Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SBC Code 303
SBC Code 303
FOUNDATIONS
SBC 303 - CR
Code Requirements
2018
THE SAUDI BUILDING CODE
FOR
SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS
(SBC 303-CR)
SBC 303-CR-18 i
THE SAUDI BUILDING CODE
FOR
SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS
(SBC 303-CR)
COPYRIGHT © 2018
by
The Saudi Building Code National Committee (SBCNC).
(Edition 200923)
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. All intellectual property rights of this Saudi Code are owned by the National
Committee of Saudi Building Code as per the Saudi laws of the intellectual property. No part of this code may
be reproduced, distributed or leased in any form or by any means, including but not limited to publishing on
cloud sites, computer networks or any electronic means of communication, without prior written permission
from the National Committee of the Saudi Building Code. The purchase of an electronic or a paper copy does
not exempt the individual or entity from complying with the above limitations.
SBC 303-CR-18 i
THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
(SBC 303-CR)
THE SAUDI BUILDING CODE
FOR
SBC 303-CR-18 ii
PREFACE
PREFACE
The Saudi Building Code for Soils and Foundations referred to as SBC 303 provides minimum
requirements pertaining to material properties of soils, and design and construction of foundation
systems. The first edition of SBC 303 was published in the year of 2007. SBC 303-18 is the second
edition of SBC 303 and covers: geotechnical investigations; excavation grading and fill; presumptive
load-bearing of soils; spread footings; foundation walls; retaining walls; combined footings and mats;
design for expansive soils; design for collapsible soils; design for sabkha soils; design for vibratory
loads; dampproofing and waterproofing; and deep foundations.
The current edition of the Code has been substantially reorganized and reformatted relative to its 2007
edition. The code is reorganized into 14 chapters. The reorganization was in response to past requests
concerning the difficulty in finding provisions. The new layout is more user-friendly and will better
facilitate the use of the design provisions.
The International Code Council (ICC) materials, especially Chapter 18 of IBC, and local and regional
geotechnical reports were used in the development of this Code. Saudi Building Code National
Committee (SBCNC) has made an agreement with the ICC to use their materials and modify them as
per the local construction needs and regulatory requirements of Saudi Arabia. The ICC is not
responsible or liable in any way to SBCNC or to any other party or entity for any modifications or
changes that SBCNC makes to such documents.
The writing process of SBC 303-18 followed the methodology approved by the Saudi Building Code
National Committee. Many changes and modifications were made in the referred sources to meet the
local weather, materials, construction and regulatory requirements.
The committees responsible for SBC 303 Code have taken all precautions to avoid ambiguities,
omissions, and errors in the document. Despite these efforts, the users of SBC 303 may find
information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete.
The SBCNC alone possesses the authority and responsibility for updating, modifying and interpreting
the Code.
SBC 303-CR-18 ii
PREFACE
The requirements related to administration and enforcement of this Code are advisory only. SBCNC
and governmental organizations, in charge of enforcing this Code, possess the authority to modify
these administrative requirements.
SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS
The entire SBC 303-18 is divided into 14 chapters. A brief outline of these chapters is given below:
Chapter 1. General—This chapter explains where SBC 303 Code applies and how it is to be
interpreted. This chapter clarifies that allowable bearing pressures, allowable stresses and design
formulas provided in this code shall be used with the allowable stress design load combinations. The
various terminologies used in the Code are also defined in this chapter.
Chapter 3. Excavation, Grading and Fill—This chapter provides the details of safety precautions
that must be considered at all stages of excavation, grading and fill. This chapter also emphasizes that
special care, measures, and techniques shall be followed for excavation below the groundwater table.
Chapter 5. Spread Footings—This chapter provides the requirements for the design and construction
of spread footings.
Chapter 6. Foundation Walls—Foundation walls typically serve as the enclosure for a basement or
crawl space as well as a below-grade load-bearing foundation component. These walls carry vertical
loads from the structure above, resist wind and any lateral forces transmitted to the foundations and
sustain earth pressures exerted against the walls. This chapter provides the requirements for the design
and construction of foundation walls.
Chapter 7. Retaining Walls—This chapter provides minimum requirements for the design of
retaining walls to ensure stability against overturning, sliding, excessive foundation pressure and water
uplift. The provisions of this chapter apply to all matters pertaining to design and construction of rigid
gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, buttressed, and counterfort retaining walls.
Chapter 8. Combined Footings and Mats—This chapter provides requirements for the analysis,
design, and construction of combined footings and mats.
SBC 303-CR-18 iv
SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS
Chapter 9. Design for Expansive Soils—Provisions of this chapter apply to building foundation
systems in expansive soil areas. Foundation design and construction shall be based on geotechnical
investigations, unless the building official ascertains that sufficient data upon which to base the design
and construction of the foundation system is available.
Chapter 10. Design for Collapsible Soils—Provisions of this chapter apply to building foundation
systems on collapsible soil areas. Foundation design and construction shall be based on site
investigations, unless the building official ascertains that sufficient data upon which to base the design
and construction of the foundation system is available.
Chapter 11. Design for Sabkha Soils— Soils with a high content of soluble or insoluble salts and
high salinity with the occasional relatively hard crusty surface can be classified as Sabkha. Provisions
of this chapter apply to building foundation systems in sabkha soil areas. Foundation design and
construction shall be based on geotechnical site investigations unless the building official ascertains
that sufficient data upon which to base the design and construction of the foundation system is
available.
Chapter 12. Design for Vibratory Loads—This chapter provides minimum requirements for the
design of foundations subjected to dynamic loading due to machinery vibrations.
Chapter 13. Dampproofing and Waterproofing— This chapter covers the requirements for
waterproofing and dampproofing those parts of substructure construction that need to be provided with
moisture protection. It identifies the locations where moisture barriers are required and specifies the
materials to be used and the methods of application. The provisions also deal with subsurface water
conditions, drainage systems and other protection requirements.
Chapter 14. Deep Foundations—This chapter sets forth the general rules for analyzing, designing,
detailing and installing deep foundations.
SBC 303-CR-18 v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 —GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 —SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 —DESIGN BASIS .............................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 —DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................................................................ 1
CHAPTER 2 —GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS ........................................................................................2
2.1 —GENERAL...................................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 —SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION .......................................................................................................................................... 2
2.3 —SOIL CLASSIFICATION .................................................................................................................................................. 4
2.4 —INVESTIGATION ........................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.5 —SOIL BORING AND SAMPLING ..................................................................................................................................... 5
2.6 —REPORTING .................................................................................................................................................................. 6
CHAPTER 3 —EXCAVATION, GRADING AND FILL ........................................................................................9
3.1 —GENERAL...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 —COMMENCEMENT ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3 —EXCAVATIONS NEAR FOUNDATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 9
3.4 —SLOPE LIMITS ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.5 —SURCHARGE ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
3.6 —PLACEMENT OF BACKFILL .......................................................................................................................................... 10
3.7 —SITE GRADING............................................................................................................................................................ 10
3.8 —GRADING DESIGNATION............................................................................................................................................ 10
3.9 —GRADING AND FILL IN FLOOD HAZARD AREAS ......................................................................................................... 10
3.10 —COMPACTED FILL MATERIAL ................................................................................................................................... 10
3.11 —CONTROLLED LOW-STRENGTH MATERIAL (CLSM) .................................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER 4 —PRESUMPTIVE LOAD-BEARING VALUES OF SOILS ......................................................... 13
4.1 —LOAD COMBINATIONS............................................................................................................................................... 13
4.2 —PRESUMPTIVE LOAD-BEARING VALUES .................................................................................................................... 13
4.3 —LATERAL LOAD RESISTANCE ...................................................................................................................................... 13
4.4 —COMPUTED LOAD-BEARING VALUES ........................................................................................................................ 13
CHAPTER 5 —SPREAD FOOTINGS ............................................................................................................... 17
5.1 —GENERAL.................................................................................................................................................................... 17
5.2 —DEPTH AND WIDTH OF FOOTINGS ............................................................................................................................ 17
5.3 —FOOTINGS ON OR ADJACENT TO SLOPES .................................................................................................................. 17
5.4 —DESIGN OF FOOTINGS ............................................................................................................................................... 18
5.5 —EMBEDDED POSTS AND POLES.................................................................................................................................. 19
5.6 —SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS........................................................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 6 —FOUNDATION WALLS ............................................................................................................ 24
6.1 —GENERAL.................................................................................................................................................................... 24
6.2 —DESIGN LATERAL SOIL LOADS .................................................................................................................................... 24
6.3 —UNBALANCED BACKFILL HEIGHT ............................................................................................................................... 24
6.4 —RUBBLE STONE FOUNDATION WALLS ....................................................................................................................... 24
6.5 —CONCRETE FOUNDATION WALLS .............................................................................................................................. 24
6.6 —PRESCRIPTIVE DESIGN OF CONCRETE FOUNDATION WALLS .................................................................................... 24
6.7 —PIER AND CURTAIN WALL FOUNDATIONS................................................................................................................. 25
CHAPTER 7 —RETAINING WALLS ................................................................................................................ 27
7.1 —GENERAL.................................................................................................................................................................... 28
7.2 —LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES ...................................................................................................................................... 28
7.3 —BEARING CAPACITY ................................................................................................................................................... 29
7.4 —STABILITY ................................................................................................................................................................... 30
SBC 303-CR-18 vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL
SBC 303-CR-18 1
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL
determined at any stress level as per ASTM the load-bearing area of the pile in end
D 5333. bearing.
Collapsible Soils. Soil deposits that are Erosion. The wearing away of the ground surface
characterized by sudden and large volume as a result of the movement of wind and
decrease upon wetting. These deposits are water.
comprised primarily of silt or fine sand- Excavation. The mechanical or manual removal of
sized particles with small amounts of clay, earth material.
and may contain gravel. Collapsible soils Expansion Index The percent swell of soil
have low density, but are relatively stiff and determined in accordance with ASTM-
strong in their dry state. D4829 multiplied by fraction passing No. 4
Column. A structural member with a ratio of sieve multiplied by 100.
height-to-least-lateral dimension exceeding Expansion Joints. Intentional plane of weakness
three, used primarily to support axial between parts of a concrete structure
compressive loads. designed to prevent the crushing and
Combined Footing. A structural unit or assembly distortion, including displacement,
of units supporting more than one column buckling, warping of abutting concrete
load. structural units that might otherwise be
Compaction. Increasing the dry density of soils by developed by expansion, applied loads, or
means such as impact or by rolling the differential movements arising from the
surface layers. configuration of the structure or its
Contact Pressure. The pressure acting at and settlement.
perpendicular to the contact area between Expansive Soil. A soil or rock material that has a
footing and soil, produced by the weight of potential for shrinking or swelling under
the footing and all other forces acting on it. changing moisture conditions.
Continuous or Strip Footing. A combined footing Factor of Safety. The ratio of ultimate bearing
of prismatic or truncated shape, supporting capacity to the allowable load-bearing.
two or more columns in a row. Continuous Fill. A deposit of earth material placed by artificial
or strip footings may be of fixed thickness means.
or upper face can be stepped or inclined Flexural Length. The length of a pile from the first
with inclination or steepness not exceeding point of zero lateral deflection to the
1 unit vertical in 2 units horizontal. underside of the pile cap or grade beam.
Deep Foundation. A foundation element that does Footing. That portion of the foundation of a
not satisfy the definition of a shallow structure which spreads and transmits loads
foundation. directly to the soil.
Distortion Resistance. Distortion resistance Foundation. The portion of a structure which
corresponds to moment resistance to transmits the building load to the ground.
bending of beams, columns, footings and Helical Pile. Manufactured steel deep foundation
joints between them. element consisting of a central shaft and
Drilled Shaft. A cast-in-place deep foundation one or more helical bearing plates. A
element constructed by drilling a hole (with helical pile is installed by rotating it into the
or without permanent casing) into soil or ground. Each helical bearing plate is
rock and filling it with fluid concrete. formed into a screw thread with a uniform
Driven Uncased Piles. Piles constructed by driving defined pitch.
a steel shell into the soil to shore an Geotechnical Engineer. An engineer
unexcavated hole that is later filled with knowledgeable and experienced in soil and
concrete. The steel casing is lifted out of rock engineering.
the hole during the deposition of the Geotechnical Engineering. The application of the
concrete. principles of soils and rock mechanics in
Effective Depth of Section. The distance measured the investigation, evaluation and design of
from the extreme compression fiber to the civil works involving the use of earth
centroid of tension reinforcement. materials and the inspection and/or testing
Enlarged Based Piles. Cast-in-place concrete piles of the construction thereof.
constructed with a base that is larger than Grade. Grade is the vertical location of the ground
the diameter of the remainder of the pile. surface.
The enlarged base is designed to increase
SBC 303-CR-18 2
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL
Grade Beam. A continuous beam subject to flexure Machine Support/Foundation System. A system
longitudinally, loaded by the line of consisting of the machinery (train)
columns it supports. including base plate and the foundation,
Gravity Concrete Wall. A gravity wall consists of support structure plus all piers, equipment
mass concrete, generally without and process piping supported on the
reinforcement. It is proportioned so that the foundation or machinery. The supporting
resultant of the forces acting on any internal soil, piling or structure shall be considered
plane through the wall falls within, or close part of the machine foundation system.
to, the kern of the section. Mat Area. The contact area between mat
Grid Foundation. A combined footing, formed by foundation and supporting soil.
intersecting continuous footings, loaded at Mat Foundation. A continuous footing supporting
the intersection points and covering much an array of columns in several rows in each
of the total area within the outer limits of direction, having a slab like shape with or
assembly. without depressions or openings, covering
Group R Occupancy. See SBC 201. an area of at least 75 % of the total area
Group U Occupancy. See SBC 201. within the outer limits of the assembly.
Heavy Machinery. Any machinery having rotating Micropile. A bored, grouted-in-place deep
or reciprocating masses as the major foundation element that develops its load-
moving parts (such as compressors, pumps, carrying capacity by means of a bond zone
electric motors, diesel engines and in soil, bedrock or a combination of soil and
turbines). bedrock.
High-Tuned System. A machine Mixed System. A machine support/foundation
support/foundation system in which the system having one or more of its natural
operating frequency (range) of the frequencies below and the rest above the
machinery (train) is below all natural operating frequency (range) of the
frequencies of the system. machinery (train).
Influence Zone. The zone under a foundation Modulus of Elasticity. The ratio of normal stress
within the vertical stress contours of 10% to corresponding strain for tensile or
of the applied pressure. compressive stresses below proportional
Karst Formation. A type of topography that is limit of material.
formed by limestone, dolomite, marble, Modulus of Subgrade Reaction. The ratio
gypsum, anhydrite, halite or other soluble between the vertical pressure against the
rocks. Its formation is the result of chemical footing or mat and the deflection at a point
solution of these rocks by percolating of the surface of contact.
waters that commonly follow the pre- Mortar. A mixture of cementitious material and
existing joint patterns and enlarge them to aggregate to which sufficient water and
caverns. Sinkholes and solution cavities at approved additives, if any, have been added
or near the ground surface are characteristic to achieve a workable, and plastic
features of karst, and pose a hazard in the consistency.
Eastern and Central regions of Saudi Natural Frequency. The frequency with which an
Arabia. Collapse features are widespread in elastic system vibrates under the action of
these regions and are commonly associated forces inherent in the system and in the
with carbonate and evaporite formations absence of any externally applied force.
that have been subjected to karst Net Pressure. The pressure that can be applied to
development during Quaternary pluvial the soil in addition to the overburden due to
epochs. the lowest adjacent grade.
Lateral Sliding Resistance. The resistance of Overburden. The weight of soil or backfill from
structural walls or foundations to lateral base of foundation to ground surface.
sliding, and it is controlled by interface Overturning. The horizontal resultant of any
friction and vertical loads. combination of forces acting on the
Low-Tuned System. A machine structure tending to rotate as a whole about
support/foundation system in which the a horizontal axis.
operating frequency (range) of the Pier Foundations. Isolated cast-in-place concrete
machinery (train) is above all natural structural elements extending into firm
frequencies of the system. materials. Piers are relatively short in
SBC 303-CR-18 3
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL
comparison to their width, with lengths less land-locked seas or cover a number of
than or equal to 12 times the least continental depressions. The development
horizontal dimension of the pier. Piers of this material is due to low wave energy
derive their load-carrying capacity through allowing the settlement of silt and clay
skin friction, through end bearing, or a particles to take place and then be loosely
combination of both. cemented by soluble material. Varying
Pile Foundations. Concrete or steel structural quantities of calcium carbonate,
elements either driven into the ground or magnesium carbonate, calcium sulphate
cast in place. Piles are relatively slender in and calcium, magnesium, and sodium
comparison to their length, with lengths chlorides are found. The sabkha sediments
exceeding 12 times the least horizontal are highly variable in lateral and vertical
dimension. Piles derive their load-carrying extent; various soil types, primarily
capacity through skin friction, end bearing, composed of clays, silts, fine sands, and
or a combination of both. organic matter are interlayered at random.
Pressed Edge. The edge of footing or mat along In general, sabkha sediments are
which the greatest soil pressure occurs characterized by high void ratios and low
under the condition of overturning. dry densities. Accordingly, upon wetting
Rectangular Combined Footing. A combined sabkha soil is renowned for being highly
footing used if the column which is compressible material with low bearing
eccentric with respect to a spread footing resistance, and hence considered among the
carries a smaller load than the interior weakest of foundation materials.
columns. Settlement. The gradual downward movement of
Registered Design Professional. An individual an engineering structure, due to
who is registered or licensed to practice the compression of the soil below the
respective design profession as defined by foundation.
the statutory requirements of the Shallow Foundation. a relatively near-surface
professional registration laws of the state or individual or strip footing, a mat
jurisdiction in which the project is to be foundation, a slab-on-grade foundation or a
constructed. similar foundation element.
Reinforced Concrete. Structural concrete Shoring. The process of strengthening the side of
reinforced with no less than the minimum excavation during construction stage.
amounts of non-prestressed reinforcement Slope. The inclined surface of any part of the
as specified in SBC 304. earth’s surface.
Reinforcement. A material that conforms to SBC Socketed Drilled Shaft. A drilled shaft with a
304 Section 3.5, excluding prestressing permanent pipe or tube casing that extends
steel unless specifically included. down to bedrock and an uncased socket
Retaining Walls. Structures that laterally support drilled into the bedrock.
and provide stability for soils or other Soils. Un-cemented or weakly cemented
materials, where existing conditions do not accumulation of solid particles that have
provide stability with either natural or resulted from the disintegration of rocks.
artificial slope. Soil Mechanics. The branch of geotechnical
Rocks. Natural aggregate of minerals or engineering that deals with the physical
mineraloids that are connected together by properties of soil and the behavior of soil
strong bonds or attractive forces and have masses subjected to various types of forces.
some degree of chemical and mineralogical It applies the basic principles of kinematics,
constancy. dynamics, fluid mechanics, and solid
Rock Quality Designation (RQD). An index or mechanics to soils.
measure of the quality of a rock mass, and Spiral Reinforcement. Continuously wound
is calculated as summation of length of reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical
intact pieces of core greater than 100 mm in helix.
length divided by the whole length of core Spread Footing. A concrete pad supporting
advance. column load. It can take a rectangular,
Sabkhas. Salt bearing arid climate sediments square or a circular shape and having a
covering vast areas of the coasts of Saudi uniform or tapered thickness not less than
Arabia. These soils either border partially 250 mm.
SBC 303-CR-18 4
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL
Spring Constant. The soil resistance in load per soil supporting existing foundation.
unit deflection obtained as the product of Underpinning is accomplished by
the contributory area and coefficient of extending the foundation in depth or in
vertical subgrade reaction. breadth so it either rests on a stronger soil
Steady-State Dynamic Force. Any dynamic force stratum or distributes its load across a
which is periodic in nature and generated greater area.
during normal operating conditions, such as Wall Footing. A strip footing supporting a wall
centrifugal forces due to unbalances in such that the centerlines of the footing and
rotating machinery or piston forces in the wall coincide.
reciprocating machinery. Water Table. The planar surface between the zone
Steel-Cased Piles. Piles constructed by driving a of saturation and the zone of aeration. Also
steel shell into the soil to shore an known as free-water elevation; free water
unexcavated hole. The steel casing is left surface; groundwater level; groundwater
permanently in place and filled with surface, groundwater table; level of
concrete. saturation; phreatic surface; plane of
Support/Foundation. The part of the machine saturation; saturated surface; water level;
support not supplied by the equipment and waterline.
manufacturer as part of the machinery Weep Holes. Openings used in retaining walls to
(train). This may include but is not limited permit passage of water from the backfill to
to piers, concrete mat or block, pilings, the front of the wall.
steel structures, anchor bolts and embedded
foundation plates.
Surcharge. The load applied to ground surface
above a foundation, retaining wall, or
slope.
Swell Pressure. The maximum applied stress
required to maintain constant volume of an
inundated sample in the oedometer.
Table Top. A reinforced concrete structure
supporting elevated machinery.
Total Core Recovery (TCR). The total length of
rock pieces recovered divided by the total
length of core advance.
Transient Dynamic Force. T Any dynamic force
which is short term in nature such as
starting torques or short circuit moments in
electrical machinery, hydraulic forces,
resonance forces of low-tuned or mixed
systems during start-up or shut-down.
Trapezoidal-Shaped Combined Footing. A
combined footing used when the column
which has too limited space for a spread
footing carries the larger load.
Underpinning. The process of strengthening and
stabilizing the foundation of an existing
building or other structure. Underpinning
may be necessary for a variety of reasons
including, but not limited to, the original
foundation is simply not strong enough or
stable enough, the use of the structure has
changed, the properties of the soil
supporting the foundation may have
changed or was mischaracterized during
planning, the construction of nearby
structures necessitates the excavation of
SBC 303-CR-18 5
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL
SBC 303-CR-18 1
CHAPTER 2—GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS
SBC 303-CR-18 2
CHAPTER 2—GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS
classifying soils for engineering purposes based on investigation shall recommend remedies and
laboratory determination of particle size. construction procedures.
2.2.3.2 Questionable soil. Where the classification, 2.2.3.7 Excavation near foundations. Where
strength or compressibility of the soil is in doubt, or excavations will reduce support from any
where a load-bearing value superior to that foundation, a registered design professional shall
specified in this code is claimed, the building prepare an assessment of the structure as
official shall be permitted to require that a determined from examination of the structure, the
geotechnical investigation be conducted. review of available design documents and, if
necessary, excavation of test pits. The registered
2.2.3.3 Problematic soils. In areas likely to have
design professional shall determine the
expansive, collapsible, or sabkha soils, the building
requirements for underpinning and protection and
official shall require geotechnical investigation to
prepare site specific plans, details and sequence of
determine whether such soils do exist.
work for submission. Such support shall be
2.2.3.4 Ground-water table. A subsurface soil provided by underpinning, sheeting and bracing, or
investigation shall be performed to determine by other means acceptable to the building official.
whether the existing groundwater table is within the
2.2.3.8 Compacted fill material. Where shallow
influence zone underneath the foundation of the
foundations will bear on compacted fill material
building.
more than 300 mm in depth, a geotechnical
2.2.3.5 Deep foundations. Where deep investigation shall be conducted and shall include
foundations will be used, a geotechnical all of the following:
investigation shall be conducted and shall include
(1) Specifications for the preparation of the site
all of the following, unless sufficient data upon
prior to placement of compacted fill material.
which to base the design and installation is
(2) Specifications for material to be used as
otherwise available:
compacted fill.
(1) Recommended deep foundation types and (3) Test methods to be used to determine the
installed capacities. maximum dry density and optimum moisture
(2) Recommended center-to-center spacing of content of the material to be used as
deep foundation elements. compacted fill.
(3) Driving criteria. (4) Maximum allowable thickness of each lift of
(4) Installation procedures. compacted fill material.
(5) Field inspection and reporting (5) Field test method for determining the in-
procedures (to include procedures for place dry density of the compacted fill.
verification of the installed bearing capacity (6) Minimum acceptable in-place dry density
where required). expressed as a percentage of the maximum
(6) Load test requirements. dry density determined in accordance with
(7) Suitability of deep foundation materials for Item 3.
the intended environment. (7) Number and frequency of field tests required
(8) Designation of bearing stratum or strata. to determine compliance with Item 6.
(9) Reductions for group action, where
2.2.3.9 Controlled low-strength material
necessary.
(CLSM). Where shallow foundations will bear on
2.2.3.6 Rock strata. Where subsurface controlled low-strength material (CLSM), a
explorations at the project site indicate variations or geotechnical investigation shall be conducted and
in the structure of the rock upon which foundations shall include all of the following:
are to be constructed, a sufficient number of borings
(1) Specifications for the preparation of the site
shall be drilled to sufficient depths to assess the
prior to placement of the CLSM.
competency of the rock and its load-bearing
(2) Specifications for the CLSM.
capacity.
(3) Laboratory or field test method(s) to be used
2.2.3.6.1 Rock cavities. In areas of karst to determine the compressive strength or
formations, the building official shall require bearing capacity of the CLSM.
geotechnical investigation to determine the (4) Test methods for determining the acceptance
potential sizes and locations of cavities underneath of the CLSM in the field.
the building. If cavities are encountered, such
SBC 303-CR-18 3
CHAPTER 2—GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS
(5) Number and frequency of field tests required (iv) Reduction in foundation soil-
to determine compliance with Item 4. bearing capacity and lateral soil
reaction.
2.2.3.10 Alternate setback and clearance. Where
(v) Soil downdrag and reduction in axial
setbacks or clearances other than those required in
and lateral soil reaction for pile
Section 5.3 are desired, the building official shall be
foundations.
permitted to require a geotechnical investigation by
(vi) Increases in soil lateral pressures on
a registered design professional to demonstrate that
retaining walls.
the intent of Section 5.3 would be satisfied. Such an
(vii) Flotation of buried structures.
investigation shall include consideration of
(4) Discussion of mitigation measures such as,
material, height of slope, slope gradient, load
but not limited to, the following
intensity and erosion characteristics of slope
(i) Selection of appropriate foundation
material.
type and depths.
2.2.3.11 Seismic Design Category C through F. (ii) Selection of appropriate structural
For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category systems to accommodate anticipated
C, D, E or F, a geotechnical investigation shall be displacements and forces.
conducted, and shall include an evaluation of all of (iii) Ground stabilization.
the following potential geologic and seismic (iv) Any combination of these measures
hazards: and how they shall be considered in
(1) Slope instability. the design of the structure.
(2) Liquefaction. 2.3—Soil classification
(3) Total and differential settlement.
(4) Surface displacement due to faulting or 2.3.1 Where required, soils shall be classified in
seismically induced lateral spreading or accordance with Sections 2.3.2 , 2.3.3 , 2.3.4 , or
lateral flow. 2.3.5 .
2.2.3.12 Seismic Design Category D through F. 2.3.2 General. For the purposes of this section,
For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category the definition and classification of soil materials for
D, E or F, the geotechnical investigation required use in Table 4-1shall be in accordance with ASTM
by Section 2.2.3.11 shall also include all of the D 2487.
following as applicable: 2.3.3 Expansive soils. Soils meeting all four of
(1) The determination of dynamic seismic lateral the following provisions shall be considered
earth pressures on foundation walls and expansive. Compliance with Items 1, 2 and 3 shall
retaining walls supporting more than 1.8 m not be required if the test prescribed in Item 4 is
of backfill height due to design earthquake conducted:
ground motions. (1) Plasticity index of 15 or greater, determined
(2) The potential for liquefaction and soil in accordance with ASTM D 4318.
strength loss evaluated for site peak ground (2) More than 10 percent of the soil particles
acceleration, earth-quake magnitude and pass a No. 200 sieve (75 micrometers),
source characteristics consistent with the determined in accordance with ASTM D
maximum considered earthquake ground 422.
motions. Peak ground acceleration shall be (3) More than 10 percent of the soil particles are
determined based on one of the following: less than 5 micrometers in size, determined
(i) A site-specific study in accordance in accordance with ASTM D 422.
with Section 21.5 of SBC 301. (4) Expansion index greater than 20, determined
(ii) In accordance with Section 11.8.3 in accordance with ASTM D 4829.
of SBC 301.
(3) An assessment of potential consequences of 2.3.4 Collapsible soils. Soils meeting all four of
liquefaction and soil strength loss including, the following provisions shall be considered
but not limited to, the following: collapsible. Compliance with Items 1, 2 and 3 shall
not be required if the test prescribed in Item 4 is
(i) Estimation of total and differential
conducted:
settlement.
(ii) Lateral soil movement. (1) Desiccated Alluvial (Wadi) soils.
(iii) Lateral soil loads on foundations.
SBC 303-CR-18 4
CHAPTER 2—GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS
(2) Dry field density less than 17 kN/m3 2.4.3 Number of boreholes. The minimum
determined in accordance with ASTM number of boreholes in a given site shall be taken in
D1556. accordance with Table 2-1 and its provisions. The
(3) Clay content 10 to 30 percent, determined in values included in Table 2-1 shall be considered as
accordance with ASTM D422. minimum guideline.
(4) Collapse index greater than 1-percent,
2.4.4 Depth of boreholes. The depth of
determined in accordance with ASTM
boreholes shall cover all strata likely to be affected
D5333.
by the loads from the building and adjacent
2.3.5 Sabkha soils. Soils meeting the following buildings. The minimum depth of boreholes shall be
shall be suspected as sabkha soils: taken from Table 2-1.
(1) Very soft, with SPT values in the range of 0 2.5—Soil boring and sampling
to 8, determined in accordance with ASTM
D1586. 2.5.1 The soil boring and sampling procedure
(2) Precipitated salts of different sizes, shape, and apparatus shall be in accordance with generally
accepted engineering practice. The registered
and composition within the sediments.
design professional shall have a fully qualified
(3) High soluble salt content.
(4) Soil exhibits significant variations in its representative on the site during all boring and
chemical composition. sampling operations.
(5) Soil exhibits high degree of variability of its 2.5.2 Soil boring and sampling of expansive
sediments in both vertical and lateral extent soils. In areas likely to have expansive soils the
within a considerably short distance. following shall be taken into considerations:
(6) Upon wetting soil becomes impassible.
(1) Air drilling shall be used to maintain the
2.4—Investigation natural moisture contents of the samples
more effectively.
2.4.1 Soil investigation shall be based on
(2) The use of lubricant that might react with the
observation and any necessary tests of the materials
soil and change its properties shall be
disclosed by borings, test pits or other subsurface
avoided.
exploration made in appropriate locations.
(3) The depth of sampling shall be at least as
Additional studies shall be made as necessary to
deep as the probable depth to which moisture
evaluate slope stability, soil strength, position and
changes will occur (active zone) but shall not
adequacy of load-bearing soils, the effect of
be less than 1.5 times the minimum width of
moisture variation on soil-bearing capacity,
slab foundations to a maximum of 30 meters
compressibility, liquefaction, expansiveness, and
and a minimum of three base diameters
collapsibility.
beneath the base of shaft foundations.
2.4.2 Exploratory boring. The scope of the (4) Undisturbed samples shall be obtained at
geotechnical investigation including the number intervals of not greater than 1500 mm of
and types of borings or soundings, the equipment depth. Sampling interval may be increased
used to drill and sample, the in-situ testing with depth.
equipment and the laboratory testing program shall (5) A coating of wax shall be brushed on the
be determined by a registered design professional. sample before wrapping.
In areas likely to have problematic soils, field (6) The outer perimeter of the sample shall be
explorations shall include: trimmed during the preparation of specimens
for laboratory tests, leaving the more
(1) Investigations of soils between the ground
undisturbed inner core.
surface and the bottom of the foundation, as
(7) The sample shall be taken as soon as
well as materials beneath the proposed depth
possible, after advancing the hole to the
of foundation.
proper depth and cleaning out the hole, and
(2) Evaluations and interpretations of the
personnel shall be well trained to expedite
environmental conditions that would
proper sampling, sealing, and storage in
contribute to moisture changes and their
sample containers.
probable effects on the behavior of such
soils. 2.5.3 Soil boring and sampling of collapsible
soils. In areas likely to have collapsible soils the
following shall be taken into considerations:
SBC 303-CR-18 5
CHAPTER 2—GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS
(1) Air drilling shall be used to maintain the (2) Climatic conditions such as rain rate, storm
natural moisture content of the samples. water discharge, etc. if relevant effect is
(2) The depth of sampling shall be at least as suspected on the soil or rock formations.
deep as the probable depth to which moisture (3) Description of site topography and relevant
changes will occur but shall not be less than geological information.
2 times the minimum width of foundation to (4) A plot showing the location of test borings
a maximum of 30 meters and a minimum of and/or excavation pits.
three base diameters beneath the base of shaft (5) A complete record of the soil samples.
foundations. (6) A complete record of the borehole log with
(3) Undisturbed samples shall be obtained at the stand ard penetration test, SPT, values
intervals of not greater than 1500 mm of at the corresponding depths for soil samples
depth. and RQD and TCR values for rock samples.
(4) In the event undisturbed samples cannot be (7) A record of the soil profile.
obtained from a borehole, test pits shall be (8) Elevation of the water table, if encountered
excavated to sufficient depth and dry density and recommended procedures for
of the soil shall be measured at various dewatering, if necessary.
horizons in the pit. (9) Brief description of conducted laboratory
(5) Where possible, hand carved undisturbed and field tests (or its SASO or ASTM
samples taken in a vertical direction shall be standards, or equivalent standard number)
obtained for odometer testing. Alternately, and a summary of the results.
plate load test in unsoaked and soaked (10) Recommendations for foundation type and
conditions shall be performed to determine design criteria, including but not limited to:
the most critical collapse potential below bearing capacity of natural or compacted
foundation level. soil; provisions to mitigate the effects of
problematic soils (expansive, collapsible,
2.5.4 Soil boring and sampling of sabkha soils.
sabkha, etc.); mitigation of the effects of
In areas likely to have sabkha soils the following
liquefaction, differential settlement and
shall be taken into considerations:
varying soil strength; and the effects of
(1) A full chemical analyses on soil and ground adjacent loads. The recommendations for
water to determine the average and range of foundation design must be based on the
the aggressive compounds and the variation facts stated in the report, i.e. on the
in content with depth. borehole records and test data. They must
(2) Grading of sabkha shall be determined by not be based on conjecture.
using wet sieving with non-polar solvent (11) Expected total and differential settlements.
(sabkha brine, methylene chloride). (12) Deep foundation information in accordance
(3) Basic properties including moisture content with Section 14.2 .
and specific gravity shall be determined by (13) Combined foundations and mats
using oven drying at 60oC in accordance with information in accordance with Section 8.1 .
ASTM D854 and ASTM D2216. (14) Special design and construction provisions
for foundations founded on problematic
2.6—Reporting
soils in accordance with CHAPTER 9 ,
2.6.1 The soil classification and design load- CHAPTER 10 , and CHAPTER 11 , as
bearing capacity shall be shown on the construction necessary.
document. Where geotechnical investigations are (15) Compacted fill material properties and
required a written report of the investigations shall testing in accordance with Section 3.10 .
be submitted to the building official. The (16) Controlled low-strength material properties
geotechnical report shall include, but need not be and testing in accordance with Section
limited the following information: 2.2.3.9 .
(17) Recommended sites for waste material
(1) Introduction with location map depicting
disposal.
adjacent buildings, existing roads, and
(18) Suitability of excavated material for reuse
utility lines.
as fill material in site.
SBC 303-CR-18 6
CHAPTER 2—GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS
TABLES OF CHAPTER 2
SBC 303-CR-18 7
CHAPTER 2—GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS
SBC 303-CR-18 8
CHAPTER 3—EXCAVATION, GRADING AND FILL
SBC 303-CR-18 9
CHAPTER 3—EXCAVATION, GRADING AND FILL
SBC 303-CR-18 10
CHAPTER 3—EXCAVATION, GRADING AND FILL
shall be verified by special inspection in accordance carried out during the placement of any oversized
with Section 1705.6 SBC 201. fill material.
3.10.3 Oversized materials. No rock or similar 3.11—Controlled low-strength material
irreducible material with a maximum dimension (CLSM)
greater than 300 mm shall be buried or placed in
fills within 1.5 m, measured vertically, from the 3.11.1 Where shallow foundations will bear on
bottom of the foundation or lowest finished floor controlled low-strength material (CLSM), the
elevation, whichever is lower, within the building CLSM shall comply with the provisions of an
pad. Oversized fill material shall be placed so as to approved geotechnical report, as set forth in
assure the filling of all voids with well-graded soil. CHAPTER 2 .
Specific placement and inspection criteria shall be
stated and continuous special inspections shall be
SBC 303-CR-18 11
CHAPTER 3—EXCAVATION, GRADING AND FILL
SBC 303-CR-18 12
CHAPTER 4—PRESUMPTIVE LOAD-BEARING VALUES OF SOILS
SBC 303-CR-18 13
CHAPTER 4—PRESUMPTIVE LOAD-BEARING VALUES OF SOILS
SBC 303-CR-18 14
CHAPTER 4—PRESUMPTIVE LOAD-BEARING VALUES OF SOILS
TABLES OF CHAPTER 4
SBC 303-CR-18 15
CHAPTER 4—PRESUMPTIVE LOAD-BEARING VALUES OF SOILS
SBC 303-CR-18 16
CHAPTER 5—SPREAD FOOTINGS
SBC 303-CR-18 17
CHAPTER 5—SPREAD FOOTINGS
discharge and away from the structure is provided behind equipment, where the grade is not increased
at all locations on the site. more than 300 mm from original design grade or
where approved by the building official.
5.3.6 Alternate setback and clearance.
Alternate setbacks and clearances are permitted, 5.4.1.2 Eccentric loads. When the footings are
subject to the approval of the building official. The subjected to moments or eccentric loads, the
building official shall be permitted to require a maximum stresses shall not exceed the allowable
geotechnical investigation as set forth in CHAPTER bearing capacity of the soil specified in CHAPTER
2 Section 2.2.3.10 . 4 . The centeroid of the loads exerted on the footings
shall coincide with the centeroid of the footing area,
5.4—Design of footings and if not possible the eccentricity shall not exceed
5.4.1 General. Footings shall be designed that 1/6 times the dimensions of the footing on both
the allowable bearing capacity of the soil is not sides. For the purpose of estimating the ultimate
exceeded, and that the total and differential load-bearing, the effective width shall be taken as
settlements are tolerable. The design of footings the actual width minus twice the eccentricity.
shall be under the direct supervision of a registered
5.4.1.3 Inclined loads. For design of footings
design professional who shall certify to the building
subjected to inclined loads, it shall be permitted to
official that the footing satisfies the design criteria. use the following simplified formula or any method
Footings in areas with expansive soils shall be of analysis, subject to the approval of the building
designed in accordance with the provisions of official.
CHAPTER 9 . Footings in areas with collapsible
soils shall be designed in accordance with the
provisions of CHAPTER 10 . Footings in areas with 𝑉 𝐻
+ < 1.0 (5-1)
sabkha soils shall be designed in accordance with 𝑃𝑣 𝑃ℎ
the provisions of CHAPTER 11 . Footings subject to
vibratory loads shall be designed in accordance where:
with the provisions of CHAPTER 12.
𝑉 = Vertical component of inclined load;
5.4.1.1 Design loads. Footings shall be designed
for the most unfavorable effects due to the 𝐻 = Horizontal component of inclined load;
combinations of loads specified in SBC 301 Section 𝑃𝑣 = Allowable vertical load; and
2.4. The dead load is permitted to include the weight
of foundations, footings and overlying fill. Reduced 𝑃ℎ = Allowable horizontal load.
live loads, as specified in SBC 301 Section 4.8, 5.4.1.3.1 Horizontal component shall not exceed
shall be permitted to be used in the design of soil passive resistance along the footing vertical
footings. edge and friction resistance at the footing soil
5.4.1.1.1 Seismic overturning. Where foundations interface taking a factor of safety of 2.
are proportioned using the load combinations of 5.4.1.4 Adjacent loads. Where footings are placed
Section 2.3.2 SBC 301, and the computation of at varying elevations the effect of adjacent loads
seismic overturning effects is by equivalent lateral shall be included in the footing design.
force analysis or modal analysis, the proportioning
shall be in accordance with Section 12.13.4 of SBC 5.4.1.5 Design settlements. Settlements shall be
301. estimated by a registered design professional based
on methods of analysis approved by the building
5.4.1.1.2 Surcharge. No fill or other surcharge official. The least value found from Table 5-1 and
loads shall be placed adjacent to any building or Table 5-2 shall be taken as the allowable differential
structure unless such building or structure is settlement.
capable of withstanding the additional loads caused
by the fill or the surcharge. Existing footings or Exceptions: Structures designed to stand excessive
foundations that will be affected by any excavation total settlement in coastal areas or heavily loaded
shall be underpinned or otherwise protected against structures, like silos and storage tanks, shall be
settlement and shall be protected against allowed to exceed these limits subject to a
detrimental lateral or vertical movement or both. recommendation of a registered design professional
and approval of a building official.
Exception: Minor grading for landscaping
purposes shall be permitted where done with walk-
SBC 303-CR-18 18
CHAPTER 5—SPREAD FOOTINGS
5.4.1.6 Factor of safety. Factor of safety shall not 5.4.2.6 Minimum concrete cover to
be less than 3 for permanent structures and 2 for reinforcement. When the concrete of footings is
temporary structures. Consideration shall be given poured directly on the ground or against excavation
to all possible circumstances including, but not walls the minimum concrete cover to reinforcement
limited to, flooding of foundation soil, removal of shall not be less than 75 mm. This cover shall also
existing overburden by scour or excavation, and satisfy other requirements with regard to concrete
change in groundwater table level. exposure conditions presented in SBC 304.
5.4.2 Concrete Foundations. The design, 5.4.2.7 Concrete cover. The concrete cover
materials and construction of concrete foundations provided for prestressed and nonprestressed
shall comply with Sections 5.4.2.1 through 5.4.2.8 reinforcement in foundations shall be no less than
and the provisions of SBC 304 where applicable. the largest applicable value specified in section
20.6 of SBC 304. Longitudinal bars spaced less
Exception: Where a specific design is not provided,
than 40 mm bundled bars for which the concrete
concrete footings supporting walls of light-frame
cover provided shall also be no less than that
construction are permitted to be designed in
required by Section 20.6.1.3.4 of SBC 304.
accordance with Table 5-3.
Concrete cover shall be measured from the
5.4.2.1 Concrete or grout strength and mix concrete surface to the outermost surface of the
proportioning. Concrete or grout in footings shall steel to which the cover requirement applies.
have a specified compressive strength (𝑓′𝑐 ) of not Where concrete is placed in a temporary or
less than 20 MPa at 28 days. permanent casing or a mandrel, the inside face of
the casing or mandrel shall be considered the
5.4.2.2 Footing seismic ties. Where a structure is
assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E or F, in concrete surface.
accordance with Chapters 9 through 16, SBC 301, 5.4.2.8 Dewatering. Where footings are carried to
individual spread footings founded on soil defined depths below ground water level, the footings shall
in Section 9.4.2, SBC 301 as Site Class E or F shall be constructed by a method that will provide the
be interconnected by ties. Unless it is demonstrated depositing or construction of sound concrete in dry
that equivalent restraint is provided by reinforced conditions.
concrete beams within slabs on grade or reinforced
5.4.3 Steel grillage footings. Grillage footings of
concrete slabs on grade, ties shall be capable of
structural steel elements shall be separated with
carrying, in tension or compression, a force equal to
approved steel spacers and be entirely encased in
the lesser of the product of the larger footing design
concrete with at least 150 mm on the bottom and at
gravity load times the seismic coefficient 𝑆𝐷𝑆
least 100 mm at all other points. The spaces
divided by 10 and 25 percent of the smaller footing
between the elements shall be completely filled
design gravity load.
with concrete or cement grout.
5.4.2.3 Placement of concrete. Concrete shall be
placed in such a manner as to ensure the exclusion 5.5—Embedded posts and poles
of any foreign matter and to secure a full-size 5.5.1 Designs to resist both axial and lateral loads
foundation. Concrete shall not be placed through employing posts or poles as columns embedded in
water unless a tremie or other method approved by earth or embedded in concrete footings in the earth
the building official is used. Where placed under or shall conform to the requirements of Sections 5.5.2
in the presence of water, the concrete shall be through 5.5.4 .
deposited by approved means to ensure minimum
5.5.2 Limitations. The design procedures
segregation of the mix and negligible turbulence of
outlined in this section are subject to the following
the water.
limitations:
5.4.2.4 Protection of concrete. Water shall not be
(1) The frictional resistance for structural walls
allowed to flow through the deposited concrete.
and slabs on silts and clays shall be limited to
5.4.2.5 Forming of concrete. Concrete footings are one-half of the normal force imposed on the
permitted to be cast against the earth where, in the soil by the weight of the footing or slab.
opinion of the building official, soil conditions do (2) Posts embedded in earth shall not be used to
not require forming. Where forming is required, it provide lateral support for structural or
shall be in accordance with Section 20.6 of SBC nonstructural materials such as plaster,
304. masonry or concrete unless bracing is
SBC 303-CR-18 19
CHAPTER 5—SPREAD FOOTINGS
provided that develops the limited deflection provided at the ground surface, such as by a rigid
required. floor or pavement.
5.5.2.1 Wood poles shall be treated in accordance
with AWPA U1 for sawn timber posts (Commodity 𝑑2 = 4.25(𝑃ℎ/𝑆3 𝑏) (5-3)
Specification A, Use Category 4B) and for round
timber posts (Commodity Specification B, Use or alternatively
Category 4B).
5.5.3 Design criteria. The depth to resist lateral 𝑑2 = 4.25(𝑀𝑔 /𝑆3 𝑏) (5-4)
loads shall be determined by the design criteria
established in Sections 5.5.3.1 through 5.5.3.3 , or by
other methods approved by the building official. where:
5.5.3.1 Nonconstrained. The following formula 𝑀𝑔 = Moment in the post at grade, in kN-m; and
shall be used in determining the depth of 𝑆3 = Allowable lateral soil-bearing pressure in kPa
embedment required to resist lateral loads where no as set forth in Section 4.3 based on a depth equal to
constraint is provided at the ground surface, such as the depth of embedment.
rigid floor or rigid ground surface pavement, and
where no lateral constraint is provided above the 5.5.3.3 Vertical load. The resistance to vertical
ground surface, such as a structural diaphragm. loads shall be determined by the allowable soil-
bearing pressure set forth in Table 4-1.
4.36ℎ 1/2 5.5.4 Backfill. The backfill in the space around
𝑑 = 0.5𝐴 {1 + [1 + ( )] } (5-2) columns not embedded in poured footings shall be
𝐴
done by one of the following methods:
SBC 303-CR-18 20
CHAPTER 5—SPREAD FOOTINGS
TOTAL SETTLEMENT
FOOTING TYPE (mm)
CLAY SAND
Spread Footings 60 40
Mat Foundations 80 60
SBC 303-CR-18 21
CHAPTER 5—SPREAD FOOTINGS
SBC 303-CR-18 22
CHAPTER 5—SPREAD FOOTINGS
SBC 303-CR-18 23
CHAPTER 6—FOUNDATION WALLS
SBC 303-CR-18 24
CHAPTER 6—FOUNDATION WALLS
(1) Seismic Design Categories A and B. Not less (3) Piers shall be constructed in accordance with
than one bar diameter 16 mm shall be chapter 21 SBC 201 and the following:
provided around window, door and similar (i) The unsupported height of the
sized openings. The bar shall be anchored to masonry piers shall not exceed 10
develop fy in tension at the corners of times their least dimension.
openings. (ii) Where structural clay tile or hollow
(2) Seismic Design Categories C, D, E, and F. concrete masonry units are used for
Tables shall not be used except as allowed for piers supporting beams and girders,
plain concrete members in Section 1905.1.7 the cellular spaces shall be filled
SBC 201. solidly with concrete or Type M or S
mortar.
6.6.4 Masonry foundation walls.
Exception: Unfilled hollow piers shall be permitted
Empty
where the unsupported height of the pier is not more
6.7—Pier and curtain wall foundations than four times its least dimension.
6.7.1 Except in Seismic Design Category D, E, (iii) Hollow piers shall be capped with 100
and F, pier and curtain wall foundations shall be mm of solid masonry or concrete or
permitted to be used to support light- frame the cavities of the top course shall be
construction not more than two stories above grade filled with concrete or grout.
plane, provided the following requirements are met: (4) The maximum height of a 100 mm load-
bearing masonry foundation wall supporting
(1) All load-bearing walls shall be placed on
wood frame walls and floors shall not be
continuous concrete footings bonded
more than 1220 mm in height.
integrally with the exterior wall footings.
(5) The unbalanced fill for 100 mm foundation
(2) The minimum actual thickness of a load-
walls shall not exceed 600 mm for solid
bearing masonry wall shall not be less than
masonry, nor 300 mm for hollow masonry.
100 mm nominal or 90 mm actual thickness,
and shall be bonded integrally with piers
spaced 1800 mm on center (O.C.).
SBC 303-CR-18 25
CHAPTER 6—FOUNDATION WALLS
TABLES OF CHAPTER 6
Table 6-1—Concrete foundation wallsb, c
SBC 303-CR-18 26
CHAPTER 6—FOUNDATION WALLS
SBC 303-CR-18 27
CHAPTER 7—RETAINING WALLS
SBC 303-CR-18 28
CHAPTER 7—RETAINING WALLS
the order of 15 kPa to account for construction 𝛽 ∗= Inclination of soil surface (upward slopes away
materials and equipment placed within 5 to 10 from the wall are positives);
meters from the wall. Where construction
𝜃 ∗ = (𝜃 +𝜓)= Modified slope of wall back;
equipment is anticipated within 2 meters of the
wall, it must be accounted for separately. 𝛽 ∗= (𝛽 + 𝜓)= Modified inclination of soil surface;
7.2.6 Compaction. For backfill of granular soils 𝛾 = Unit weight of soil; and
compacted in a confined wedge behind the wall, the
𝜓 = Seismic inertia angle given as follows:
horizontal pressure beyond those represented by
active or at-rest values shall be computed in
accordance with Figure 7-2. Compaction-induced 𝑘ℎ
𝜓 = tan−1 ( ) (7-2)
pressures shall not be considered in bearing, 1 − 𝑘𝑣
overturning and sliding analyses and need to be
considered for structural design only. Backfill shall
𝑘ℎ = Horizontal ground acceleration in g’s; and
be brought up equally on both sides until the lower
side finished grade is reached and precautions shall 𝑘𝑣 = Vertical ground acceleration in g’s.
be taken to prevent overcompaction which will
cause excessive lateral forces to be applied to the 7.2.7.2 For modified slope angle * and *, the
wall. modified coefficient of earth pressures k A ( *, *)
7.2.6.1 Clays and other fine-grained soils, as well as shall be calculated from the Coulomb theory.
granular soils, with amount of clay and silt greater Dynamic pressure increment shall be obtained by
than 15 percent shall not be used as a backfill subtracting static active force (to be determined
behind retaining wall. Where they must be used, the from Coulomb theory for given 𝛽 and 𝜃) from
lateral earth pressure shall be calculated based on combined active force given by Equation (7-1).
at-rest conditions, with due consideration to Location of resultant shall be obtained by
potential poor drainage conditions and swelling. considering the earth pressure to be composed of a
Where loose hydraulic fill is used it shall be placed static and dynamic component with the static
by procedures which permit runoff of wash water component acts at the lowest third point, whereas
and prevent building up of large hydrostatic the dynamic component acts above the base at 0.6
pressures. times the height of the wall. Under the combined
effect of static and earthquake load the factor of
7.2.7 Earthquake loading. For retaining walls safety shall not be less than 1.2.
assigned to Seismic Design Category C, D, E, or F
provisions of SBC 301 and SBC 304 shall apply 7.2.7.3 Where soil is below groundwater table, the
when not in conflict with the provisions of 0. hydrodynamic pressure computed from the
following formula shall be added
7.2.7.1 The combined resultant active force due to
initial static pressure and increase in pressure from
ground motion shall be computed from the 3
𝑃𝑤𝑧 = 𝑘ℎ 𝛾𝑤 (ℎ𝑤 𝑧)1/2 (7-3)
following formula: 2
1 where:
𝑃𝐴𝐸 = 𝛾𝐻 2 𝑘𝐴 (𝛽 ∗ , 𝜃 ∗ ) ×
2 𝑃𝑤𝑧 = Hydrodynamic pressure at depth z below
2 ∗ (7-1) groundwater table;
cos 𝜃
(1 − 𝑘𝑣 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜓 cos 2 𝜃 ℎ𝑤 = Height of water;
𝑧 = Depth below the groundwater table; and
where:
𝛾𝑤 = Unit weight of water (9.81 kN/m3).
𝑃𝐴𝐸 = Combined resultant active force;
7.3—Bearing capacity
𝑘𝐴 = Coefficient of active earth pressure;
7.3.1 The allowable soil pressure shall be
𝐻= Wall height; determined in accordance with the provisions of
CHAPTER 4 . The determination of the allowable
𝜃 = Slope of wall back with respect to vertical;
bearing pressure shall be made according to the
bearing capacity of a foundation subjected to
SBC 303-CR-18 29
CHAPTER 7—RETAINING WALLS
eccentric loads. The bearing capacity shall be Tilt of rigid wall shall be obtained from the
checked for the same loading conditions as estimated settlement. Differential settlement shall
determined by the overturning analysis for each be limited to the amount of tilting that shall not
case analyzed. Where the wall is founded on sloped exceed 5 percent of wall height. If the consequent
ground, methods for determination of ultimate tilt exceeds acceptable limits, the wall shall be
bearing capacity that deal with this situation shall proportioned to keep the resultant force at the
be used. The factor of safety with respect to bearing middle third of base. The retaining wall shall be
capacity shall not be less than 3. For walls founded proportioned so that the factor of safety against
on rocks, high toe pressure that may cause breaking overturning is not less than 1.5. The value of
the toe from the remainder of the base shall be angular distortion (settlement/length of structure) of
avoided by proportioning the footing so that the retaining walls shall not exceed 0.002 radians.
resultant falls near its centroid.
Exception: Where earthquake loads are included,
7.4—Stability the minimum safety factor for retaining wall
overturning shall be 1.1.
7.4.1 Retaining walls shall be designed to ensure
stability against overturning, sliding, and stability 7.4.4 Deep-seated sliding. Where retaining
of supporting ground. Stability analyses shall walls are underlain by weak soils, the overall
conform to the provisions of Sections 7.4.2 through stability of the soil mass containing the retaining
7.4.5 . wall shall be checked with respect to the most
critical surface of sliding. The stability analysis
7.4.2 Sliding stability. The base shall be at least shall be made for after construction and for long-
1000 mm below ground surface in front of the wall. term conditions. The factor of safety for the overall
Sliding stability shall be adequate without including
stability of the soil mass containing the wall shall
passive pressure at the toe. Where insufficient not be less than 2.
sliding resistance is available, one provision shall
be taken including, but not limited to, increasing the 7.4.5 Wall with key. Prior to performing an
width of the wall base, founding the wall on piles or overturning analysis, the depth of the key and width
lowering the base of the wall. If the wall is of the base shall be determined from the sliding
supported by rock or very stiff clay, it shall be stability analysis. For a wall with a horizontal base
permitted to install a key below the foundation to and a key, it shall be permitted to assume the
provide additional resistance to sliding. The key shearing resistance of the base to be zero and the
shall conform to the provisions of Section 7.4.5 . horizontal resisting force acting on the key is that
Where a keyway is extended below the wall base required for equilibrium. For a wall with a sloping
with the intent to engage passive pressure and base and a key, the horizontal force required for
enhance sliding stability, lateral soil pressures on equilibrium shall be assumed to act on the base and
both sides of the keyway shall be considered in the the key. In both cases the resisting soil force down
sliding analysis. The safety factor against lateral to the bottom of the toe shall be computed using at-
sliding shall be taken as the available soil resistance rest earth pressure if the material on the resisting
at the base of the retaining wall foundation divided side will not lose its resistance characteristics with
by the net lateral force applied to the retaining wall. any probable change in water content or
The factor of safety against sliding shall not be less environmental conditions and will not be eroded or
than 1.5 for cohesionless backfill and 2.0 for excavated during the life of the wall.
cohesive backfill.
7.5—Wall dimensions
Exception: Where earthquake loads are included,
7.5.1 Thickness of the upper part of the wall shall
the minimum safety factor for retaining wall sliding
not be less than 300 mm, whereas thickness of the
shall be 1.1.
lower part of the wall shall be enough to resist shear
7.4.3 Overturning stability. For walls on without reinforcement. Depth of wall foundation
relatively incompressible foundations, overturning shall be located below line of seasonal changes and
check is ignored if the resultant is within the middle shall be deep enough to provide adequate bearing
third of the base for walls founded on soils and if capacity and soil sliding resistance. The wall
the resultant is within the middle half for walls foundation shall be proportioned such that the wall
founded on rocks. Where foundation soil is does not slide or overturn, the allowable bearing
compressible, settlement shall be computed based capacity of the soil is not exceeded, and that total
on any method approved by the building official. and differential settlements are tolerable. The base
SBC 303-CR-18 30
CHAPTER 7—RETAINING WALLS
and other dimensions shall be such that the resultant the building official. As a minimum, there shall be
falls within the middle third of the base. Where weep holes with pockets of coarse-grained material
additional front clearance is needed, it shall be at the back of the wall, and a gutter shall be
permitted to construct counterfort retaining walls provided for collecting runoff. All retaining walls
without a toe provided that the sliding and shall have adequate surface drainage to dispose of
overturning stability requirements stated in surface water. A layer of impervious soil shall be
Sections 7.4.2 and 7.4.3 are met. placed on top of the soil backfill to reduce surface
infiltration of rainfall. It shall be permitted to use
7.6—Wall construction inclined and horizontal drains in conjunction with
7.6.1 Concrete shall not be placed through water back drain.
unless a tremie or other method approved by the 7.6.4.1 The weep holes shall be of sufficient size
building official is used. Where placed under or in and be carefully surrounded with a granular filter or
the presence of water, the concrete shall be by the use of filter fabric on the backfill side and
deposited by approved means to ensure minimum directly surrounding the entrance to the weep holes.
segregation of the mix and negligible turbulence of The weep holes shall be spaced not more than 3 m
the water and that will provide the depositing or
apart vertically and horizontally. Where
construction of sound concrete in the dry condition. longitudinal drains along the back face are used, a
7.6.2 Minimum concrete cover to layer of free-draining granular material shall be
reinforcement. When the concrete of retaining placed along the back of the wall and surrounding
walls is poured directly on the ground or against the drain pipes opening. The gradation of the filter
excavation walls the minimum concrete cover to shall satisfy the following piping or stability
reinforcement shall not be less than 75 mm and not criterion.
less than 40 mm when concrete is poured against
lean concrete or vertical forms. This cover shall also 𝑑15𝐹
satisfy other requirements with regard to concrete ≤5 (7-4)
exposure conditions presented in SBC 304. 𝑑85𝐵
SBC 303-CR-18 31
CHAPTER 7—RETAINING WALLS
𝑑15𝐵 = size of filter protected soil at 15 percent dust, etc. shall be replaced and filter materials
passing. subject to cementation shall be rejected.
7.6.4.2 Where a blanket of well-graded sand and 7.6.4.3 In lieu of a granular filter, it shall be
gravel that is placed along the back of the wall it permitted to use prefabricated geocomposite drains
shall satisfy the requirements of Equation (7-4) with adequate filter flow capacity and acceptable
through Equation (7-6). Where longitudinal drains retention. The size of filter material at 50 percent
are used within drainage blanket, they shall be large passing, 𝑑50𝐹 , shall not be less than the diameter of
enough to carry the discharge and have adequate the hole for circular openings and shall be 1.2 times
slope to provide sufficient velocity to remove slot width for slotted openings. The drainage
sediment from the drain. Segregation of sand and composite manufacture’s recommendations for
gravel during construction shall be avoided. Filter backfilling and compaction near the composite shall
or drain materials contaminated by muddy water, be followed.
SBC 303-CR-18 32
CHAPTER 7—RETAINING WALLS
𝜹 𝒂
ROTATION ( )
SOIL TYPE AND CONDITION 𝐇
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Dense cohesionless soil 0.0005 0.002
Loose cohesionless soil 0.002 0.006
Stiff cohesive soil 0.01 0.02
Soft cohesive soil 0.02 0.04
a.
𝛿 = Horizontal translation at the top of the wall; 𝐻 = Height of the wall
COHESION ADHESION
INTERFACE MATERIALS
(kPa) (kPa)
Very soft cohesive soil 0 – 10 0 – 10
Soft cohesive soil 10 – 25 10 – 25
Medium stiff cohesive soil 25 – 50 25 – 35
Stiff cohesive soil 50 – 100 35 – 45
Very stiff cohesive soil 100 – 200 45 – 60
SBC 303-CR-18 33
CHAPTER 7—RETAINING WALLS
SBC 303-CR-18 34
CHAPTER 7—RETAINING WALLS
SBC 303-CR-18 35
CHAPTER 8—COMBINED FOOTINGS AND MATS
SBC 303-CR-18 36
CHAPTER 8—COMBINED FOOTINGS AND MATS
8.4.5.1 General. Except for unusual conditions, the 𝑒𝑦 = Eccentricity of resultant of all vertical forces
contact pressures at the base of a combined footings with respect to the y-axis; and
and mats may be assumed to follow either a 𝑃 = Any force acting perpendicular to base area.
distribution governed by elastic subgrade reaction
or a straight-line distribution. At no place shall the 8.4.5.2.2 Contact pressure over part of area. The
calculated contact pressure exceed the allowable soil pressure distribution shall be assumed
bearing capacity as determined from CHAPTER 4. triangular and the resultant has the same magnitude
and colinear, but acts in the opposite direction of the
8.4.5.2 Straight-line distribution of contact resultant of the applied forces.
pressure. It shall be permitted to assume a linear
distribution for soil contact pressure if continuous 8.4.5.2.2.1 The maximum soil pressure at the
footings meet the requirement of Section 8.7.2 and footing edge under this condition shall be calculated
mats conform to the requirements of Section from the following expression:
8.9.3.3 .
2𝑃 𝐿
8.4.5.2.1 Contact pressure over total base area. If 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = ( − 𝑒) (8-3)
the resultant force is such that the entire contact area 3𝐵 2
of foundation is in compression, the maximum and
minimum soil pressures may then be calculated The minimum soil pressure at distance L1 is set
from the following formula, which applies only to equal to zero, where L1 is the footing effective
the rectangular base areas and only when length measured from the pressed edge to the
eccentricity is located along one of the principal position at which the contact pressure is zero and is
axes of the footing. given by:
SBC 303-CR-18 37
CHAPTER 8—COMBINED FOOTINGS AND MATS
SBC 303-CR-18 38
CHAPTER 8—COMBINED FOOTINGS AND MATS
8.4.5.3.2.3.1 Several values of strain shall be used 8.5.3 Total settlements. Total settlement of
in the influence depth of approximately four times combined footings and mats shall not exceed the
the largest dimension of the base. value set forth in Table 5-1.
8.4.5.3.2.3.2 It shall be permitted to estimate the 8.5.4 Differential settlement. Differential
modulus of subgrade reaction based on laboratory settlements for combined footings shall not exceed
measured modulus of elasticity such that the values set forth in Table 5-2. For mats the
differential settlement shall be taken as three-fourth
𝐸𝑠 of the total settlement if it is not more than 50 mm
𝑘𝑠 = (8-7) or determined based on relative stiffness,𝑘𝑟 , as
𝐵(1 − 𝜐 2 )
shown in Table 8-3.
SBC 303-CR-18 39
CHAPTER 8—COMBINED FOOTINGS AND MATS
considered to act as a rigid body and the contact 𝑅𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Least resultant of all forces acting
pressure determined in accordance with Section 8.4. perpendicular to base area under any condition of
loading simultaneous with the overturning moment.
8.6.4 Strap footings. The strap shall be rigid
enough to avoid rotation of the exterior footing and 8.6.5.2 Both cases of rectangular and triangular
the footings shall be proportioned for distribution of the soil pressure along the pressed
approximately equal soil pressure. A large edge of the footing shall be considered and the value
difference in footing width shall be avoided to for FS shall not be less than 1.5.
reduce differential settlement. It shall be permitted
to consider the strap to be rigid if it has a moment 8.7—Continuous footings
of inertia that is not less than four times that of the 8.7.1 Continuous footings shall be designed and
attached footing. The width of the strap shall be constructed in accordance with Sections 8.7.2
equal to the smallest column width. through 8.7.3 .
8.6.4.1 Shear reinforcement in the strap shall not be 8.7.2 Design for rigid structures. Continuous
used to increase rigidity. If the depth of footing is strip footings supporting structures which, because
restricted, the depth of the strap may be increased to of their stiffness, will not allow the individual
obtain the necessary rigidity. The strap shall be out columns to settle differentially may be designed
of contact with soil. The strap shall be securely using the rigid body assumption with a linear
fixed to the column and footing by dowels so that distribution of soil pressure as determined based on
the system acts as a unit. The footings shall be principles of statics.
proportioned so that the least lateral dimensions are
8.7.2.1 Rigidity check based on relative stiffness.
within 300 to 600 mm of each other and the soil
If the analysis of the relative stiffness of the footing
pressures are approximately equal.
yields a value greater than 0.5, the footing can be
8.6.5 Overturning calculations. In analyzing considered rigid and the variation of soil pressure
overturning of the footing, the combination of shall be determined on the basis of simple statics. If
unfactored loading that produces the greatest ratio the relative stiffness factor is found to be equal or
of overturning moment to the corresponding less than 0.5, the footing shall be designed as a
vertical load shall be used. Where the eccentricity flexible member using the foundation modulus
is inside the footing edge, the factor of safety approach as described under Section 8.7.3 . The
against overturning shall be taken as the ratio of relative stiffness shall be determined as:
resisting moment to the maximum overturning
moment. The maximum overturning moment and 𝐸𝐼𝐵
the resisting moment caused by the minimum dead 𝑘𝑟 = (8-9)
weight of the structure; both shall be calculated 𝐸𝑠 𝐵3
about the pressed edge of the footing. The factor of
safety shall not be less than 1.5. where:
8.6.5.1 If overturning is considered to occur by 𝑘𝑟 = Relative stiffness;
yielding of the subsoil inside and along the pressed
𝐸 = Modulus of elasticity of the material used in the
edge of the footing, the factor of safety against
superstructure;
overturning shall be calculated from:
𝐸𝑠 = Modulus of elasticity of soil;
𝑅𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑐 − 𝑣) 𝐵 = Base width of foundation perpendicular to
𝐹𝑆 = (8-8)
𝑀0 direction of interest; and
𝐼𝐵 = Moment of inertia per unit width of the
where: superstructure.
𝐹𝑆 = Factor of safety; An approximate value for the flexural rigidity of
structure and footing, EIB, for unit width of the
𝑐 = Distance from resultant of vertical forces to
structure can be obtained by adding the flexural
overturning edge;
rigidity for footing, EfIf, flexural rigidity for each
υ = Distance from the pressed edge to 𝑅𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; member in the superstructure, EIb, and flexural
rigidity for shear walls, Eah3/12 as follows:
𝑀0 = Overturning moment; and
SBC 303-CR-18 40
CHAPTER 8—COMBINED FOOTINGS AND MATS
SBC 303-CR-18 41
CHAPTER 8—COMBINED FOOTINGS AND MATS
either a recompression or as an elastic problem. If (1) Column spacing is less than 1.75/λ or the mat
the problem is analyzed as a recompression is very thick.
problem, the subsurface response related to (2) Relative stiffness kr as noted in Equation (8-
recompression shall be obtained by a geotechnical 9) is greater than 0.5.
engineer. The subsurface response may be in the (3) Variation in column loads and spacing is not
form of a recompression index or deflections over 20 percent.
computed by the geotechnical engineer based on
These strips are analyzed as combined footings with
elastic and consolidation subsurface behavior.
multiple columns loaded with the soil pressure on
8.9.3 Design. A mat may be designed using the the strip, and column reactions equal to the factored
Strength Design Method of SBC 304. Analyses and (or unfactored) loads obtained from the
designs using computer programs shall be permitted superstructure analysis.
provided design assumptions, user input, and
8.9.3.3.1 Consideration shall be given to the shear
computer-generated output are submitted. The mat
transfer between strips to satisfy a vertical load
plan shall be proportioned using unfactored loads
summation.
and any overturning moments. The pressure
diagram is considered linear and computed from 8.9.3.4 Flexible design. For mats not meeting the
Equation (8-2) and shall be less than allowable load criteria of Section 8.9.3.3 , it shall be designed as a
bearing capacity of soil. Loads shall include the flexible plate in accordance with Sections 8.9.3.4.1
effect of any column moments and any overturning and 8.9.3.4.2 .
moment due to wind or other effects. Any moments 8.9.3.4.1 Uniform loads and spacings. If variation
applied to the mat from columns or overturning, in adjacent column loads and in adjacent spans is
etc., shall be included when computing the not greater than 20 percent it shall be permitted to
eccentricity. analyze mats as continuous footings that can be
8.9.3.1 The contact pressure shall not exceed the analyzed according to the provisions of Section
allowable load bearing capacity of soil determined 8.7.3 . The mat shall be divided into strips the width
from CHAPTER 4 . The allowable soil pressure may of each is equal to the distance between adjacent
be furnished as one or more values depending on bays. Each strip shall be analyzed independently
long-term loading or including transient loads such considering column loads in both directions. The
as wind. The soil pressure furnished by the contact pressure is equal to the average contact
geotechnical engineer shall be factored to a pseudo pressure evaluated for each strip in each direction.
“ultimate” value by multiplying the allowable 8.9.3.4.2 Nonuniform loads and spacings. If
pressure with the ratio of the sum of factored design columns have irregular spacings or loads, mats may
loads to the sum of the unfactored design loads. be analyzed based on theory of modulus subgrade
8.9.3.2 Mat thickness. The minimum mat reaction, elastic, plate method, finite difference
thickness based on punching shear at critical method, finite grid method, finite element method,
columns shall be computed based on column load or any other method approved by the building
and shear perimeter. The depth of the mat shall be official.
computed without using shear reinforcement and 8.9.4 Circular mats or plates. For tall structure,
determined on the basis of diagonal-tension shear as differential settlements shall be carefully controlled
noted in SBC 304 Chapter 15. Investigation of a to avoid toppling when the line of action of gravity
two-sided (corner column) or three-sided diagonal forces falls out of the base. The plate depth shall be
tension shear perimeter shall be made for columns designed for wide-beam or diagonal-tension shear
adjacent to mat edge. An investigation for wide- as appropriate.
beam or diagonal tension shall be made for
perimeter load-bearing walls. 8.9.5 Ring foundations. For ring foundations
used for water-tower structures, transmission
8.9.3.3 Rigid design. It shall be permitted to design towers, television antennas, and various other
mats as rigid body with linear distribution for possible superstructures, analysis and design shall
contact pressure if the mat, superstructure, or both be carried out using advanced method of analysis
are rigid enough not to allow differential settlement and carried out by a registered design profession
for columns. The reinforcing steel for bending is knowledgeable in geotechnical and structural
designed by treating the mat as a rigid body and engineering.
considering strips both ways, if the following
criteria are met:
SBC 303-CR-18 42
CHAPTER 8—COMBINED FOOTINGS AND MATS
SBC 303-CR-18 43
CHAPTER 8—COMBINED FOOTINGS AND MATS
TABLES OF CHAPTER 8
SBC 303-CR-18 44
CHAPTER 8—COMBINED FOOTINGS AND MATS
SBC 303-CR-18 45
CHAPTER 9—DESIGN FOR EXPANSIVE SOILS
SBC 303-CR-18 46
CHAPTER 9—DESIGN FOR EXPANSIVE SOILS
the potential foundation movement. The uplift (1) A void space shall be maintained beneath the
pressures on the sides of the footing shall be grade beam between the piers. The required
minimized as much as possible. void space shall be determined based on the
predicted heave of the soil beneath the beam
9.3.3.1.1 For continuous footings, the swell
but shall not be less than 150 mm.
pressure shall be counteracted without exceeding
(2) Care shall be taken in the design to provide
the bearing capacity of the soil deposit by
for sealing the space between the soil and the
narrowing the width of the strip footing and/or
pier, such that deep seated heave that may
providing void spaces within the supporting beam
result from water gaining access to soils
or wall. The continuous foundation shall be
below active zone along the shaft of the pier,
stiffened by increasing the reinforcement around
is prevented.
the perimeter and into the floor slab.
(3) Sufficient field penetration resistance tests
9.3.3.1.2 For spread footings, a void space shall be shall be performed not only to establish the
provided beneath the grade beams using the same proper friction value but also to ensure that
technique as described for pier and grade beam soft soils are not the cause of tensile forces
construction in Section 9.3.3.3 . The footings shall developed in the pier.
be designed using as high bearing pressure, as (4) The upper 1.5 m of soil around the pier shall
practicable. be excluded when calculating the pier load
9.3.3.2 Slab-on-ground foundations. Moments, capacity.
shears and deflections for use in designing slab- (5) Friction piers shall not be used at sites where
on-ground, mat or raft foundations on expansive groundwater table is either high or expected
soils shall be determined in accordance with to become high in the future.
WRI/CRSI Design of Slab-on-Ground Foundations. (6) Uplift skin friction shall be permitted to be
It shall be permitted to analyze and design such assumed constant throughout the active zone.
slabs by other methods that account for soil- (7) Where the upper soils are highly expansive
structure interaction, the deformed shape of the soil or if there is a possibility of loss of skin
support, the plate or stiffened plate action of the slab friction along the lower anchorage portion of
as well as both center lift and edge lift conditions. the shaft due to rise of groundwater table, the
Such alternative methods shall be rational and the bottom of the shaft shall be belled or under-
basis for all aspects and parameters of the method reamed. The vertical side shall be a minimum
shall be available for peer review. of 150 mm high and the sloping sides of the
bell shall be formed at either 60o or 45o. For
9.3.3.2.1 A conventionally reinforced slab-on- piers founded well below the active zone, the
ground mat or raft foundation shall conform to shaft may not be under-reamed.
applicable provisions of SBC 304, where (8) Upward movement of the top of the pier and
applicable. All variables affecting finished-slab the tensile forces developed in the pier shall
performance shall be considered when selecting a be considered in the design of drilled piers.
slab type and when specifying or executing a slab (9) Mushrooming of the pier near the top shall be
design. All slab-on-ground mat or raft foundations, avoided. Cylindrical cardboard at/or
with the exception of conventionally reinforced extended above the top of the concrete shall
slabs less than 50 m2, shall be designed by a be used to prevent formation of mushroomed
registered design professional having sufficient piers.
knowledge and experience in structural and 9.3.3.3.2 Reinforcement. Reinforcing steel shall
foundation engineering. Design of slab shall be extend the entire length of the pier and shall be
conducted for conditions of both center and edge hooked into the belled bottom, if used, and into the
heave. Construction joints shall be placed at grade beam at the top. The area of the steel shall be
intervals not exceeding 4.5 m. designed to resist all tensile loads to which the pier
9.3.3.3 Beam-on-drilled pier. The design may be subjected but shall not be less than a
provisions of Chapter 13 SBC 304 shall be minimum of 1 percent of the cross- sectional area
expanded to include, but need not be limited to, of the pier.
the requirements of Sections 9.3.3.3.1 and 9.3.4 Removal of expansive soil. Where
9.3.3.3.2 . expansive soil is removed in lieu of designing
9.3.3.3.1 General requirements. foundations in accordance with Section 9.3.3.1 ,
9.3.3.2 , or 9.3.3.3 , the soil shall be removed to a
SBC 303-CR-18 47
CHAPTER 9—DESIGN FOR EXPANSIVE SOILS
depth sufficient to ensure constant moisture distance greater than half of their mature
content in the remaining soil. Fill material shall not height.
contain expansive soils and shall comply with (6) If horizontal moisture barriers are installed
Sections 3.6 and 3.10 or 3.11 . If the expansive strata around the building to move edge effects
are not entirely removed, the fill material shall be away from the foundation and minimize
impermeable enough not to provide access for water seasonal fluctuations of water content
into expansive grades or foundation soils. directly below the structure, care shall be
taken to seal joints, seams, rips, or holes in
Exception: Expansive soil need not be removed to
the barrier. Horizontal moisture barriers may
the depth of constant moisture, provided the
take different forms including, but not
confining pressure in the expansive soil created by
necessarily limited to, membranes, rigid
the fill and supported structure exceeds the swell
paving (concrete aprons, etc.), or flexible
pressure.
paving (asphalt membranes, etc.).
9.3.5 Stabilization. Where the active zone of (7) If vertical moisture barriers are used around
expansive soils is stabilized in lieu of designing the perimeter of the building they shall be
foundations in accordance with Section 9.3.3.1, installed at least one meter from the
9.3.3.2 , or 9.3.3.3, the soil shall be stabilized by foundation to a depth equal to or greater than
chemical, installation of moisture barriers, pre- the depth of seasonal moisture variation
wetting or other techniques designed by a (active zone). Theses barriers may consist of
geotechnical engineer knowledgeable in polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polymer-
unsaturated soil mechanics and approved by the modified asphalt or any other approved
building official. In pre-wetting technique, the methods or materials.
effect of strength loss shall be evaluated to ensure (8) If the structure has a basement, the backfill
that strength criteria are met. Limitations and shall consist of non-expansive soils and it
implementation procedures of the contemplated shall comply with Sections 3.6 and 3.10 or
stabilization technique shall receive careful 3.11 .
consideration and thorough evaluation.
9.4—Pre-construction inspections
9.3.6 Required preventive measures.
Applicable provisions of CHAPTER 1 shall be 9.4.1 A pre-construction site inspection shall be
expanded to include, but need not be limited to, the performed to verify the following:
following: (1) Vegetation and associated root systems have
(1) All water-supply pipes and wastewater pipes been removed from the construction site.
shall be watertight and have flexible (2) No beam trench cuttings or scarified material
connections and couplings. have been placed as fill material.
(2) All rainwater pipes shall be ducted well away (3) All fill has been placed in accordance with
from the foundations. It shall be ensured that Sections 3.6 and 3.10 or 3.11 in any portions
all water from downspout is discharged away or sections of the foundation supporting
from the building into storm sewer or grade.
suitable ground surface location downhill. (4) Proper soil compaction of the foundation
(3) The ground surface shall slope away from the footprint and fill material has been performed
structure. Bare or paved areas shall have a to a minimum of 95 percent standard proctor
slope not less than 2 %, and if possible the density.
ground surface within 3 meters of the 9.5—Inspection prior to placement of
structure shall be sloped at a 10 percent concrete
grade.
(4) Storage tanks and septic tanks shall be 9.5.1 Prior to the placement of concrete, an
reinforced to minimize cracking and have inspection of the beam geometrics, penetrations,
adequate flexible water-proofing as per cable(s), anchorage/steel placements and other
Section 13.5 . details of the design shall be made to verify
(5) Plants and irrigation systems shall not be conformance with the design plans.
placed immediately adjacent to the structure
and spray heads shall be directed away from
the structure. Large trees and bushes shall be
kept away from the foundations for a
SBC 303-CR-18 48
CHAPTER 9—DESIGN FOR EXPANSIVE SOILS
9.6—Concrete
9.6.1 Material, construction, and placement of
concrete shall be in accordance with the provisions
of Section 5.4.2 and Section 8.3.
SBC 303-CR-18 49
CHAPTER 9—DESIGN FOR EXPANSIVE SOILS
TABLES OF CHAPTER 9
SBC 303-CR-18 50
CHAPTER 10—DESIGN FOR COLLAPSIBLE SOILS
SBC 303-CR-18 51
CHAPTER 10—DESIGN FOR COLLAPSIBLE SOILS
in the form shown in Table 10-4 may be used for the is taken equal to the value corresponding to
raw data gathered during the test and for the reduced settlement of test plate determined from Equation
data. (10-3) as follows:
10.3.2.2 Design procedure. Based on the method
used in estimating the collapse potential of the soil 1 𝐵𝑜 2
𝛿𝑃 = {1 + } 𝛿𝐷 (10-3)
deposit as provided in Sections 10.3.2.1.1 , 4 𝐵𝑃
10.3.2.1.2 , or 10.3.2.1.3 , design for collapsible soils
shall be in accordance with Sections 10.3.2.2.1 , where:
10.3.2.2.2 , or 10.3.2.2.3, respectively.
𝛿𝑃 = Settlement of test plate;
10.3.2.2.1 Design based on collapse index.
Potential settlement that may occur in a soil layer 𝛿𝐷 = Design settlement of prototype foundation
under the applied vertical stress is obtained as taken to be equal to half the allowable settlement
follows: value given from Section 5.4.1.5;
𝐵𝑜 = Width of prototype footing; and
𝐻
𝜌= 𝐼 (10-1) 𝐵𝑝 = Width of test plate.
100 𝑐
10.3.2.2.2.1 Based on the obtained allowable load
where: bearing, the foundation system shall be designed in
accordance with the provisions of CHAPTER 5 and
𝜌 = potential settlement; CHAPTER 8 , where applicable.
𝐻 = Thickness of the collapsible soil layer; and Limitations. In determining the bearing pressure
𝐼𝑐 = Collapse potential, determined using a for the specified tolerable differential settlement,
predetermined applied vertical stress applied to a the validity and accuracy of any resulting
soil specimen taken from the soil layer as follows: computations shall be approved by the building
official and evaluated on the basis of the following
variables:
𝑑𝑓 − 𝑑𝑖
𝐼𝑐 = ( ) 100 (10-2) (1) Dependence of the amount of settlement on
ℎ𝑜
the extent of the wetting front and
availability of water, which can rarely be
where: predicted prior to collapse.
𝑑𝑖 = Specimen height at the appropriate stress level (2) The influence depth set to be four times the
footing width is significantly different for the
before wetting;
model versus prototype footing.
𝑑𝑓 = Specimen height at the appropriate stress level (3) Increased soil stiffness due to increase in
after wetting; and confinement with depth.
ℎ𝑜 = Initial specimen height. 10.3.2.2.3 Design based on BPLT. Design of
spread and strip footings shall conform to the
10.3.2.2.1.1 Based on settlement value determined
provisions of Section 10.3.2.2.3.1 and mats shall
by Equation (10-1), the foundation system shall be
be designed in accordance with the provisions of
designed in accordance with the provisions of
Section 10.3.2.2.3.2 .
CHAPTER 5 and CHAPTER 8 , where applicable.
10.3.2.2.3.1 Spread and continuous footings.
10.3.2.2.1.2 Limitations. Amount of settlement
Spread and continuous footings are permitted to be
depends on the extent of wetting front and
used without modifications in areas with low
availability of water, which can rarely be predicted
collapse potential, as determined in accordance
prior to collapse. Prediction of settlement based on
with. In areas with higher collapse potential, strip
collapse potential shall be viewed and interpreted
footings are permitted, provided that the
accordingly.
requirements for additional distortion resistance
10.3.2.2.2 Design based on SPLT. From the load- specified in Table 10-8 are met.
deformation curve obtained from standard plate
10.3.2.2.3.2 Stiffened mat foundations. The
load test under soaked condition in accordance
design procedure for mat foundations in collapsible
with Section 10.3.2.1.2 , the allowable load bearing
soils is summarized in Table 10-9. The mat shall be
SBC 303-CR-18 52
CHAPTER 10—DESIGN FOR COLLAPSIBLE SOILS
designed and constructed in accordance with the wetting near existing structures that underlain by
provisions of CHAPTER 8 , where applicable, and collapsible soils, particularly if the soil has strong
the requirements for additional distortion stratification, as in the case of many alluvial soils,
resistance specified in Table 10-8 shall be met. and injected water may flow horizontally more than
it does vertically. Limitations and implementation
10.3.3 Removal of collapsible soil. Where
procedures of the contemplated stabilization
collapsible soil is removed in lieu of designing
technique shall receive careful consideration and
footings or foundations in accordance with Section
thorough evaluation.
10.3.2 , the soil shall be removed to a sufficient
depth to ensure constant moisture content in the 10.4—Inspections
remaining soil. Fill material shall not contain
collapsible soils and shall comply with the 10.4.1 A pre-construction site inspection shall be
provisions of Sections 3.6 and 3.10 or 3.11 . conducted to verify that the provisions of Section
9.4 have been met.
10.3.4 Stabilization. Where collapsible soils are
stabilized in lieu of designing footings or 10.5—Concrete
foundations in accordance with Section 10.3.2 , the 10.5.1 Material, construction, and placement of
soil shall be stabilized by compaction, pre-wetting, concrete shall be in accordance with the provisions
vibroflotation, chemical, or other techniques of Section 5.4.2 and Section 8.3. Prior to the
designed by a geotechnical engineer knowledgeable placement of concrete, an inspection of the beam
in unsaturated soil mechanics and approved by the geometrics, reinforcements and other details of the
building official. The provisions of Section 9.3.6 design shall be made to verify conformance with the
shall also be considered, where applicable. In pre- design plans.
wetting technique, the effect of strength loss shall
be evaluated to ensure that strength criteria are met.
Great care must be exercised when using pre-
SBC 303-CR-18 53
CHAPTER 10—DESIGN FOR COLLAPSIBLE SOILS
a Degree of Collapse
Collapse index (Ie) %
0 None
0.1-2.0 Slight
2.1-6.0 Moderate
6.1-10.0 Moderately severe
10 Severe
a, ∆𝑒
𝐼𝑒 = 100 where ∆𝑒 = change in void ratio resulting from wetting, and eo = initial void ratio.
1+𝑒0
SBC 303-CR-18 54
CHAPTER 10—DESIGN FOR COLLAPSIBLE SOILS
1. Excavate a trench or test pit to the desired depth of testing and provide a smooth flat surface for testing. Do not
backfill to achieve smoothness.
2. At a distance no less than 3 plate diameters (3D) from the trench or test pit excavated in step 1, excavate a
shallow infiltration pit to a depth of 60 to 100 mm and a diameter of 2D. This pit for the preliminary rate-of-
infiltration test shall be separated by 3D from the supports of the reference beam. Measure the depth of the dry
infiltration pit at the center.
3. Fill the infiltration pit with water and note the time at which wetting was commenced. Add water during
infiltration as needed to keep the bottom of the pit covered.
4. After an infiltration time, 𝑡𝑝, of about 10 to 20 minutes, remove the excess water from the test pit, quickly
excavate at the center of the pit to locate the depth of wetting, and measure down to the wetting front. The
depth of wetting from the preliminary infiltration test (𝑍𝑤𝑝 ) is equal to depth of wetting front minus the
original depth of the dry pit.
5. The infiltration coefficient for the preliminary test (𝐶𝑖𝑝 ) is computed as
Where:
𝑍𝑤𝑝 𝑍𝑤𝑝 = depth of infiltration for the preliminary infiltration test, mm.
𝐶𝑖𝑝 = 1/2
(𝑡𝑝 ) 𝐶𝑖𝑝 = infiltration coefficient for the preliminary infiltration test, mm/min1/2.
𝑡𝑝 = time duration of infiltration for the preliminary infiltration test, min.
3. Place the loading plate on a smooth flat surface and twist and tap lightly. The bottom of the loading plate may be
coated with 5-10 mm of quick setting epoxy before placing it on the soil.
4. Construct a berm to hold water in preparation for ponding. The outside diameter of the ponded water shall be
about 2D.
5. Install the reference beam to rest on firm supports located at least 3D from center of loading plate.
6. Attach displacement gauges so that they touch the loading plate on opposite sides and approximately equidistant
from the center of the plate.
7. Install the loading jack and reaction column.
8. Apply a seating load of 3 to 8 kPa and zero the displacement gauges. It may be convenient to use the weight of
the loading jack and plate as the seating load.
9. Increase load to 15 kPa. Wait one minute and take displacement readings.
10. Commence wetting and note starting time. Maintain water level 10 to 20 mm above the top of the plate.
11. Continue wetting until 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑟 (computed from step 2) has elapsed. Read displacement gauges, note time and
increase load to 40 kPa.
12. Wait ∆𝑡 minutes, read displacement gauges, note time, increase load to 100 kPa. The time increment ∆𝑡 may be
chosen as the larger of 2 minutes or 0.1𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑟 . For convenience, ∆𝑡 may be rounded to the nearest minute.
13. Wait ∆𝑡 minutes, read displacement gauges, note time, increase load to 200 kPa.
14. Wait ∆𝑡 minutes, read displacement gauges, note time, increase load to 400 kPa.
15. Wait ∆𝑡 minutes, read displacement gauges, note time, remove load from the plate, remove the plate and quickly
excavate to determine the final depth (𝑍𝑤𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 ) and note the corresponding time 𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 .
SBC 303-CR-18 55
CHAPTER 10—DESIGN FOR COLLAPSIBLE SOILS
SBC 303-CR-18 56
CHAPTER 10—DESIGN FOR COLLAPSIBLE SOILS
1. From Table 10-6, use strain under the plate corresponding to a stress of 100 kPa (𝜀100 ) to classify the site with respect
to collapse potentialpotential.
2. Pre-wetting is required for very high collapse potential, and permitted but not required for high collapse potential.
3. When pre-wetting is chosen or required, the DESIGN CURVE constructed in Table 10-4 is replaced with a recompression
design curve whose strain values are everywhere 15-percent of those on the original design curve, and the site is reclassified
accordingly.
4. Use Table 10-6 and Table 10-7 to obtain required design parameters 𝐷𝑓 (foundation depth), 𝐷𝑤𝑑𝑒𝑠 (depth of wetted bulb),
foundation type, required distortion resistance, ∆𝐻𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 /𝐿 and ∆𝐻𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 /∆𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡 .
5. From Table 10-7 use column spacing, 𝐿, to compute ∆𝐻𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 , then compute ∆𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡 from the same table.
6. Compute 𝑍𝑤 = 𝐷𝑤𝑑𝑒𝑠 − 𝐷𝑓 .
7. Compute maximum allowable 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡 /𝑍𝑤 .
8. Compute the overburden pressure (𝑃𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠 ) at 𝐷𝑤𝑑𝑒𝑠 .
9. From the DESIGN CURVE, get allowable 𝜀𝑎𝑣𝑒 corresponding to 𝑃𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠 .
10. If 𝜀𝑎𝑣𝑒 ≥ allowable 𝜀𝑎𝑣𝑒 from step-7, change 𝐷𝑓 , foundation type or stiffness level and recalculate.
If 𝜀𝑎𝑣𝑒 ≥ allowable 𝜀𝑎𝑣𝑒 , use allowable 𝜀𝑎𝑣𝑒 in the DESIGN CURVE to get allowable 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 , then find 𝑞𝑎𝑣𝑒 as follows: 𝑞𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
11.
allowable 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 − 𝑃𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠
Assume a first trial value of 𝐵 (footing width). Compute 𝑍𝑤 /𝐵, find 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒 from the figure below and compute 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 as
12.
follows: 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = allowable 𝑞𝑎𝑣𝑒 /𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑒
13. Use the trial value of 𝐵, footing shape and column load to compute 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛 . If 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛 ≈ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 then 𝐵 value is accepted, otherwise
change 𝐵 and iterate until convergence, then proceed with structural design.
14. In case of no convergence or if 𝐵 or 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 are not acceptable, increase 𝐷𝑓 , change footing type, change distortion stiffness or
a combination of those.
SBC 303-CR-18 57
CHAPTER 10—DESIGN FOR COLLAPSIBLE SOILS
SBC 303-CR-18 58
CHAPTER 10—DESIGN FOR COLLAPSIBLE SOILS
Note: 𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝑎𝑃𝑜 = That portion of the overburden stress assumed to produce strain upon wetting.
SBC 303-CR-18 59
CHAPTER 10—DESIGN FOR COLLAPSIBLE SOILS
SBC 303-CR-18 60
CHAPTER 11—DESIGN FOR SABKHA SOILS
SBC 303-CR-18 61
CHAPTER 11—DESIGN FOR SABKHA SOILS
through 11.3.3.5 , subject to the approval of building risks associated with rainstorms or water
official, and under a direct supervision of a mains burst.
geotechnical engineer knowledgeable in sabkha (2) There shall be external protection against
soils. corrosion for all pipelines, fittings and
valves, whether it is made of steel, ductile
11.3.3.2 Alternate foundation designs shall be
iron, or asbestos-cement. Ductile iron pipe
permitted subject to the provisions of Section
work shall be factory coated with a
11.1.2 . Foundation design need not to comply with
bituminous coating compatible with a
Section 11.3.2 and 11.3.3 where the soil is removed
specified pipe wrapping material. Steel pipe
in accordance with Section 11.6 , nor where the
work shall be factory coated with either a
building official approves stabilization of the soil in
thermosetting, fusion bonded, dry powder
accordance with Section 11.7 , nor where the
epoxy coating not less than 300 micrometers
superstructure is designed by a registered design
thick or a catalyst-cured epoxy coating
professional to accommodate the potential
applied in three coats, to a total cured dry
settlements.
film thickness of 240 micrometers. Ductile
11.3.3.3 Water table below 5 meters depth. iron, steel and asbestos-cement pipe work
Where groundwater is 5 meters below the ground shall then be wrapped with durable self-
surface level, external and internal walls have to be adhesive, rubber bitumen compound with
supported by a concrete strip foundation. Water PVC carrier strip. The pipe work shall be
infiltration shall be prevented under the floor slabs sleeved with 0.2 mm thick polyethylene
by installing durable polythene sheeting, or other sleeving.
approved materials, as shown in Figure 11-1(a).
Joints in the polythene sheeting shall be lapped and 11.5—Concrete
sealed in accordance with the manufacturer’s 11.5.1 Material, construction, and placement of
installation instructions. Strip foundation shall be concrete shall be in accordance with the provisions
supported by lean mix concrete to prevent of Section 5.4.2 and Section 8.3, where applicable.
contamination of the wet concrete when poured.
11.5.2 Concrete protection. Concrete shall
11.3.3.4 Water table between 2.5 and 5 meters satisfy the durability criteria of SBC 304 Chapter 4.
depth. Where groundwater is between 2.5 meters Protection against salt attack on foundation
and 5 meters below the ground surface level, materials, buried pipes, and metal objects shall be
provisions of Section 11.3.3.3 shall be satisfied. provided by using sulfate resistance cement.
Slab floors have to be supported by a strip Concrete used in the construction of foundation on
foundation as illustrated in Figure 11-1(b). Coarse, sabkha formations shall be made from Type V
durable gravels shall be placed beneath the floor Portland cement, with minimum cement content of
slab and around the strip foundation. 370 kg/m3, and maximum water cement ratio of 0.4
11.3.3.5 Water table between ground level and for corrosion protection and 0.45 for sulfate
2.5 meters depth. Where groundwater is between protection. Reinforcement type shall be epoxy
ground level and 2.5 meters, the provisions of coated and a minimum cover to reinforcement of 75
Section 11.3.3.4 shall be fulfilled. Further, the strip mm shall be stringently enforced.
foundation and the floor slab shall also be underlain 11.6—Removal of sabkha soils
by a rolled coarse gravel capillary cut-off, not less
than 150 mm thick, resting on a compacted fill 11.6.1 Where sabkha soil is removed in lieu of
blanket as illustrated in Figure 11-1 (c). designing foundations in accordance with Section
11.3.3 , the soil shall be removed to a depth
11.4—Required preventive measures sufficient to ensure adequate load-bearing capacity
11.4.1 The applicable provisions of Section 9.3.6 and tolerable settlement for the remaining soil. Fill
and CHAPTER 1 shall be expanded to include, but material shall not contain sabkha soils and shall
need not be limited to, the following: comply with the provisions of Sections 3.10 or 3.11 .
SBC 303-CR-18 62
CHAPTER 11—DESIGN FOR SABKHA SOILS
SBC 303-CR-18 63
CHAPTER 11—DESIGN FOR SABKHA SOILS
Figure 11-1—Shallow foundation design strategies: (a) Water table below 5 m depth; (b) Water table
between 2.5 m and 5 m depth; (c) Water table between ground level and 2.5 m depth.
SBC 303-CR-18 64
CHAPTER 11—DESIGN FOR SABKHA SOILS
SBC 303-CR-18 65
CHAPTER 12—DESIGN FOR VIBRATORY LOADS
12.2.3 Transient dynamic loads. If not specified 𝑊 = Total mass of the rotating part in kg; and
by the equipment manufacturer, transient forces 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = Machine speed in revolutions per minute.
consisting of vertical, lateral, and longitudinal
forces equal to 25 percent of the total weight of the 12.3—Soil bearing pressures, pile
machine train and acting through the center capacities and settlements
machine bearing axis shall be used in design. These 12.3.1 Foundation adequacy for static bearing
forces need not be considered to act concurrently. capacity and settlement considerations shall be
For purposes of strength design, the forces shall be checked by a registered design professional. In
treated as quasi-static loads. addition, effect of dynamic loading on foundation
12.2.4 For low-tuned systems, dynamic load soil shall be investigated. In-situ or laboratory
effects due to transient resonance during machine testing to establish appropriate dynamic parameters
start-up or shut-down shall be considered. For of the foundation soils, whether in-situ treated or
transient response calculations, damping effects untreated, or compacted fill, shall be carried out by
shall be included to avoid unrealistically high an approved agency. If a requirement for piles is
results as the frequency ratio passes through the 0.7 established, appropriate dynamic parameters for the
to 1.3 range. Unless foundations or structures or piles shall be determined by an approved agency.
connecting piping are unusual, response due to 12.3.2 The site investigation report shall give
transient dynamic forces need not be evaluated. insight to the expected dynamic behavior of the soil
12.2.5 Steady state dynamic forces. Information or piles. As a minimum the report should give the
on steady state dynamic forces shall be furnished by density, Poisson’s ratio, dynamic modulus of sub-
the equipment manufacturer(s). For reciprocating grade reaction or dynamic pile spring constant and
machinery, the supplied information shall include the shear modulus for soils, or the equivalent fixate
weights of the machine and all auxiliary equipment level of piles.
SBC 303-CR-18 66
CHAPTER 12—DESIGN FOR VIBRATORY LOADS
SBC 303-CR-18 67
CHAPTER 12—DESIGN FOR VIBRATORY LOADS
12.4.3 Reinforced concrete. The structural the equipment manufacturer, equipment shall be
design of all reinforced concrete shall be in installed on mounting plate(s), and the direct
accordance with SBC 304 when not in conflict with attachment of equipment feet to the foundation
the provisions of CHAPTER 12 . The following using the anchor bolts shall not be permitted.
provisions shall be satisfied: Mounting plates shall be of sufficient strength and
rigidity to transfer the applied forces to the
(1) The minimum compressive strength of
foundation. Grouting shall be in accordance with
concrete at 28 days shall not be less than 28
Saudi Aramco Engineering Standard SAES-Q-011
MPa.
Epoxy Grout for machinery Support and machine
(2) All faces of concrete shall be reinforced bi-
manufacturer’s instructions.
axially. For deformed bars, the reinforcement
in each direction shall not be less than 0.0018 12.4.4.2 The drawing shall clearly indicate the
times the gross area perpendicular to the locations and types of the anchor bolts and sleeves,
direction of reinforcement. the anchor bolt diameter, the depth of embedment
into the foundation of the anchor bolts, the length of
Exception: In an event that a foundation size
the anchor bolts threads, and the length of the
greater than 1200 mm thick is required for stability,
anchor bolt projections.
rigidity, or damping, the minimum reinforcing steel
may be as recommended in ACI 207.2R-07 Effect 12.4.5 Stiffness requirements. The foundation
of Restraint, Volume Change, and Reinforcement must be of sufficient width to prevent rocking and
on Cracking of Massive Concrete with a suggested adequate depth to permit properly embedded anchor
minimum reinforcement of Dia 22 mm bars at 300 bolts. The width of the foundation shall be at least
mm on center. 1.5 times the vertical distance from the base to the
machine centerline, unless analysis carried out by a
(1) Main reinforcement in piers shall not be less
registered design professional demonstrates that a
than 1 percent and not more than 8 percent of
lesser value will perform adequately. For concrete
the cross-sectional area of the piers. Main
foundations, the weight of the foundation for
reinforcement in pedestals shall not be less
reciprocating equipment shall not be less than 5
than 1/2 percent.
times and, for rotary equipment, shall not be less
(2) Minimum tie size in piers shall be 12 mm.
than 3 times the weight of the machinery, including
(3) Maximum tie spacing in piers shall be the
its base plate and the piping supported from the
smallest of 8-bar diameters, 24-tie diameters
foundation, unless analysis carried out by a
or 1/3 the least dimension of the pier.
registered design professional demonstrates that a
(4) Slabs with thickness of 500 mm or more shall
lesser value will perform adequately.
be provided with shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement in accordance with applicable 12.4.5.1 For foundations and piers constructed with
provisions of SBC 304. normal weight concrete, the dynamic modulus of
(5) When foundation thickness is greater than elasticity shall be taken as:
1200 mm thick, mix and placement of
concrete shall conform to the provisions of 𝐸𝐷 = 6560(𝑓𝑐′ )0.5 (12-2)
ACI 207.2R-07 and SBC 304.
12.4.4 Anchor bolts. Anchor bolts shall be in where:
accordance with SAES-Q-005. When specified, the
diameter, steel quality, projection and installation 𝐸𝐷 = Dynamic modulus of elasticity of concrete in
method shall be as required by the machine MPa; and
manufacturer. Requirements for anchor bolt coating 𝑓𝑐′ = Compressive strength of concrete at 28 days in
shall be in compliance with Saudi Aramco MPa.
Materials System Reports 12-SAMSS-007
Fabrication of Structural and Miscellaneous Steel 12.4.5.2 The minimum thickness of the concrete
and requirements for double nuts shall be in foundations shall not be less than (0.60+L/30)
compliance with Saudi Aramco Engineering where L is the length of foundation in meters
Standard SAES-Q-005 Concrete Foundations. parallel to the machine bearing axis in meters. Piers
shall not be used unless absolutely required by
12.4.4.1 The foundation design engineer shall operation or maintenance or if required by machine
verify the capacity of any vendor furnished or vendor specification. Block foundations for
detailed anchor bolts. Unless otherwise specified by reciprocating machines shall have a minimum of 50
SBC 303-CR-18 68
CHAPTER 12—DESIGN FOR VIBRATORY LOADS
% of the block thickness embedded in the soil, 12.4.6.2 Piers and columns shall be proportioned in
unless otherwise specified by the equipment such a manner that the centroid of their vertical
manufacturer. stiffness lies in the same vertical plane as the
bearing axis and center of gravity of the machinery.
12.4.6 Allowable eccentricities for concrete
foundations with horizontal shaft machinery. 12.4.7 Permissible frequency ratios. The ratio
Secondary moments that could significantly between the operating frequency of the machinery,
influence the natural frequencies of the foundation f, and each natural frequency of the machine
shall be minimized. The horizontal eccentricity, foundation system, fn shall not lie in the range of 0.7
perpendicular to the machine bearing axis, between to 1.3. Accordingly, for high-tuned systems, f/fn,
the center of gravity of the machine foundation shall be less than 0.7 and for low-tuned systems f/fn
system and the centroid of the soil contact area (or shall be greater than 1.3. A need for exceptions shall
in case of piled foundations, the elastic support be approved by a registered design professional.
point of the pile group) shall not exceed 0.05 times
12.4.8 Permissible vibration. Where
the width of foundation in meters.
Manufacturer’s vibration criteria are not available,
12.4.6.1 The horizontal eccentricity, parallel to the the maximum velocity of movement during steady-
bearing axis between the center of gravity of the state normal operation shall be limited to 3 mm per
machine foundation system and the centroid of the second for centrifugal machines and 4 mm per
soil contact area (or in the case of piled foundations, second for reciprocating machines. For rocking and
the elastic support point of the pile group) shall not torsional mode calculation the vibration velocities
exceed 0.05 times length of foundation in meters. shall be computed with the dynamic forces of the
The machine bearing axis and the centroid of the machinery train components assumed in phase and
support (soil contact area, or pile group) shall lie in 180 degrees out of phase.
a common vertical plane.
SBC 303-CR-18 69
CHAPTER 12—DESIGN FOR VIBRATORY LOADS
SBC 303-CR-18 70
CHAPTER 12
SBC 303-CR-18 71
CHAPTER 13—DAMPPROOFING AND WATERPROOFING
SBC 303-CR-18 72
CHAPTER 13—DAMPPROOFING AND WATERPROOFING
13.2.3 Walls. Dampproofing materials for walls be lapped and sealed in accordance with the
shall be installed on the exterior surface of the wall, manufacturer’s installation instructions.
and shall extend from the top of the footing to above
13.3.3.2 Surface preparation of walls. Prior to the
ground level.
application of waterproofing materials on concrete
13.2.3.1 Surface preparation of walls. Prior to or masonry walls, the walls shall be prepared in
application of dampproofing materials on concrete accordance with Section 13.2.3.1 .
walls, holes and recesses resulting from the removal
13.3.4 Joints and penetrations. Joints in walls
of form ties shall be sealed with a bituminous
and floors, joints between the wall and floor and
material or other approved methods or materials.
penetrations of the wall and floor shall be made
Unit masonry walls shall be parged on the exterior
water-tight utilizing approved methods and
surface belowground level with not less than 10 mm
materials.
of Portland cement mortar. The parging shall be
coved at the footing. 13.4—Subsoil drainage system
Exception: Parging of unit masonry walls is not 13.4.1 Where a hydrostatic pressure condition
required where a material is approved for direct does not exist, dampproofing shall be provided and
application to the masonry. a base shall be installed under the floor and a drain
installed around the foundation perimeter. A subsoil
13.3—Waterproofing drainage system designed and constructed in
13.3.1 Where the ground-water investigation accordance with Section 13.1.4 shall be deemed
required by Section 2.2.3 indicates that a hydrostatic adequate for lowering the ground-water table.
pressure condition exists, and the design does not
13.4.2 Floor base course. Floors of basements,
include a ground-water control system as described
except as provided for in Section 13.1.2 , shall be
in Section 13.1.4, walls and floors shall be
placed over a floor base course not less than 100
waterproofed in accordance with this Section.
mm in thickness that consists of gravel or crushed
13.3.2 Floors. Floors required to be waterproofed stone containing not more than 10 percent of
shall be of concrete, designed and constructed to material that passes through a No.4 (4.75 mm)
withstand the hydrostatic pressures to which the sieve.
floors will be subjected.
Exception: Where a site is located in well-drained
13.3.2.1 Waterproofing shall be accomplished by gravel or sand/gravel mixture soils, a floor base
placing a membrane of rubberized asphalt, butyl course is not required.
rubber, fully adhered/fully bonded HDPE or
13.4.3 Foundation drain. A drain shall be placed
polyolefin composite membrane or not less than
around the perimeter of a foundation. It shall satisfy
0.15 mm polyvinyl chloride with joints lapped not
the requirements of Equation (7-4) through
less than 150 mm or other approved materials under
Equation (7-6) in lieu it shall consist of gravel or
the slab. Joints in the membrane shall be lapped and
crushed stone containing not more than 10-percent
sealed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
material that passes through a No. 4 (4.75 mm)
installation instructions.
sieve. The drain shall extend a minimum of 300 mm
13.3.3 Walls. Walls required to be waterproofed beyond the outside edge of the footing. The
shall be of concrete or masonry and shall be thickness shall be such that the bottom of the drain
designed and constructed to withstand the is not higher than the bottom of the base under the
hydrostatic pressures and other lateral loads to floor, and that the top of the drain is not less than
which the walls will be subjected. 150 mm above the top of the footing. The top of the
drain shall be covered with an approved filter
13.3.3.1 Waterproofing shall be applied from the
membrane material. Where a drain tile or perforated
bottom of the wall to not less than 300 mm above
pipe is used, the invert of the pipe or tile shall not
the maximum elevation of the groundwater table.
be higher than the floor elevation. The top of joints
The remainder of the wall shall be dampproofed in
or the top of perforations shall be protected with an
accordance with Section 13.2.3 . Waterproofing
approved filter membrane material. The pipe or tile
shall consist of two-ply hot-mopped felts, not less
shall be placed on not less than 50 mm of gravel or
than 0.15 mm polyvinyl chloride, 1.0 mm polymer-
crushed stone complying with Section 13.4.2 , and
modified asphalt, 0.150 mm polyethylene or other
shall be covered with not less than 150 mm of the
approved methods or materials capable of bridging
same material.
nonstructural cracks. Joints in the membrane shall
SBC 303-CR-18 73
CHAPTER 13—DAMPPROOFING AND WATERPROOFING
13.4.4 Drainage discharge. The floor base and Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures
foundation perimeter drain shall discharge by shall govern, where applicable.
gravity or mechanical means into an approved
13.5.4 Waterproofing. All internal faces of an
drainage system that complies with the SBC 701.
underground water-retention structure shall be
Exception: Where a site is located in well-drained waterproofed (using approved material such as
gravel or sand/gravel mixture soils, a dedicated epoxy films, concrete admixtures, etc.). All such
drainage system is not required. waterproofing materials in contact with water shall
neither be toxic nor hazardous to human health. All
13.5—Underground water-retention construction joints shall have proper water-stops.
structures All construction holes, recesses, plumbing sleeves
13.5.1 Underground water-retention structures etc. shall be sealed properly.
shall meet the provisions of Sections 13.5.2 through 13.5.4.1 In cases where the floor slab of the water-
13.5.5 . retention structure is less than one meter above the
13.5.2 General requirements. All underground anticipated groundwater level, it is required to
water-retention structures shall meet the following provide a base layer of compacted granular fill,
requirements: followed by dampproofing layer as described in
Section 13.2.2 .
(1) All internal faces (including the top face) of
the water-retention structure shall be 13.5.4.2 In cases where floor slab is below or close
waterproofed. to groundwater level, the floor slab and all exterior
(2) Shall not be located under drainage or non- faces of the structure shall be waterproofed in
potable water piping. accordance with Section 13.3 . In cases where cover
(3) Shall be provided with a waterproof cover to slab of the structure is below or close to
prevent water and foreign matter from groundwater level, all parts of the structure
entering the tank. The cover shall be large (including the opening of the water-retention
enough to allow access for maintenance. structure) shall be waterproofed in accordance with
(4) Underground tanks in flood hazard areas Section 13.3 .
shall be anchored to prevent flotation, 13.5.5 Testing. Following complete application of
collapse or lateral movement resulting from waterproofing of the structure, and before
hydrostatic loads, including the effects of backfilling is permitted; underground water-
buoyancy, during conditions of the design retention structures shall be tested against leakage
flood. full of water for a minimum of 48 hours.
13.5.3 Design and construction. For design and
constructions of underground water-retention
structures, provisions of SBC 304 and ACI 350
SBC 303-CR-18 74
CHAPTER 13—DAMPPROOFING AND WATERPROOFING
SBC 303-CR-18 75
CHAPTER 13
SBC 303-CR-18 76
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
14.1—General 14.2—Analysis
14.1.1 Deep foundations shall be analyzed, 14.2.1 The analysis of deep foundations for design
designed, detailed and installed in accordance with shall be in accordance with Sections 14.2.2 through
Sections 14.1 through 14.4 . 14.2.6 .
14.1.2 Geotechnical investigation. Deep 14.2.2 Lateral support. Any soil other than fluid
foundations shall be designed and installed on the soil shall be deemed to afford sufficient lateral
basis of a geotechnical investigation as set forth in support to prevent buckling of deep foundation
CHAPTER 2 . elements and to permit the design of the elements
in accordance with accepted engineering practice
14.1.3 Use of existing deep foundation
and the applicable provisions of this code.
elements. Deep foundation elements left in place
where a structure has been demolished shall not be 14.2.2.1 Where deep foundation elements stand
used for the support of new construction unless unbraced in air, water or fluid soils, it shall be
satisfactory evidence is submitted to the building permitted to consider them laterally supported at a
official, which indicates that the elements are sound point 1500 mm into stiff soil or 3050 mm into soft
and meet the requirements of this code. Such soil unless otherwise approved by the building
elements shall be load tested or redriven to verify official on the basis of a geotechnical investigation
their capacities. The design load applied to such by a registered design professional.
elements shall be the lowest allowable load as
14.2.3 Stability. Deep foundation elements shall
determined by tests or redriving data.
be braced to provide lateral stability in all directions.
14.1.4 Deep foundation elements classified as Three or more elements connected by a rigid cap
columns. Deep foundation elements standing shall be considered braced, provided that the
unbraced in air, water or fluid soils shall be elements are located in radial directions from the
classified as columns and designed as such in centroid of the group not less than 60 degrees (1
accordance with the provisions of this code from rad) apart. A two-element group in a rigid cap shall
their top down to the point where adequate lateral be considered to be braced along the axis
support is provided in accordance with Section connecting the two elements. Methods used to
14.2.2 . brace deep foundation elements shall be subject to
the approval of the building official.
Exception: Where the unsupported height to least
horizontal dimension of a cast-in-place deep 14.2.3.1 Deep foundation elements supporting
foundation element does not exceed three, it shall walls shall be placed alternately in lines spaced at
be permitted to design and construct such an least 300 mm apart and located symmetrically
element as a pedestal in accordance with SBC 304. under the center of gravity of the wall load carried,
unless effective measures are taken to provide for
14.1.5 Special types of deep foundations. The
eccentricity and lateral forces, or the foundation
use of types of deep foundation elements not
elements are adequately braced to provide for
specifically mentioned herein is permitted, subject
lateral stability.
to the approval of the building official, upon the
submission of acceptable test data, calculations and Exceptions:
other information relating to the structural
(1) Isolated cast-in-place deep foundation
properties and load capacity of such elements. The
elements without lateral bracing shall be
allowable stresses for materials shall not in any
permitted where the least horizontal
case exceed the limitations specified herein.
dimension is no less than 600 mm, adequate
lateral support in accordance with Section
14.2.2 is provided for the entire height and
SBC 303-CR-18 77
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
the height does not exceed 12 times the least hard or stiff and strata that are liquefiable or
horizontal dimension. are composed of soft- to medium-stiff clay.
(2) A single row of deep foundation elements
14.2.6 Group effects. The analysis shall include
without lateral bracing is permitted for one-
group effects on lateral behavior where the center-
and two-family dwellings and lightweight
to-center spacing of deep foundation elements in
construction not exceeding two stories above
the direction of lateral force is less than eight times
grade plane or 10,500 mm in building height,
the least horizontal dimension of an element. The
provided the centers of the elements are
analysis shall include group effects on axial
located within the width of the supported
behavior where the center-to-center spacing of
wall.
deep foundation elements is less than three times
14.2.4 Settlement. The settlement of a single deep the least horizontal dimension of an element.
foundation element or group thereof shall be Group effects shall be evaluated using a generally
estimated based on approved methods of analysis. accepted method of analysis; the analysis for uplift
The predicted settlement shall cause neither harmful of grouped elements with center-to-center spacing
distortion of, nor instability in, the structure, nor less than three times the least horizontal dimension
cause any element to be loaded beyond its capacity. of an element shall be evaluated in accordance with
Section 14.3.4.1.6 .
14.2.5 Lateral loads. The moments, shears and
lateral deflections used for design of deep 14.3—Design and detailing
foundation elements shall be established
considering the nonlinear interaction of the shaft 14.3.1 Deep foundations shall be designed and
and soil, as determined by a registered design detailed in accordance with Sections 14.3.2 through
14.3.14 .
professional. Where the ratio of the depth of
embedment of the element to its least horizontal 14.3.2 Design conditions. Design of deep
dimension is less than or equal to six, it shall be foundations shall include the design conditions
permitted to assume the element is rigid. specified in Sections 14.3.2.1 through 14.3.2.6 , as
applicable.
14.2.5.1 Seismic Design Category D through F.
For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category 14.3.2.1 Design methods for concrete elements.
D through F, as determined in Section 1613.3.2 of Where concrete deep foundations are laterally
SBC 201, shall be designed and constructed to supported in accordance with Section 14.2.2 for the
withstand maximum imposed curvatures from entire height and applied forces cause bending
earthquake ground motions and structure response. moments no greater than those resulting from
Curvatures shall include free-field soil strains accidental eccentricities, structural design of the
modified for soil-foundation-structure interaction element using the load combinations of Section
coupled with foundation element deformations 1605.3 of SBC 201 and the allowable stresses
associated with earthquake loads imparted to the specified in this chapter shall be permitted.
foundation by the structure. Otherwise, the structural design of concrete deep
Exception: Deep foundation elements that satisfy foundation elements shall use the load combinations
the following additional detailing requirements of Section 1605.2 of SBC 201 and approved strength
shall be deemed to comply with the curvature design methods.
capacity requirements of this section. 14.3.2.2 Composite elements. Where a single
(1) Precast prestressed concrete piles detailed in deep foundation element comprises two or more
accordance with Section 14.3.9.3 . sections of different materials or different types
(2) Cast-in-place deep foundation elements with spliced together, each section of the composite
assembly shall satisfy the applicable requirements
a minimum longitudinal reinforcement ratio
of this code, and the maximum allowable load in
of 0.005 extending the full length of the
element and detailed in accordance with each section shall be limited by the structural
Sections 18.7.5.2, 18.7.5.3 and 18.7.5.4 of capacity of that section.
SBC 304 such that the transverse 14.3.2.3 Mislocation. The foundation or
confinement reinforcement is within seven superstructure shall be designed to resist the effects
times the least element dimension of the pile of the mislocation of any deep foundation element
cap and within seven times the least element by no less than 75 mm. To resist the effects of
dimension of the interfaces of strata that are mislocation, compressive overload of deep
SBC 303-CR-18 78
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
foundation elements to 110 percent of the 18.7.5.4 of SBC 304, compliance with Equation
allowable design load shall be permitted. (25.7.3.3) of SBC 304 shall not be required.
14.3.2.4 Driven piles. Driven piles shall be 14.3.3.2 Prestressing steel. Prestressing steel shall
designed and manufactured in accordance with conform to ASTM A 416.
accepted engineering practice to resist all stresses
14.3.3.3 Steel. Structural steel H-piles and
induced by handling, driving and service loads.
structural steel sheet piling shall conform to the
14.3.2.5 Helical piles. Helical piles shall be material requirements in ASTM A 6. Steel pipe
designed and manufactured in accordance with piles shall conform to the material requirements in
accepted engineering practice to resist all stresses ASTM A 252. Fully welded steel piles shall be
induced by installation into the ground and service fabricated from plates that conform to the material
loads. requirements in ASTM A 36, ASTM A 283, ASTM
A 572, ASTM A 588 or ASTM A 690.
14.3.2.6 Casings. Temporary and permanent
casings shall be of steel and shall be sufficiently 14.3.3.4 Timber. Timber foundations are not
strong to resist collapse and sufficiently water tight applicable to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).
to exclude any foreign materials during the placing
14.3.3.5 Protection of materials. Where boring
of concrete. Where a permanent casing is
records or site conditions indicate possible
considered reinforcing steel, the steel shall be
deleterious action on the materials used in deep
protected under the conditions specified in Section
foundation elements because of soil constituents,
14.3.3.5. Horizontal joints in the casing shall be
changing water levels or other factors, the elements
spliced in accordance with Section 14.3.7 .
shall be adequately protected by materials, methods
14.3.3 Materials. The materials used in deep or processes approved by the building official.
foundation elements shall satisfy the requirements Protective materials shall be applied to the elements
of Sections 14.3.3.1 through 14.3.3.8 , as applicable. so as not to be rendered ineffective by installation.
The effectiveness of such protective measures for
14.3.3.1 Concrete. Where concrete is cast in a
the particular purpose shall have been thoroughly
steel pipe or where an enlarged base is formed by
established by satisfactory service records or other
compacting concrete, the maximum size for
evidence.
coarse aggregate shall be 19 mm. Concrete to be
compacted shall have a zero slump. 14.3.3.6 Allowable stresses. The allowable stress
for materials used in deep foundation elements shall
14.3.3.1.1 Concrete or grout strength and mix
not exceed those specified in Table 14-2.
proportioning. Concrete or grout in foundations
shall have a specified compressive strength (𝑓𝑐′ ) not 14.3.3.7 . Increased allowable compressive
less than the largest applicable value indicated in stress for cased cast-in-place elements. The
Table 14-1. allowable compressive stress in the concrete shall
be permitted to be increased as specified in Table
14.3.3.1.1.1 Where concrete is placed through a
14-2 for those portions of permanently cased cast-
funnel hopper at the top of a deep foundation
in-place elements that satisfy all of the following
element, the concrete mix shall be designed and
conditions:
proportioned so as to produce a cohesive workable
mix having a slump of not less than 100 mm and not (1) The design shall not use the casing to resist
more than 200 mm. Where concrete or grout is to any portion of the axial load imposed.
be pumped, the mix design including slump shall be (2) The casing shall have a sealed tip and be
adjusted to produce a pumpable mixture. mandrel driven.
(3) The thickness of the casing shall not be less
14.3.3.1.2 Seismic hooks. For structures assigned
than manufacturer's standard gage No. 14
to Seismic Design Category C or D the ends of
(1.75 mm).
hoops, spirals and ties used in concrete deep
(4) The casing shall be seamless or provided
foundation elements shall be terminated with
with seams of strength equal to the basic
seismic hooks, as defined in SBC 304, and shall be
material and be of a configuration that will
turned into the confined concrete core.
provide confinement to the cast-in-place
14.3.3.1.3 SBC 304 Equation (25.7.3.3). Where concrete.
this chapter requires detailing of concrete deep
foundation elements in accordance with Section
SBC 303-CR-18 79
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
(5) The ratio of steel yield strength (𝑓𝑦 ) to 14.3.4.1.2 Load tests. Where design compressive
specified compressive strength (𝑓𝑐′ ) shall not loads are greater than those determined using the
be less than six. allowable stresses specified in Section 14.3.3.6 ,
(6) The nominal diameter of the element shall where the design load for any deep foundation
not be greater than 400 mm. element is in doubt, or where cast-in-place deep
foundation elements have an enlarged base formed
14.3.3.8 Justification of higher allowable either by compacting concrete or by driving a
stresses. Use of allowable stresses greater than precast base, control test elements shall be tested in
those specified in Section 14.3.3.6 shall be accordance with ASTM D 1143 or ASTM D 4945.
permitted where supporting data justifying such At least one element shall be load tested in each
higher stresses is filed with the building official. area of uniform subsoil conditions. Where required
Such substantiating data shall include the by the building official, additional elements shall
following: be load tested where necessary to establish the safe
(1) A geotechnical investigation in accordance design capacity. The resulting allowable loads shall
with CHAPTER 2. not be more than one-half of the ultimate axial load
(2) Load tests in accordance with Section capacity of the test element as assessed by one of
14.3.4.1.2 , regardless of the load supported the published methods listed in Section 14.3.4.1.3
by the element. with consideration for the test type, duration and
subsoil. The ultimate axial load capacity shall be
14.3.3.8.1 The design and installation of the deep determined by a registered design professional with
foundation elements shall be under the direct consideration given to tolerable total and
supervision of a registered design professional
differential settlements at design load in accordance
knowledgeable in the field of soil mechanics and with Section 14.2.4 . In subsequent installation of
deep foundations who shall submit a report to the the balance of deep foundation elements, all
building official stating that the elements as elements shall be deemed to have a supporting
installed satisfy the design criteria. capacity equal to that of the control element where
14.3.4 Determination of allowable loads. The such elements are of the same type, size and
allowable axial and lateral loads on deep relative length as the test element; are installed
foundation elements shall be determined by an using the same or comparable methods and
approved formula, load tests or method of analysis. equipment as the test element; are installed in
similar subsoil conditions as the test element; and,
14.3.4.1 Allowable axial load. The allowable
for driven elements, where the rate of penetration
axial load on a deep foundation element shall be
(e.g., net displacement per blow) of such elements is
determined in accordance with Sections 14.3.4.1
equal to or less than that of the test element driven
through 14.3.4.1.9 .
with the same hammer through a comparable
14.3.4.1.1 Driving criteria. The allowable driving distance.
compressive load on any driven deep foundation
14.3.4.1.3 Load test evaluation methods. It shall
element where determined by the application of an
be permitted to evaluate load tests of deep
approved driving formula shall not exceed 360 kN.
foundation elements using any of the following
For allowable loads above 360 kN, the wave
methods:
equation method of analysis shall be used to
estimate driveability for both driving stresses and (1) Davisson Offset Limit.
net displacement per blow at the ultimate load. (2) Brinch-Hansen 90-percent Criterion.
Allowable loads shall be verified by load tests in (3) Butler-Hoy Criterion.
accordance with Section 14.3.4.1.2 . The formula or (4) Other methods approved by the building
wave equation load shall be determined for gravity- official.
drop or power-actuated hammers and the hammer 14.3.4.1.4 Allowable frictional resistance. The
energy used shall be the maximum consistent with assumed frictional resistance developed by any
the size, strength and weight of the driven elements. uncased cast-in-place deep foundation element
The use of a follower is permitted only with the shall not exceed one-sixth of the bearing value of
approval of the building official. The introduction
the soil material at minimum depth as set forth in
of fresh hammer cushion or pile cushion material Table 4-1 , up to a maximum of 24 kPa, unless a
just prior to final penetration is not permitted. greater value is allowed by the building official on
the basis of a geotechnical investigation as
SBC 303-CR-18 80
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
specified in CHAPTER 2 or a greater value is discovered to have a sharp or sweeping bend shall
substantiated by a load test in accordance with be determined by an approved method of analysis
Section 14.3.4.1.2 . Frictional resistance and bearing or by load testing a representative element.
resistance shall not be assumed to act
14.3.4.1.9 Helical piles. The allowable axial
simultaneously unless determined by a
design load, 𝑃𝑎 , of helical piles shall be determined
geotechnical investigation in accordance with
as follows:
Section CHAPTER 2.
14.3.4.1.5 Uplift capacity of a single deep 𝑃𝑎 = 0.5𝑃𝑢 (14-1)
foundation element. Where required by the
design, the uplift capacity of a single deep
foundation element shall be determined by an where 𝑃𝑢 is the least value of:
approved method of analysis based on a minimum (1) Sum of the areas of the helical bearing plates
factor of safety of three or by load tests conducted times the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil
in accordance with ASTM D 3689. The maximum or rock comprising the bearing stratum.
allowable uplift load shall not exceed the ultimate (2) Ultimate capacity determined from well-
load capacity as determined in Section 14.3.4.1.2, documented correlations with installation
using the results of load tests conducted in torque.
accordance with ASTM D 3689, divided by a factor (3) Ultimate capacity determined from load
of safety of two. tests.
Exception: Where uplift is due to wind or seismic (4) Ultimate axial capacity of pile shaft.
loading, the minimum factor of safety shall be two (5) Ultimate axial capacity of pile shaft
where capacity is determined by an analysis and one couplings.
and one-half where capacity is determined by load (6) Sum of the ultimate axial capacity of helical
tests. bearing plates affixed to pile.
14.3.4.1.6 Uplift capacity of grouped deep 14.3.4.2 Allowable lateral load. Where required
foundation elements. For grouped deep by the design, the lateral load capacity of a single
foundation elements subjected to uplift, the deep foundation element or a group thereof shall be
allowable working uplift load for the group shall be determined by an approved method of analysis or
calculated by a generally accepted method of by lateral load tests to at least twice the proposed
analysis. Where the deep foundation elements in the design working load. The resulting allowable load
group are placed at a center-to-center spacing less shall not be more than one-half of the load that
than three times the least horizontal dimension of produces a gross lateral movement of 25 mm at the
the largest single element, the allowable working lower of the top of foundation element and the
uplift load for the group is permitted to be ground surface, unless it can be shown that the
calculated as the lesser of: predicted lateral movement shall cause neither
harmful distortion of, nor instability in, the
(1) The proposed individual allowable working structure, nor cause any element to be loaded
uplift load times the number of elements in beyond its capacity.
the group.
(2) Two-thirds of the effective weight of the 14.3.5 Special soil conditions. Deep foundations
group and the soil contained within a block to be installed through subsiding or calcareous soils
defined by the perimeter of the group and the shall b e designed in accordance with Sections
length of the element, plus two-thirds of the 14.3.5.1 through 14.3.5.2 , as applicable.
ultimate shear resistance along the soil block. 14.3.5.1 Subsiding soils. Where deep foundation
14.3.4.1.7 Load-bearing capacity. Deep elements are installed through subsiding fills or
foundation elements shall develop ultimate load other subsiding strata and derive support from
capacities of at least twice the design working loads underlying firmer materials, consideration shall be
in the designated load-bearing layers. Analysis shall given to the downward frictional forces that may
show that no soil layer underlying the designated be imposed on the elements by subsiding upper
load-bearing layers causes the load-bearing strata.
capacity safety factor to be less than two. 14.3.5.1.1 Where the influence of subsiding fills is
14.3.4.1.8 Bent deep foundation elements. The considered as imposing loads on the element, the
load-bearing capacity of deep foundation elements allowable stresses specified in this chapter shall be
SBC 303-CR-18 81
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
SBC 303-CR-18 82
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
socket shall be approximately equal to the inside provisions shall be made so that those specified
diameter of the casing. lengths or extents are maintained after cutoff.
Exceptions: 14.3.9 Precast concrete piles. Precast concrete
piles shall be designed and detailed in accordance
(1) There is no minimum diameter for steel pipes
with Sections 14.3.9.1 through 14.3.9.3 .
or tubes used in micropiles.
(2) For mandrel-driven pipes or tubes, the 14.3.9.1 Reinforcement. Longitudinal steel shall
minimum wall thickness shall be 2.5 mm. be arranged in a symmetrical pattern and be
laterally tied with steel ties or wire spiral spaced
14.3.6.3.5 Helical piles. Dimensions of the central
center to center as follows:
shaft and the number, size and thickness of helical
bearing plates shall be sufficient to support the (1) At not more than 25 mm for the first five ties
design loads. or spirals at each end; then
(2) At not more than 100 mm, for the remainder
14.3.7 Splices. Splices shall be constructed so as
of the first 600 mm from each end; and then
to provide and maintain true alignment and position
(3) At not more than 150 mm elsewhere.
of the component parts of the deep foundation
element during installation and subsequent thereto 14.3.9.1.1 The size of ties and spirals shall be as
and shall be designed to resist the axial and shear follows:
forces and moments occurring at the location of the
(1) For piles having a least horizontal dimension
splice during driving and for design load
of 400 mm or less, wire shall not be smaller
combinations. Where deep foundation elements
than 5.6 mm (No. 5 gage).
of the same type are being spliced, splices shall
(2) For piles having a least horizontal dimension
develop not less than 50 percent of the bending
of more than 400 mm and less than 500 mm,
strength of the weaker section. Where deep
wire shall not be smaller than 6 mm (No. 4
foundation elements of different materials or
gage).
different types are being spliced, splices shall
(3) For piles having a least horizontal dimension
develop the full compressive strength and not less
of 500 mm and larger, wire shall not be
than 50 percent of the tension and bending strength
smaller than 6.5 mm round or 6.6 mm (No. 3
of the weaker section. Where structural steel cores
gage).
are to be spliced, the ends shall be milled or ground
to provide full contact and shall be full-depth welded. 14.3.9.2 Precast nonprestressed piles. Precast
non-prestressed concrete piles shall comply with
14.3.7.1 Splices occurring in the upper 3000 mm of
the requirements of Sections 14.3.9.2.1 through
the embedded portion of an element shall be
14.3.9.2.3 .
designed to resist at allowable stresses the moment
and shear that would result from an assumed 14.3.9.2.1 Minimum reinforcement. Longitudinal
eccentricity of the axial load of 75 mm, or the reinforcement shall consist of at least four bars
element shall be braced in accordance with Section with a minimum longitudinal reinforcement ratio of
14.2.3 to other deep foundation elements that do not 0.008.
have splices in the upper 3000 mm of embedment. 14.3.9.2.2 Seismic reinforcement in Seismic
14.3.7.2 Seismic Design Categories C and D. Design Categories C through F. For structures
For structures assigned to Seismic Design assigned to Seismic Design Categories C, D, E or
Categories C and D splices of deep foundation F, precast nonprestressed piles shall be reinforced
elements shall develop the lesser of the following: as specified in this section. The minimum
longitudinal reinforcement ratio shall be 0.01
(1) The nominal strength of the deep foundation
throughout the length. Transverse reinforcement
element.
shall consist of closed ties or spirals with a minimum
(2) The axial and shear forces and moments from
9.5 mm diameter. Spacing of transverse
the seismic load effects including
reinforcement shall not exceed the smaller of eight
overstrength factor in accordance with
times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar or
Section 12.4.3 or 12.14.3.2 of SBC 301.
150 mm within a distance of three times the least pile
14.3.8 Top of element detailing at cutoffs. dimension from the bottom of the pile cap. Spacing
Where a minimum length for reinforcement or the of transverse reinforcement shall not exceed 150 mm
extent of closely spaced confinement reinforcement throughout the remainder of the pile.
is specified at the top of a deep foundation element,
SBC 303-CR-18 83
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
14.3.9.2.3 Additional seismic reinforcement in occur through the length of the pile. Where
Seismic Design Category D through F. For the pile length exceeds 11,000 mm, the
structures assigned to Seismic Design Categories ductile pile region shall be taken as the
D, E or F, transverse reinforcement shall be in greater of 11,000 mm or the distance from
accordance with Section 14.3.10.4.2 . the underside of the pile cap to the point of
zero curvature plus three times the least pile
14.3.9.3 Precast prestressed piles. Precast
dimension.
prestressed concrete piles shall comply with the
(3) In the ductile region, the center-to-center
requirements of Sections 14.3.9.3.1 through
spacing of the spirals or hoop reinforcement
14.3.9.3.3 .
shall not exceed one-fifth of the least pile
14.3.9.3.1 Effective prestress. The effective dimension, six times the diameter of the
prestress in the pile shall not be less than 2.80 MPa longitudinal strand or 200 mm, whichever is
for piles up to 9200 mm in length, 3.80 MPa, for smallest.
piles up to 15,500 mm in length and 4.80 MPa (4) Circular spiral reinforcement shall be spliced
for piles greater than 15,500 mm in length. by lapping one full turn and bending the end
14.3.9.3.1.1 Effective prestress shall be based on an of each spiral to a 90-degree hook or by use
assumed loss of (210 MPa) in the prestressing steel. of a mechanical or welded splice complying
The tensile stress in the prestressing steel shall not with Section 25.5.7 of SBC 304.
exceed the values specified in SBC 304. (5) Where the transverse reinforcement consists
of circular spirals, the volumetric ratio of
14.3.9.3.2 Seismic reinforcement in Seismic spiral transverse reinforcement in the ductile
Design Category C. For structures assigned to region shall comply with the following:
Seismic Design Category C, precast prestressed
piles shall have transverse reinforcement in 𝜌𝑠 = 0.25(𝑓𝑐′ ⁄𝑓𝑦ℎ )(𝐴𝑔 ⁄𝐴𝑐ℎ − 1.0)
accordance with this section. The volumetric ratio (14-3)
of spiral reinforcement shall not be less than 0.007 [0.5 + 1.4𝑃⁄(𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔 )]
or the amount required by the following formula for
the upper 6000 mm of the pile. but not less than
(1) Requirements in SBC 304, Chapter 18, need 𝑃 = Axial load on pile, (kN), as determined from
not apply, unless specifically referenced. Equations 16-5 and 16-7 of SBC 201; and
(2) Where the total pile length in the soil is 𝜌𝑠 = Volumetric ratio (vol. of spiral/vol. core).
11,000 mm or less, the lateral transverse
reinforcement in the ductile region shall
SBC 303-CR-18 84
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
SBC 303-CR-18 85
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
SBC 303-CR-18 86
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
The minimum reinforced length of the element shall Sections 18.7.5.2, 18.7.5.3 and 18.7.5.4 of SBC 304
be taken as the greatest of the following: within seven times the least element dimension of
the pile cap and within seven times the least element
(1) One-half of the element length.
dimension of the interfaces of strata that are hard or
(2) A distance of 3000 mm.
stiff and strata that are liquefiable or are composed
(3) Three times the least element dimension.
of soft- to medium-stiff clay.
(4) The distance from the top of the element to
the point where the design cracking moment 14.3.10.5 Belled drilled shafts. Where drilled
determined in accordance with Section shafts are belled at the bottom, the edge thickness
14.3.10.1 exceeds the required moment of the bell shall not be less than that required for the
strength determined using the load edge of footings. Where the sides of the bell slope
combinations of Section 1605.2 of SBC 201. at an angle less than 60 degrees (1 rad) from the
horizontal, the effects of vertical shear shall be
14.3.10.4.2.2 Transverse reinforcement shall
considered.
consist of closed ties or spirals no smaller than 9.5
mm bars for elements with a least dimension up to 14.3.10.6 Socketed drilled shafts. Socketed
500 mm, and 12 mm bars for larger elements. drilled shafts shall have a permanent pipe or tube
Throughout the remainder of the reinforced length casing that extends down to bedrock and an uncased
outside the regions with transverse confinement socket drilled into the bedrock, both filled with
reinforcement, as specified in Section 14.3.10.4.2.3 concrete. Socketed drilled shafts shall have
or 14.3.10.4.2.4, the spacing of transverse reinforcement or a structural steel core for the
reinforcement shall not exceed the least of the length as indicated by an approved method of
following: analysis.
(1) 12 longitudinal bar diameters; 14.3.10.6.1 The depth of the rock socket shall be
(2) One-half the least dimension of the element; sufficient to develop the full load-bearing capacity
and of the element with a minimum safety factor of
(3) 300 mm. two, but the depth shall not be less than the outside
diameter of the pipe or tube casing. The design of
Exceptions:
the rock socket is permitted to be predicated on the
(1) The requirements of this section shall not sum of the allowable load-bearing pressure on the
apply to concrete cast in structural steel pipes bottom of the socket plus bond along the sides of
or tubes. the socket.
(2) A spiral-welded metal casing of a thickness
14.3.10.6.2 Where a structural steel core is used,
not less than manufacturer's standard No. 14
the gross cross-sectional area of the core shall not
gage (1.72 mm) is permitted to provide
exceed 25 percent of the gross area of the drilled
concrete confinement in lieu of the closed
shaft.
ties or spirals. Where used as such, the metal
casing shall be protected against possible 14.3.11 Micropiles. Micropiles shall be designed
deleterious action due to soil constituents, and detailed in accordance with Sections 14.3.11.1
changing water levels or other factors through 14.3.11.4 .
indicated by boring records of site
14.3.11.1 Construction. Micropiles shall develop
conditions.
their load-carrying capacity by means of a bond
14.3.10.4.2.3 Site Classes A through D. For zone in soil, bedrock or a combination of soil and
Site Class A, B, C or D sites, transverse bedrock. Micropiles shall be grouted and have
confinement reinforcement shall be provided in the either a steel pipe or tube or steel reinforcement at
element in accordance with Sections 18.7.5.2, every section along the length. It shall be permitted
18.7.5.3 and 18.7.5.4 of SBC 304 within three to transition from deformed reinforcing bars to steel
times the least element dimension of the bottom of pipe or tube reinforcement by extending the bars
the pile cap. A transverse spiral reinforcement ratio into the pipe or tube section by at least their
of not less than one-half of that required in Section development length in tension in accordance with
18.7.5.4(a) of SBC 304 shall be permitted. SBC 304.
14.3.10.4.2.4 Site Classes E and F. For Site Class 14.3.11.2 Materials. Reinforcement shall consist
E or F sites, transverse confinement reinforcement of deformed reinforcing bars in accordance with
shall be provided in the element in accordance with
SBC 303-CR-18 87
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
ASTM A 615 Grade 60 or 75 or ASTM A 722 anchored in the element into the pile cap for a
Grade 150. distance equal to their development length in
accordance with SBC 304. It shall be permitted to
14.3.11.2.1 The steel pipe or tube shall have a
connect precast prestressed piles to the pile cap by
minimum wall thickness of 4.8 mm. Splices shall
developing the element prestressing strands into the
comply with Section 14.3.7. The steel pipe or tube
pile cap provided the connection is ductile. For
shall have a minimum yield strength of 310 MPa
deformed bars, the development length is the full
and a minimum elongation of 15 percent as shown
development length for compression, or tension in
by mill certifications or two coupon test samples per
the case of uplift, without reduction for excess
18200 kg of pipe and tube.
reinforcement in accordance with Section 25.4.10
14.3.11.3 Reinforcement. For micropiles or of SBC 304. Alternative measures for laterally
portions thereof grouted inside a temporary or confining concrete and maintaining toughness and
permanent casing or inside a hole drilled into ductile-like behavior at the top of the element
bedrock or a hole drilled with grout, the steel pipe shall be permitted provided the design is such that
or tube or steel reinforcement shall be designed to any hinging occurs in the confined region.
carry at least 40 percent of the design compression
14.3.12.1.1 The minimum transverse steel ratio for
load. Micropiles or portions thereof grouted in an
confinement shall not be less than one-half of that
open hole in soil without temporary or permanent
required for columns.
casing and without suitable means of verifying the
hole diameter during grouting shall be designed to 14.3.12.1.2 For resistance to uplift forces,
carry the entire compression load in the reinforcing anchorage of steel pipes, tubes or H-piles to the pile
steel. Where a steel pipe or tube is used for cap shall be made by means other than concrete
reinforcement, the portion of the grout enclosed bond to the bare steel section. Concrete-filled steel
within the pipe is permitted to be included in the pipes or tubes shall have reinforcement of not less
determination of the allowable stress in the grout. than 0.01 times the cross-sectional area of the
concrete fill developed into the cap and extending
14.3.11.4 Seismic reinforcement. For structures
into the fill a length equal to two times the required
assigned to Seismic Design Category C, a
cap embedment, but not less than the development
permanent steel casing shall be provided from the
length in tension of the reinforcement.
top of the micropile down to the point of zero
curvature. For structures assigned to Seismic 14.3.12.2 Seismic Design Category D through F.
Design Category D, E or F, the micropile shall be For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category
considered as an alternative system in accordance D, E or F. deep foundation element resistance to
with Section 104.11 of SBC 201. The alternative uplift forces or rotational restraint shall be provided
system design, supporting documentation and test by anchorage into the pile cap, designed
data shall be submitted to the building official for considering the combined effect of axial forces due
review and approval. to uplift and bending moments due to fixity to the
pile cap. Anchorage shall develop a minimum of 25
14.3.12 Pile caps. Pile caps shall be of reinforced
percent of the strength of the element in tension.
concrete, and shall include all elements to which
Anchorage into the pile cap shall comply with the
vertical deep foundation elements are connected,
following:
including grade beams and mats. The soil
immediately below the pile cap shall not be (1) In the case of uplift, the anchorage shall be
considered as carrying any vertical load. The tops capable of developing the least of the
of vertical deep foundation elements shall be following:
embedded not less than 75 mm into pile caps and (i) The nominal tensile strength of the
the caps shall extend at least 100 mm beyond the longitudinal reinforcement in a
edges of the elements. The tops of elements shall concrete element.
be cut or chipped back to sound material before (ii) The nominal tensile strength of a steel
capping. element.
(iii) The frictional force developed
14.3.12.1 Seismic Design Categories C and D.
between the element and the soil
For structures assigned to Seismic Design Category
multiplied by 1.3.
C or D concrete deep foundation elements shall be
connected to the pile cap by embedding the Exception: The anchorage is permitted to be
element reinforcement or field-placed dowels designed to resist the axial tension force resulting
SBC 303-CR-18 88
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
SBC 303-CR-18 89
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
14.4.3 Identification. Deep foundation materials space around the shaft shall be filled sufficiently to
shall be identified for conformity to the specified reestablish lateral support by the soil. Where heave
grade with this identity maintained continuously occurs, the element shall be replaced unless it is
from the point of manufacture to the point of demonstrated that the element is undamaged and
installation or shall be tested by an approved capable of carrying twice its design load.
agency to determine conformity to the specified
14.4.9 Hollow-stem augured, cast-in-place
grade. The approved agency shall furnish an
elements. Where concrete or grout is placed by
affidavit of compliance to the building official.
pumping through a hollow-stem auger, the auger
14.4.4 Location plan. A plan showing the shall be permitted to rotate in a clockwise direction
location and designation of deep foundation during withdrawal. As the auger is withdrawn at a
elements by an identification system shall be filed steady rate or in increments not to exceed 300 mm,
with the building official prior to installation of concreting or grouting pumping pressures shall be
such elements. Detailed records for elements shall measured and maintained high enough at all times
bear an identification corresponding to that shown to offset hydrostatic and lateral earth pressures.
on the plan. Concrete or grout volumes shall be measured to
ensure that the volume of concrete or grout placed
14.4.5 Preexcavation. The use of jetting,
in each element is equal to or greater than the
augering or other methods of preexcavation shall
theoretical volume of the hole created by the auger.
be subject to the approval of the building official.
Where the installation process of any element is
Where permitted, preexcavation shall be carried out
interrupted or a loss of concreting or grouting
in the same manner as used for deep foundation
pressure occurs, the element shall be redrilled to
elements subject to load tests and in such a manner
1550 mm below the elevation of the tip of the auger
that will not impair the carrying capacity of the
when the installation was interrupted or concrete or
elements already in place or damage adjacent
grout pressure was lost and reformed. Augured cast-
structures. Element tips shall be driven below the
in-place elements shall not be installed within six
preexcavated depth until the required resistance or
diameters center to center of an element filled with
penetration is obtained.
concrete or grout less than 12 hours old, unless
14.4.6 Vibratory driving. Vibratory drivers shall approved by the building official. If the concrete or
only be used to install deep foundation elements grout level in any completed element drops due to
where the element load capacity is verified by load installation of an adjacent element, the element
tests in accordance with Section 14.3.4.1.2 . The shall be replaced.
installation of production elements shall be
14.4.10 Socketed drilled shafts. The rock socket
controlled according to power consumption, rate of
and pipe or tube casing of socketed drilled shafts
penetration or other approved means that ensure
shall be thoroughly cleaned of foreign materials
element capacities equal or exceed those of the test
before filling with concrete. Steel cores shall be
elements.
bedded in cement grout at the base of the rock
14.4.7 Heaved elements. Deep foundation socket.
elements that have heaved during the driving of
14.4.11 Micropiles. Micropile deep foundation
adjacent elements shall be redriven as necessary to
elements shall be permitted to be formed in holes
develop the required capacity and penetration, or
advanced by rotary or percussive drilling methods,
the capacity of the element shall be verified by load
with or without casing. The elements shall be
tests in accordance with Section 14.3.4.1.2 .
grouted with a fluid cement grout. The grout shall
14.4.8 Enlarged base cast-in-place elements. be pumped through a tremie pipe extending to the
Enlarged bases for cast-in-place deep foundation bottom of the element until grout of suitable quality
elements formed by compacting concrete or by returns at the top of the element. The following
driving a precast base shall be formed in or driven requirements apply to specific installation methods:
into granular soils. Such elements shall be
(1) For micropiles grouted inside a temporary
constructed in the same manner as successful
casing, the reinforcing bars shall be inserted
prototype test elements driven for the project.
prior to withdrawal of the casing. The casing
Shafts extending through peat or other organic soil
shall be withdrawn in a controlled manner
shall be encased in a permanent steel casing. Where
with the grout level maintained at the top of
a cased shaft is used, the shaft shall be adequately
the element to ensure that the grout
reinforced to resist column action or the annular
completely fills the drill hole. During
SBC 303-CR-18 90
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
withdrawal of the casing, the grout level (6) For micropiles designed with a full-length
inside the casing shall be monitored to verify casing, the casing shall be pulled back to the
that the flow of grout inside the casing is not top of the bond zone and reinserted or some
obstructed. other suitable means employed to assure
(2) For a micropile or portion thereof grouted in grout coverage outside the casing.
an open drill hole in soil without temporary
14.4.12 Helical piles. Helical piles shall be
casing, the minimum design diameter of the
installed to specified embedment depth and
drill hole shall be verified by a suitable
torsional resistance criteria as determined by a
device during grouting.
registered design professional. The torque applied
(3) For micropiles designed for end bearing, a
during installation shall not exceed the maximum
suitable means shall be employed to verify
allowable installation torque of the helical pile.
that the bearing surface is properly cleaned
prior to grouting. 14.4.13 Special inspection. Special inspections in
(4) Subsequent micropiles shall not be drilled accordance with Sections 1705.7 SBC 201 and
near elements that have been grouted until 1705.8 SBC 201 shall be provided for driven and
the grout has had sufficient time to harden. cast-in-place deep foundation elements,
(5) Micropiles shall be grouted as soon as respectively. Special inspections in accordance
possible after drilling is completed. with Section 1705.9 SBC 201 shall be provided for
helical piles.
SBC 303-CR-18 91
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
TABLES OF CHAPTER 14
SBC 303-CR-18 92
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Table 14-2 —Allowable streses for materials used in deep foundations elements
a
MATERIAL TYPE AND CONDITION MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS
1. Concrete or grout in compressionb
Cast-in-place with a permanent casing in accordance with Section
0.4 𝑓𝑐′
14.3.2.7
Cast-in-place in a pipe, tube, other permanent casing or rock 0.33𝑓𝑐′
Cast-in-place without a permanent casing 0.3 𝑓𝑐′
Precast nonprestressed 0.33 𝑓𝑐′
Precast prestressed 0.33 𝑓𝑐′ - 0.27 fpc
2. Nonprestressed reinforcement in compression 0.4 fy < 220 MPa
3. Steel in compression
Cores within concrete-filled pipes or tubes 0.5 Fy < 220 MPa
Pipes, tubes or H-piles, where justified in accordance with
0.5 Fy < 220 MPa
Section 14.3.3.8.
Pipes or tubes for micropiles 0.4 Fy < 220 MPa
Other pipes, tubes or H-piles 0.35 Fy < 110 MPa
Helical piles 0.6 Fy < 0.5 Fu
SBC 303-CR-18 93
CHAPTER 14—DEEP FOUNDATIONS
SBC 303-CR-18 94