Name : AYU WULANDARI

CLASS : TBI 6A

NIM : 2130104012

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a. Definition/concepts of Indirect Speech acts

Aspects Speech acts
1 Concept/Definition
a (Abdulla Khalifa, 2010) The notion of ISA is based on the literal force
hypothesis (LFH), the assumption that
illocutionary force is built into sentence form,
that generally there is a form-force correlation,
or to be specific, there is a correspondence
between the imperative, interrogative and
declarative
sentence-types on the one hand, and the
illocutionary forces generally associated with
them (requesting, questioning and stating), on
the other, with the exception of explicit
performatives, which are declarative in form
and have their force named by the
performative verb in the
highest clause
b (Oktadistio et al., 2018) According to Jucker & Taavitsainen
(2008:33), indirect speech is when we use
sentences or non-exact words that have a
reporting clause and a reported clause to
inform something. For many reasons, we are
abiding by the politeness principle, and we
don’t wish to impose.
c (Mellor, 2014) Indirect speech act is used mainly because it is
related with politeness, since it eliminates the
unpleasant vibe of the message.
2 Conclusion
3 Relevant Examples and Analysis

b. Types of Indirect Speech acts

N Concepts Types of Indirect Speech Acts
o Assertive/ Declarative/ directives verdictives commissive
representatives performatives
1 Concepts
a (Mellor, 2014) Representatives are Directive is a kind of Commissive is the
those kinds of speech speech acts deal with kind of speech acts
acts that state what the attempting someone that speakers use to
speaker believes to be to do something.As
the case or not (Yule, stated by Yule (1996:
commit themselves
1996:53). In using 54) it is a to some future
representatives, the kind of speech acts action (Yule, 1996:
speaker makes that speakers 54).
the word fits the world use to get someone
else to do something.
b (Erlinda, 2019) Cruse (2000:342) states Kreidler (2001: 185- Yule (1996: 54) Kreidler (2001: 187- Cruse (2000: 342)
that assertive commit 186) defines describes that 188) state that states that commissives
the speaker to perfomative is kinds of directives are kind of verdictives are speech commit the speaker
the truth of the speech act that bring speech act acts to some future action:
expressed proposition: about the state of that speaker use to in which the speaker promise, vow, offer,
state, suggest, boast, affair: bids, blessing, get someone else to makes an assessment or undertake, contract,
complain, firings, do something. They judgement about and threaten. Kreidler
claim, report, and warn baptisms, arrests, express the acts of another, (2001: 192) defines
(that). marrying, declaring a what the speaker usually the addressee. that commissive
mistrial wants. utterance
as speech act that
commit a speaker to a
course of action.
c Expert 3 (year)
Conclusion (your own
words)
2 Parameters/Indicators/
characteristics
a Parameter/Indicator/ describing, claiming, the researcher Cutting (2002:
characteristic 1 hypothesizing,insisting found directive 17)adds that
and predicting. speech act in promising,
teaching threatening,
performance in the refusing, and
form of asking, pledging, offering,
requesting, and vowing and
suggesting volunteering are
some examples of
illocutionary forces
 that fall under the
category of
commissives.
b Parameter/Indicator/ Reported assertive They are characterized They express These include ranking, Where commissive
characteristic 2 divides into three: by having truth what the speaker assessing, appraising, verbs are illustrated by
1) Indirect assertive: conditions. wants. They are condoning. Verdictive agree, ask, offer,
a. I voted for Aaronson a. The dog ate the commands, orders, verbs includes accuse, refuse,
in the last election. bone. requests, advice, charge, excuse, thank and swear, all with
b. Most plastic are b. John slept until 11 and suggestions. in the utterance frame I following infinitives
made from soy beans. and missed his first two …… you of/for ….-
c. Cape Ann Lighthouse classes. ing.
is a mile from the c. If I don’t get this
beach. paper in by 5:00 I’ll
2) Direct assertive: lose a letter grade.
a. I voted for Aaronson
in the last election.
b. Most plastic are
made from soy beans.
c. Cape Ann Lighthouse
is a mile from the
beach.
3) Assertive verbs
Assertive verbs
followed by a full
clause. They include
allege,
announce, report,
remind, predict, protest.
They are independent
of time or aspect,
neutral with respect to
who is involved
in what reported, and
comment on a state of
affairs. Example:
Jarvis announced that
he is voting for
Aaronson in the last
election.
c Parameter/Indicator/
characteristic 3
3 Examples and Analysis
a Example 1 and Its For the detail
Analysis description of each (24) Speak in (27) If you do not
 form, the researcher English please! understand the rule,
provides some just ask me. I will
examples below: (25) Ok you, what help you to do it.
(13) The differences is your opinion
between hortatory about it? (28) For the next
and analytical section, I will
exposition text is in the (26) You need to
last paragraph of each provide some
read a lot of examples of
text.
English text books conditional sentence
(14) To be able to have
deep understanding of to improve your in different types,
caption, next week you pronunciation. Ok! and you should
will have an exercise From the data of compare them to
about it and present the research above find the differences.
your task in the class. show us the
(15) Oohh..Hopefully From the example
examples of above, the first
she will get better soon.
directive. The first example (27) shows
(16) I agree with your
friend’s statement that directive is in the us the form of
smoking is not good for form of offering. Based on
our health. requesting. In this the context
(17) Not combine, but datum observed, the
join.
(18) Ok. So the function speaker committed
of advertisement is to future action by
persuade the reader to offering him/herself
buy a product. to help the students
(19) No, other students in doing something
can give other in the classroom.
opinions?
While in the second
datum (28), the
speaker committed
future action by
saying to the
students that he/she
will provide
something relates to
the topic of the
lesson.
b Example 2 and Its has a direction of fit of Examples of The directive has a Examples: a) Response to
Analysis word-to-world the Declarative Such as direction of fit of a. I accuse you of directive
psychological state B Follows: world-to-word; the putting on airs. Positive response:
for the sincerity 1. Priest: I now psychological b. I congratulate you agree consent
 condition pronounce you state must be that the for performing so well. [Agree is more
to hold must be that the husband and wife. speaker wants that c. The major blamed common]
speaker believes B the 2. Referee: You’re out. the hearer H the media for not Negative response
propositional 3. Jury Foreman: We do the action. For accurately reporting his refuse decline
content expressed p. find the defendant example, the speaker accomplishments. [Refuse is stronger,
Example: The speaker guilty. gives the command decline more formal,
states: 4. I sentence you to 90 Open more polite]
The days in prison. the door! And wants b) Self-motivated (not
door is open and Huang (2007: 98) the door to be response to directive)
believes that the door is classifies performatives opened. Benefactive: offer
open. into two types: explicit volunteer
and implicit. Explicit [Volunteer suggest a
performatives are more formal
performative utterances commitment]
which contain a Malefactive: threaten
performative verb that c) Focus on speech act
makes explicit what Pledge promise swear
kind of act is being [Promise is unmarked;
performed. a pledge is a solemn
promise made in
public; to swear is to
take a semi-religious
oath]
c Example 3 and Its
Analysis
4 Conclusion

c. Previous relevant Research of Indirect Speech acts in Pragmatic Analysis and Examples
No Citation (articles)
1 (Mellor, 2014)
2 (Oktadistio et al., 2018)
Research Methods (research type & design, data & data sources, Results & Examples
aims/purpose instrument, technique of data collection, and
techniques of data analysis
This research The data were taken directly from the movie dialogue, The characters in the movie used indirect speech
aimed to focusing on the indirect speech acts uttered by the acts as request, command, suggestion,
identify the characters, and the context of the occurrence of the invitation, and refusal. Based on the findings,
indirect speech utterance. The collected data were transferred to a there were five data belonged to refusal speech
act and the table, which were analyzed using descriptive acts, two request speech acts, one invitation
intended qualitative method. The data collection and analysis speech act, two command speech acts, and one
meaning of the resulted in the findings of 11 data of indirect speech suggestion speech act. This showed that indirect
utterances in acts. speech act utterances in the movie were mainly
the movie used by the characters as a refusal to an offer or
Sherlock: The invitation.
Empty Hearse
An Analysis his research was a descriptive analysis that discussed rom the analysis, it was found that both direct
of Direct and about direct and indirect speech acts in the story of speech acts and indirect speech
 Indirect princess Hase-Hime. In analyzing the script, there was acts are used by the characters in this story.
Speech Acts used theory by Yule (1996). The data in this research There were 32 direct speech acts and 15 indirect
Realized based on the characters’ utterances. The purpose of this speech act. Based on the sentence form, from all
by the analysis was to find out the types and functions of total of direct speech act, it found 19
Characters in speech acts whether it is direct speech act or indirect declarative, 11 imperative, and five
the Story of speech act in the story, to find out the most dominant interrogative sentence forms. In addition to this,
Princess Hase- speech act, and its contribution to pragmatics for indirect speech act, there were eight
Hime. teaching. imperative, 19 declarative, and five for
interrogative sentence form. In addition, based
on its function there were three functions of
direct and indirect speech employed by the
characters of Princess Hase-Hime story. For
direct speech act, there were 19 statement, five
question, and 11 order/request functions. For
indirect one, there are only two functions,
namely 15 statement and nothing for
order/request and question functions. The
researcher also found 47 speech acts employed
by the characters in the story of Princess Hase-
Hime (100%), it found 32 direct speech acts
(68%) and 15 indirect speech acts (32%). It
meant that the dominant one was direct speech
act. The story of Princess Hase-Hime can be
used as the reference or alternative source
learning to (Fitriyah, 2021)pragmatics teaching.
3 (Fitriyah, 2021) This study To achieve this goal, the researcher uses a descriptive- The data analysis is done based on the
aims to qualitative research design. The participants of this interactive Miles model, which includes three
analyze and study are students of Islamic College Jakarta. The stages: (1) data reduction, (2) data presentation,
describe (1) objects in this study are the forms, functions, and types (3) verification. The results of this study
the forms of of speech uttered by Islamic College Jakarta students. indicate that: (1) Three forms of
speech acts in The data collection is done using the note-taking speech acts: declarative, interrogative, and
interactions in method supported by recording techniques. imperative modes and (2) types of speech acts
English class of students in English class: direct speech, and
at Islamic indirect speech acts are found in the research
College
Jakarta and (2)
the types of
speech acts in
the interaction
in English
class at
Islamic
College
Jakarta.
4 (Fitriyah, 2021) Speech Acts The design of this research was qualitative descriptive. and the objective of this study was: to know
 are the This Research discussed about “Speech Acts Analysis about the types of Speech Acts which used in
speaker’s of Dialogues in “English in Focus 2” Textbook”. conversations in “English In Focus 2”
utterances that Research problem in this study was: what are the types Textbook. In this Textbook, the researcher
convey of Speech Acts in dialogues in the “English in Focus 2” found 4 dialogues that indicated Speech Acts.
meaning and Textbook? This textbook’s type of Speech Acts were
make listeners . Directive, Commissive, and
do specific Expressive
things; when
saying a
performative
utterance, a
speaker is
simultaneously
doing
something.
There are five
types of
Speech Act:
Directive,
Declaration,
Commissive,
Expressive,
and Assertive.
5 (Oktadistio et al., 2018)
This The researcher uses observation and recording It was found that there are two types of
research technique to collect the data. In analyzing the speech acts: direct and indirect speech acts.
attempts to data, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative It is categorized into four: representative,
find the method. expressive, directive, commissive. The use
classification of speech acts gives some implications:
of speech improving students’ understanding of
acts and its speech acts, increasing level of decency in
implication a communication, improving class
in teaching atmosphere and students’ motivation, and
and learning building good relationship between teacher
activity. and students.

References (Use Mendeley with APA style)

Abdulla Khalifa, H. I. (2010). Indirect Speech Acts 318 Indirect Speech Acts Between Modern Linguistics and Arabic Linguistic Tradition.
Cruse, A. (2000). Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics. In New York. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110368505-005
Cutting, J. (2002). Pragmatics and Discourse: A Resource book for students. Routledge.
Erlinda, R. (2019). Introduction to English Pragmatics Applying Research-Based Learning Model.
Fitriyah, F. (2021). SPEECH ACTS IN ENGLISH LEARNING CLASSROOMS (Case Study at The Islamic College Jakarta). Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and
Language Teaching, 5(1), 160–169. https://doi.org/10.30743/ll.v5i1.3795
Mellor, L. (2014). Sherlock: The Empty Hearse, Review. Den of Geek, 1–8. http://www.denofgeek.com/us/231845/sherlock-series-3-episode-1-review-the-empty-hearse
O’Keeffe, A., Clancy, B., & Adolphs, S. (2019). Introducing Pragmatics in Use. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429342950
Oktadistio, F., Aziz, M., & . Z. (2018). an Analysis of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts Performed By Main Character in the Movie Revenant Script. Journal of English Education and
Teaching, 2(1), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.33369/jeet.2.1.59-67
Yan Huang. (2007). Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. In New York. Oxford University Press.

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