 332 Limited Monarchy: The Dutch Republic and
The Spanish Empire in the New World 334 England 372
The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic 372
New Rivals on the World Stage 337
England and the Emergence of Constitutional
Africa: The Slave Trade 338
Monarchy 372
The West in Southeast Asia 339
The French and British in India 342 D UTCH D OMESTICITY 373
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
W EST M EETS E AST : A N E XCHANGE OF R OYAL O LIVER C ROMWELL : T HREE P ERSPECTIVES 375
L ETTERS 343
China 344 The Flourishing of European Culture 378
Japan 345 The Changing Faces of Art 378
The Americas 345 A Wondrous Age of Theater 381
Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 382
The Impact of European Expansion 347
The Conquered 347
16
FILM & HISTORY
T HE M ISSION (1986) 350 Toward a New Heaven and
The Conquerors 351
a New Earth: The Scientific
Toward a World Economy 352 Revolution and the
Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Emergence of Modern
Century 352
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism 352
Science 385
Mercantilism 353 Background to the Scientific
Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Revolution 386
Globalization 353 Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists 386
Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 354 Technological Innovations and Mathematics 387
Renaissance Magic 387
15 State Building and the

Search for Order in the
Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in
Astronomy 387
Copernicus 387
Seventeenth Century 357 Kepler 388
Galileo 389
Social Crises, War, and Rebellions 358
Newton 391
The Witchcraft Craze 358
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
The Thirty Years’ War 359
A N EW H EAVEN ? F AITH V ERSUS R EASON 392
Rebellions 362
xii Detailed Contents
Advances in Medicine and Chemistry 393 The Spread of Scientific Knowledge 398
Vesalius 394 The Scientific Method 398
Harvey 394 The Scientific Societies 399
Chemistry 394 Science and Society 400
Science and Religion 400
Women in the Origins of Modern Science 395
Chapter Summary, Timeline, and Review 402
Margaret Cavendish 395
Maria Winkelmann 395
Debates on the Nature of Women 396 GLOSSARY 405
INDEX 413
Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and
a New View of Humankind 397
Detailed Contents xiii
Documents
CHAPTER 1 Alexander Meets an Indian King (Arrian, The

The Code of Hammurabi (The Code of Campaigns of Alexander) 78
Hammurabi) 11 Relations Between Greeks and Non-Greeks
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: The Great Flood: Two (Letter to Zenon and Letter to Dionysios) 84
Versions (The Epic of Gilgamesh and Genesis 6:11–15, A New Autonomy for Women? (Letter from Isias to
17–19; 7:24; 8:3, 13–21) 15 Hephaistion and Letter from Ktesikles to King
Akhenaten’s Hymn to Aten (Hymn to Aten) 21 Ptolemy) 86
A Father’s Advice (The Instruction of the Vizier
Ptah-hotep) 23 CHAPTER 5
Cincinnatus Saves Rome: A Roman Morality Tale
CHAPTER 2 (Livy, The Early History of Rome) 100
The Covenant and the Law: The Book of Exodus Cato the Elder on Women (Livy, The History of
(Exodus 19:1–8 and 20:1–17) 33 Rome) 108
The Hebrew Prophets: Micah, Isaiah, and Amos The Twelve Tables (Selections from the Twelve
(Micah 6:9–16; Isaiah 10:1–6; and Amos 3:1–2) 35 Tables) 110
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: The Governing of OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: The End of the
Empires: Two Approaches (King Sennacherib Republic: Three Views (Sallust, The War with Catiline;
Describes His Siege of Jerusalem; King Ashurbanipal Caesar, The Civil Wars; and Cicero, Letter to
Describes His Treatment of Conquered Babylon; and Atticus) 114
The Cyrus Cylinder) 39
The Customs of the Persians (Herodotus, The CHAPTER 6
Persian Wars) 41
The Achievements of Augustus (Augustus, Res
CHAPTER 3 Gestae) 123
The Daily Life of an Upper-Class Roman (Pliny,
Homer’s Ideal of Excellence (Homer, Iliad) 53
Letter to Fuscus Salinator) 130
The Lycurgan Reforms (Plutarch, Lycurgus) 57
Ovid and the Art of Love (Ovid, The Art of
Athenian Democracy: The Funeral Oration of Love) 131
Pericles (Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Roman Authorities
War) 61
and a Christian on Christianity (An Exchange
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Women in Athens and Between Pliny and Trajan) 140
Sparta (Xenophon, Oeconomicus; Xenophon,
Constitution of the Spartans; Aristotle, Politics; and
Plutarch, Lycurgus) 69 CHAPTER 7
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Two Views of the
CHAPTER 4 Huns (Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Demosthenes and and Priscus, An Account of the Court of Attila the
Isocrates Address Philip of Macedonia Hun) 151
(Demosthenes, The Third Philippic, and Isocrates, Germanic Customary Law: The Ordeal (Gregory of
Address to Philip) 75 Tours, ‘‘An Ordeal of Hot Water’’) 155
xiv
Irish Monasticism and the Penitential (The Dante’s Vision of Hell (Dante, ‘‘Inferno,’’ Divine
Penitential of Cummean) 159 Comedy) 266
A Byzantine Emperor Gives Military Advice A Liberated Woman in the Fourteenth Century
(Maurice, Strategikon) 166 (The Testimony of Grazida Lizier) 270
CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 12
The Achievements of Charlemagne (Einhard, Life of A Renaissance Banquet (A Sixteenth-Century
Charlemagne) 175 Banquet menu) 275
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Lords and Vassals in OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: The Renaissance
Europe and Japan (Bishop Fulbert of Chartres and Prince: The Views of Machiavelli and Erasmus
The Way of the Samurai) 185 (Machiavelli, The Prince and Erasmus, Education of a
A Western View of the Byzantine Empire Christian Prince) 282
(Liudprand of Cremona, Antapodosis) 189 A Woman’s Defense of Learning (Laura Cereta,
A Muslim’s Description of the Rus (Ibn Fadlan, Defense of the Liberal Instruction of Women) 285
Description of the Rus) 192 The Genius of Leonardo da Vinci (Giorgio Vasari,
Lives of the Artists) 291
CHAPTER 9
The Elimination of Medieval Forests (Suger’s CHAPTER 13
Search for Wooden Beams) 200 Luther and the Ninety-Five Theses (Martin
Women in Medieval Thought (Gratian, Decretum and Luther, Selections from the Ninety-Five Theses) 306
A Merchant of Paris on Marriage) 205 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: A Reformation
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Two Views of Trade Debate: Conflict at Marburg (The Marburg
and Merchants (Life of Saint Godric and Ibn Khaldun, Colloquy) 311
Prolegomena) 208 Loyola and Obedience to ‘‘Our Holy Mother, the
Goliardic Poetry: The Archpoet (The Archpoet, The Hierarchical Church’’ (Ignatius of Loyola, ‘‘Rules for
Confession of Golias) 215 Thinking with the Church’’) 318
Queen Elizabeth I: ‘‘I Have the Heart of a King’’
CHAPTER 10 (Queen Elizabeth I, Speech at Tilbury) 322
Magna Carta (Magna Carta) 225
CHAPTER 14
A Miracle of Saint Bernard (A Miracle of Saint
Bernard) 235 The Spanish Conquistador: Cortés and the
Conquest of Mexico (Cortés’s Description of
Treatment of the Jews (Canon 68; An Accusation of
Tenochtitlán) 335
the Ritual Murder of a Christian Child by Jews; and
The Regulations of Avignon, 1243) 240 The Atlantic Slave Trade (Diary of a Citizen) 340
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: The Siege of OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: West Meets East: An
Jerusalem: Christian and Muslim Perspectives Exchange of Royal Letters (A Letter to the King of
(Fulcher of Chartres, Chronicle of the First Crusade and Tonkin from Louis XIV and Answer from the King of
Account of Ibn al-Athir) 244 Tonkin to Louis XIV) 343
The Mission (Felix de Azara, Description and History of
CHAPTER 11 Paraguay and Rio de la Plata) 349
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Causes of the Black
Death (Giovanni Boccaccio, Decameron; On CHAPTER 15
Earthquakes as the Cause of Plague; and Herman Gigas A Witchcraft Trial in France (The Trial of Suzanne
on Well Poisoning) 252 Gaudry) 360
Boniface VIII’s Defense of Papal Supremacy The King’s Day Begins (Duc de Saint-Simon,
(Pope Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam) 264 Memoirs) 364
Documents xv
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Oliver Cromwell: OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: A New Heaven? Faith
Three Perspectives (Oliver Cromwell on the Victory Versus Reason (Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess
at Naseby; Cromwell on the Massacre at Drogheda; Christina and Robert Bellarmine, Letter to Paolo
Edmund Ludlow, Memoirs; and Lord Clarendon, Foscarini) 392
The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in Margaret Cavendish: The Education of Women
England) 375 (Margaret Cavendish, ‘‘The Philosophical and Physical
The Bill of Rights (The Bill of Rights) 377 Opinions’’) 396
Pascal: ‘‘What Is a Man in the Infinite?’’
CHAPTER 16 (Blaise Pascal, Pensées) 401
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
(Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres) 390
xvi Documents
Maps
MAP 1.1 The Spread of Homo sapiens sapiens 3 SPOT MAP Division of the Carolingian Empire by the
SPOT MAP Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro 6 Treaty of Verdun, 843 181
SPOT MAP The Yellow River, China 6 MAP 8.2 Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth
SPOT MAP Central Asia Civilization 7 Centuries 182
SPOT MAP Caral, Peru 7 MAP 8.3 A Typical Manor 186
MAP 1.2 The Ancient Near East 8 SPOT MAP The Byzantine Empire in 1025 188
SPOT MAP Hammurabi’s Empire 10 MAP 8.4 The Migrations of the Slavs 190
MAP 1.3 Ancient Egypt 17 SPOT MAP The Abbasid Caliphate at the Height of Its
Power 193
MAP 2.1 The Israelites and Their Neighbors in the First
Millennium B.C.E. 31 MAP 9.1 Medieval Trade Routes 206
SPOT MAP Phoenician Colonies and Trade Routes, SPOT MAP Flanders as a Trade Center 207
ca. 800 B.C.E. 35 MAP 9.2 Main Intellectual Centers of Medieval
MAP 2.2 The Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Europe 212
Empires 36 MAP 10.1 England and France (1154–1337): (left)
MAP 2.3 The Persian Empire at the Time of Darius 42 England and Its French Holdings; (right)
Growth of the French State 226
MAP 3.1 Ancient Greece (ca. 750–338 B.C.E.) 50
MAP 10.2 Christian Reconquests in the Western
SPOT MAP Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece 51
Mediterranean 227
MAP 4.1 The Conquests of Alexander the Great 77
MAP 10.3 The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire in the
MAP 4.2 The Hellenistic Kingdoms 82 Twelfth Century 228
MAP 5.1 Ancient Italy 96 MAP 10.4 Northern and Eastern Europe, ca. 1150 230
SPOT MAP The City of Rome 97 SPOT MAP The Mongol Empire in the Thirteenth
MAP 5.2 Roman Conquests in the Mediterranean, Century 230
264–133 B.C.E. 102 MAP 10.5 The Early Crusades 243
MAP 5.3 Roman Dominions in the Late Republic, MAP 11.1 Spread of the Black Death 253
31 B.C.E. 116
MAP 11.2 The Hundred Years’ War 257
MAP 6.1 The Roman Empire from Augustus Through
SPOT MAP The Holy Roman Empire in the Fourteenth
Trajan (14–117) 126
Century 261
MAP 6.2 Trade Routes and Products in the Roman
SPOT MAP The States of Italy in the Fourteenth
Empire, ca. 200 128
Century 262
SPOT MAP The Silk Road 128
SPOT MAP Avignon 263
MAP 6.3 Imperial Rome 134
MAP 12.1 Renaissance Italy 279
MAP 7.1 Divisions of the Late Roman Empire,
MAP 12.2 Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth
ca. 300 148
Century 294
MAP 7.2 The Germanic Kingdoms of the Old Western
MAP 13.1 The Empire of Charles V 309
Empire 153
SPOT MAP The Swiss Cantons 310
MAP 7.3 The Spread of Christianity, 400–800 161
MAP 13.2 Catholics and Protestants in Europe by
MAP 7.4 The Eastern Roman Empire in the Time of
1560 316
Justinian 163
SPOT MAP The Netherlands 321
SPOT MAP The Byzantine Empire, ca. 750 165
MAP 14.1 European Discoveries and Possessions in the
MAP 7.5 The Expansion of Islam 169
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 331
MAP 8.1 The Carolingian Empire 177
xvii
SPOT MAP Lands of the Maya 334 SPOT MAP The West Indies 346
SPOT MAP The Aztec Empire 334 MAP 15.1 The Thirty Years’ War 361
SPOT MAP Lands of the Inca 336 MAP 15.2 The Growth of Brandenburg-Prussia 367
MAP 14.2 Triangular Trade in the Atlantic MAP 15.3 The Growth of the Austrian Empire 368
Economy 338 MAP 15.4 Russia: From Principality to Nation-
SPOT MAP Southeast Asia, ca. 1700 341 State 371
SPOT MAP The Mughal Empire 342 SPOT MAP Civil War in England 374
SPOT MAP The Qing Empire 345
xviii Maps
Features
F I L M & H I ST O R Y
Alexander (2004) 79 Elizabeth (1998) 323

Gladiator (2000) 136 The Mission (1986) 350
Vision (2009) 236
Joan of Arc (1948); The Messenger: The Story
of Joan of Arc (1999) 259
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS
The Great Flood: Two Versions 15 Two Views of Trade and Merchants 208
The Governing of Empires: Two Approaches 39 The Siege of Jerusalem: Christian and Muslim
Women in Athens and Sparta 69 Perspectives 244
Demosthenes and Isocrates Address Philip of Causes of the Black Death: Contemporary Views 252
Macedonia 75 The Renaissance Prince: The Views of Machiavelli and
The End of the Republic: Three Views 114 Erasmus 282
Roman Authorities and a Christian on A Reformation Debate: Conflict at Marburg 311
Christianity 140 West Meets East: An Exchange of Royal Letters 343
Two Views of the Huns 151 Oliver Cromwell: Three Perspectives 375
Lords, Vassals, and Samurai in Europe and Japan 185 A New Heaven? Faith Versus Reason 392
The Egyptian Diet 22 Entertainment in the Middle Ages 269

Children in the Roman World 133 Spices and World Trade 332
Life in a Medieval Town 210 Dutch Domesticity 373
xix
Preface
DURING A VISIT to Great Britain, where he studied Features of the Text

as a young man, Mohandas Gandhi, the leader of the
To enliven the past and let readers see for themselves
effort to liberate India from British colonial rule, was
the materials that historians use to create their pic-
asked what he thought of Western civilization. ‘‘I think
tures of the past, I have included in each chapter pri-
it would be a good idea,’’ he replied. Gandhi’s response
mary sources (boxed documents) that are keyed to
was as correct as it was clever. Western civilization has
the discussion in the text. The documents include
led to great problems as well as great accomplishments,
examples of the religious, artistic, intellectual, social,
but it remains a good idea. And any complete under-
economic, and political aspects of Western life. Such
standing of today’s world must take into account the
varied sources as a description of the life of an upper-
meaning of Western civilization and the role Western
class Roman, marriage negotiations in Renaissance
civilization has played in history. Despite modern pro-
Italy, a debate in the Reformation era, and the diary of
gress, we still greatly reflect our religious traditions, our
a German soldier at Stalingrad all reveal in vivid fash-
political systems and theories, our economic and social
ion what Western civilization meant to the individual
structures, and our cultural heritage. I have written this
men and women who shaped it by their activities.
brief history of Western civilization to assist a new gen-
Questions at the end of each source aid students in
eration of students in learning more about the past that
analyzing the documents.
has shaped them and the world in which they live.
A second primary source feature, Opposing View-
At the same time, for the ninth edition, as in the
points, introduced in the seventh edition, presents
eighth, I have added considerable new material on
comparisons of two or three primary sources along with
world history to show the impact that other parts of
focus questions to facilitate student analysis of histori-
the world have had on the West. Certainly, the ongoing
cal documents. A visual feature, Images of Everyday
struggle with terrorists since 2001 has dramatized the
Life, combines two or more illustrations with a lengthy
intricate relationship between the West and the rest of
caption to provide insight into various aspects of social
the world. It is important then to show not only how
life. Another boxed feature, Film & History, presents
Western civilization has affected the rest of the world
a brief analysis of a film’s plot as well as its historical
but also how it has been influenced and even defined
significance, value, and accuracy. (For more specifics
since its beginnings by contacts with other peoples
about all of these features, see ‘‘New to This Edition.’’)
around the world.
A section entitled ‘‘Studying from Primary Source
Another of my goals was to write a well-balanced
Materials’’ appears in the front of the book to intro-
work in which the political, economic, social, religious,
duce students to the language and tools of analyzing
intellectual, cultural, and military aspects of Western
historical evidence—documents, photos, artwork, and
civilization would be integrated into a chronologically
maps.
ordered synthesis. Moreover, I wanted to avoid the
Each chapter has an introduction and an illus-
approach that is quite common in other brief histories
trated chapter summary to help maintain the conti-
of Western civilization—an approach that makes them
nuity of the narrative and to provide a synthesis of
collections of facts with little continuity from section to
important themes. Anecdotes in the chapter introduc-
section. Instead, I sought to keep the story in history.
tions dramatically convey the major theme or themes
Narrative history effectively transmits the knowledge of
of each chapter. Detailed chronologies reinforce the
the past and is the form that best enables students to
events discussed in the text, and a timeline at the end
remember and understand the past. At the same time, I
of each chapter enables students to review at a glance
have not overlooked the need for the kind of historical
the chief developments of an era. Many of the time-
analysis that makes students aware that historians of-
lines also show parallel developments in different
ten disagree in their interpretations of the past.
xx
cultures or nations. Suggestions for Further Read- subsection, ‘‘The Spread of Humans: Out of Africa or
ing at the end of each chapter reviews the most recent Multiregional?’’
literature on each period and also points readers to Chapter 2 the Persians; new document on ‘‘Cus-
some of the older ‘‘classic’’ works in each field. Also at toms of the Persians’’
the end of each chapter, a chapter review that includes Chapter 3 Minoan Crete; the role of the phalanx
Upon Reflection essay questions and a list of Key and colonies in the rise of democracy; sports and vio-
Terms provides valuable study aids. lence in ancient Greece
Updated maps and extensive illustrations serve Chapter 4 new historiographical subsection, ‘‘The
to deepen readers’ understanding of the text. Detailed Legacy: Was Alexander Great?’’; Demosthenes and Iso-
map captions are designed to enrich students’ aware- crates; Alexander; military institutions; new document
ness of the importance of geography to history, and on ‘‘Relations Between Greeks and Non-Greeks’’
numerous spot maps enable students to see at a glance Chapter 5 the origins of the Etruscans; early
the region or subject being discussed in the text. Map Rome, especially the influence of the Etruscans
captions also include a map question to guide students’ Chapter 6 new critical thinking question on the
reading of the map. To facilitate understanding of cul- Roman military; client kingdoms; the pax Romana; new
tural movements, illustrations of artistic works dis- Images of Everyday Life feature on ‘‘Children in the
cussed in the text are placed near the discussions. Roman World’’
Throughout the text, illustration captions have been re- Chapter 7 the labor of women in Frankish soci-
vised and expanded to further students’ understanding ety; Pope Gregory the Great; the Byzantine military;
of the past. Chapter outlines and focus questions, new document on ‘‘A Byzantine Emperor Gives Military
including critical thinking questions, at the begin- Advice’’
ning of each chapter give students a useful overview Chapter 8 the missi dominici; new historiographi-
and guide them to the main subjects of each chapter. cal subsection, ‘‘What Was the Significance of Charle-
The focus questions are then repeated at the beginning magne?’’; new Opposing Viewpoints feature on ‘‘Lords,
of each major section in the chapter. A glossary of im- Vassals, and Samurai in Europe and Japan’’; new section
portant terms (boldfaced in the text when they are on ‘‘Women in Byzantium’’; new section on ‘‘Women in
introduced and defined) is provided at the back of the the Slavic World’’; women in the world of Islam
book to maximize reader comprehension. A guide to Chapter 9 roles of peasant women; commercial
pronunciation is now provided in the text in paren- capitalism; women in medieval cities; new document
theses following the first mention of a complex name on ‘‘Goliardic Poetry: The Archpoet’’
or term. Chapter Notes are now at the end of each Chapter 10 the Crusades; new historiographical
chapter rather than at the end of the book. section, ‘‘What Were the Effects of the Crusades?’’
Chapter 11 reorganized material on art and the
Black Death: new subsection on ‘‘Art and the Black
New to This Edition Death’’ located in section on ‘‘The Black Death in
As preparation for the revision of Western Civilization: Europe’’ and another new subsection on ‘‘A New Art:
A Brief History, I re-examined the entire book and ana- Giotto’’ located in section on ‘‘Culture and Society in
lyzed the comments and reviews of colleagues who have an Age of Adversity’’; condottieri in Italy; new document
found the book to be a useful instrument for introduc- on ‘‘A Liberated Woman in the Fourteenth Century’’
ing their students to the history of Western civilization. Chapter 12 new section on ‘‘The Birth of Modern
In making revisions for the ninth edition, I sought to Diplomacy’’; shortened section on Machiavelli; the
build on the strengths of the previous editions and impact of printing; new historiographical subsection,
above all to maintain the balance, synthesis, and narra- ‘‘Was There a Renaissance for Women?’’; new subsec-
tive qualities that characterized those editions. To keep tion on ‘‘The Artist and Social Status’’; new document
up with the ever-growing body of historical scholarship, on ‘‘The Genius of Leonardo da Vinci’’; the English civil
new or revised material has been added throughout the wars in the fifteenth century
book on all of the following topics: Chapter 13 Luther’s conservatism; new historio-
Chapter 1 religion and society in the Neolithic graphical subsection, ‘‘Catholic Reformation or Coun-
Age; new Opposing Viewpoints feature on ‘‘The Great ter-Reformation?’’; new document on ‘‘Queen Elizabeth
Flood’’; Akhenaten of Egypt; new historiographical I: ‘I Have the Heart of a King’’’
Preface xxi
Chapter 14 the West Indies; new section on ‘‘Dis- The enthusiastic response to the primary sources
ease in the New World’’ (boxed documents) led me to evaluate the content of
Chapter 15 Bernini; new document on ‘‘The each document carefully and add new documents
King’s Day Begins’’ throughout the text, including new comparative docu-
Chapter 16 Galileo’s telescope; new document on ments in the feature called Opposing Viewpoints.
‘‘Margaret Cavendish: The Education of Women’’ This feature has been expanded and now appears in
Chapter 17 women and salons; new document most chapters, including such new topics as ‘‘Lords,
on ‘‘The Punishment of Crime’’ Vassals, and Samurai in Europe and Japan,’’ ‘‘Causes
Chapter 18 agricultural practices and taxation of the Black Death: Contemporary Views,’’ ‘‘Attitudes
Chapter 19 de-Christianization and the new cal- of the Industrial Middle Class in Britain and Japan,’’
endar; Treaties of Tilsit and ‘‘Czechoslovakia, 1968: Two Faces of Commu-
Chapter 20 the cotton industry; new document nism.’’ Two additional features have also been revised.
on ‘‘The Great Irish Potato Famine’’; new historio- Images of Everyday Life can now be found in twelve
graphical subsection, ‘‘Did Industrialization Bring an chapters, including such new topics as ‘‘Children in
Improved Standard of Living?’’ the Roman World’’ and ‘‘The New Global Economy:
Chapter 21 the revolution of 1848 in Austria; Fast Fashion.’’ Film & History features now
Romanticism appear in twelve chapters, including the addition of
Chapter 22 the Crimean War; Robert Koch and The Iron Lady.
health care; new document on ‘‘Flaubert and an Image A new focus question has also been added at the be-
of Bourgeois Marriage’’ ginning of each chapter. Entitled Connections to
Chapter 23 the Latin American economy; food Today, this question is intended to help students
and population growth; mass consumption; new docu- appreciate the relevance of history by asking them to
ment on ‘‘Bismarck and the Welfare of the Workers’’ draw connections between the past and present.
Chapter 24 Impressionism; imperialism; new Also new to the ninth edition are historiographi-
document on ‘‘Does Germany Need Colonies?’’ cal sections, which examine how and why historians
Chapter 25 new historiographical subsection, differ in their interpretation of specific topics. Exam-
‘‘The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand: A Blank ples include ‘‘Was There a United Kingdom of Israel?’’;
Check?’’; trench warfare; women and work ‘‘Was There a Renaissance for Women?’’; ‘‘The Retreat
Chapter 26 the democratic states; new historio- from Democracy: Did Europe Have Totalitarian
graphical subsection, ‘‘The Retreat from Democracy: Did States?’’; and ‘‘Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse?’’
Europe Have Totalitarian States?’’; Nazi culture Because courses in Western civilization at American
Chapter 27 new focus questions; invasion of and Canadian colleges and universities follow different
Poland; the Einsatzgruppen in the Holocaust; new chronological divisions, the text is available in both
document on ‘‘Heinrich Himmler: ‘We Had the Moral one-volume and two-volume versions to fit the needs
Right’’’ of instructors. Teaching and learning ancillaries include
Chapter 28 new historiographical subsection, the following.
‘‘Confrontation of the Superpowers: Who Started the
Cold War?’’; the Algerian revolution; the denazification
of postwar Germany; the European Common Market; Instructor Resources
new document on ‘‘The Burden of Guilt’’ MindTapTM MindTap for Western Civilization: A Brief
Chapter 29 new document on ‘‘Betty Friedan: History 9e is a personalized, online digital learning plat-
The Problem That Has No Name’’; new Film & History form providing students with an immersive learning
feature on ‘‘The Iron Lady (2011)’’; land art experience that builds critical thinking skills. Through
Chapter 30 the global economy; Great Britain, a carefully designed chapter-based learning path, Mind-
Germany, France, the United States, and Canada; Rus- Tap allows students to easily identify the chapter’s
sia and Ukraine; new historiographical section, ‘‘Why learning objectives, improve their writing skills by com-
Did the Soviet Union Collapse?’’; new section on ‘‘The pleting unit-level essay assessments, read short, man-
West and Islam’’; the war in Afghanistan; the Catholic ageable sections from the e-book, and test their
Church; technology; new Images of Everyday Life fea- content knowledge with a Chapter Test that employs
ture on ‘‘The New Global Economy: Fast Fashion’’ ApliaTM (see Chapter Test description on next page).
xxii Preface
• Setting the Scene: Each chapter of the MindTap • ConnectYard allows instructors to create digital
begins with a brief video that introduces the chap- ‘‘yards’’ through social media–all without ‘‘friend-
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MindTap for Western Civilization: A Brief History 9e
subject matter.
goes well beyond an eBook and a homework solutions.
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It is truly a Personal Learning Experience that allows
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Preface xxiii
content and media assets. MindTap Reader combines (zoomable) maps. Students can use the eBook as their
thoughtful navigation ergonomics, advanced student primary text or as a multimedia companion to their
annotation, note-taking, and search tools, and embed- printed book. The MindTap Reader eBook is available
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Student Resources
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xxiv Preface
The Modern Researcher, 6e [ISBN: 9780495318705] research, from the selection of a topic through the gath-
Prepared by Jacques Barzun and Henry F. Graff of Co- ering, analysis, writing, revision, and publication of find-
lumbia University. This classic introduction to the tech- ings, presenting the process not as a set of rules but
niques of research and the art of expression is used through actual cases that put the subtleties of research
widely in history courses, but is also appropriate for writ- in a useful context. Part One covers the principles and
ing and research methods courses in other departments. methods of research; Part Two covers writing, speaking,
Barzun and Graff thoroughly cover every aspect of and getting one’s work published.
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the many teachers and students for her detailed suggestions on women’s history. Daniel
who have used previous editions of Western Civilization: Haxall of Kutztown University provided valuable assis-
A Brief History. I am gratified by their enthusiastic tance with materials on postwar art, popular culture,
response to a textbook that was intended to put the postmodern art and thought, and the digital age. I am
story back in history and capture the imagination of the especially grateful to Kathryn Spielvogel for her work
reader. I especially thank the many teachers and stu- as a research associate. Thanks to Cengage’s compre-
dents who made the effort to contact me personally to hensive review process, many historians were asked to
share their enthusiasm. I am deeply grateful to John evaluate my manuscript and review each edition. I am
Soares for his assistance in preparing the map captions grateful to the following for the innumerable sugges-
and to Charmarie Blaisdell of Northeastern University tions that have greatly improved my work:
Patricia Adelle Leonard R. Berlanstein Michael Clinton

William Paterson University University of Virginia Gwynedd Mercy College
Paul Allen Douglas T. Bisson Robert Cole
University of Utah Belmont University Utah State University
Gerald Anderson Charmarie Blaisdell William J. Connell
North Dakota State University Northeastern University Rutgers University
Susan L. H. Anderson Stephen H. Blumm Nancy Conradt
Campbell University Montgomery County Community College of DuPage
Letizia Argenteri College Marc Cooper
University of San Diego Hugh S. Bonar Southwest Missouri State
Roy A. Austensen California State University Caitlin Corning
Illinois State University Werner Braatz George Fox University
James A. Baer University of Wisconsin—Oshkosh Richard A. Cosgrove
Northern Virginia Community Alfred S. Bradford University of Arizona
College—Alexandria University of Missouri David A. Crain
James T. Baker Maryann E. Brink South Dakota State University
Western Kentucky University College of William & Mary Michael A. Crane, Jr. (student)
Patrick Bass Blaine T. Browne Everett Community College
Morningside College Broward Community College Steve Culbertson
John F. Battick J. Holden Camp, Jr. Owens Community College
University of Maine Hillyer College, University of Hartford Luanne Dagley
Frederic J. Baumgartner Jack Cargill Pellissippi State Technical Community
Virginia Polytechnic Institute Rutgers University College
Phillip N. Bebb Martha Carlin Marion F. Deshmukh
Ohio University University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee George Mason University
Anthony Bedford Elizabeth Carney Michael F. Doyle
Modesto Junior College Clemson University Ocean County College
F. E. Beemon Kevin K. Carroll Michael Duckett
Middle Tennessee State University Arizona State University Dawson College
Joel Benson Yuan-Ling Chao Laura Dull
Northwest Missouri State University Middle Tennessee State University Delta College
Robert L. Bergman Eric H. Cline Roxanne Easley
Glendale Community College Xavier University Central Washington University
xxvi
James W. Ermatinger Derek Hastings William E. Kinsella, Jr.
University of Nebraska—Kearney Oakland University Northern Virginia Community
Charles T. Evans A. J. Heisserer College—Annandale
Northern Virginia Community College University of Oklahoma James M. Kittelson
Porter Ewing Fred Heppding Ohio State University
Los Angeles City College Maranatha Baptist University Doug Klepper
Carla Falkner Rowena Hernández-Múzquiz Santa Fe Community College
Northeast Mississippi Community Old Dominion University Mark Klobas
College Betsey Hertzler Scottsdale Community College
Steven Fanning Mesa Community College Cynthia Kosso
University of Illinois—Chicago Robert Herzstein Northern Arizona University
Ellsworth Faris University of South Carolina Clayton Miles Lehmann
California State University—Chico Shirley Hickson University of South Dakota
Gary B. Ferngren North Greenville College Diana Chen Lin
Oregon State University Martha L. Hildreth Indiana University, Northwest
Mary Helen Finnerty University of Nevada Ursula W. MacAffer
Westchester Community College Boyd H. Hill, Jr. Hudson Valley Community College
Eve Fisher University of Colorado—Boulder Andrea Maestrejuan
South Dakota State University Sean Hill Metropolitan State University—
Lucien Frary Irvine Valley College Denver
Rider University Michael Hofstetter Anthony Makowski
Erik Freas Bethany College Delaware County Community College
Borough of Manhattan Community Donald C. Holsinger Harold Marcuse
College—CUNY Seattle Pacific University University of California—Santa
A. Z. Freeman Barbara
Frank L. Holt
Robinson College University of Houston Mavis Mate
Marsha Frey University of Oregon
W. Robert Houston
Kansas State University University of South Alabama Tom Maulucci
Frank J. Frost State University of New York—
David R. C. Hudson Fredonia
University of California—Santa Texas A&M University
Barbara Meghean Mayeur
Paul Hughes Southeastern Louisiana University
Frank Garosi Sussex County Community
California State University— College T. Ronald Melton
Sacramento Brewton Parker College
Richard A. Jackson
Lorettann Gascard University of Houston Jack Allen Meyer
Franklin Pierce College University of South Carolina
Fred Jewell
Richard M. Golden Harding University Eugene W. Miller, Jr.
University of North Texas The Pennsylvania State University—
Jenny M. Jochens Hazleton
Manuel G. Gonzales Towson State University
Diablo Valley College David Mock
Carolyn Johnston Tallahassee Community College
Amy G. Gordon Marian College
Denison University John Patrick Montano
William M. Johnston University of Delaware
Richard J. Grace University of Massachusetts
Providence College Rex Morrow
Allen E. Jones Trident Technical College
Hanns Gross Troy State University
Loyola University Thomas M. Mulhern
George Kaloudis University of North Dakota
John F. Guilmartin Rivier College
Ohio State University Pierce Mullen
Jeffrey A. Kaufmann Montana State University
Jeffrey S. Hamilton Muscatine Community College
Gustavus Adolphus College Frederick I. Murphy
David O. Kieft Western Kentucky University
J. Drew Harrington University of Minnesota
Western Kentucky University William M. Murray
Patricia Killen University of South Florida
James Harrison Pacific Lutheran University
Siena College
Acknowledgments xxvii
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
“Get up!” she sternly said.
“Here is news to frighten even you into being a man for a day.
Senator Garston died last night of heart disease at the Hotel
Belgravia.”
“Good God! We are ruined!” cried Vreeland.
“For all your fortune was in his hands. You have not a scrap of paper
to show for it.”
“What do I care for the money!” she sobbed. “I am alone in the world
now.”
CHAPTER XV.
IN THE DARK WATERS.
Senator David Alynton’s first duty on reaching the Hotel Belgravia

was to hold a private conference with the confidential friend in whose
rooms the Senator-elect had so strangely died. The body of the dead
millionaire had been removed at once to his own personal
apartments at the Hotel Plaza, where the travelers found assembled
Garston’s lawyer, his physician, with his body servant. The private
secretary was in charge, under the superintendence of a cool
representative of the International Trust Company.
It touched Alynton to the heart, this lonely death chamber; for it
seemed that “there was no one left to mourn for Logan.”
It is true that Mrs. Katharine Vreeland, in deepest black, was
kneeling silently there at the foot of the coffin, ostentatiously
supported by Mrs. Volney McMorris, whose social splendors were
judiciously darkened for the time being by bits of crepe, like the
veiling of the “bright work” on a fire engine at an old Volunteer
Department funeral.
“Are there no near family relatives?” asked Alynton, in a muffled
voice, as he gazed upon the majestic frame of the man who had
fought himself up from disgrace to the Tantalus cup of triumph. It
seemed a dreary, a lonely, an unwept taking-off!
“It seems not,” guardedly answered the Trust Company’s factotum.
“We have his will in charge. The young lady kneeling there will be a
large beneficiary, and besides her, there is only one other legatee,
who it seems is a ward of Mrs. Elaine Willoughby, the great woman
stock operator.”
Senator Alynton started in surprise. “As the late Mr. Garston was
only a Senator-elect, I presume there will be no Governmental notice
taken of his decease.
“We look, therefore, to you, Senator Alynton, to Mr. Haygood
Apchurch, his old friend (in whose rooms he died) and to these two
interested young women beneficiaries, for all directions as to the
funeral.”
“That is,” hastily added the Trust Company’s Cerberus, “if no swarm
of hungry relatives, no duplicate wives nor mysterious claimants turn
up when the Associated Press dispatches have been read all over
America.
“Such things have happened before.”
“It seems strange,” mused Alynton, after giving a few brief directions,
“that such a man lived and died entirely unloved.”
But goaded on by self-interest, he hastened away to the “Circassia,”
after vainly telephoning all over New York for Harold Vreeland. The
“rising star” was in a dark eclipse!
At the Hotel Savoy, the suave head clerk, with a sigh, admitted that
the young banker’s habits were now very “irregular.”
“He has not been seen to-day. He went out very early,” was the
clerk’s report, and he vaguely indicated Vreeland’s principal
operations with an upward sweep of his lily-white hand.
The clerk was a purist in manner, and only beginning himself to drink
secretly. He was not yet in the dark waters!
Senator Alynton found Mrs. Elaine Willoughby strictly denied to all
visitors. It was to the clear-eyed cripple that he gravely handed his
card.
“Please say to Mrs. Willoughby that I must see her before Senator
Garston’s funeral. I am at the Waldorf, and will come at once on her
summons.”
On his way to the Belgravia, Senator Alynton read the “copious
accounts” in the leading journals. The case seemed to be a clear
one. The newspapers confirmed Mr. Haygood Apchurch’s statement
that the dead millionaire had borrowed his friend’s apartments to use
a couple of weeks in briefing up a great speech upon “the financial
situation.” A speech destined never to be delivered!
In fact, some of the drafts of the future masterpiece, and the usual
personal contents of a rich man’s pocketbook were the only papers
found in the rooms. There was not even the foundation stone of a
mystery.
The checks, railway passes, club cards, etc., were not accompanied
by a single family paper.
It was “justly remarked by all that the country had sustained a great
loss in the counsels of so distinguished and successful a Western
money magnate as James Garston,” etc., in the usual vein.
Alynton glanced over the platitudes as to being “cut off in his prime,”
the usual references, de rigueur, to the “zenith of his powers,” and
his being a man of “an already national reputation”—the lightly
tossed journalistic wreath of immortelles!
One or two daring writers had timidly referred to the long fight which
had raised the deceased from a working Western low-grade lawyer
in a mining town to a money power in the financial centers of the
East and West.
“That no immediate family falls heir to the honorable record of the
departed is an element of sadness crowning a lonely career,
embittered by many hard struggles with fate.”
Such perfunctory phrases covered the gap between the unknown
past of the “man who had arrived” and the lonely splendor of his final
elevation.
After Alynton had satisfied himself that Mr. Haygood Apchurch knew
nothing whatever of Garston’s past, the distinguished member of the
secret syndicate drove rapidly down to Judge Hiram Endicott’s office.
His mind was now agitated with fears of the future of the sugar
speculating syndicate of a “few friends.”
In his feverish haste to make the living safe he had already forgotten
the unloved dead man. He had not disturbed the silent grief of the
repentant woman who bent over the pale silent lips now sealed in
death.
The eyes were sightless now which had thrilled their unspoken
messages into her very soul.
And the stormy heart of James Garston was as cold and pulseless
as the marble wherein the tenantless shell would soon lie in the long
rest.
Suddenly Katharine Vreeland threw up her arms and fell at the feet
of her woman friend, wildly sobbing—
“There lies the only heart in God’s world that ever beat for me!”
“Ah! Some one loved him after all,” mused the Trust Company’s
financial representative. “She deserves her good fortune. I wonder
does she know of the other one?” His mind was busied with curious
conjectures as to the source of the dead man’s generosity.
But the gates of the past were swung forever. The trembling heart of
the “Western heiress” held a secret that was now sealed behind the
mask of Garston’s waxen face.
For the strong man, loyal in his darling sin, was true as steel to the
last, and the hidden crime of two lives “left no dark plume as a
token.”
Alynton, closeted with Judge Endicott, was now urgent in his
demand that Mrs. Elaine Willoughby should at once erase the name
of the dead Senator from the dangerous document held by her in a
mysterious trust. “That document must never see the light.” It must
be destroyed at once, and a new “round robin” signed.
“It will have to be surrendered now, and a new one made,” anxiously
said the excited millionaire.
“We owe safety to our living associates, and perfect faith to our allied
friends of the Sugar Syndicate.”
“Perhaps as Mrs. Willoughby was a close friend of Garston’s she
may know some of the details of his early life. I wish that you would
have her guide me. Go and see her. I am in practical charge of the
funeral, and so shall be very busy.”
“What can she know?” demanded the old lawyer.
“I’m told by the Trust Company’s man that he has left half of his great
fortune to a young ward of Mrs. Willoughby’s—some young girl.”
There was a tinkling sound of breakage.
Alynton gazed curiously at the old Judge as he slowly picked up the
fragments of his shattered eyeglasses.
“You are right. Do nothing till you hear from me. I will go to her, and
come to you at the Waldorf,” said the startled lawyer. “She should
know of this at once.”
“Thank God! He knows nothing of Garston’s mad pursuit of Elaine in
marriage and his schemes about her child. He even thinks them
friends. Better so. But, the girl must return at once. Death has made
her way smooth.” And Endicott went sighing on his way.
Telephoning for Hugh Conyers, the old advocate hastened to the
“Circassia” to a conference with the white-faced invalid who burst
into a storm of tears when Endicott told her the story of the strange
legacy.
“Let Hugh cable at once to Stockholm. Have them come back here
by Havre, without a moment’s delay. Let him sign all three of our
names, and let him also send a separate cable to Sara that Romaine
is to know nothing of the death, and not a word as yet, of this strange
legacy. I will inform her of that myself,” she sobbed. “It is all so
strange, so ghastly,” she murmured.
The self-protective instinct of the mother brought to her a new life.
“No one knows; no one even suspects. There is not a single whisper.
Thank God!” And then she vowed on her knees, when left alone, to
be brave and true for the child’s sake.
And Hiram Endicott respected her imperial grief. When he returned
from dispatching Conyers to recall the fatherless child, he mused: “It
is better that I should know nothing more, for there is a strange
tangle here.”
And so he was not astonished when his client bade him come back
to her on the morrow to escort her to the room of Garston’s last
solemn public reception.
“I must see him again for Romaine’s sake. I must look once more
upon the face of the father of my child,” was the solemn voice of
Nature sweeping away all the meshes of the frail barrier of human
hatred which had held them apart.
“God is merciful,” she murmured. “Romaine shall never know, and
only learn to wonder over the benefaction of an unknown but
generous hand.
“And now, his public name, his barren honors can never be soiled by
man’s cold sneer. It is the blessed nepenthe of the silent grave.”
Elaine Willoughby was recalled to a need of stern and instant action
by Endicott’s demand for the document, the vastly dangerous paper
whose existence now alarmed Senator Alynton. And all alert, she
bade her schoolboy servitor summon Roundsman Daly instantly.
“I must forego my full vengeance on Vreeland,” she murmured, “to
save my friends. The paper once regained, I can leave the Street
forever, but Vreeland’s silence must be first assured. It is better to
steal it from its hiding-place, and not wait to trap him there.”
She was keenly suspicious of Justine Duprez, who, hollow-eyed and
half-defiant, now demanded an absence of a few days on urgent
private affairs. The girl’s burning fever of fear for her lover was
almost an ecstasy of jealous agony. She feared a coming storm.
With a single touch of the bell, the Lady of Lakemere called in the
private detective. “Detain that woman here, even by the strongest
use of force, till Roundsman Daly comes,” she said, with flashing
eyes.
“She is dangerous. Remember! force if needed. And, do not lose her
from your sight an instant.”
In ten minutes, Daly, with a strange light of battle in his eyes, stood
before Mrs. Willoughby. “It is now just the time to spring the trap!” he
said. “I have two men steadily on watch down in South Fifth Avenue.
Vreeland has been lurking around here to warn Justine to meet him
at once. He intends, I am sure, to leave the country, for I have
already arrested Helms and the letter-carrier, Mulholland. You must
act, and at once, or you will lose the bird.”
“Then,” cried Elaine Willoughby, turning ashen in her heart-sinking,
“hasten to the rooms yourself. Arrest him! Get the paper! It must
come to me alone, whatever happens—remember that. There is
human life, public honor and the happiness of innocent hearts all
hanging on your success. For God’s sake, hasten! Bring me that
paper!” A ferocious joy gleamed in Daly’s eyes.
He felt for his Colt’s police pistol and his steel handcuffs.
“Hold the Frenchwoman tightly. Lock her up by force! I will be here in
an hour, and the paper shall reach no one’s eyes but mine.
“But as to Justine, let Dobson arrest her, and handcuff her. Give her
a good frightening, but watch her that she does herself no harm.”
As Daly stole down the side stairs of the “Circassia,” there was a
muffled scream as the handcuffs closed on the plump wrists of
Justine Duprez. It was the beginning of the end, and Harold
Vreeland had lost his last friend. He was in the jaws of Fate now.
“Dobson has made sure. Now for my man, and to pay off old
scores!” cried Dan Daly, as he sprang into a carriage.
“To South Fifth Avenue!” he cried. “Drive like hell. I’ll make you rich
for a year!” he sharply commanded.
Far away, crouching in the squalid room, watching the frail door and
listening for the sound of a well-known footstep, haggard-eyed and
desperate, Harold Vreeland waited like a wolf at bay. His brain,
burning with alcohol, was now reeling with the violence of his
emotions.
“Only to square her with money, to get her away to the rendezvous in
Paris, or to see her safely in hiding among the French déclassées
here till she can sneak away. Then I’ll remove the paper, and after
that take the first steamer and seek safety and revenge!
“I can get a steerage suite at Hoboken. There are several steamers
to-morrow morning. No one will know, and I’ve money enough left for
a whole year.” He felt for the twenty bills of a thousand dollars each
which he had held back from the check begged from Garston. A
legacy of unsuspected shame!
Tired and wearied, he returned again and again to his brandy flask.
And then his head dropped and his cigar fell from his hand as he
dropped into a half-drunken stupor.
He awoke at a slight noise and raised his head. He fixed his glazed
eyes on the door.
“She is coming!” he muttered. “I’ll get the paper out now, and all will
be ready for a start.”
With a knife, he sprang back the loose plating from the door frame.
Standing on a chair, he had already grasped the paper in his
trembling hand when the door suddenly gave way with a crash, and
three burly men leaped into the room.
He sprang to the floor, but strong arms seized him.
For the first time in his life, Harold Vreeland felt the snapping of
handcuffs. “The jig is up!” cried Daly, facing the astounded culprit.
“I arrest you, Harold Vreeland, for robbing the United States mail,”
cried a deputy marshal; but Dan Daly had already wrenched the
stolen document from the hand of the ruined trickster. He
remembered the last injunctions of the woman he served.
It was now safely hidden in his breast and lying against the picture of
the girl whom Daly had sworn to make the happiest wife in New
York. The one who would rule his little home!
“Hold on to him, boys!” cried Daly, as he stepped away into a side
room and anxiously gazed at the paper which he had recovered.
Yes, it was the same one, for he had only waited weeks to catch the
scoundrel with the document in his unlawful possession. The secret
of the hiding-place was his alone. He called the schoolboy a
“shadow” no longer, for the work was done.
“Take my carriage. Get back and tell the mistress that I have got the
paper she wants. Speak to no one else; and tell her that Vreeland
will be put in a cell alone in Ludlow Street Jail as a United States
prisoner. He’ll have no chance to talk!
“I’ll follow you up soon, see her, and then go and have him stowed
away. I will bring the paper up to her myself. Hurry now, for God’s
sake! I’ll take Helms and that French devil away later. Tell her not to
breathe a word to a living soul. I am acting outside of the law.
“Any one of the stolen letters that we found with Helms will do to
convict him with. I’ve got one here to show up,” mused Daly, “and
now the three wretches up there will all be eager to confess. It only
remains to nab that scoundrel Alberg, and to face him with the
returned Wilmot woman. It’s nearly all over. My God! What’s that?”
Dan Daly sprang back into the main room, pistol in hand, as a
deafening explosion rang out. His eyes rested on a body lying at his
feet.
“How did this happen?” he yelled, as one of the detectives excitedly
knelt over Harold Vreeland lying there dying on the floor.
The last words came faintly to Vreeland’s trembling lips, flecked with
a bloody froth:
“Justine, poor girl, tell her—money—oh, God!—water!—water!”—
muttered the dying man, as his head fell back. He lay there, the man
of art and graces—the man who had played out the lone hand in Life
—dead at their feet, with the steel bands still upon his pulseless
wrists. It was a barren victory!
“It was all done quick as a flash, Dan!” whispered the disgraced
detective. “He was seemingly docile, and asked me for a drink of
water as you went out. I turned to get it. He had seen me put back
my pistol.
“With his handcuffed hands he swiftly plucked it out, then one touch
of the trigger, and there he lies.”
“It is the will of God,” said Daly, gravely. “There’ll be no newspaper
scandal and public exposure now. He has gone before the higher
court. Wait here. Let no one enter. We must call it a drink suicide.”
Daly leaped away like a leopard on the chase to be the first to seal
Mrs. Willoughby’s lips forever as to this happening, and to hand over
the document which had cost the dead scoundrel his life. With grave
faces, the detectives watched the stiffening form upon the floor. The
“rising star” had set forever!
Only the silent, weeping, widowed woman at the Hotel Savoy knew
the whirlwind of baffled hate which had filled Vreeland’s wretched
breast as he staggered away from his wife’s rooms that morning.
Their quarrel had been the unveiling of an unpunished crime—a
tangle of sin and shame.
For smarting under the loss of a “financial backer” who could not
refuse him money advances, Vreeland had faced his wife with the
direct query, so long withheld, as to her separate property.
“You must now aid me with your cash, money, property or whatever
else you have. Garston’s death leaves me without a friend.”
Standing among the scattered pyramids of fashion’s evening
uniforms, Katharine Vreeland turned her bright, defiant eyes upon
the half-insane speculator. How she despised him in her guilty heart!
“I have neither money nor friends. All I had to hope for died with
James Garston. You were not man enough to demand an accounting
of the living.
“And now death pays all debts. I have absolutely nothing to show—”
Vreeland had seized his wife’s wrist.
“You were his—”
“Ward,” quietly retorted the beautiful rebel.
“And, sir, you took me as I took you, on trust! They told me that you
were rich. I find you out to be a mere coward—a fool and a weakling,
too! You have thrown away the handsome fortune which James
Garston gave you. What has become of your own money?
“And your humbug ‘business interests’ down in Wall Street. Were
you, too, only an ‘outside agent’ for Mrs. Willoughby—a mere paper
screen for her speculations? What have you to show me?”
Vreeland’s whitened face proved his silent rage. “Our paths separate
here!” bitterly said Katharine Vreeland. “If you have nothing, I have
less. Not even a husband! Do you see that door?” she cried, with
flashing eyes.
“Never cross its threshold again. Leave me to my dead friend, my
dead hopes, my dead heart—and my poverty.” She was brave to the
last, even in her abandonment.
With a last curse, lost upon the ears of the defiant woman now
hidden in her own room, Vreeland had turned away to his flight,
leaving his wife penniless, and he departed with but one last mad
hope.
To bear away Justine Duprez, the only witness, to rescue the
incriminating document, and then divide with the artful Frenchwoman
the remaining twenty thousand dollars of the loan forced from
Garston. For his deserted wife he had not even a thought!
“Once safe in Paris, Justine can easily hide me there. I can easily
extort a fortune from Mrs. Willoughby and her rich associates.
Justine can marry and have her petit hôtel. The document will be a
wellspring of flowing golden treasure.”
And so in his last hours of life, the woman whom he would once
have sacrificed became his only hope, and to draw her to his
presence at their only safe trysting place he had gone to the
“Circassia” for the last time. But she could not see his furtive signals,
his hovering around. She herself was under lock and key now!
The artful schemer proved in death the truth of Mr. James Potter’s
favorite adage, for his punishment “came around, like everything
else, to the man who waited,” and he only waited in vain, for Justine
Duprez’s footfall. But, grim Death found him out red-handed in his
miserable treachery.
Judge Endicott was closeted with Mrs. Willoughby as Roundsman
Dan Daly sprang into the room and led the trembling woman to a
corner.
When they were alone, Daly whispered:
“Just step into your own room and see if this is all right.
“For God’s sake, never tell a human soul how you got it back. I have
gone beyond my duty to get this into your hands. I would be cast off
the force, punished and disgraced.”
The old lawyer heard Elaine Willoughby’s cry of affright when Daly
told her that Vreeland lay dead by his own hand in the squalid
trysting place of sin.
Hugh Conyers, with a fine prescience of some coming tragedy, had
held the boy messenger under his own eye in the rooms where he
sat guarding Justine until her partner in crime should have been
seized.
“Let no one know, not even him!” begged Daly. “Let the world always
think it to have been a suicide induced by drink and overspeculation.
I can cover it all up.
“Your daughter is safe now. Trust to no one but Conyers. Tell him the
whole story, for, he loves the very ground you walk on.”
There was a strange pallor on Elaine’s face as she laid her finger on
her lips.
“You have saved the happiness of three women, their future, and
their peace of heart and soul. Do not stir. I must have time to think,”
she whispered, as she glided away.
Murmuring, “Dead! dead! in all his unfinished villainy!” she walked
calmly back into the room where the old lawyer awaited her final
answer to Senator Alynton’s urgent prayers.
“Go, my friend! Go! Bring Senator Alynton here at once,” cried the
desperate woman.
“In your presence only, I will return to him the document which he
demands. And its return marks my divorce for life from the Street. I
have signed my last check for stocks, and my heart says Never
Again!
“Go quickly; for when Romaine arrives I wish to be only the Lady of
Lakemere. I have stepped down and out. I abdicate! There’s no
longer a Queen of the Street.
“Noel Endicott can close up all my affairs under your directions.”
“And, Vreeland?” anxiously cried Judge Endicott. The woman’s lips
trembled. “I shall never see him again,” she faltered.
“Go now, for my strength fails, and I wish to be rid of the dangerous
trust forever—this terrible paper which is lying a weight upon my
heart.”
When the old advocate hastened away, then Elaine Willoughby
turned like a tigress at bay.
“Bring Conyers here. I must think! Think! You may yet save us all!”
The policeman darted away.
In five minutes, Daly had recounted the whole story to Hugh
Conyers, who sat holding the woman’s trembling hands.
“I must go back now. Give me your orders. The newspapers are all
that I fear! We must outwit them.”
“Is there not a French restaurant on the ground floor of this haunt
down there?” said Conyers.
“Yes, yes!” impatiently cried Daly.
“Then,” calmly answered Hugh Conyers, “the story goes as follows:
Vreeland, after a hard-drinking bout, had secretly wandered, half-
mad, upstairs and took his life in the first room found open.
“You will remove his body to the Elmleaf apartments. I will send
young Kelly down there to prepare Bagley for the last visit of his
master.”
“And must I notify the Coroner when the body is there?” demanded
the Roundsman, in admiration of the plan.
“Yes, and tell your own story. Keep the deputy marshals quiet. I’ll see
that they are all well rewarded. I will telephone down to the Wall
Street office that Mr. Vreeland has died by accident. I will meet
Maitland, Wyman and Noel Endicott at the Elmleaf.
“One of them can go over and notify Vreeland’s wife, and so, the
whole thing rests safely in our hands.”
“Helms and Mulholland?” questioned Roundsman Daly.
“Let them be safely locked up in Ludlow Street Jail, separately. The
poor letter-carrier will soon confess, and he can be pardoned. He
has only been a tool. Helms can be allowed to leave the country. He
will never talk!
“And to-night, I will face Justine with Martha Wilmot, and then have
her whole confession.”
“That scoundrel, Doctor Alberg?” moodily demanded Daly, as he
moved to the door.
“He will never be heard of after the news of Vreeland’s suicide is
published. Let him slink away; that will be the easiest way to get rid
of him.”
When Daly had departed, Mrs. Willoughby clasped both Conyers’
hands in her trembling palms. The grateful light in her eyes was
shadowed with tears.
“You would save me, Hugh?” she faltered.
“All trouble, all annoyance, all sorrow,” said the journalist, as he rose.
“I must be busy now. See no one. Speak to no one, and above all
never tell Endicott nor Alynton nor any single living soul the
baseness of the man who lies dead down there.”
“You are my saviour,” she murmured; “I will obey; I have only one
matter to close up with Senator Alynton, and then, I am free,” she
said with downcast eyes.
As Conyers went sadly away, he moodily added: “And that is to
answer ‘Yes’ to his offer of his hand and fortune.”
Hugh Conyers was absent, engaged in throwing the mantle of
charity about Vreeland’s sudden death, when Senator Alynton was
led into Elaine’s presence by Judge Endicott.
It was only a matter of a few moments for the load to be lifted from
the woman’s agitated heart. “There is no receipt needed,” gravely
said Endicott.
“Of course the possession of such a paper is as dangerous to friend
as foe. I have no fears that any one will ever call on Mrs. Willoughby
for it again.”
Alynton gazed upon the troubled face of the woman whose empire
over his heart only grew more perfect day by day.
“I must come to you at another time. Can I write?” he murmured. And
Elaine Willoughby bowed her head in silence then, for his speaking
eyes told the story of a life’s hopes. He forebore, in sheer mercy, to
press his suit upon her now.
The great Senatorial millionaire gazed uneasily at Endicott. “I heard
a strange rumor down at the Waldorf from young Wiltshire, about
Vreeland’s individual failure on the Street being announced.”
“Not another word, I beg, Senator,” hurriedly said the old lawyer,
courteously taking his arm.
“My client has been too sadly shocked,” and with the promise of his
own return in the evening, Endicott led his captive away.
“Thank God! They know nothing as yet!” cried the Lady of Lakemere,
as she called Mary Kelly to her side.
It seemed to the agitated woman that the iron jaws of fate had closed
just behind her, and in her grateful heart she saw her only champion,
Hugh Conyers—strong, brave, true, silent and tender. Her loyal and
silent knight!
The words of honest Dan Daly came back to her now. A rosy blush
flamed upon her cheeks as she fled away from the tender-hearted
Mary Kelly’s watchful eyes. “Some day he shall know all, he shall
know my whole heart.”
And when the telegraph messenger, just then arriving, had departed,
she fell back in a happy swoon of delight, for she had read the words
which filled her with sweet surcease of sorrow:
“Coming Saturday; Touraine. Love from Sara and Romaine.”
It was nearly midnight when Justine Duprez’s broken sobs
concluded her last hastily constructed tissue of lies. The schoolboy
guard had inadvertently yielded up to her the news of Harold
Vreeland’s death in a moment of youthful pride. And she was
scheming to free herself now of the inconvenient steel jewelry which
had so broken her spirit. It was a sauve qui peut!
When faced by Conyers, with Martha Wilmot at his side, in the
presence of her sternly silent mistress, Justine caught at the last
straw. She knew all the weaknesses of her mistress’ womanly heart.
“I know why poor Monsieur Vreeland killed himself. He loved my
mistress madly, and he feared that the rich Senator Alynton was
going to marry her. He had bribed me to tell him all about Senator
Alynton’s visits and of the love-making. He was surely half-mad
when he married that heartless woman.
“Poor Vreeland! He suffered from a hopeless love! He feared that
Alynton would marry my mistress, and he feared, too, that he would
then be discharged from the Wall Street business.” Mrs. Willoughby
was trembling in a silent rage.
She dared not face a new whirlwind of gossip, and so, the sly
Frenchwoman had saved herself.
“But, you stole your mistress’ letter and gave it to him,” coldly broke
in Conyers. He realized, too, that the story of Senator Alynton’s love-
making would desperately compromise Mrs. Willoughby, and the
maid could easily poison the public mind.
“I did not!” stoutly ejaculated the lying Frenchwoman. “Vreeland
bribed the German doctor—that cowardly scoundrel Alberg—to have
this very woman here steal the love-letter, and she secretly gave it to
Alberg, and then he gave it to Vreeland. They are both liars!
“I was afraid of Vreeland. He threatened to have me discharged,”
sobbed Justine. “And I know that my mistress was very near to
loving him at one time. The whole truth will come out at my trial. I am
innocent. I shall demand the aid of the French Consul.” Conyers and
Elaine shuddered at this threat of noisy publicity.
“You met him at your rooms,” angrily broke in Conyers, who now saw
Elaine’s agony. The girl had skillfully hidden her face in her hands. It
was her last chance.
“He paid me well for my trouble. I am poor, so poor, and I was afraid
that I might be accused of stealing the letter. He himself spirited this
lying woman away. And I am to be sacrificed! The public shall be my
generous jury. I will tell the story to the whole world. You dare not
ruin me!”
Conyers’ eyes met his beloved one’s in an awkward silence. Then
he returned once more to the attack. “There were the tell-tale wires
and the criminal tapping of the telegraph and telephone.” Conyers
was less harsh in his accusations now, for even Martha Wilmot was
appalled by the Frenchwoman’s audacity. Justine Duprez felt firmer
ground under her now. Her glib answer was ready!
“Vreeland undoubtedly paid the letter-carrier and the janitor. He was
madly determined to prevent the marriage with Alynton, at any cost.
He knew that the Senator disliked him, and would soon cast him out.
You can call those two men before me here. I will face the whole
world, and tell them how the poor young man died for a love which
he had been led into. Why did my mistress pick him up? For a
summer’s amusement? The fine lady’s game. She drove poor
Hathorn to madness. And, she is, of course, a fine lady!”
Hugh Conyers was called from the room, leaving Elaine Willoughby
trembling there, with her pale cheeks tinged with a sudden flame.
There was no defense against this flood of vulgar abuse. Her soul
recoiled at the threatened publicity. The sanctity of her heart was
being violated by this brutal traitress, now alert in the defense of her
liberty. And there were the dangerous secrets of the Sugar ring to
keep! She was now paying the price of her own rashness.
Conyers soon returned, and led his beautiful charge to the end of the
room.
“Alberg has escaped!” he whispered. “He sailed from Hoboken on a
Norwegian tramp steamer to-day. Daly reports that Helms and
Mulholland have been eagerly racing to confess.
“Mulholland blames the drink curse, and says that Vreeland paid him
to help steal a rival’s love-letters, ‘only to beat the game’ of that
hated one. Helms stubbornly stands out and swears that Vreeland
bribed the electrician to tap the wires so as to overhear
Mrs. Willoughby’s lawyer talking over the impending marriage. So
you see, the lying jade will have witnesses to back up her story.”
“What must I do? Tell me, Hugh. You are my only friend,” faltered
Elaine, grasping his arm convulsively. “There is my child. Think of
the agony to her—the shame of such disclosures! My new-found
darling!”
“Yes, and there are the newspaper scandals to fear—the worst
feature. We could not try these people and dare to openly prove the
real facts. Even a French maid’s gossip and babble can find
believers,” sadly said Hugh, with averted eyes. He well knew the
callous gossips!
“You would only estrange Alynton, plunge your daughter into a
useless sorrow, and your whole life story would be bruited abroad. I
can not bear to see you disgraced, Elaine,” he faltered.
“I have a plan,” he said slowly. “Keep the woman Justine here. I will
pay her and ship her off to Paris. Dan Daly will see that she goes.
Let us only frighten her! She will be only too glad to escape her
rightful punishment—the lying jade! You have recovered your
dangerous document. You do not need Martha Wilmot now. Let me
separate these people at once!
“Martha goes back first to England. Alberg is gone, and of course the
nurse can not be convicted. There is no direct evidence. I will have
Mulholland quietly released; Daly can answer for him. Helms we will
call quits with, on his frankly signing a full confession, naming only
himself, and I give him a passage over to Hamburg. And this will
stop Justine’s mouth forever.”
“And the disposition of Justine?” murmured the white-faced woman.
“She stays here only till Vreeland is buried, and I then will have her
properly paid off before the Consul, and see her on the French
steamer myself. I know the French Consul very well. She will never
return. It is the only way to bury the whole past in Vreeland’s grave.

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DOCUMENTS XIV 9 THE RECOVERY AND GROWTH OF EUROPEAN

1 THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: THE FIRST

3 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS 48

7 LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE GLOSSARY 405

1 The Ancient Near East: The First

Assyrian Society and Culture 38

Egyptian Civilization: ‘‘The Gift of the Nile’’ 14

The Decline of the Greek States The Greeks in Italy 95

4 The Hellenistic World

viii Detailed Contents

The New Order 121

Transformation of the Roman World: Crises in

7 Late Antiquity and the

World 146 The Manorial System 186

9 The Recovery and Growth of

The Intellectual and Artistic World of the High

12 Recovery and Rebirth:

15 State Building and the

xii Detailed Contents

Detailed Contents xiii

CHAPTER 1 Alexander Meets an Indian King (Arrian, The

Alexander (2004) 79 Elizabeth (1998) 323

IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE

The Egyptian Diet 22 Entertainment in the Middle Ages 269

DURING A VISIT to Great Britain, where he studied Features of the Text

Patricia Adelle Leonard R. Berlanstein Michael Clinton

IN THE DARK WATERS.

Senator David Alynton’s first duty on reaching the Hotel Belgravia

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