Conditional sentences ( Câu điều kiện )

I. Có năm loại câu điều kiện:

1. Điều kiện loại 0:
Form : If S + V(s/es) , S + V(s/es)
Cách sử dụng:
Diễn tả một hành động sự kiện luôn luôn đúng, một chân lý nào đó.
Ví dụ :
- If you heat ice, it melts ( Nếu bạn làm nóng đá, nó sẽ tan chảy )
- If we don’t water thoes flower, they die. ( Nếu chúng ta không tưới hoa, chúng
sẽ chết )
2. Điều kiện loại 1:
Form: If S + V(s/es) , S + will/ won’t +V(inf)
Cách sử dụng:
Diễn tả một hành động, sự kiện có thể thực hiện được trong hiện tại.
Ví dụ:
- If you come into my garden, my dog will bite you ( Nếu bạn đi vào vườn của
tôi, con chó của tôi sẽ cắn bạn )
3. Điều kiện loại 2:
Form: If S + V( ed/II) , S + would + V(inf)
Cách sử dụng:
Diễn tả một sự kiện, hành động không thể diễn ra ở hiện tại, hoặc tương lai,
hoặc chỉ là một giả thiết, một ước muốn, trái ngược với thực trạng ở quá khứ.
Ví dụ:
- If I were a bird, I would be very happy.
4. Điều kiện loại 3:
Form: If S + had V(ppIII) , S would have + V(ppIII)
Cách sử dụng:
Diễn tả một hành động hay sự kiện không thể xảy ra trong quá khứ, chỉ là một
giả thiết, một ước muốn trái ngược với thực trạng ở quá khứ.
Ví dụ:
- If John had worked hard, he wouldn’t have failed his exam.
5. Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp:
Loại 1: câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3.

Mệnh đề điều kiện Mệnh đề chính

If + S + V-ed/2 S + would/could/might + have + Vpp/V-ed

Câu điều kiện lại 2 Câu điều kiện loại 3

* Lưu ý: Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 2 có mệnh đề if sử dụng vế đầu câu điều
kiện loại 2, vế sau là câu điều kiện loại 3.
Ví dụ : I am not rich, so I didn’t buy that house last day
 If I were rich, I would have bought that house last day.

Loại 2: câu điều kiện loại 3 và 2

Mệnh đề điều kiện Mệnh đề chính

If + S + had + Vpp/V-ed S + would + V-inf

If + câu điều kiện loại 3 câu điều kiện loại 2

*Lưu ý: Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 2 có mệnh đề if sử dụng vế đầu câu điều
kiện loại 3, vế sau là câu điều kiện loại 2.
Ví dụ: Because I didn’t work harder, I am not rich now.
If I had worked harder, I would be rich now. (Nếu tôi làm việc chăm chỉ hơn,
thì bây giờ tôi đã giàu có.)
=> Ta thấy được sự việc "giàu có" ở hiện tại không có thật bởi hành động "làm
việc chăm chỉ" đã không xảy ra trong quá khứ.
Chú ý:
*** “If …. not” có thể được thay bằng “UNLESS” (trừ phi, nếu không):
Eg: We will be late if we don‘t hurry.
 We will be late unless we hurry. (Chúng ta sẽ bị muộn nếu chúng ta không đi nhanh.)
Eg: If I have time, I can help you.
 Unless I had time, I can‘t help you. (Nếu tôi có thời gian thì tôi có thể giúp bạn.)
II. BÀI TẬP:
Exercise 1. Choose the correct answer.
Question 1. If the train is late, we ....................... to the office.
A. walk B. will walk C. would walk D. walks
Question 2. She .......................... if she has time.
A. calls B. would call C. will call D. calling
Question 3. If it ........................... too much, I will buy the smaller one.
A. costs B. will cost C. would cost D. cost
Question 4. If the class. ............................ full, we will find another one.
A. are B. will be C. were D. is
Question 5. What will we do if the taxi .............................?
A. don’t come B. didn’t come C. doesn’t come D. had not come
Question 6. If it snowed this summer, we ........................ skiing.
A. goes B. will go C. would go D. go
Question 7. If you drove more carefully, you ......................so many accidents.
A. would not have B. will not have
C. wouldn’t have had D. has
Question 8. If he ............................. up earlier, he’d get to work on time.
A. gets B. will get C. got D. had got
Question 9. I would tell you more about it if we .................................... more time.
A. has B. will have C. have D. had
Question 10. If I ..........................you, I wouldn’t worry about going to university.
A. am B. be C. were D. had been
Question 11. If you .............................. any money, I’d give you some.
A. hadn’t had B. haven’t had C. don’t have D. didn’t have
Question 12. You’d earn more money if you ...................... more products.
A. to sell B. sell C. sold D. will sell
Question 13. If I ......................... so busy yesterday, I would have visited you.
A. were not B. wasn’t C. aren’t D. hadn’t been
Question 14. If you had seen the film, you ...................... it.
A. will enjoy B. would enjoy
C. would have enjoyed D. enjoyed
Question 15. She would have gone to the university if she .................. the opportunity.
A. has B. will have C. had had D. had
Question 16. If he had been more careful, he ............................. an accident.
A. would not have had B. will not have
C. does not have D. would not have
Question 17. If you’d stayed at home, there ............................... any trouble.
A. would not be B. will not be C. is not D. would not have been
Question 18. What would you do if he............................ tomorrow?
A. resigned B. will resign C. resigns D. to resign
Question 19. I’ll do it if he ................................ me.
A. asking B. will ask C. asked D. asks
Question 20. I wouldn’t have believed it if I..................... it with my own eyes.
A. not to see B. didn’t see C. don’t see D. hadn’t seen

Exercise 2. Cho dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc:

Question 1. If I see him, I _____ (give ) him a gift.
Question 2. If I had a typewriter, I _____ (type) it myself.
Question 3. If I had known that you were in hospital, I _____ (visit) you.
Question 4. You could make better progress if you _____ (attend) class regularly.
Question 5. If I _____ (know) his telephone number, I’d give it to you.
Question 6. If you _____ (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.
Question 7. If he worked more slowly, he _____ (not make) so many mistakes.
Question 8. I shouldn’t drink that wine if I _____ (be) you.
Question 9. If I _____ (find) a cheap room, I will stay a fortnight.
Question 10. A lot of people _____ (be) out of work if the factory closed down.
Question 11. I (have) .............. plenty of money now if I (not/spend) ............ so much
yesterday.
Question 12. If someone (give) ................you a boat, what you (do) ............... ?
Question 13. If you...........(press) CTRL + S, you...........(save) the file.
Question 14. The children...........(be) happy if he...........(teach) them English.
Question 15. If she...........(buy) a new hard disk, she...........(not/ lose) all data.

Exercise 3. Viết lại các câu sau sang dạng câu điều kiện thích hợp.
Question 1. Keep silent or you’ll wake the baby up.
→ If you don't keep silent, you will wake the baby up.
Question 2. Stop talking or you won’t understand the lesson.
→ If ................................................................................................................
Question 3. I don’t know her number, so I don’t ring her up.
→ If .................................................................................................................
Question 4. I don’t know the answer, so I can’t tell you.
→ If ...............................................................................................................
Question 5. We got lost because we didn’t have a map.
→ If ................................................................................................................
Question 6. Susan felt sick because she ate four cream cakes.
→ ..If...............................................................................................................
Question 7. Without this treatment, the patient would have died.
→ ....................................................................................................................
Question 8. He lost his job because he was late every day.
→ .....................................................................................................................
Question 9. Peter is fat because he eats so many chips.
→ .....................................................................................................................
Question 10. Robert got a bad cough because he started smoking cigarettes.
→ ...........................................
Exercise 4. Chọn đáp án đúng
Question 1. I would have visited you before if there _____ quite a lot of people in your
house.
A. hadn't B. hadn't been C. wouldn't be D. wasn't
Question 2. If you had caught the bus, you _____ late for work.
A. wouldn't have been B. would have been
C. wouldn’t be D. would be
Question 3. If I _____, I would express my feelings.
A. were asked B. would ask C. had been asked D. asked
Question 4. If _____ as I told her, she would have succeeded.
A. she has done B. she had done C. she does D. she did
Question 5. Will you be angry if I _____ your pocket dictionary?
A. stole B. have stolen C. were to steal D. steal
Question 6. You made a mistake by telling her a lie. It _____ better if you _____ to
her.
A. would have been/ hadn't lied B. would be/ didn't lie
C. will be/ don't lie D. would be/ hadn't lied
Question 7. John would be taking a great risk if he _____ his money in that business.
A. would invest B. invested C. had invested D. invests
Question 8. She wouldn't have given them all that money if we _____ her to.
A. wouldn’t advise B. won't advise C. hadn't advised D. didn't advise
Question 9. If the tree hadn't been so high, he _____ it up to take his kite down.
A. could have climbed B. climb C. is climbing D. climbed
Question 10. If the wall weren't so high, he _____ it up to take his ball down.
A. climbed B. could climb C. is climbing D. climb
Question 11. If I _____ her phone number, I _____ her last night.
A. had known/ could have phoned B. knew/ would have phoned
C. know/ can phone D. knew/ could phone
Question 12. If he ______ the truth, the police wouldn’t arrest him.
A. tells B. told C. had told D. would tell
Question 13. If you press that button what _____?
A. would happen B. would have happened
C. will happen D. happen
Question 14. She says if she _____ that the traffic lights were red she _____.
A. had realized/ would stop B. realized/ could have stopped
C. has realized/ stopped D. had realized/ would have stopped
Question 15. I am very thin. I think, if I _____ smoking, I might get fat.
A. stop B. had stopped C. will stop D. stopped
Question 16. If I _____ that yesterday, I _____ them.
A. had discovered/ would inform B. had discovered/ would have informed
C. had discovered/ could inform D. discovered/ can inform
Question 17. If you _______ to the course regularly, they ________ a certificate last
year.
A. go/ gave B. go/ give
C. had gone/ would have given D. went/ would give
Question 18. I think he is not at home. If he _____ in, he ______ the phone.
A. was/ answered B. were/ would answer
C. were/ would have answered D. had been/ would have answered
Question 19. If I ______ in London now, I could visit British Museum.
A. were B. had been C. have been D. would be
Question 20. If Columbus _______ money from Queen Isabella, he _______ across
the Atlantic.
A. do not receive/ could not sail B. had not received/ might not have sailed
C. did not receive/ might not have sailed D. would not receive/ might not sail

Exercise 5. Chọn đáp án đúng A, B, C hoặc D

Question 1. If I__________the same problem you had as a child, I might not have
succeed in life as well as you have.
A. have B. would have C. had had D. should have
Question 2. ___________ more help, I would call my neighbor.
A. Needed B. Should I need C. I have needed D. I should need
Question 3. If Jake __________ to go on the trip, would you have gone?
A.doesn’t agree B. didn’t agree C. hadn’t agreed D. wouldn’t agree
Question 4. If someone _________ into the store, smile and say, “May I help you?”
A.comes B. came C. come D. should come
Question 5. If she __________ him, she would be very happy.
A. would meet B. will meet C. met D. should meet
Question 6. If I had enough money, I ___________ abroad to improve my English.
A. will go B. would go C. went D. should have go to
Question 7. If it _____________ convenient, let‟s go out for a drink tonight.
A. be B. is C. was D. were
Question 8. The patient will not recover unless he_____________an operation.
A. had undergone B. would undergo C. undergoes D. was undergoing
Question 9. - Peter: “Did you need help with your Math last night?”
- Mary: “If I had needed, I_____________you".
A. would call B. called C. would have called D. will call
Question 10. - “Here’s my phone number”.
- “Thanks. I’ll give you a call if I_______________some help tomorrow”
A. will need B. need C. would need D. needed
Exercise 6. Choose the correct answer.
Question 1. We’ll have lunch outside in the garden, _____ it’s too cold.
A. if B. unless C. in case D. should
Question 2. John _____ win more races if he trained harder.
A. would B. will C. would have D. shall
Question 3. If the machine _______, press this button.
A. stop B. stops C. would stop D. stoped
Question 4. The lecturer didn’t know what he was talking about, but if Dr Mason
_____ I would have listened carefully.
A. lectured B. was lecturing C. would lecture D. had been lecturing
Question 5. I can’t understand what he sees in her! If anyone treated me like that, I
_________extremely angry!
A. am B. would be C. will be D. was
Question 6. If you _____ up all the orange juice that was in that carton, you ought to
go out and get some more.
A. drank B. drinking C. drunk D. drink
Question 7. Rachel will be pleased _________ she passes her driving test.
A. should B. will C. if D. unless
Question 8. I _____ you sooner had someone told me you were in hospital.
A. visited B. visit
C. would have visited D. had visited
Question 9. If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this, _____ this
incident again.
A. I don’t mention B. I will never mention
C. I never mention D. will I never mention
Question 10. You can use my car ___________ you drive carefully.
A. unless B. as long as C. as soon as D. when
Question 11. If everyone _____ an extra hour a day, it would greatly increase
production.
A. work B. works C. working D. worked
Question 12. If energy _____ inexpensive and unlimited, many things in the world
would be different.
A. is B. were C. will be D. would be
Question 13. Don’t bother to ring me _________ it’s important.
A. unless B. in case C. if D. as
Question 14. If you help me with this exercise, I ________do the same for you one
day.
A. will B. would C. was D. am
Question 15. According to the timetable, if the train _______ on time, we _______
arrive at 5.30.
A. leaves/ would B. left/ would
C. leaves/ will D. was leaving/ would
Question 16. If I could speak Spanish, I _____ next year studying in Mexico.
A. will spend B. had spent C. would spend D. would have spent
Question 17. The bus won’t stop __________ you ring the bell.
A. if B. as soon as C. providing D. unless
Question 18. You’d better take a coat ________ it gets cold.
A. if B. in case C. as long as D. while
Question 19. If you _____ to my advice in the first place, you wouldn’t be in this mess
right now.
A. listen B. will listen C. listened D. had listened
Question 20. If it _____ fine tomorrow, we will go to the coast.
A. will be B. was C. is D. being
Exercise 7:Complete each of the following sentences so that it means the same as the
sentence before
1. She doesn’t live in London because she doesn’t know anyone there
→ ……………………………………………………………….
2. I can’t live in the country because I can’t find a job there
→ I’d ………………………………………………………………..
3. I don’t have a spare ticket. I can’t take you to the concert
→ If I ………………………………………………………………...
4. The schoolchildren sowed some seeds, but they forgot to water them so they didn’t
grow.
→ If the children …hadn’t forgot to water some seeds, they would have grown
5. They don’t understand the problem .They won’t find a solution
→ If they understand the problem, they will find a solution.
6. He sits around too much. He isn’t fit.
→ If he ………………………………………………………………
7. Carol didn’t answer the phone because she was studying..
→ If Carol ……………………………………………………
8. Rita is exhausted today because she didn’t get any sleep last night.
→ If Rita ………………………………………………………
9. She’s very thin; perhaps that’s why she feels cold so much.
→ If she …………………………………………………….
10. He never polishes his shoes, so he never looks smart
→ If he ……………………………………………………..
11. He can’t park near his office; that’s why he doesn’t come by car
→ If he ……………………………………………………..
12. My house is guarded by two big dogs. That’s the only reason it isn’t broken into
every night
→ If my house …………………………………………………………
13. The flats are not clearly numbered, so it is very difficult to find anyone.
→ If the flats …..………………………………………………………..
14. I don’t know her e-mail address, so I can’t tell you
→ If I …………………………………………………………………….
15. She works in the evening. She has no time to play with her children
→ If she ………………………………………………………………….
16. I don’t want them to be upset, so I’ve decided not to tell them what happened.
→ They ……………………………………………………………..
17. I am not tall enough to join the basketball team
→ If I ……………………………………………………………………
18. He doesn’t see the signal so he doesn’t stop his car
→ If he ………………………………………………………………….
19. Peter gets bad marks because he doesn’t prepare his lessons well
→ If Peter ………………………………………………………………
20. Mary doesn’t have enough money. She can’t buy a new car.
→ If Mary ………………………………………………………………
21. Go right now or you’ll be late for the train.
→ If you………………………………………………………………….
22. He doesn’t apply for the job because he doesn’t have enough qualifications.
→ If he ………………………………………………………………….
23. Hurry up, or we will be late for the exam.
→ If we …………………………………………………………………
24. They do not understand you because you do not often talk to them.
→ If you …………………………………………………………………
25. Because you speak English unnaturally, they do not understand you.
→ If you …………………………………………………………………
26. If you don’t return this book to the library today, you’ll have to pay a fine.
=> Unless ………………………………………………………………..
28. Unless he cleaned up the car now, his boss could ask him to do this.
=> If …he didn’t clean up the car , his boss could ask him to do this
29. Unless they were absent now, they would meet the headmaster.
=> If ……………………………………………………………………..
30. If I didn’t know the number, I would not ring her up.
=> Unless …………………………………………………………………
Exercise 8: Viết lại các câu bên dưới bằng cách sử dụng câu điều hỗn hợp
1. She is living in China because she got married to a Chinese.
………………………………………………………………
2. She did the homework last night so she gets a high score today.
………………………………………………………………
3. I missed the end of the film so I don’t know who the murderer was.
………………………………………………………………
4. Since he is an only child, his parents have spoiled him
……………………………………………………………………………..
5. I am not rich. I didn’t buy that house last month.
……………………………………………………………………………….
6. I am tired now because I went home late yesterday.
………………………………………………………………………………..
7. It rained yesterday so I don’t go to school today.
………………………………………………………………………………..
8. We reach Sally’s house now because we didn’t ask for direction earlier
……………………………………………………………………………….
9. Bob didn’t learn Chinese in high school, so he doesn’t have many job
opportunities.
………………………………………………………………………………
10. We can’t reach Tony’s house now because we didn’t ask for direction
before.
……………………………………………………………………………….