INSTRUCTIONS FOR WRITING PHYSICS RECORD WORK

 Write the exp.no and name of the experiment (in capital ) in INDEX page. Leave the page no and
date.
 Write ‘PHYSICS RECORD’ in first ruled page neatly with some decorations.
 Write any two ‘quotes’ regarding physics or paste some diagrams related x physics syllabus in 2
and 3 pages.
 Next ruled page you can start writing experiments.
 While writing experiments the following order must be
# Ruled page:
1. Only write with blue or black gel / ball point pen
2. Exp. No in left side margin
3. Exp. name in bold capital letters ( different colours can be used)
4. AIM, APPARATUS, PRINCIPLE, PROCEDURE, AND RESULTS will be written
properly
# Un ruled page:
1. Only use pencil to write or draw diagrams in this page( not permitted to write
anything with pen in this page)
2. Diagrams, observations and calculations are entered in this page.
3. Graphs must be prepared in graph sheet and pasted in this page.(must be cut in small
size and neatly pasted)
 Write the experiments in neat handwriting and without errors.
 Complete one exp. totally and then move to next page to start the next exp.
 Use 75 page record book for writing Physics Record.

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 INDEX

Exp. No 1 THE VERNIER CALIPERS

Exp. No. 2 THE SCREW GAUGE

Exp. No. 3 THE SIMPLE NPENDULUM

Exp. No. 4 THE REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM

Exp. No. 5 OHM’S LAW

Exp. No. 6 COMBINATION OF RESISTORS IN SERIES

Exp. No. 7 COMBINATION OF RESISTORS IN PARALLEL

Exp. No. 8 CONVEX LENS – I

Exp. No. 9 GLASS SLAB – REFRACTION OF LIGHT

Exp. No. 10 CONVEX LENS -II

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Exp. No. 1
THE VERNIER CALIPERS
AIM
1. To measure the diameter and hence the volume of a sphere.
2. To measure the length and diameter of a solid cylinder and hence the volume of cylinder.
APPARATUS
Vernier calipers, sphere, cylinder etc
PRINCIPLE
The least count (L.C) of the vernier is the smallest length that can be measured accurately with it.
It is given by
Least count = value of 1 main scale division - value of 1 vernier scale division ( or )
value of 1 main scale division
Least count =
no of venier scale divisions
4 3
If ‘ r’ is the radius of the sphere then the volume of the sphere is V= πr
3
If ‘l’ is the length and ‘r’ is the radius of cylinder then its volume is V = πr2l
PROCEDURE
The value of a main scale division is noted.
Count the no of divisions on the vernier scale.
Note the total length of vernier scale and hence find the value of a vernier scale division.
The least count of the vernier is then calculated.
The given sphere is gently gripped between the jaws A and B of the vernier calipers.
The main scale reading ( M S R ) immediately before the zero of the vernier is noted.
The division of the vernier scale which coincides with any division on the main scale is also
noted. The is the vernier scale reading ( V S R ).
Then the diameter of the sphere is calculated by d = M S R + (V S R x L C) and radius of the
d
sphere is r = .
2
The experiment is repeated and the mean value of r is determined.
Then find the volume of the sphere by using formula.
Similarly measure the length and diameter diameter of the given cylinder by
gripping the cylinder between the jaws A and B
Find the volume of the cylinder using the above length and radius by using formula.
DIAGRAM

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OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
 Value of 1 main scale division = 1 mm =0.1cm
 Total no of divisions on the vernier scale = 10
 Least count ( L C ) = …………….cm

Dimension Trial Main scale reading Vernier scale VSRxLC MSR = Mean
measured no MSR reading VSR x LC
VSR
Diameter 1 1.5 5
of sphere
2 1.5 6
3 1.5 4
4 1.5 5
Length of 1 3.8 8
the
2 3.8 6
cylinder
3 3.8 8
4 3.8 6
Diameter 1 1.8 3
of cylinder
2 1.8 4
3 1.8 4
4 1.8 5

Radius of the sphere(r) =………….. m

Volume of the sphere ( V ) = …………………..m3

Length of the cylinder (l) = …………..m

Radius of the cylinder n( r ) =………………….m

Volume of the cylinder ( V ) = …………………m3

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RESULTS
1. The volume of the sphere = ………………………..m3
2. The volume of the cylinder =………………………m3

Exp. No. 2
THE SCREW GAUGE
AIM
1. To find the thickness of given glass plate
2. To find the volume and surface area of the lead shot/ sphere.
APPARATUS
Screw gauge, glass plate, lead shot/ sphere etc.
PRINCIPLE
Screw gauge can be used to measure lengths correct to a fraction on the smallest division of the
pitch scale called the least count ( L C ).
pitch of the screw
Least count ( L C ) =
no of circular scale divisions
If ‘r’ is the radius of the lead shot then
4 3
Volume of the lead shot = πr
3
Surface area of the lead shot = 4 πr2
PROCEDURE
The value of pitch scale division is noted.
The zero of the circular scale is made to coincide with any reading on the pitch scale.
The reading on the pitch scale is noted.
Turn the head of the screw for ‘n’ number of rotations.
Measure the distance moved by the screw from pitch scale and calculate the distance moved for
one rotation of the head of the screw. This is the pitch of the screw ( P ).
Calculate the least count by dividing pitch with number of circular scale divisions.
Also note the zero error of the screw gauge by bringing studs are in contact.
Place the given glass block gently between the studs.
Note the pitch scale reading ( PSR).
Note the circular scale division in line with the reference line of the pitch scale. This is the
circular scale reading ( C S R ).
Correct the CSR with zero correction and obtain corrected CSR.
Calculate the thickness of glass plate by using t = P S R = ( corrected CSR x LC ).
Repeat the experiment and find the mean value. This gives the thickness of the glass plate.
Similarly measure the diameter of lead shot and then its radius by placing the given lead shot

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 gently between the studs.
Calculate the volume and surface area of the lead shot by using formula.
DIAGRAM

OBSEVASTIONS AND CALCULOATIONS

No. of rotations (n)= 6

Distance moved by the screw
for 6 rotations ( s) = 6 mm
Pitch of the screw ( P ) = ………… mm
No. of division on the circular scale ( N ) = 100
P
Least count ( L C ) = = ……………. mm
N

Zero error = -3 div

Zero correction = + 3 div
Object & Trial PSR CSR Corrected CSR PSR + ( corr CSR x LC ) Mean
dimension no. mm
Thickness 1 4 79
of the glass
plate (t) 2 4 77

3 4 79

4 4 78

Diameter of 1 8 24
the lead
shot ( d ) 2 8 22

3 8 23

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 4 8 25

Thickness of the glass plate ( t ) = ………………mm

= ……………….m
Radius of the lead shot ( r ) = ………………… mm = ……………….m
4 3
Volume of the lead shot ( V ) = πr
3
=
=
= ……………………………. m3
Surface area of the lead shot ( A ) =
=
=………………………………m2
RESULTS
1. Thickness of the glass plate = ………………………….m
2. Volume of the lead shot =………………………….m3
3. Surface area of the lead shot = ………………………..m2

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Exp. No. 3
THE SIMPLE PENDULUM
AIM
1. To verify the law relating to the time period and length of the simple pendulum.
2. To determine the acceleration due to gravity.
3. To find the length of the seconds pendulum.
APPARATUS
A simple pendulum, a meter scale, stop clock, graph sheet etc.
PRINCIPLE
When amplitude is very small, the time period of oscillation ( T ) of a simple pendulum is given
by T = 2π
√l
g
when ‘g’ is the acceleration due to gravity and ‘l’ is the length of the pendulum.
l
Hence g = 4π2
T2
A straight line graph obtained when T2 is plotted against ‘l’ proving that T2 α l
PROCEDURE
The radius of the bob is determined using vernier calipers.
The length of the pendulum ‘l’ is first adjusted to 0.50 m by measuring the distance between the
point of suspension and the top of the bob is equal to ( 50 – r ) cm.
Mark the equilibrium position of the pendulum in th floor or table.
The bob is drawn to one side by a small distance and release.
The simple pendulum starts to oscillate between the extreme positions.
Leave initial few oscillations and get the stop clock ready.
Start the stop clock when the pendulum crosses the equilibrium mark towards one side.
When the pendulum just passes the mark in the same direction, it is counted as one and so on.
At the end of 20 oscillations, the stop clock is stopped and the time ‘t’ is noted.
This is repeated once again and the mean value for 20 oscillations is found out.
The time ‘t’ divided by 20 gives the time period of oscillations ( T ).
Calculate the square of the time period and l / T2 .
The experiment is repeated for lengths 0.60 m, 0.70 m, 0.80 m, 0.90 m and 1.0 m.
The value of l / T2 is found to be constant.
This shows that T2 α l or T α√ l.
This verifies the law relating to the length and period of the simple pendulum.
A graph is drawn taking the length (l) along the X –axis and the square of the time period (T2)
along the Y – axis.
This graph is a straight line which shows T2 α l or T α√ l.
Find the value of l / T2 from the graph by constructing a triangle ABC by drawing AB and BC
parallel to the x- axis and Y – axis respectively.
AB l
The value of = =¿K is calculated from the graph.
BC T 2
The acceleration due to gravity is calculated by using g = 4π2K ms-2.
The length of the seconds pendulum whose time period ( T ) is 2 seconds, can be obtained from

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 the graph by finding the value of ‘l’ corresponding to T2 = 4.

DIAGRAM

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

The diameter of the bob (d) = 2.2 cm

The radius of the bob ( r ) = 1.1 cm

Trial no. Length of Time fro 20 oscillations Time T2 sec2 l / T2 ms-2

the period (T)
pendulum Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean ‘t’ s = t / 20
( cm)
1 50 29 29.5 29.25

2 60 32 32 32

3 70 34.5 34.5 34.5

4 80 36 36.5 36.25

5 90 38.5 38 38.25

6 100 40 40 40

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GRAPH

To find the value of ‘g’:

Average value of l / T2 =………………….. m s-2
Acceleration due to gravity = ms-2

To find the length of the seconds pendulum from the tabulation:

T2 = ……………. s2
Mean l / T2 = ……………….
Length of the seconds pendulum l =
= …………….m

To find ‘g’ from the graph:

AB = 40 cm = …………. m
BC = …………………….. s2
AB
K= = ………….. = ………..ms-2
BC
g = 4π2K =
= …………….. ms-2
To find the length of the seconds pendulum from graph:
T=2s
T2 = 4 s2
i. e. ‘l’ for T2 = 4 s2 from the graph = ……………….. cm

RESULTS
1. The law relating time period and the length of simple pendulum is verified.
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 2. The acceleration due to gravity by calculation = …………….. ms-2
3. The acceleration due to gravity from graph = …………….. ms-2
4. Length of the seconds pendulum from tabulation = …………………m
5. Length of the seconds pendulum from graph = ……………….. m

Exp. No. 4
THE REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM
AIM
1. To plot the graph showing the variation of the angle of deviation with angle of incidence for a
glass prism.
2. To find the angle of minimum deviation.
3. To find the refractive index of the material of the prism.
APPARATUS
Drawing board, pins, paper, scale protractor, prism etc.
PRINCIPLE
As the angle of incidence ( i ) increases, angle of deviation ( d ) decreases and reaches a
minimum value called angle of minimum deviation ( D ) then the angle of deviation increases.
If ‘A’ is the angle of the prism, then the refractive index of the material of the prism
A +D
sin
2
μ =
A
sin
2
PROCEDURE
Place the paper on the drawing board and fix it.
Outline ABC of the prism is marked on the paper and prism is removed.
On the side AB a point is chosen almost at the middle and the normal at that point is drawn.
Another line PQ is drawn making an angle 300 with the normal.
Two pins P1 and P2 are fixed on this line at 5 cm apart.
The prism is placed on its place i.e. on the outline ABC.
The refracted image of the two pins P1 and P2 are viewed through the face AC.
Two pins P3 and P4 are fixed on the paper so that in that particular direction the refracted images
of P1 and P2 and P3 and P4 appear to lie in the same straight line.
The positions of pins are marked after removing them.
Lines PQ and RS are drawn and produced to get the angle of deviation ( d ).
The experiment is repeated for different angles of incidence i.e 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 etc.
and the corresponding angles of deviations are obtained.
A graph is plotted against angle of incidence along X – axis and angle of deviation along Y–axis.
The angle of minimum deviation ( D ) is obtained from the graph.
Angle of the prism ( A ) is measured using a protractor from the outline of the prism ABC.
Calculate the refractive index ( μ ) of the material of the prism by using the formula.

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DIAGRAM

OBSEVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Trial no. Angle of incidence Angle of deviation

(i)0 ( d )0
1 30 49

2 35 44

3 40 40

4 45 37

5 50 38

6 55 46

7 60 55

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GRAPH

Angle of minimum deviation from the graph ( D ) = 360

Angle of the prism ( A ) = 600

μ = …………………………..

RESULTS
1. The graph obtained is showing the variation of the angle of deviation with the angle of
incidence for the glass prism.
2. Angle of minimum deviation ( D ) = ………………..
3. Refractive index of the material of the prism ( μ ) =…………………..

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Exp. No. 5
OHM’S LAW
AIM
To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing
through it and determine its resistance.
Also plot a graph between V and I.
APPARATUS
A battery, an insulated copper wire (cut into 10 pieces), a key, an ammeter, a voltmeter,
a rheostat, a resistor etc
PRINCIPLE
Ohm’s Law: The potential difference, V across the ends of a given metallic wire in an electric
circuit is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided its temperature is the
same.
i.e V ∝ I
or V = IR, (Here R = Constant for the given metallic wire)

PROCEDURE
Arrange the apparatus as shown in the circuit diagram.
Connect them with the connecting wires and keep the key open.
Positive terminal of the battery is connected to the positive terminal of the ammeter.
Check the +ve and -ve terminals of voltmeter before connecting it in the circuit.
Once the circuit is connected, insert the key and check the rheostat, adjust its slider and see
whether the ammeter and voltmeter readings are shown.
By using the slider of rheostat take six different readings of current I and voltmeter V.
Record your observations in the observation table.
Calculate resistance of a given resistor by formula .
The average value of V / I gives the unknown resistance R.
Plot a graph of voltmeter reading ( V ) along Y - axis and ammeter reading ( I ) along X- axis.
The graph is a straight line passing through the origin.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Trial no. Ammeter reading Voltmeter reading

(I) A (V)V V
R= Ω
I
1 0.1 0.20

2 0.2 0.42

3 0.3 0.63

4 0.4 0.80

5 0.5 1.05

6 0.6 1.20

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GRAPH

Mean resistance of resistor R = 2.05 Ω

RESULTS
V
1. The current and voltage of a given resistance has linear relationship as shown in graph and
I
ratio is constant. Hence Ohm’s law is verified.
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 2. The value of given resistance R = …………..Ω

Exp. No. 6
COMBINATION OF RESISTORS IN SERIES
AIM
1.To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series.
APPARATUS
Two resistors of different values, Battery, Ammeter, plug key, connecting wires, a voltmeter and
rheostat.
PRINCIPLE
If two resistors named as R1 and R2 are joined end to end they are said to be connected in series.
If current I is drawn from the battery, the current through each resistor will also be I.
The p. d is divided among the resistors as V1 and V2.
According to ohm’s law,
V1 = I R 1
V2 = I R 2
We know that, V = V1 + V2
V = I ( R1 + R2 )
If the equivalent resistance between the points is Rs, then the p.d between the points V = I Rs
So I Rs = I ( R1 + R2 )
R s = R1 + R2
PROCEDURE
Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram given below.
Connect ammeter in series ,voltmeter in parallel and rheostat in series in the circuit.
Carefully check the +ve and -ve terminals of the battery, voltmeter and ammeter, and the
connections as shown in Fig. I.
Record the ammeter reading and the voltmeter reading by inserting the key.
By adjusting rheostat note at least four readings.
Now connect voltmeter in parallel one by one to individual resistance as shown in Fig. II and
note down the readings.
Plug the key. Measure the potential difference across the first resistor. Let it be V1 .
Similarly, measure the potential difference across the second resistor, separately.
Let the value be V2.

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 Calculate the relationship between V, V1, and V2.
Calculate the value of R and R1 + R2 separately and find the relationship between them.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Resistor Trial no. Voltmeter Ammeter V Mean value

R=
used reading ( V ) reading ( I ) I of R
First resistor 1 0.01 0.01 R1 = ……Ω
R1 2 0.02 0.02
3 0.03 0.03
4 0.04 0.04
Second 1 0.02 0.01 R2 = …..Ω
resistor R2
2 0.04 0.02
3 0.06 0.03
4 0.08 0.04
Series 1 0.03 0.01 Rs = …..Ω
combination
2 0.06 0.02
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 R s = R1 + R2 3 0.09 0.03
4 0.12 0.04

R1 = ……….. Ω
R2 = …………..Ω
R1 + R2 = …………….Ω
RS = …………Ω
Hence Rs = R1 + R2
RESULTS
1. The calculated value of Rs = R1 + R2 = …………. Ω.
2. The experimental value of Rs = …………….. Ω
Hence, Rs = R1 + R2 is verified.

Exp. No .7
COMBINATION OF RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
AIM.
`.To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in parallel.
APPARATUS
A battery, a plug key, connecting wires, an ammeter, a voltmeter, rheostat, two resistors of
different value etc.
PRINCIPLE
When the resistors are connected in parallel with a combination of cells or battery, in such case
the total current I, is equal to the sum of the separate value of current through each branch of the
combination. i.e., I=I1+I2+I3+…..
If two resistors R1 and R2 are connected in parallel, then according to ohm’s law
V V V
I= , I1 = and I2 = then
Rp R1 R2

I = I 1 + I2
V V V
= +
Rp R1 R2
1 1 1
= +
Rp R1 R2

The total current is always decreased when resistors are connected in parallel.

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 When the resistors are connected in parallel then the equivalent resistance of the parallel
combination of the resistors is always low.
PROCEDURE
Arrange the apparatus as shown in the given figure I.
When the circuit is connected appropriately insert the key.
Note three readings of ammeter and voltmeter for the resistors R1 and R2 separately.
Now connect the circuit as shown in figure II below.
The resistors are connected in parallel and voltmeter is also connected in parallel.
Use the rheostat and record three different readings of ammeter and voltmeter.
Do the calculations from the observation table.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Resistor used Trial Voltmeter Ammeter V Mean value

R=
no. reading ( V ) reading ( I) I of R
First resistor R1 1 0.01 0.01 R1 = …..Ω
2 0.02 0.02
3 0.03 0.03
4 0.04 0.04
Second resistor 1 0.02 0.01 R2 = …..Ω
R2
2 0.04 0.02
3 0.06 0.03
4 0.08 0.04
Parallel 1 0.027 0.04 RP =…. Ω
combination 2 0.033 0.05

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 1 1 3 0.04 0.06
= +
Rp R1 4 0.052 0.08
1
R2

R1 = ………….Ω, R2 = ……… Ω
1 1 1
= +
Rp R1 R2
1
=……………
Rp
1
=…….
Rp

Rp = ……………. Ω
Resistance of parallel combination Rp = ………………… Ω
RESULTS
1. The calculated value of Rp = ……………….Ω
2. The experimental value of Rp = ……………….. Ω
1 1 1
Hence = +
Rp R1 R2

3. The equivalent resistance (Rp) is less than the individual resistance (R1 or R2)

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Exp. No. 8
CONVEX LENS –I
[FOCAL LENGTH OF CONVEX LENS]
AIM
To determine the focal length of a convex lens by
1. Distant object method
2. Direct method( plane mirror method )/ normal reflection method.
APPARATUS
Convex lens, lens stand, illuminated wire gauze, white screen, metre scale etc.
PRINCIPLE
A convex lens forms a real image of the distant object at the principal focus.
When a parallel beam of light falls on a convex lens, the rays, after refraction converge at a point
on its other side.
If the parallel beam of light comes from a distant object, a real, inverted image of very small size
is formed at the focus of the lens.
The distance between the optical centre of lens ‘O’ and the principal focus ‘F’ of the lens is called
focal length of a lens. Denoted by ‘f’.
Since the image formed by the lens is real, it can be obtained on a screen.
PROCEDURE.
1. Distant object method
The given convex lens is mounted on a stand and turned towards a distant object.
A white screen is placed on the other side of the lens and adjusted till a clear image of the
distant object is got on it.
The distance between the lens and the screen is measured.
This length gives the focal length of the lens.
The experiment is repeated by turning the lens towards different object and the mean focal
length is determined.
2. Direct method or normal reflection method
The convex lens is mounted on a stand in front of illuminated wire gauze.
The plane mirror is held behind the lens close to the lens.
The position of the lens is adjusted till a clear image of the wire gauze is got side by side with
it.
The distance between the lens and the wire gauze is measured. This gives the focal length of
the lens.
The experiment is repeated and the mean focal; length is determined.
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DIAGRAMS

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS.

1. Distant object method
Trial. Object Distance between the lens and the screen ( f ) Mean focal length (f)
No.

Page | 23
 1 Obj 1 12.1 cm

2 Obj 2 12.2 cm
……….cm
3 Obj 3 12.0 cm
4 Obj 4 12.1cm

2. Direct method or normal reflection method

Trial. Object Distance between the lens and the wire gauze Mean focal length (f)
No. (f)
1 WG 12.0 cm

2 WG 12.1 cm
…………….. cm
3 WG 12.3 cm
4 WG 12.0cm

The mean focal length of the given convex lens by distant object method ( f ) = ……. cm
=…………m
The mean focal length of the given convex lens by normal reflection method (f ) =…….. cm
= …………m
RESULTS
1. The focal length of the given convex lens by distant object method ( f ) = …………..m
2. The focal length of the given convex lens by normal reflection method (f ) =……………m

Exp. No. 9.
GLASS SLAB – REFRACTION OF LIGHT
AIM
To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of
incidence.
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 Measure the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence and interpret the result.
APPARATUS
A drawing board, 4-6 paper pins, white sheet of paper, rectangular glass slab, a protractor,
a scale, a pencil etc.
PRINCIPLE
When light passes from one medium to other it deviates/changes its path, this property of light is
called refraction of light.
When a ray of light travels from denser medium to rarer medium it bends away from the normal.
When a ray of light travels from rarer medium to denser medium, it bends towards the normal.
The perpendicular shift in the path of light, seen when it emerges out from the refracting medium
is called lateral displacement.
During Refraction:(i) Angle of incidence = Angle of emergence.(ii) Incident ray and emergent
ray are parallel.
Laws of Refraction:
(i) The incident ray, the normal ray and the refracted ray, all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a constant
quantity for the two given media. This law is also known as Snell’s law. sin i/ sin r
This constant value is called the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first.
PROCEDURE
Take a soft drawing board. Fix a white sheet on it with the help of thumb pins.
Place the rectangular glass slab in the centre of the white paper and draw its outline boundary
with pencil.
Mark this rectangular figure obtained as ABCD.
On one side of this figure, i.e., AB take one point E, draw a perpendicular EN and label it as
normal ray.
With the help of a protractor draw one angle of 30° with the EN. Fix two pins P and Q on the ray
of this angle, the distance between the pins should be more than 4-5 cm.
Put the glass slab on the rectangular figure ABCD.
See through the glass slab from side CD and fix pin R and S such that when seen through the
glass slab all the pins lie in straight line, [i.e., Pins P, Q, R and S should lie in straight line when
seen through the glass slab]
Now, remove the pins P, Q, R and S one by one and draw small circles around the pin points.
Remove the glass slab.
Join points R and S such that it meets CD at point F.
Draw perpendicular to CD at point F as N’M’.
Join points E and F with the pencil.
Measure the angles formed at AB and CD, i.e., the incident angle, refracted angle and
emergent angle.
Extend ray PQ with scale and pencil in dotted line. It will be parallel to ray FRS. The distance
between these two parallel rays is called lateral displacement (d).
Measure the lateral displacement.
Repeat the above procedure for angles 45° and 60°.

DIAGRAM

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 ABCD = Glass slab
EN and FM’ = Normal rays
P, Q, R, S = All pins ∠PEN = ∠i = incident angle = 30°
∠MEF = ∠r = refracted angle
∠SFM’= ∠e = emergent angle = 30° ~ 31°
d = lateral displacement.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Trial. No. Angle of Angle of Angle of ∟i - ∟e

incidence ( ∟i ) refraction ( ∟r ) emergence (∟e )
Page | 26
 1 300 280 300

2 450 430 44.80

3 600 560 29.80

RESULTS
1. The angle of incidence is nearly equal to the angle of emergence.
2. The angle of refraction is less than angle of incidence because light is travelling from rarer to
denser optical medium.
3. The lateral displacement remains the same for different angles of incidences.
4. When the light ray travels from optically rarer medium (air) to optically denser medium (glass) the
light bends towards the normal.

Exp. No.10
CONVEX LENS – II
[IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX LENS FOR VARIOUS OBJECT DISTANCE]
AIM
To find the image distance for varying object distances in case of a convex lens and draw
Page | 27
 corresponding ray diagrams to show the nature of image formed.
APPARATUS
A convex lens of a short focal length (12-20 cm), measuring scale, optical bench and a needle or
a candle.
PRINCIPLE
Convex lens : It is also called converging lens because it converges a beam of light incident on
it. Double convex lens is bulging in the centre, i.e., it is thicker in the middle and thinner at the
edges. Convex lens is having real focus ( F )
The distance of object from the centre of lens is represented by letter ‘u’.
The distance of image from the centre of lens is represented by letter ‘v’.
Focal length is the distance between optical centre to focus, represented by ‘f’.
Lens formula formula gives the relationship between object distance (u), image-distance (v) and
the focal length (ƒ). The lens formula is expressed as
A convex lens form the real and virtual images depends on the position of the object with respect
to the lens.
PROCEDURE
Fix a thin convex lens on a lens holder and place the screen on the other side of the lens.
Focus a sharp, clear and inverted image of the distant object on the screen. This is the rough
focal length, measure it with the help of a metre scale.
Mark the position of lens on optical bench or on a table. Fix the lens at this point, label it as ‘O’.
Mark a point ‘F’ at both the sides of the lens as focus of the lens by knowing the focal length as
calculated in first step.
Mark a point 2F at both the sides of the lens, the distance of 2F from the lens is double the focal
length of the lens.
Place a candle on the table or needle on optical bench at distance beyond 2F and adjust the
height of the centre of lens nearly equal to the height of the flame of the candle.
To locate a sharp image of the candle flame in the convex lens from the other side of the lens,
adjust the position of the screen and record your observations.
Now, place the object, e., the lighted candle or the needle at 2F and record your observations.
Now, shift the object between F and 2F and record the observations.
Now, place the object at F and record the observations.
Place the object between O and F of the lens and record your observations.

DIAGRAMS

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OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
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 Hence the focal length of the given lens ( f ) =……………..m
RESULTS

Focal length of the given lens ( f ) = ………………..m.

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