 d"Nofª\sgsf] kl/ro tyf cjwf/0ff (Introduction and Concept of Evaluation)

d"Nofª\sg of] jf Tof] 9+un] dfgj hLjgsf] uef{j:yfb]lv d[To'ko{Gt rnL g} /x]sf] x'G5 . dfgj–slxn]
ue{wf/0f eof], s'g a]nf aRrf hlGdof], hGdFbf p;sf] tf}n, tfkqmd, /Qmrfk slt 5, h:tf s'/fx¿sf] dfkg
ul/G5 . JolQm x's]{/ dg]{ ;do;Dd, dl/;s]kl5 klg p;sf] ;kmntf, c;kmntf, u'0f–cju'0f cflbsf]
n]vfhf]vf eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
To:t}u/L ;fdfGo b}lgs hLjgdf ;d]t k|ToIf ck|ToIf¿kdf d"Nofª\sg eO/x]sf] x'G5 . kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL,
vr{, ;"rLsf/n] sk8f tof/ ubf{, k;n]n] ;fdfg lsga]r ubf{, 8fS6/n] cf}ifwL v'jfpFbf, OlGhlgo/n] 3/
agfpFbf, kfOn6n] Kn]g lgoGq0f ubf{, 8«fOe/n] uf8L 3'dfpFbf, vfgfdf g'g /fVbf, vfgf afF8r'F8 ubf{ ;d]t
d"Nofª\sg k|of]u eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
z}lIfs If]qdf t o;sf] dxŒj emg\ a9L x'G5 . k|j]z k/LIff ;~rfng ubf{, ef}lts ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f ubf{,
sIffsf]7f, 8]:s, a]Gr, sfnf]kf6L agfpFbf gfk cfjZos x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] lqmofsnfksf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ .
k|yd, låtLo, t[tLo, kf;, km]n 5'§fpg'k5{ . sdLsdhf]/L kQf nufO{ ;f]sf] pkrf/ ug'{k5{ . pko'{Qm vfnsf]
;'emfj, ;Nnfx, gLlt, lgb]{zg lbg cfjZos x'G5 . lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk cy{k"0f{, dgf]/~hgfTds,
k|efjsf/L, jf:tljs agfpg;d]t d"Nofª\sgsf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] x'G5 . lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfksf] ;fy}
ljBfyL{ k|ult ljj/0f z}lIfs of]hgf, lzIf0f sfo{qmd, z}lIfs nufgL, lzIfs, ljBfyL{, ljBfno h:tf ;Dk"0f{
kIfsf] d"Nofª\sg eO/x]sf] x'G5 . z}lIfs d"Nof+sgn] ljz]if u/L ;~rflnt z}lIfs sfo{qmdx?jf6
ljBfyL{x?df ck]lIft z}lIfs pknJwL xfl;n ug{ ;lsP g;lsPsf] ljifonfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ z}lIfs
sfo{qmdx?sf] n]vfhf]vf ub{5 .

d"Nof+sgsf s]xL kl/efiffx?

æd"Nof+sg lzIf0f sfo{qmdsf] cleGg c+u xf] / of] Ps lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] Æ-Frank J.Estavan
æjf:tljs ?kdf s'g xb;Dd z}lIfs p2]Zox?nfO{ s'g xb;Dd k|ft ug{ ;lsof] egL ls6fgL ug{] k|lqmof
d"Nof+sg xf] Æ -Taylor
æd"Nof+sg lg0f{o ug{nfO{ ;"rgf k|bfg ug{] lj1fg xf] Æ - Danial L.StuffleBeam
æljBfyL{x?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg jf/] pknJw ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o / lgisif{df k'lug] k|lqmofnfO{
d"Nof+sg elgG5Æ –Clark and Starr
æs'g} klg k|lqmofsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug{] k|lqmofnfO{ d"Nof+sg elgG5Æ –Dictionary of Good
æljBfyL{x?sf] jfXo / cfGtl/s b'j} Jojxf/ kl/jt{gtkm{ ljZj;gLo / k|dfl0fs ;+s]t ug{] ;j}
;"rgfx?sf] ;+sng / ljZn]if0f ug{] k|lqmofnfO{ d"Nof+sg elgG5Æ –Wesley and Wronsky
æz}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] lg0f{o lngsf nflu cfjZos hfgsf/L ;+sng u/L k|of]u ug'{nfO{ d"Nof+sg elgG5Æ
-Lee J. Crobach
æljBfyL{x?n] k|fKt u/]sf] z}lIfs pknJwLx?sf] dfqf lgZro ug{] Pp6f ljlzi6 k|lqmofnfO{ d"Nofsg elgG5Æ
-Gronlund
ælzIffsf s'g} Pp6f kIfsf p2]Zox? klxrfg ug{ / tL p2]Zox? s'g xb;Dd k|fKt e Peg]/ d"No lgwf{/0f ug{]
k"0f{ k|lqmofnfO{ d"Nof+sg elgG5Æ -Thordnike and Hegan

z}lIfs d"Nof+sgsf] p2]Zo

 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknJwLsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{]
 z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf hfFr ug{]
 kf7\oqmd,kf7\ok':ts tyf ;Gb{e ;fdu|Lsf] ;fGble{stf kQf nufpg]
 lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] k|efj cf+sng ug{] / cfjZostf klxrfg ug{]
 z}lIfs of]hgf / gLlt lgb{]zgsf] sfof{Gjo l:yltsf] jf]w ug{]
 lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ Nofpg]
 z}lIf p2]Zosf] k|fKtL ug{]
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gof“ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 01-4107007, 9851172194
  z}lIfs k|Zff;g,Joj:yfkg,;'k/Lj]If0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg]
 lzIfs,ljBfyL{ / cleefjssf] sldsdhf]/L lgbfg u/L ;'wf/ ug{]
 ljBfyL{ / lzIfsnfO{ cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{]

z}lIfs d"Nof+sgsf] dxTj

If you can’t measure it, you can’t improve it. – Peter Drucker
s'g} klg z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] d"Nof+sg ljgf pQm z}lIfs sfo{qmd lglb{i6 nIo cg';f/ ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5
jf 5}g ;f]sf] Plsg ug{ ;lsb}g . o;/L g} cl3Nnf ultljlwsf] ;xL d"Nof+sg ljgf cem cl3 j9\g] ls
gj9\g] ;f]sf] lgSof}{n ug{ ;lsb}g . d"Nof+sg ljgf s;n] /fd|f] sfd u/\of] < s:n] sdhf]/L u/\of] < ljutdf s]
s:tf /fd|f cEof; ul/P < sdhf]/L s] /x] < jfwf Jojwfg / c;xhtf s] /x] < s] u/]sf] eP /fd|f] ug{
;lsGYof] < ljutjf6 s] kf7 l;Sg] cflb s'/fsf] lgSof{}n d"Nof+sgjf6 k|fKt x'g] glthfsf] cfwf/df dfq ug{
;lsG5 .
;xL d"Nof+sg gx'Fbf sfd ug{] / gug{] jLr k|0ffnLn] lje]b ug{ ;Sb}g . /fd|f] sfd ug{] k'/:s[t ÷k|f]T;flxt gx'g]
/ v/fj÷sdhf]/L ug{] bl08t÷lg?T;flxt x'g] jftfj/0f geP;Dd sf]xL lsg /fd|f] sfd ug{ dl/d]6\5 <
d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLsf] lgik|efjsfl/tf s} sf/0f ;'Tg]-sfdrf]/_ / s'b\g]-sd{zLn_ ;Fu} uGtJodf k'Ug] cj:yf
ljBdfg 5 . o:t} cj:yfn] ubf{ lzIff k|0ffnL sdhf]/ jGb} uO/x]sf] 5 .
s'g} cd"s bn tyf g]tfsf] emf]nf jf]Sb} hflu/sf] clwsf+; ;do Joltt ug{] lzIfs / st{Jok/fo0f lzIfssf]
sfdsf] ;xL d"Nof+sg glthf ;fj{hlgs ug{] / ;f]sf] cfwf/df b08 / k'/:sf/ lbg] k|0ffnL cjnDjg ug{
;s]df lzIff k|0ffnLdf nfu]sf wld/fx? l;lWbP/ hfG5g\ g} / :j:y lzIff k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f x'g k'U5 . o;sf
nflu sfdofjL z}lIfs d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL cl:tTjdf cfpg' kb{5 .
z}lIfs d"Nof+sgn] Forward Mapping / Backward Mapping ug'{ kb{5 . egfOsf] tfTko{
d"Nof+sgn] sIff r9fpg] dfq sfo{ gu/L ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknJwLdf /x]sf] sdhf]/Lsf] lgbfg ug{] / ;'wf/
ug{] sfo{nfO{ ;d]t k|fyldstfdf /fVg' kb{5 . d"Nof+sgn] l;sfOsf] d"Nof+sg -Evaluation of
Learning_ df dfq hf]8 glbO l;Sgsf nflu d"Nof+sg -Evaluation for Learning_ df ;d]t
hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . tj dfq ;f/e"t z}lIfs d"Nof+sg x'g ;Sb5 . d"Nof+sgsf] dxTjnfO{ lgDg cg';f/sf j'Fbf
dfkm{t pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
 z}lIfs gLlt,of]hgf,sfo{qmd,jh]6 tyf kf7\oqmdn] /fv]sf p2]Zo k|fKt eP gePsf] Plsg ug{
 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknJwL,lzIfssf] lzIf0f k|efjsfl/tf / ljBfnosf] ljBfno ;'wf/ cleofgsf]
glthf / k|efjsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{
 lzIfssf] k]zfut ljsf;sf cfjZostfsf] lgbfg ug{ / ;f]sf] cfwf/df k]zfut ljsf;sf sfo{qmd
th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{
 z}lIfs Joj:yfkg / k|zf;gsf] ;du| k|efjsfl/tf kQf nufpg
 z}Ifl0fs of]hgf,k|lqmof / glthfsf] d"Nof+sg ug{
 ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] 1fg,;Lk / clej[ltsf] k/LIf0f u/L k|df0fLs/0f ug{
 ljBfyL{sf] efjL lzIffsf] dfu{ to ug{ cfjZos dfu{lgb{]zg k|bfg ug{
 efjL z}lIfs ;'wf/ / ljsf;sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{
k|To]s JolQmdf lglxt u'0f, bIftf / Ifdtf dfkg ug{ ljleGg pks/0fsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu
lnlvt, df}lvs Pjd\ k|of]ufTds ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gof“ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 01-4107007, 9851172194
 d"Nofª\sgsf k|sf/x¿ (Types of Evaluation)
xfdL b}lgs hLjgdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If¿kdf d"Nofª\sgsf] k|of]u ul/x]sf] x'G5f}+ . s'g} klg nIo tyf p2]Zo s]–
slt xb;Dd k|fKt eof], s]–s:tf sdLsdhf]/L b]lvP, To;sf] pknAwL s] s:tf] eof], To;sf] yfngL ug'{
cufl8 u/]sf] sfo{sf] d"Nofª\sgaf6 ;3fp k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . h'g s'/f xfdLnfO{{ s'g} a]nf yfxf g} xF'b}g .
z}lIfs If]qdf d"Nofª\sg z}lIfs nIo, p2]Zo Pjd\ z}lIfs sfo{qmdnfO{{ nlIft u/]/ lg/Gt/ ;~rflnt x'G5 .
kL=8An'=P/L;g P08 hL=h]=df8N; (P.W. Airasian and G.J. Dadalis) n] d"Nofª\sgsf] k|sf/nfO{{
lgDg rf/ k|sf/n] ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ M
 :yfkg d"Nofª\sg (Placement evaluation)
 lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg (Formative evaluation)
 lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg (Summative evaluation)
 lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sg (Diagaostic evaluation)

z}lIfs If]qdf k|of]u x'g] pk/f]Qm d"Nofª\sgnfO{{ lgDg¿kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
 k|f/lDes :yfkg jf k"j{d"Nofª\sg(Initial or Placement Evaluation): lzIf0f
l;sfOsf] yfngL ug{'k"j{ l;sf?sf] Ifdtf, bIftf Pjd\ k"j{cg'ej s]–slt 5 ;f]sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{'k5{ . gofF
ljifosf] yfngL k"j{ p;sf] cg'ejsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{'k5{ . s'g} klg z}lIfs ;+:yf jf ljifo 5gf]6 ubf{ lnOg]
k|j]z k/LIffnfO{{ k"j{d"Nofª\sg (Initial evaluation) sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . o; k|sf/sf]
d"Nofª\sgn] l;sf?sf] k"j{cg'ej tyf klxn] k|fKt u/]sf 1fg, ;Lk, clej[lQsf] jf:tljs :t/ klxNofpg
d2t ub{5 . sIffsf] yfngL k"j{ ;f]lwg] k|Zgx¿, k'gM k/LIff, k|j]zk/LIff, k"j{k/LIff cflb k|f/lDes d"Nofª\sg
cGtu{t kb{5g\ . d"Nofª\sgsf] k|sf/df of] w]/} dxŒjk"0f{ geP klg d"Nofª\sgsf k|of]usf] yfngL o;af6} x'G5
.
 lgdf{0ffTds jf /rgfTds d"Nofª\sg (Formative Evaluation): o;nfO{{ ;'wf/fTds
d"Nofª\sg jf (Proactive evaluation) klg elgG5 . s'g} klg z}lIfs of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf]
l;nl;nfdf lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ul/g] d"Nofª\sgnfO{{ lgdf{0ffTds, ;'wf/fTds jf /rgfTds d"Nofª\sg elgG5 . of]
s'g} klg z}lIfs ;+:yfdf z}lIfs ;qsf] ;'?b]lv cGTo;Dd ljleGg lsl;dsf] d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof ckgfO{
ul/G5 . o;df lnlvt, df}lvs jf cGtjf{tf{ k|of]ufTds /]s8{x?, xflh/Lhjfkm, sIffsfo{, u[xsfo{, cjnf]sg,
PsfO k/LIff, q}dfl;s k/LIff cflb z}lIfs ;+:yfaf6} cfGtl/s ¿kn] ;~rfng ug]{ ul/G5 . ljBfyL{sf]
sdLsdhf]/L kQf nufO{ To;sf] ;'wf/ ug'{ of lg/fs/0f ug'{ o; d"Nofª\sgsf] p2]Zo xf] . o;df k[i7kf]if0f
(Feedback) sf] k|of]u a9L x'G5 . /rgfTds d"Nofª\sgsf] k|lqmof z}lIfs p2]Zo lgdf{0f ug{, k|of]u ug{
;DalGwt of]hgfsf/n] ;kmn 9ª\un] ;~rfng ug{ ;S5 . sf/0f p;n] cfÇgf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd;Fu ;Dks{
eO/xg] / sfo{qmdsf] dd{ /fd|/L a'em]sf] x'G5 .
lzIff dgf]lj1fgsf] If]qdf lzIf0f sfo{ ubf{ nlIft ;d"xn] s] slt l;Sg ;Ifd eP, ;f] kQf nufO{ olb ;f]r]
h:tf] gl;s]sf] eP To;nfO{{ bf]xf]¥ofpg'k5{ . z}lIfs ;qsf] cGTodf Ps}rf]l6 d"Nofª\sg u/L ;kmn c;kmn
5'§fpg' eGbf ;dod} sdLsdhf]/L kQf nufO pkrf/ ug{ lzIfsn] ldlxg]t ug'{k5{ o;af6 lzIfs /
ljBfyL{nfO{{ cf}krfl/s ¿kn] glhs Nofpg] ;Defjgf a9\5 . z}lIfs of]hgfsf] qmddf k|of]udf cfpg] z}lIfs
nIo / p2]Zo, kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts, ljifoj:t', tflnd, lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfk, z}lIfs ;fdu|L,
d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof u[xsfo{ h:tf kIfx¿sf] 5'§f5'§} t/ ;dod} d"Nofª\sg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 / cfjZostf
cg';f/ ;'wf/ ub}{ nfg'k5{ .
s'g} klg z}lIfs ;+:yfn] :yfgLo Pjd\ cfGtl/s ¿kdf k/LIffsf] ;do lgwf{/0f, k|Zgkq lgdf{0f, hfFrsf]
;fwgsf] 5gf]6, k/LIff ;~rfng, k/LIf0f k|lqmof / glthf k|sfzg u/L k|fKt kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df lglZrt
lg0f{o Pjd\ ;'wf k|lqmof ckgfpg] ub{5 . Pp6f ljifo lzIfs cfkm}+n] ljBfyL{nfO{{ yfxf g} glbO{ klg /rgfTds
d"Nofª\sg cjnDag ug{ ;S5 .

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gof“ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 01-4107007, 9851172194
  kf]xd (Popham) sf cg';f/– "Formative evaluation refers to assessment
of worth focussed on instructional programs that are still capable of
being modified."
 /f]a6{ Pn\=Oj]n (Robert L.Ebel) : "Formative evaluation is conducted to
monitor the instructional process to determine whether is taking
place as planned."
 cG6]; (Antes): "Direct feedback into an on going programs is called
formative evaluation"
 P;=hL= u'N; (S.G. Guls): "Formative evaluation occurs over a period of
time and monitors students progress."

lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgn] z}Ifl0fs sfo{qmd (Instructional Program) df s]lGb|t dxŒjnfO{{

n]vfhf]vf u/L cem kl/dfh{g ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgn] hDdf ug]{ ljleGg ;"rgf tyf
hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df z}Ifl0fs qmd lgwf{/0f u/L ;xL d"Nofª\sg ug{ / lgb]{zg lbg ;lsG5 . lgdf{0ffTds
d"Nofª\sgstf{sf] ;'emfj, ;"rgf / hfgsf/Ln] z}Ifl0fs sfo{qmd th'{df ug{, ljsf; / la:tf/ ug{nfO{{
kmfObfhgs x'G5 .

 lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgsf ljz]iftfx¿

 of] lg/Gt/¿kdf rln/xG5 .
 o;n] lg/Gt/¿kdf k[i7kf]if0f lbg] sfo{ ub{5 .
 o;n] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] ;an / sdhf]/ kIf 5'6\ofpF5 .
 o;n] ;'wf/sf nflu cj;/ k|bfg u5{ .
 ;do, ;fwg, / ;|f]tsf] clws nufgL x'G5 .
 o;n] k"0f{ pknlAwtkm{ cu|;/ u/fpF5 .

lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgsf nIo / p2]Zox¿

 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] cg'udg ug{ .
 lzIfs Pjd\ ljBfyL{nfO{{ lzIffsf] k|efjsfl/tfaf/] af]w ug{, ;Ifd agfpg .
 lzIfs / ljBfyL{nfO{{ z}lIfs sfo{df ;xL 9ª\un] ;+nUg u/fpg .
 lzIf0fdf cfPsf sdL, sdLsdhf]/L kQf nufO{ pkrf/fTds k|lqmof ckgfpg .
 lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{aLr ;'dw'/ Pjd\ 3lgi6td ;DaGw sfod ug{ .
 kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts, ;Gbe{;fdu|L, z}lIfs ;fdu|L, z}lIfs lqmofsnfdf gofF gofF cg';Gwfg ug{
;3fp k'¥ofpg .
 ljBfyL{sf] OR5f rfxgf, of]Uotf, Ifdtf, cg'ej, Jojxf/ cflbsf] ;d]t ;xL n]vfhf]vf ug{ .
 kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, lzIf0f ;fdu|L, tflnd ;~rfngh:tf z}lIfs sfo{qmd th'{df tyf ;'wf/ ug{ .
 o;af6 afXo k/LIffsf] ;dodf s07fu| ug]{ / :jf:Yodfly kg]{ k|efj Pjd\ k/LIffd'vL lqmofsnfknfO{{
lg¿T;flxt ug{ .
 s]Gb|Lo k/LIff k|0ffnLjf6 cfÇgf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{{ :yfgLo txdf k|bfg ug{ .
 k[i7kf]if0f dfkm{t z}lIfs ;'wf/ / ljsf;df hf]8 lbg .

 lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg (Summative Evaluation)

o;nfO{{ Retroactive evaluation klg elgG5 . lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg cf}krfl/s Pjd\ afXo x'G5 .
of] sfo{qmdsf] cGTodf jf z}lIfs ;qsf] cGTodf ul/G5 . lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgn] o; k"j{ ul/ ;lsPsf
z}Ifl0fs sfo{dqmdf /x]sf u'0f, ljz]iftf, pknlAw cflbnfO{{ PsLs[t u/L n]vfhf]vf ub{5 / 7f]; k|fdfl0fs
lg0f{o k|bfg ub{5 .
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gof“ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 01-4107007, 9851172194
  kf]kmd (Popham) sf cg';f/– "Summative evaluation refers to
assessment of merits focussed on completed instruction programs."
 /f]a6{ Pn\= Oj]n (Robert L.Ebel) : "The major function of summative
evaluation in the classroom is to determine status of achievement at
the end of an instructional segment to determine how well things
went."
 Pg\=Pn= uf]gNof08 (N.L.Gronlund): "It is designed to determine the extent
to which the instructional objectives have been achieved and is used
primarily for assigning course grades or for certifying pupil mastery
of the intended learning out come."

 lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgstf{sf] ;'emfj Pjd\ k|ltj]bg z}Ifl0fs sfo{qmdsf] pkef]QmfnfO{{ nfebfos

x'G5 nIo / p2]Zosf] dfkb08 k"/f u/]kl5 pQm sfo{qmdsf] k|fdfl0fs lg0f{o k|bfg ul/G5 . s'g} k|lqmof, tflnd,
lzIf0f l;sfO sfo{, kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f kZrft\ To;sf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug'{,
sfof{Gjog ug]{ gug]{ lg0f{o ug'{, ptL0f{ cg'tL{0f 3f]lift ug'{ lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgsf] sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . of]
clGtd d"Nofª\sg ePsfn] o;nfO{{ of]hgfsf/ Pjd\ of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ JolQm tyf ;+:yfn] gu/L afXo
JolQm tyf ;+:yfn] ug'{ pko'{Qm dflgG5 . of]hgf leqsf JolQm, cfkm}+n] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cfÇgf] nufgLnfO{{ x]/L
;sf/fTds d"Nofª\sg dfq ug{ ;S5, h'g xflgsf/s x'g ;S5 . o;df d"Nofª\sgstf{ Pp6f cnu} :jtGq
cÍsf] ¿kdf ;+nUg x'G5 z}lIfs ;+:yfdf ;~rfng x'g] cw{jflif{s k/LIff, jflif{s k/LIff Pjd\ cGo afXo
k/LIffx¿ lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgsf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ .
 lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgdf ptL0f{ cg'tL{0fsf] cf}krfl/s k|df0f–kq lbg], sIff r9fpg] jf gr9fpg],
k|j]z lbg] jf glbg] h:tf lqmofsnfk x'G5g\ .
 lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgn] lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ;'wf/ Nofpg], ljBfyL{sf] ;jf{ÍL0f ljsf; /
la:tf/ ug]{ h:tf k|lqmofeGbf pQL0f{ eP gePsf] h:tf clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ h:tf lg0ff{os / uxgtd\ sfo{ ub{5
.

lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgsf ljz]iftfx¿

 sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] cGTodf ul/G5 .
 o;n] pknlAw xfl;n eP–gePsf] n]vfhf]vf u5{ .
 of] s]Gb|Ls/0f k|lqmofdf cfwfl/t 5 .
 of] sfo{qmd lglZrt ;dodf dfq ;~rfng ul/G5 .
 of] ptL0f{ cg'tL{0f 5'6\ofpg tyf k|df0fkq lbg k|of]u ul/G5 .
 ;d"xsf] k|fKtfª\ssf] cfwf/df glthfsf] JofVof ul/G5 .
 ;do,>d / wgsf] sd nufgL x'G5 .
 lzIfsnfO{ sfo{ jf]em Tolt kb{}g .

lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgsf] p2]Zo tyf nIox¿

 cf}krfl/s nAwfËkq Pjd\ k|df0f–kq k|bfg ug{ .
 sIff jf tx pQL0f{ u/fpg .
 z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zosf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsfl/tf yfxf kfpg .
 z}lIfs ;qsf] cGTodf Pp6} hfFraf6 ljifosf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lqmof ckgfpg' .
 k/LIffnfO{{ s]lGb|t agfO{ 3f]sGt] k|lqmof Pjd\ :d/0f Ifdtfsf] hfFr ug{ .
 z}lIfs lqmofsnfksf] ;du| k|efjsfl/tfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ .
 z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] k|ult, ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ / :t/ yfxf kfpg .
 of]hgfsf] j}wtf, pko'{Qmtf, cfjZostf, k|dfl0fstf, cf}lrTotf k|dfl0ft ug{ .

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gof“ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 01-4107007, 9851172194
  ljBfyL{nfO{{ ptL0f{ cg'tL{0fsf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ug{ .
 afXo lgsfosf] d"Nofªsgsf] k|d'v cfwf/ agfpg .
 ljBfyL{sf] 1fg,;Lk / clej[ltsf] k|df0fLs/0f ug{ .

 lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sg (Diagnostic Evaluation)

;'?df d]l8sn -Medical_ If]qdf k|of]u ePsf] of] d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL lzIff If]qdf klg k|of]u x'g] qmd j9\b} 5
. h;/L Pp6f 8S6/n] lj/fdLsf] /f]u lgbfg ug{ ljleGg uxg k|lqmof k"/f u/L /f]usf] klxrfg / pkrf/ ub{5 .
To;/L g} ljBfyL{sf l;sfO ;d:ofsf] klg uxgt\d 9+un] klxrfg u/L pkrf/÷;Djf]wg ug'{ kg{] dfGotf o;
d"Nof+sgn] /fv]sf] kfOG5 .
vf;u/L vljBfyL{x¿n] l;sfOaf6 ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{ g;Sg'sf ljljw sf/0fx¿ x'g ;S5g\ . s]xL
sf/0fx? cToGt hl6n klg x'g ;Sb5g\ . To:tf hl6n ;d:of kQf nufpg klg d"Nof+sgn] ;xof]u u5{ .
lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sgsf nflu ljBfyL{x¿sf] Jojxf/sf] cjnf]sg, cGtjf{tf{, JolQmut cWoog,
dgf]j}1flgs k/LIffnufot pkrf/fTds ljlwsf] pkof]u ug'{k5{ .
;'wf/fTds k/LIf0fsf] kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df ;'wf/fTds sfo{ ubf{ s'g} k|ult x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgbfgfTds
d"Nofª\sgsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . ljBfyL{df s'g} lsl;dsf] hl6n l;sfO ;d:of /x]sf] / ;'wf/fTds k/LIf0fn]
s'g} ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPg eg] lgbfgfTds k/LIf0f cfjZos k5{ . lgbfgfTds k/LIf0fn] ljBfyL{sf] cj:yfnfO{{
lj:t[t / ulx/fOdf cWoog ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . ljz]if lgbfgfTds k/LIf0fsf] ;DaGw ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO
sl7gfO:t/;Fu x'g] x'Fbf lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sg l;sf¿n] ;fdgf ug]{ q'l6sf ;femf ;|f]tsf] kl/k]|Iodf lgdf{0f
ug'{k5{ . o:tf d"Nofª\sgsf k|Zgx¿ lgDg sl7gfO :t/sf x'G5g\ / ljz]if If]qsf ljifoj:t' leq dfq ;Lldt
x'G5g\ .
u|f]gNof08 (Gronlund): "Diagnostic evaluation are typically confined to a
limited area of instruction & the test items tend to have a relatively low
level of difficulty."
g/Dofg (Norman): "Serious learning problems are also likely to require the
services of remedical psychological and medical specialists."
o;/L ljBfyL{sf sl7gfOx¿sf] lgbfg u/L ;'wf/fTds tyf pkrf/fTds sfo{sf] dfu{ lgwf{/0f ug'{ g}
lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sg xf] .

lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sgsf ljz]iftfx¿

 cltl/Qm ;xof]usf nflu pkof]u ul/G5 .
 lzIf0f l;sfOsf] qmddf pkof]u ul/G5 .
 lzIf0f l;sfOdf af/Daf/ bf]xf]l/g] ;d:ofsf sf/0f / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] vf]hL x'G5 .
 o;df >d, ;do / wgsf] a9L nufgL x'G5 .
 ;Lko'Qm lzIfs / dgf]j}1flgsn] ljz]if ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sgsf p2]Zo

 lgbfgfTds sfo{sf cfwf/df ;'wf/fTds Pjd\ pkrf/fTds lzIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
 lgbfgfTds / ;'wf/fTds sfo{ Pskl5 csf]{ u/L ;Fu;Fu} ;~rfng ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 .
 lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgn] ;dfwfg ug{ g;s]sf l;sfO ;d:of xn ug{ lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sg
ckgfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
 hl6n jf ljlzi6 l;sfO ;d:ofsf cfwf/e"t sf/0f vf]hL To;sf] pkrf/ ljlw k|bfg ub{5 .
 ljBfyL{df x'g] l;sfO ;d:of jf sl7gfO km/s–km/s lsl;dsf] x'G5 .
 ljBfyL{df x'g] sl7gfOsf] sf/0f kQf nufO{ To;sf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ sfo{ lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sgn] ub{5
.
 l;sfO ;d:of klxrfg u/L pkrf/fTds lzIf0f ug{ .

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gof“ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 01-4107007, 9851172194
 lgdf{0ffTds, lg0f{ofTds / lgbfgfTds d"Nofª\sgaLr t'ngf (Comparison among
Formative, Summative and Diagnostic Evaluation)
km/ssf] cfwf/ lgdf{0ffTds lg0f{ofTds lgbfgfTds
Creteria of d"Nofª\sg d"Nofª\sg d"Nofª\sg
difference Formative Summative Diagnostic
evaluation evaluation evaluation
!=p2]Zo != o; d"Nofª\sgsf] != o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo != o;sf] p2]Zo
Objectives or k|d'v p2]Zo lzIf0f ljBfyL{sf] :t/ ljBfyL{sf] ulDe/
pourpose l;sfOdf ;'wf/ ug{' lgwf{/0f ug'{ / k|df0f l;sfO ;d:of
xf] . kq k|bfg ug'{ xf] . klxrfg ug'{ xf] .
@= o;sf] k|of]u @= o;sf] k|of]u @= o;sf] k|of]u
z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] pTk]|/0ffsf] tx
;'wf/ Pjd\ lgdf{0fsf k|dfl0fs/0fsf nflu klxrfg ug{sf nflu
nflu ul/G5 . ul/G5 . ul/G5 .
#= gofF cWofkg sfo{ #= s'g} ljBfyL{df s'g} #= l;sf¿n] s;/L
x'g;fy pknlAw tx jf ljifosf nflu l;S5 eGg]af/]
5'§fpg] ul/G5 . k"j{of]Uotf 5,5}g hfFr lgisif{ lgsfNg
ul/G5 . ul/G5
$= l;sfO k|lqmofdf $= z}lIfs ;qsf] $= d"t{ jf cd"t{ s'g
k[i7kf]if0f cGTodf clGtd k/LIff ;fdu|Lx¿af6 a9L
(Feedback)k|bfg ;~rfng ug{ ul/G5 . l;Sg ;S5g\ eGg]
ug{ ul/G5 . yfxf kfpg ul/G5
%= k[i7kf]if0f k|of]uaf6 %= ljBfyL{n] l;s]sf %=ljBfyL{sf l;sfO
uNtL ;'wfg{ / l;Sg] 1fg, ;Lk, k|j[lQ Pjd\ ;d:ofsf] ;Djf]wg
k]|/0ff kfpg] x'G5 . pknlAwnfO{{ ul/G5 .
k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ ul/G5
.
@=k|of]u ug]{ ;do != k|To]s kf7 jf != s'g} klg z}lIfs != uDeL/ ;d:of
(Time of use) PsfOsf] cWoog ;qsf] aLr jf b]vf k/]sf]
kZrft\ . cGTolt/ . cj:yfdf .
@= sfo{qmd ljsf; / @= s'g} sfo{qmd nfu' @= z}Ifl0fs cg'ej
lj:tf/ ug]{ qmddf eO;s]kl5 jf yfngL lgwf{/0f ug'{ cl3 .
aLraLrdf . k"j{ k|of]u ul/g] .
#=;fwg != o; k|lqmofdf != o; d"Nofª\sgdf != :t/Ls[t
(Tools or cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg afXo d"Nofª\sgsf k/LIf0fx¿ k|of]u
Techniques) ;Dk"0f{ ;fwgx¿ ;Lldt ;fwgx¿sf] ul/G5 .
k|of]u ul/G5g\ . dfq k|of]u ul/G5 .
@= o;df k|of]u x'g] @= o;df k|of]u x'g] @= ljleGg
;fwgx¿ M– ;fwgx¿ M– lsl;dsf :t/Ls[t
k"j{k/LIf0f, PsfO cw{jflif{s k/LIff, k/LIffx¿
k/LIff (Unit jflif{s k/LIff, k|b]z I.Q.JolQmTj
test), ;fdlos tyf lhNnf :t/Lo k/LIf0f cflb
k/LIff, u[xsfo{, k/LIff, /fli6« o k/LIff, cfjZostf cg';f/
sIffsfo{, pknlAw k|j]z k/LIff, ul/G5 .

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gof“ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 01-4107007, 9851172194
 k/LIff, cjnf]sg cf}krfl/s k/LIff
cflb . cflb .
#= o;df cf}krfl/s / #= o;df cf}krfl/s #= cj:yf cg';f/
cgf}krfl/s b'j} d"Nofª\sg k4ltnfO{{ cf}krfl/s /
k|lqmof ckgfOG5g\ . hf]8 lbOG5 . cgf}krfl/s b'j}
k|lqmof ckgfOG5 .
$=af/Daf/tf != o;n] lg/Gt/ != o;n] lg/Gt/ != cfjZos
(Frequency) k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ub{5 . k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug]{ cj:yfdf k|of]u
s'/} x'Fb}g . ul/G5 .
@= ;fdfGotof k6s @= o;df ;fdfGotof @= ;fdfGotof k6s
gtf]lsg] x'G5 . k6s tf]lsG5 . gtf]lsg] x'G5
#= lg/Gt/ ¿kn] #= lg/Gt/ ¿kdf #=ljz]if cj:yfdf
rln/xg] ub{5 . rln/xFb}g . dfq ;~rfng ul/G5
%=Joj:yfks != o;df n]vs, != o;df k|zf;lgs != lzIfs,
(Personnel) lzIfs, ljBfyL{, JolQm, lzIfs, k/LIff dgf]j}1flgs,
kf7\oqmd ljb\, lgoGq0f sfof{no, ljifolj1 cflbsf]
lzIffljb\, afXo ;+nUgtf x'G5 .
dgf]j}1flgs, ;+:yfx¿ ;dflxt
kf7\oqmd x'G5g\.
sfof{Gjogstf{,
k/fdz{bftf cflb
;dflxt x'G5g\ .
^=cª\ssf] JofVof != ljBfyL{n] k|fKt != ;d"xsf] k|fKtf+ssf] != cfjZostf
(Interpretation u/]sf] p2]Zosf] cfwf/df glthf cg';f/ cª\ssf]
of score) cfwf/df cª\ssf] JofVof ul/G5 . JofVof ul/G5 .
JofVof / k|of]u ul/G5
@=cfwf/ dfgfª\sdf @= of] dfgfª\sdf
cfwfl/t cfwfl/t (Norm
(Criterion referenced) x'G5
referenced) .
x'G5 .
&=k|Zgsf] k|s[lt != k|To]s k|Zgsf] != o;df k|To]s of] dfgfª\sdf
(Nature of ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . k|Zgsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ cfwfl/t (Norm
Items) ;lsFb}g . referenced)
x'G5 .
*= dxŒj != o; k|lqmofnfO{{ != o;sf] k|of]unfO{{ != uxg ;d:ofsf]
(Importance) a9L pkof]u ug'{kg]{ t'ngfTds ¿kdf sd klxrfg ug]{ sfo{df
7x/ w]/}sf] kfOG5 . dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf] dxŒj /x]sf]
5
@= ljBfyL{sf] ;'wf/sf @= o;n] ljBfyL{sf] @=ljBfyL{x¿sf
nflu o;sf] Hofb} ;'wf/df eGbf klg dgf]j}1flgs
dxŒj x'G5 . n]vfhf]vftkm{ hf]8 cj:yfx¿, h:t} M–
lbG5 . pTk]|/0ffsf] tx,

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gof“ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 01-4107007, 9851172194
 l;sfO ug]{ k|lqmof
cflbaf/] yfxf kfpg
;lsG5 .

lgisif{df eGbf lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofdf ;'wf/fTds / lg0f{ofTds b'j} k|sf/sf] d"Nofª\sg cfjZos x'G5 .
lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg lzIf0f sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt /xg] JolQmn] ljBfyL{sf] :t/,¿lr IfdtfnfO{{ x]/L tTsfn
cfjZostf cg';f/ agfpg], ljlzi6 dfkgsf u'0f x'g] / tTsfn sdLsdhf]/L kQf nufO{ pkrf/ k|bfg ug{
(Feedback) ;lsg] ePsfn] ;'wf/fTds of lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgsf] k|of]u a9L pkof]uL dflgG5 .

sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gof“ afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= 01-4107007, 9851172194