Core 4 Implement and Coordinate Accident-Emergency Procedures

4
Competency-Based Learning Materials (CBLM)
CORE COMPETENCY # 4
Sector:
Automotive and Land Transport

Qualification Title:
Driving NC II
Unit of Competency:
Implement and Coordinate Accident-Emergency Procedures
Module Title:
Implementing and Coordinating Accident-Emergency
Procedures
Date Compiled: Document No.

DRIVING NC II June 14, 2021 Issued by:
Compiled by: St. Anthony College
Implementing and Ryan Joseph B. Cuasay Calapan City Inc. Page
Coordinating Accident-
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Emergency Procedures
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
The unit of competency, “IMPLEMENT AND COORDINATE ACCIDENT-EMERGENCY

PROCEDURES”, is one of the competencies of CORE COMPETENCY, a course which
comprises the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for a TVET trainee to possess.
The module, Implementing and Coordinating Accident-Emergency Procedures contains
training materials and activities related to the skills and knowledge required to provide a range of
CORE COMPETENCY.
In this module, you are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete
each learning outcome. In each learning outcome are Information Sheets, Self-checks, Operation
Sheets, Task Sheets, and Job Sheets. Follow and perform the activities on your own. If you have
questions, do not hesitate to ask for assistance from your facilitator.
Remember to:
• Read information sheet and complete the self-checks.
• Perform the Task Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Job Sheets until you are confident that
your outputs conform to the Performance Criteria Checklists that follow the said work
sheets.
• Submit outputs of the Task Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Job Sheets to your facilitator
for evaluation and recording in the Achievement Chart. Outputs shall serve as your portfolio
during the Institutional Competency Evaluation. When you feel confident that you have had
sufficient practice, ask your trainer to evaluate you. The results of your assessment will be
recorded in your Achievement Chart and Progress Chart.
You must pass the Institutional Competency Evaluation for this competency before moving to
another competency. A Certificate of Achievement will be awarded to you after passing the
evaluation.

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COMMON COMPETENCY
COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
LIST OF COMPETENCIES
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
CARRY OUT MINOR

1 Carrying Out Minor Vehicle ALT723348
VEHICLE MAINTENANCE
Maintenance and Servicing
AND SERVICING
2 DRIVE LIGHT VEHICLE Driving Light Vehicle ALT832302
OBEY AND OBSERVE

3 Obeying and Observing Traffic
TRAFFIC RULES AND ALT832303
Rules and Regulations
REGULATIONS
IMPLEMENT AND
Implementing and
4 COORDINATE ACCIDENT-
Coordinating Accident- ALT832304
EMERGENCY
PROCEDURES

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MODULE CONTENT
MODULES OF INSTRUCTION
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Implement and Coordinate Accident-Emergency

Procedures
MODULE TITLE: Implementing and Coordinating Accident-

MODULE DESCRIPTOR: This module covers the skills,

knowledge and attitudes required in
responding to emergency incidents,
follow-up support and assistance and
communicate to concerned individual
during emergency.
NOMINAL DURATION: 10 hours
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of the module the trainee/students should be able to:
LO 1. Respond to emergencies
LO 2. Arrange follow-up support and assistance

.

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LEARNING OUTCOME 1
RESPOND TO EMERGENCIES
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Emergency and potential emergency situations are identified and assessed

based on emergency procedure.
2. Actions are prioritized and provided based on the criticality of the emergency
situation.
3. Incident reports are prepared in accordance with regulatory and workplace
procedures
4. Responsibilities are fulfilled in accordance with emergency procedures and/or
regulatory requirements
CONTENTS
1. Kinds of emergency situations

2. Procedures in the event of emergency
3. Problems arising during emergency situations
4. Preparation of incident report and other documentation to authority and
medical personnel
5. Drivers’ responsibilities in emergency situations
6. Handling and use of fire extinguishers
7. Handling crime situations
CONDITIONS:
Students/trainees must be provided with the following:

1. Incident report form
2. Fire extinguisher
3. Learning module
4. Video materials
METHODOLOGIES:
1. Self-paced learning
2. Role Play
3. Discussion
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
1. Written Test
2. Observation/Interview
3. Demonstration

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LEARNING EXPERIENCES
Learning Outcome 1
RESPOND TO EMERGENCIES
Learning Activities Special Instructions
1. Read information sheet 4.1-1 If you have some problem on the

Kinds of Emergency Situation content of the information sheet don’t
hesitate to approach your facilitator.
If you feel that you are now

knowledgeable on the content of the
information sheet, you can now answer
self-check provided in the module
2. Answer self-check 4.1-1 Refer your answer to answer key 4.1- 1
3. Read information sheet If you have some problem on the
4.1-2 Procedure in the event content of the information sheet don’t
emergency hesitate to approach your facilitator.

self-check provided in the module.
4. Answer self-check 4.1-2 Refer your answer to answer key 4.1- 2
5. Perform job- sheet 4.1-2 Refer to performance criteria checklist
Perform in the event of
emergency
6. Read information sheet 4.1- If you have some problem on the
3 Problem arising during content of the information sheet don’t
emergency situation hesitate to approach your facilitator.

7. Answer self-check 4.1-3 Refer your answer to answer key 4.1-3
4.1-4 Preparation of content of the information sheet don’t
incident report and other hesitate to approach your facilitator.
documentation to Authority
and medical personnel
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9. Answer Self-Check 4.1-4 Refer your answer to answer key 4.1-4
Preparation of incident
report and other
documentation to Authority
and medical personnel
4.1-5 Driver’s content of the information sheet don’t
responsibilities in hesitate to approach your facilitator.
emergency situations

Driver’s responsibilities in
emergency situations
4.1-6 Handling and use of content of the information sheet don’t
fire extinguishers hesitate to approach your facilitator.

16. Operation Sheet 4.1-6 using Refer to performance criteria checklist
fire extinguisher
4.1-7 Handling crime content of the information sheet don’t
situation hesitate to approach your facilitator.

Handling crime situation

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INFORMATION SHEET 4.1-1
KINDS OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
SKIDDING
The technique for handling a skid is the same for front and rear wheel drive vehicles:
• Ease off the gas, and shift into neutral.

• Don’t hit the brakes. It will make the skid worse.
• Turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid. If the
rear tires are skidding to the left, turn the steering wheel
left. If they are sliding right, steer right.
• Be prepared to steer left and right a few times until you get
your car completely under control.
RUNNING OFF THE PAVEMENT
If driving off the pavement edge and onto the shoulder of the road:
• Grip the steering wheel tightly and ease your foot off the
gas pedal.
• Gently apply the brake to reduce the speed.
• Check for traffic behind you, then steer gently back onto
the road.
FLAT TIRE, BLOWOUT, OR WHEEL LOSS

If while driving, you get a flat tire, your tire blows out, or you lose a wheel.
• Grip the steering wheel tightly and ease your foot off the
gas pedal.
• Gently apply the brakes.
• If you begin to skid, turn the steering wheel in the
direction of the skid.
• As you recover, gently straighten the car and don’t use
the brake until you have the vehicle under
• control.
• Pull your car well off the road as soon as it is safe to do
so.
BRAKE FAILURE
If the brake pedal is fully depressed but the brakes fail to respond
• Pump the brake pedal several times rapidly to build up brake fluid pressure, but do not pump
antilock brakes.
• Downshift to a lower gear, and work your way down to the lowest gear, if necessary.
• Apply the parking brake gently, but hold the brake release in case your vehicle starts to skid.

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If you cannot slow your vehicle down, sound your horn and flash your lights to warn drivers or
pedestrians around you.
STUCK GAS PEDAL
If your gas pedal (accelerator) sticks

• Put your car in neutral and apply the brakes to slow down.
• Using your foot, try to free the gas pedal.
• If the gas pedal doesn’t release, reapply the brakes.
• Keep your eyes on the road.
• When safe to do so, pull your vehicle to the side of the road and bring it to a stop.
VEHICLE APPROACHING HEAD ON

If a vehicle approaches you head on in your lane. . .
• Slow down and pull to the right.
• Sound your horn to alert the other driver.
HEADLIGHT FAILURE
If your headlights suddenly go out:
• Turn on your parking lights, emergency flashers, or turn signal.
• Try the headlight switch a few times.
• Pull off the road as quickly as possible and leave your emergency flashers on.
STALLING ON RAILROAD TRACKS

If your vehicle stalls on railroad tracks and you know a train is approaching. . .
• Get yourself and any passengers out of your vehicle
• and off the tracks, and move as far from the tracks as you
can. Try to signal the train any way you safely can.
• To avoid being hit by debris, run from your vehicle in the
direction the train is coming from. If your vehicle
• stalls on railroad tracks and you are not sure whether a train
is approaching. . .
• Roll down your window or open your door and listen for an
approaching train.
• Try to start your engine.
• If your vehicle won’t start, shift to neutral and try to push the vehicle off the tracks.
• If you cannot move your vehicle from the tracks, call the police immediately to report the
situation.
If your car is caught on a crossing for any reason, contact the local or state police as quickly as
possible and ask them to call the railroad station manager. The police may be able to stop any
approaching trains before a collision.

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BREAKDOWNS
• Move your vehicle off the pavement to the side of the road. Never
park on a hill or on a curve where others cannot see you. If you
cannot get your vehicle off the pavement, safely get all
passengers out of the vehicle and off the On a highway with a
breakdown lane or shoulder, move your vehicle as far from the
travel lane as possible. Do not stand anywhere near the travel
lane or in the breakdown lane, if you can avoid doing so.
• Turn on your emergency warning lights (flashers). At night, also
turn on your vehicle’s interior lights.
• Tie a white cloth to your antenna or door handle (use a red cloth when it’s snowing).
• Raise your vehicle’s hood.
• If you have flares or reflective signs, place them 200 feet in front of and behind yourvehicle to warn
other drivers.
CAR CATCHES FIRE

If you see smoke coming from under your vehicle’s hood. . .
• Pull off the road, turn off the ignition, and move away from the
vehicle.
• Call the fire department or emergency services.
• Do not try to fight the fire unless you have an extinguisher.
VEHICLE PLUNGES INTO WATER

If your car plunges into water
• Unfasten your safety belt and escape through a window.

• If you have power windows, open them quickly before the
water causes them to short circuit.
• Do not open a door, because doing so would cause water
to rush in and your vehicle could turn
• over on top of you.
If your vehicle sinks before you can get out, climb

into the rear seat. An air pocket may form there, because the weight of the engine will cause the
car to sink nose first. When the vehicle settles, take a deep breath and escape through a window.
Traffic Accidents:
HOOD LATCH FAILURE
If you are driving and the hood of your car flies open,
do the following:
• Slow down.
• Try to look underneath the hood at the road ahead.
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• If that is not possible, put your head out the window and look around the hood.
• Use the painted center line or lane markings as a guide.
• As soon as possible, pull off the road, put your hazard lights on, and then deal with the hood
problem.
STUCK ACCELERATOR
If your accelerator gets stuck down, do the following:

• Shift to neutral.
• Apply the brakes.
• Keep your eyes on the road and look for a way out.
• Warn other drivers by blinking and flashing your hazard lights.
• Try to drive the car safely off the road.
• Turn off the ignition when you no longer need to change direction.

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PROCEDURES IN THE EVENT OF EMERGENCY
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
A “crisis” or “emergency” situation can pose unique problems. Experience dictates that a safe and
successful “emergency” response is dependent on thorough preplanning, organization, education,
training, and the rehearsal of emergency procedures.
IF YOU ARE INVOLVED IN AN ACCIDENT
When you’re involved in a crash, regardless of how minor it seems, you must stop your vehicle.
Never leave the scene of an accident. It’s against the law. You could be charged with a “hit and
run” violation.
ACCIDENTS AND TRAFFIC STOPS
Since traffic accidents are common in the Philippines, it pays to be prepared for such an event.
Due to the relatively low speeds of traffic movement, most accidents are minor. However, if you
have a cell phone, it is a good idea to carry it in your vehicle. You should have a copy of your
vehicle’s registration, official receipt and auto insurance policy in the glove compartment. Also, you
may want to keep a list of emergency phone numbers in the glove compartment. In all cases, police
officers are prohibited from charging or requesting fees for any services.

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PROBLEMS ARISING DURING EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
There is a big chance of sustaining injury or dying from a car accident. In fact, every 12 minutes a
person dies in a car crash. Car accidents are the leading causes of death for most adults, 35 years
of age and younger.
Car accident victims may suffer a great amount of damages. They are not only susceptible to bodily
injuries but they may also succumb to financial problems arising from the hospital bills, medical
treatment or rehabilitation.
However, the trauma from such accident seems to be immeasurable. As this trauma is often
accompanied by pain and suffering and emotional distress, victims may not be expected to get on
their feet as quickly as possible.
Often times, after a car accident, most victims are simply overwhelmed by the barrage of telephone
calls, insurance paperwork, accident reports, treatment costs, medical bills, paperwork and other
correspondence. These may be too hard to handle for a victim who may want to rest and take a
time off from distractions.
It is then advisable to let others share your burden. Engaging professional help such as a car
accident lawyer who will assist you in your legal concern will spell a big difference.
How to Protect your Accident Claims
Entitlement to compensation will not be immediate. Of course, you have to allege and prove that
your injury is caused by the negligence of another.
Once negligence has been proven and established, you may receive compensation for the
following:
• property damage
• medical expenses
• economic damages
• emotional distress
• physical pain and suffering
However, your entitlement to all of the above may depend on how well you have protected your
claims. Immediately after an accident, you should get to your senses and act quickly as possible.
You must call professional help – doctor, police or lawyer- for your different concerns.

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A LAWYER WILL DO THE FOLLOWING FOR YOU:
• locate witnesses and preserve evidence relevant to the car accident before it is lostor altered
• communicate with the insurance companies
• deal with insurance companies
• find all potential sources of compensation for your losses
• keep track of your legal rights against filing deadlines
On the other hand, a physician will treat your injuries before it could get any worse or lead to any
complications. Moreover, seeking medical treatment will help you get a medical record that will
reinforce your claim for your injuries.
As a car accident victim, you should not rely on any insurance company, even your own, to protect
your interests. Bear in mind that its primary goal is to limit the amount of compensation it pays to
car accident victims like you.

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PREPARATION OF INCIDENT REPORT AND OTHER DOCUMENTATION TO AUTHORITY

AND MEDICAL PERSONNEL
All incidents resulting in damage to the vehicle or injury to any person are to be reported promptly
to the relevant Line Manager, and a written Incident Report submitted as soon as is practicable.
IF YOU WITNESS AN ACCIDENT
If you drive by an accident with police and emergency vehicles at the scene, use common sense
and good judgment. Reduce your speed and drive cautiously, looking out for people and
equipment in the road. Do not stop or slow down to “sightsee.” You will only create a hazard and
disrupt traffic.
If you arrive at an unattended accident scene:
1. Park your vehicle off the road and turn on your emergency flashers so that your vehicle warns
others.
2. Check to see if anyone is injured.
3. If you have a cellular phone, call the police. If you don’t have a cellular phone, tell the next
person with a phone who stops to call the police.
4. If you or someone else at the scene has flares, emergency triangles, or reflectors, place them
200 feet or more in front of and behind the accident scene to warn approaching traffic.
5. Follow the emergency first aid tips described in the preceding section.
6. If possible, move any vehicle involved in the accident out of the traffic lane.
7. Turn off the ignition of any vehicle involved in the accident.
Reporting an accident to your insurance company alone does not satisfy your legal
obligation.
If utility poles have been hit and any electrical wires have fallen, do not go near them. If electrical
wires have landed on one of the vehicles involved in the crash, tell the occupants to remain inside
their vehicles until emergency personnel arrive. Do not touch the vehicle.
Reporting an Accident
The law requires you to report any motor vehicle accident in which you are involved, in which
someone is killed or hurt, or in which there has been property damage. You must file a written
report of the accident.

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DRIVERS’ RESPONSIBILITIES IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
If an accident is minor and “damage-only” and no one is injured, the driver should ensure that the
vehicle is roadworthy before continuing the journey. The incident must be reported to the line
manager and office manager on the driver’s return, and all necessary data gathered at the scene
before proceeding.
If the names of the people involved are not exchanged, it is a legal requirement that the accident be
reported to the nearest police station within 24 hours.
Any other incident, including traffic offences, must also be reported to your line manager and office
manager.
Duty of driver in case of accident (Article V Sec. 55 - RA4136 Land Transportation and Traffic
Code)
In the event that any accident should occur as a result of the operation of a motor vehicle upon a
highway, the driver shall stop immediately, and, if requested by any person present, shall allow his
driver’s license, give his true name and address and also the true name and address of the owner
of the motor vehicle.
No driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicular accident shall leave the scene of the accident
without aiding the victim, except under any of the following circumstances:
1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any person or persons by reason of

the accident;
2. If he reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law; or
3. If he has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.

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HANDLING AND USE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Fire extinguishing equipment must be conspicuously located,

properly maintained, and periodically inspected. Portable fire
extinguishers are classified and labeled according to their
ability to handle specific classes and sizes of fires. A portable
fire extinguisher can save lives and property when used
correctly.
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Fire is a chemical reaction that requires heat, oxygen, and fuel. The chemical reaction cannot
occur without all three parts present. Fire extinguishers are designed according to these
principles.
Portable fire extinguishers are classified according to their ability to handle specific classes and
sizes of fires. Labels on extinguishers indicate the class and relative size of fire that they can be
expected to handle.
• Class A extinguishers are suitable for use on fires in ordinary combustibles such as wood,
paper, rubber, and many plastics, where a quenching-cooling effect is required. The numeral
indicates the relative fire extinguishing effectiveness of each unit. Extinguishers rated for
Class A hazards are: water, foam, and multipurpose dry chemical types.
• Class B extinguishers are suitable for use on fires in flammable liquids, gases, andgreases,
where an oxygen-exclusion or flame-interruption effect is essential. Extinguishers rated for
Class B hazards are: foam, Halon and CO2 and multipurpose dry chemical.
• Class C extinguishers are suitable for use on fires involving energized electrical equipment and
wiring where the dielectric conductivity of the extinguishing agent is of importance. For
example, water-solution extinguishers cannot be used on electrical fires because water
conducts electricity and the operator could receive a shock from energized electrical
equipment via the water.
• Class D extinguishers are suitable for use on fires in combustible metals such as magnesium,
titanium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium. No numeral is used for Class D extinguishers;
the relative effectiveness of these extinguishers for use on specific combustible metal fires is
detailed on the extinguisher nameplate.

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FIRE EXTINGUISHER LOCATION
• Portable fire extinguishers must be distributed so the travel distance is not more than75 feet
for Class A and Class D hazard areas, and not more than 50 feet for Class B hazard areas.
• Extinguishers must be located close to the likely hazards, but not so close that they would be
damaged/ isolated by the fire. If possible, they should be located along normal paths of egress
from the building. Where highly combustible material is stored in small rooms or enclosed
space, extinguishers should be located outside the door, never inside where they might
become inaccessible.
• Extinguishers must not be blocked or hidden by stock, finished material, or machines. They
should be located or hung where they will not be damaged by trucks, cranes, and harmful
operations, or corroded by chemical processes, and where they will not obstruct aisles or
injure passers-by.
• All extinguisher locations should be made conspicuous. For example, if an extinguisher is
hung on a large column or post, a distinguishing red band can be painted around the post.
Also, large signs can be posted directing attention to extinguishers. Extinguishers should be
kept clean and should not be painted in any way that could camouflage them or obscure
labels and markings.
USE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
When a fire is discovered and it is still small, you may attempt to use an extinguisher (if trained):
• First, activate fire alarms.

• Attempt to extinguish or control the fire while always being assured that an escape route is
available. The first and paramount objective is to prevent injury to personnel. Stay low, out
of heat and smoke.
• Aim and discharge extinguisher at base of fire.
Always remember the acronym PASS in using fire extinguisher, which stands for pull (the pin),
aim (at the base of the fire), squeeze (the handle) and sweep/spray (back and forth).

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HANDLING CRIME SITUATIONS
THE SAFETY INSTRUCTION TO HANDLE INCIDENCE OF VEHICLE HIJACK:
Vehicle hijacking happens quite often therefore, to be alert with the surrounding environment is
the best way to avoid being the next victim. Alike the other criminals, the hijacker always attacks
those who are careless about their surrounding environment.
The basic character of this type of crime is the hijacker would demand the victim to hand over the
car key and disarm the vehicle's alarm system at the possible place. The hijacker would hurt or
even kill the victim, in order to reach his/ her intention on hijack the victim's vehicle away. The
hijacker seldom works alone, they usually are the organized group of criminals, whom obtain
various technology skills of vehicle renew. The hijackers treat this type of crime as their ordinary
job; therefore, they seldom stand in the shoes of the driver.
1. PAY ATTENTION AND BE ALERT
Normally it's hard for one to acknowledge or get notice of a hijacker who is hiding around your
vehicle, at the corner of the street, at the parking lot or even on the pedestrian way. However, if
one could be alert, the hijackers usually obtain the following characteristics:
1) Normally, hijackers are tidiness, they would wear jackets or sport wears to hide their
weapons.
2) Hijackers usually drive a powerful vehicle with dark color window to the crime scene.
Before the incident, usually the hijackers would drive around and get familiar with the
crime scene (sometimes it would take few days), and sometimes they would park their
vehicle just next to the garage or at the side of the road.
2. PREVENTION
If one could find a vehicle always drive behind your vehicle, or staying around your living place
first, remember the brand, model type, color and the car registration number of the suspicious
vehicle; then, report to the nearest police station. It can effectively prevent being the next victim
of such crime.
3. HIGH RISK AREA

1) Streets of the residential areas
2) Street corners
3) Parking lots that without security guards
4. BASIC KNOWLEDGE
We could be the possible victims whenever we approach our vehicles, therefore, besides the
ordinary safety knowledge, one should also maintain an appropriate driving behavior.

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I. We should:
1. Always lock all doors when one is driving.

2. All windows must be closed, or just left a gap that could not allow anyone to put a hand in
the vehicle.
3. When driving, always maintain a gap with the car ahead; make sure you can see the back
tires of the vehicle ahead.
4. If the following vehicle hit your vehicle, only leave the vehicle if you know there is no sign
of hijacking.
5. If you consider that you are in a dangerous situation, please, flash the front light or even
scream to make the other vehicles or pedestrians' attentions.
6. Be alert to those who are approaching to your vehicles and those who are wondering at
the street corners, at the traffic light and at the parking lot.
7. Always be alert of your surrounding environment. If the hijackers were in a group of more
than one car, they would try to play tricks and let you stop your vehicle. If you get suspects
of the vehicles around, you must leave them as soon as possible.
8. If you alert that someone is following you, it would be the best for you to drive to the nearest
police station. If not possible, then drive to some safety area, and should not go home.
9. Especially at night or at the quiet place, if there are suspicious people trying to approach
you, please leave as soon as possible and drive carefully. Although driving past the red
traffic light is against the traffic rules, however, it is also a way to protect your own safety.
10. When drive passes the traffic block of accident or the speed check, first lock all the doors
and close all the windows. Without opening the window, ask the police or traffic policemen
for their personal pass.
11. Always sleep at the safe place when one has a long distance drive, it is not safe to park
and sleep at the side of the road or at the parking lot.
12. Always report to the police about the suspicious vehicles or people, and describe such
suspicious vehicle and the inside passengers.
II. We should not:
1. Unless one could define a real car accident did happen, otherwise, never stop at the car
accident scene. If you witness a car accident, it would be wise to drive to the nearest police
station and report the accident. Because the accident scene could be a trap, which was
set up by the hijackers. Sometimes, they would even lie on the side of the road. Slow down
the speed at this moment would probably make you the victim.
2. If you suspect someone is following you, never drive back to the garage or parking lot.
3. If someone on the street indicates that your car has any problem, or your tires are broken,
never stop immediately. It would be better to drive to any car-fixing garage or stop at a safe
area to check the problem. Always bring along the tire fixing instruments in your vehicle.
4. Never tell the strangers where you are going and what you are going to do.
5. Never let the strangers to hitchhike.
5. WHEN CRIME HAPPENED
1) No matter which type of criminal one is involved, either the criminals or the victims would
only grave to be alive at the dangerous moment.

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2) Hijacking is always well planned, and the hijackers are always experienced. Therefore,
they always handle the hijacking incident better than you do.
3) A hijacking incident happens only in few seconds, but it could be one of the most terrifying
incidents one could experience in his/ her life. Always stay calm; follow the instruction from
the hijackers, in order to protect your life.
4) Always consider your safety and of the other passengers first. Refusing the hijackers'
instruction would endanger your life. Bear in mind: you can always earn more wealth, but
you can never earn back your life.
5) The hijackers could be as terrified as you do, and alcohol or drugs could influence their
mind. In such situation, their behavior would also be unpredictable.
6) Always stay calm; never do something out of the hijackers' expectation. Never scream or
wave your hands.
7) Never look straight at the hijackers' eyes.
8) Always put your hands in the position that hijackers could see, it would be the best to put
your hands in front of your chest, and let the hijackers believe that you do not have
weapons on hand. Do not put your hands over your head, because it would let the hijackers
misunderstand that you are trying to attract other people's attention.
9) If the hijackers tell you to leave the vehicle, it would be the best to let them open the car
doors. Otherwise, put one hand at the position that the hijackers could see, and use the
other hand to open the door slowly. Always use the hand, which is far from the seatbelt to
unfasten the seatbelt (Use your right hand to unfasten the seat belt buckle at your left-hand
side).
10) Leave the vehicle slowly; let the hijackers feel that you will not intimidate them.
11) Listen to the hijackers carefully, and only follow their instruction.
12) Stay calm and let the hijackers believe that they could drive your vehicle away.
13) If the hijackers demand your other personal belongings (such as: belt, handbags, or cell
phone…etc.). Let the hijackers take by themselves; never take it by yourself, unless the
hijackers order you to do so.
14) Always answer the hijackers' questions truly. If they ask if you have any weapons, tell them
where the weapons are. The hijackers might hurt you, if they found out you are lying to
them. Tell the hijackers how to disarm the vehicle alarm system, or disarm by yourself, if
they instruct you to do so.
15) Remember how many hijackers, what did they wear, their age, looking and their special
characteristics. However, do not stare at the hijackers and don't let them recognize that
you are observing them. The hijackers might hurt you, if they found out you are observing
them.
16) If the hijackers order you to bend over on the floor, always face the floor, and do not observe
the hijackers. Only look for help after the hijackers have left the scene. The hijackers might
drive your vehicle away, or might instruct you to carry on driving. If the hijackers tell you to
carry on driving, maintain silence and only answer their question, or repeat their instruction.
Never do something out of the hijackers' expectation.
17) Only after the hijackers have released you, look for help when you could. Make sure that
you are out of their sight.
6. AFTER THE INCIDENT

1) Report to the police as soon as possible, after the hijackers have left the scene. There is
a high possibility that the police could arrest the hijacker when the hijackers are still driving
your vehicle.
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2) After the hijacking incidence, the psychological trauma would happen to the victim sooner
or later. When such syndrome happens, do not try to heal it by yourself, it would be best
for a specialist to heal your psychological wound.
THEFT OF VEHICLE
In the case of a vehicle being stolen the following procedures should be followed:
It is important that there is information available regarding vehicles that is being used by the
university and should be kept in accessible form for future reference in the case of vehicle theft.
Information regarding the vehicle database should consist of the following:
• Trade name
• Model
• Year of manufacture
• Colour
• Engine capacity
• Engine number
• Any other characteristics or secret identification marks
• Radio, tape recorders, CD players and serial numbers
• Other items in the car
• Insurer’s name etc.
• Policy number

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Qualification Title : Driving NC II
Unit of Competency : Implement and Coordinate Accident-Emergency
Procedures
Module Title : Implementing and Coordinating Accident-Emergency

Procedures
ARRANGE FOLLOW-UP SUPPORT AND ASSISTANCE
Learning Outcome 2
Assessment Criteria:
1. Medical assistance and support is arranged in accordance with workplace procedures

2. First aid is applied in accordance with medical procedure
3. Passenger needs are identified and provided based on emergency situation.

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LEARNING EXPERIENCES
Learning Outcome 2
ARRANGE FOLLOW-UP SUPPORT AND ASSISTANCE
Learning Activities Special Instructions
1.Read information sheet If you have some problem on the

4.2-1 First aid practices content of the information sheet don’t
hesitate to approach your facilitator.

2.Answer Self-Check 4.2-1 Refer your answer to answer key 4.2-1
3.Perform job- sheet 1 and 2 Refer to performance criteria checklist
4.2-1 First aid practices
4.2-2 Kinds of body and content of the information sheet don’t
how to deal with them hesitate to approach your facilitator.

4.2-3 Appraisal of content of the information sheet don’t
passengers needs in hesitate to approach your facilitator.
emergency situation
4.2-4 Handling Injured content of the information sheet don’t
Person hesitate to approach your facilitator.

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10.Perform job- sheet 1 and 2 Refer to performance criteria checklist
4.2-4 Handling Injured
Person
4.2-5 Transporting injured content of the information sheet don’t
Person hesitate to approach your facilitator.

13.Perform job- sheet 4.2-5 Refer to performance criteria checklist
Transporting injured
Person
4.2-6 Hospital procedures content of the information sheet don’t
in emergency situation hesitate to approach your facilitator.

4.2-7 Workplace content of the information sheet don’t
procedures in emergency hesitate to approach your facilitator.
situation

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INFORMATION SHEET 4.2.1
FIRST AID PRACTICES
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID
First aid can be defined as “the immediate, temporary treatment carried out in cases of
emergency or accident prior to the arrival of a doctor or the transportation of the victim to
hospital.”
THE AIMS OF FIRST AID ARE TO:
1. Save life.
2. Prevent injuries becoming worse.
3. Relieve pain as far as possible.
BASIC FIRST AID PROCEDURES
Keep these points in mind when handling situations that may require you to administer first aid:
• Remove everyone from danger and then provide first aid in a safe location. Also, do not
attempt to make a rescuer until you are sure you won’t become a victim.
• Remain calm. Keeping your composure while helping the injured person will help him/her to
keep calm and cooperate. If the person becomes anxious or excited, the damage from the
injury could be increased.
• Plan quickly what you need to do. Learn basic procedures or have your first aid information
available so you can care for the injured person.
• Send for professional help as soon as possible.
• Let the person know that help is on the way and try to make them as comfortable as possible.
EVALUATING THE SITUATION AND SETTING PRIORITIES
To effectively deal with emergencies, the situation must be evaluated and priorities set.
Three evaluations which must be made to Primary first aid procedures are to:
establish priorities for treatment:
• Restore breathing
• Condition of the scene • Control bleeding
• Type of injury • Prevent shock
• Need for treatment

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Whenever possible, do not move the victim. Treat the person where you find him/her. However,
several types of situations require the person to be moved out of immediate danger, such as fire,
electrocution, and drowning.
BLEEDING
Bleeding needs immediate attention. Evaluate the type of bleeding and the amount of blood lost:
• Capillary oozing Injuries to capillaries or small veins. It is indicated by steady

oozing of dark-colored blood.
• Venous bleeding Bleeding from the vein. It is indicated by a flow of dark-
colored blood at a steady rate.
• Arterial bleeding Bleeding from an artery. It is indicated by bright red blood
flowing quickly in spurts.
Blood flowing in a small, steady stream or small spurts can be serious, but can be controlled.
Blood flowing in a heavy stream or large spurts is very serious and must be brought under control
immediately.
The primary step to control bleeding is to exert direct pressure over the wound. Place the cleanest
material available against the bleeding point and apply pressure by hand until the wound clots
and can be dressed with bandages. If necessary, apply direct, even pressure with your bare hand.
If blood soaks through the bandage, do not remove it. Apply more bandages and secure them.
Make sure the bandages are not too tight so circulation is not restricted. Look for swelling around
the wound. If the bandage interferes with the circulation of the blood, loosen it.
Elevate the wound above the level of the heart, except when there is a broken bone.
ARTERY PRESSURE POINT
If direct pressure on the wound does not control bleeding, direct pressure on any artery pressure
point closest to the wound is necessary. The artery pressure point must be located between the
heart and the wound.
TOURNIQUET WARNING
A tourniquet should only be used for hemorrhaging that cannot be controlled by direct or arterial
pressure. Tourniquets are dangerous to apply, to leave on, and to remove. Stoppage of blood
supply below the tourniquet can lead to gangrene and loss of limb.
SHOCK
Shock occurs when the vital body functions are depressed. The three most common causes of
shock are:
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• Excessive bleeding
• Inadequate breathing
• Un splintered fractures
If shock is not treated properly, death may result, even if the injury causing the shock is not severe
enough to cause death. It is NOT recommended that drivers attempt to splint a fractured bone;
instead simply treat the victim for shock.
RECOGNIZING SHOCK
When a person is in shock, the skin is pale, cold, clammy, and moist with beads of sweat around
the lips and forehead. The pulse is fast, weak, or entirely absent. Breathing is shallow and irregular
and the eyes are dull and vacant with dilated pupils. The person complains of nausea and
dizziness. He/she may be unaware of the seriousness of the injury and then suddenly collapse.
CONTROL OF SHOCK
The victim should lie down on top of an article of clothing, newspaper or other material and kept
warm with a light blanket. In warmer temperatures, it is not necessary to use cover.
The person should not become overly warm so that perspiration occurs. Perspiration draws blood
to the skin, away from the interior of the body where it is needed. In order to help the flow of blood
to the heart and head, elevate their legs at least 12 inches high. If there is a head or chest injury
or breathing seems difficult, elevate the chest instead of the legs.
Offer small amounts of water to the person every 15 minutes. Do not give water if the victim is
vomiting, nauseous, or unconscious.
BURNS
It is not recommended to treat burns. First aid treatment often causes complications and interferes
with the treatment given by the physicians. Keep the burned area uncontaminated and treat for
shock.
Do not apply burn preparation and do not use ice water. It intensifies the shock. There are
exceptions when it may be necessary to give first aid. Chemicals may continue to burn the skin if
they are not removed. Large amounts of water should be used to flush the area free of the
chemicals, particularly if it is a chemical burn of the eyes or face.
MOUTH-TO-MOUTH RESUSCITATION
Breathing may stop for the following three reasons:
• Air passage is blocked

• Nerve centers that control breathing are not functioning due to drowning, electrocution,
head injury or poisoning
• A sucking sound in the chest prevents the lungs from expanding

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In the first two cases, the skin may be blue and breathing may appear to have stopped. If there
seems to be no back injury, place the person on his back, open the mouth and clear out foreign
matter with your fingers. Place your hand on the victim’s forehead, tilt the head back so the chin
points upward and lift jaw. This action moves the base of the tongue away from the back of the
throat so the airway is not blocked.
Pinch nostrils to prevent any leakage of air. Open your mouth wide, take a deep breath, and place
your mouth over the victim’s mouth. With a small child, place your mouth over the mouth and
nose, making a tight seal.
Blow vigorously into the mouth, while continuing to lift the lower jaw in order to keep the airway
clear. Between each breath, remove your mouth and listen for the outflow of air coming from the
lungs. If you hear air, an exchange of air has occurred. Continue to breathe for the person, blowing
into the mouth approximately 12 times a minute.
After each breath, remove your mouth and listen for the exchange of air. Blow less vigorously
with a small child using shallower breaths at a rate of about 20 per minute. A sign of restored
breathing is a sigh or a gasp from the victim. Breath may be irregular at first so continue mouth-
to-mouth resuscitation. If normal breathing doesn’t occur, continue breathing for the person,
alternating with others until aid arrives.
BE PREPARED—LEARN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
CPR should be used when a person is unresponsive or when breathing or heart beat stops. If
someone is available, have him or her call emergency medical services while you begin CPR. Try
to stimulate the victim. If no response, turn them onto their back by supporting the head and neck.
If head or neck injury is suspected, do not bend or turn neck. Tilt the head back and lift chin up
and out to open the airway. Look, listen and feel for breath. If no breathing is present, seal your
lips tightly around their mouth; pinch their nose shut. Give two slow breaths (1 to 1 ½ seconds
each), until chest rises, if no signs of circulation, place heel of one hand in the center of the chest.
Compress at a rate that provides about 100 compressions and 20 breaths per minute. For a child,
compression depth should be ½ to 1 inch. For an adult, compressions should be about 2 inches.
Repeat cycle of five compressions to one breath until signs of circulation return or until help
arrives.

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KINDS OF BODY HARM AND HOW TO DEAL WITH THEM
DRIVING AND ALCOHOL
Driving is not safe when drunk. It is said that "If you drink, do not drive". Driving a motor vehicle
requires concentration. Driver's found driving under the influence of alcohol is punishable by law.
IMPAIRED DRIVING
Impaired driving means the ability to operate the motor vehicle is impaired by alcohol or drugs.
A person can be convicted of the criminal offense of impaired driving when there is proof beyond
a reasonable doubt of the person's impairment. Evidence might show, for example, that the person
was driving very slowly or too fast, was not driving in a straight line, could not manage simple
physical tasks, had slurred speech or bloodshot eyes or had breath that smelled of alcohol. A
person who is actually impaired by alcohol can be convicted of impaired driving, whether or not the
person's blood alcohol content was over the "legal limit."
Under House Bill 38, or the “Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol (DUIA) Act of 2010,” a person
can be charged with drunk driving if operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated with alcohol at
levels where the driver’s mental and motor skills are impaired or when blood alcohol concentration
level is zero point zero six (0.06) or more.
It also requires applicants for driver’s licenses to complete a course on driving and safety matters
that will include the effects of alcohol consumption on the ability to operate a motor vehicle and the
hazards of driving under the influence of alcohol.
All drivers involved in vehicular accidents that result in death or physical injuries of a serious nature
shall be subjected to chemical tests to determine the presence and concentration of alcohol in their
bloodstream.
• The bill imposes P5, 000 fines and two months’ suspension of the driver’s license for the first
offense.
• For the second offense, the fine is raised to P6, 000 and the license suspension to three
months.
• For the third offense, the penalty shall be P7, 000 and six months’ suspension of driver’s
license.
• The fine will remain P7, 000 for succeeding offenses but result in the automatic revocation of
the offender’s license.

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Section 48 Republic Act 4136, Land Transportation Traffic Code) Reckless driving. - No person
shall operate a motor vehicle on any highway recklessly or without reasonable caution considering
the width, traffic, grades, crossing, curvatures, visibility and other conditions of the highway and
the conditions of the atmosphere and weather, or so as to endanger the property or the safety or
rights of any person or so as to cause excessive or unreasonable damage to the highway.
DEFINITION - GRIEVOUS BODILY HARM
The Courts have defined Grievous bodily harm to mean a really serious injury.
What the Police must prove - Negligent Driving Causing Grievous Bodily Harm
In order for the Police to prove the offense of Negligent driving causing death, they must prove
each of the following matters beyond a reasonable doubt.
1. The accused drove

2. A motor vehicle
3. On a road or road related area
4. The driving of the accused caused a person to suffer Grievous Bodily Harm.

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APPRAISAL OF PASSENGER NEEDS IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
Transporting Passengers with Special Needs:
With the increasing focus on the safe transportation of passengers with impairments, today's
drivers must be trained as professionals, and schooled not only in defensive driving techniques,
but also in safe passenger assistance procedures. Both public and private organizations that
transport special needs passengers are responsible for training their drivers to perform their jobs
as professionals, keeping the passengers' safety and dignity in mind at all times.
TAKE ACTION TO DEAL WITH EMERGENCIES AND
INCIDENTS
This element is about how you take appropriate action to deal with emergencies or
incidents during a journey. The action you take should be in line with approved
organizational, relevant legal or local procedures or guidelines, and should always be
within your ability and authority. While taking action, you should continue to promote
good customer service. In situations outside your ability or authority, you should know
where and how to get help, including from the emergency services, colleagues, other
operators and organizations which provide help. You may also have to let passengers
and their relatives or companions, or the
authorities, know about changes to journeys or services. You should also be able to
report details of emergencies or incidents and any action you have taken.
Performance Knowledge and
understanding
requirements You must requirements
be able to: You must know and understand:
1. carry out action to deal with • the action you can take and are
emergencies and incidents in line authorized to take
with approved procedures and • how to carry out action to deal
guidelines with emergencies and incidents
2. take action that reduces, as far as • how to reduce, as far as
possible, inconvenience to possible, any possible dangers
passengers in typical travel- related
3. consider the needs of individuals and emergencies and incidents
the rest of the group as far as possible • the approved procedures and
when taking action guidelines for dealing with and
4. reassure passengers whose reporting emergencies and incidents
journey or service cannot continue, • the organizational and relevant legal
in a way that promotes good responsibilities you have when
customer service
5. report details of emergencies or
incidents in line with approved
procedures

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6. Tell all the relevant and appropriate dealing with emergencies
people about changes made to and incidents
journeys or services • the things that affect customer
7. get help from the appropriate service in emergencies or
sources in situations that are outside incidents
your own • at what point and how you should get
authority or ability help when you need it

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HANDLING INJURED PERSON
EVALUATING THE SITUATION AND SETTING PRIORITIES
To effectively deal with emergencies, the situation must be evaluated and priorities set.
Three evaluations which must be made to Primary first aid procedures are to:
establish priorities for treatment:
Restore breathing
Condition of the scene Control bleeding
Type of injury Prevent shock
Need for treatment
Whenever possible, do not move the victim. Treat the person where you find him/her. However,
several types of situations require the person to be moved out of immediate danger, such as fire,
electrocution, and drowning.
BLEEDING
Bleeding needs immediate attention. Evaluate the type of bleeding and the amount of blood lost:
Capillary oozing Injuries to capillaries or small veins. It is indicated by

steady oozing of dark-colored blood.
Venous bleeding Bleeding from the vein. It is indicated by a flow of dark-
colored blood at a steady rate.
Arterial bleeding Bleeding from an artery. It is indicated by bright red blood
flowing quickly in spurts.
Blood flowing in a small, steady stream or small spurts can be serious, but can be controlled.
Blood flowing in a heavy stream or large spurts is very serious and must be brought under control
immediately.
The primary step to control bleeding is to exert direct pressure over the wound. Place the cleanest
material available against the bleeding point and apply pressure by hand until the wound clots
and can be dressed with bandages. If necessary, apply direct, even pressure with your bare hand.
If blood soaks through the bandage, do not remove it. Apply more bandages and secure them.
Make sure the bandages are not too tight so circulation is not restricted. Look for swelling around
the wound. If the bandage interferes with the circulation of the blood, loosen it.

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Elevate the wound above the level of the heart, except when there is a broken bone.
ARTERY PRESSURE POINT

If direct pressure on the wound does not control bleeding, direct pressure on any artery pressure
point closest to the wound is necessary. The artery pressure point must be located between the
heart and the wound.
TOURNIQUET WARNING
A tourniquet should only be used for hemorrhaging that cannot be controlled by direct or arterial
pressure. Tourniquets are dangerous to apply, to leave on, and to remove. Stoppage of blood
supply below the tourniquet can lead to gangrene and loss of limb.
SHOCK
Shock occurs when the vital body functions are depressed. The three most common causes of
shock are:
• Excessive bleeding
• Inadequate breathing
• Un splintered fractures
If shock is not treated properly, death may result, even if the injury causing the shock is not severe
enough to cause death. It is NOT recommended that drivers attempt to splint a fractured bone;
instead simply treat the victim for shock.
RECOGNIZING SHOCK
When a person is in shock, the skin is pale, cold, clammy, and moist with beads of sweat around
the lips and forehead. The pulse is fast, weak, or entirely absent. Breathing is shallow and irregular
and the eyes are dull and vacant with dilated pupils. The person complains of nausea and
dizziness. He/she may be unaware of the seriousness of the injury and then suddenly collapse.
CONTROL OF SHOCK
The victim should lie down on top of an article of clothing, newspaper or other material and kept
warm with a light blanket. In warmer temperatures, it is not necessary to use cover.
The person should not become overly warm so that perspiration occurs. Perspiration draws blood
to the skin, away from the interior of the body where it is needed. In order to help the flow of blood
to the heart and head, elevate their legs at least 12 inches high. If there is a head or chest injury
or breathing seems difficult, elevate the chest instead of the legs.
Offer small amounts of water to the person every 15 minutes. Do not give water if the victim is
vomiting, nauseous, or unconscious.
BURNS
It is not recommended to treat burns. First aid treatment often causes complications and interferes
with the treatment given by the physicians. Keep the burned area uncontaminated and treat for
shock.
Do not apply burn preparation and do not use ice water. It intensifies the shock. There are
exceptions when it may be necessary to give first aid. Chemicals may continue to burn the skin if

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they are not removed. Large amounts of water should be used to flush the area free of the
chemicals, particularly if it a chemical burn of the eyes or face.
MOUTH-TO-MOUTH RESUSCITATION
• Breathing may stop for the following three reasons:
• Air passage is blocked
• Nerve centers that control breathing are not functioning due to drowning, electrocution,
head injury or poisoning
• A sucking sound in the chest prevents the lungs from expanding
In the first two cases, the skin may be blue and breathing may appear to have stopped. If there
seems to be no back injury, place the person on his back, open the mouth and clear out foreign
matter with your fingers. Place your hand on the victim’s forehead, tilt the head back so the chin
points upward and lift jaw. This action moves the base of the tongue away from the back of the
throat so the airway is not blocked.
Pinch nostrils to prevent any leakage of air. Open your mouth wide, take a deep breath, and place
your mouth over the victim’s mouth. With a small child, place your mouth over the mouth and
nose, making a tight seal.
Blow vigorously into the mouth, while continuing to lift the lower jaw in order to keep the airway
clear. Between each breath, remove your mouth and listen for the outflow of air coming from the
lungs. If you hear air, an exchange of air has occurred. Continue to breathe for the person, blowing
into the mouth approximately 12 times a minute.
After each breath, remove your mouth and listen for the exchange of air. Blow less vigorously
with a small child using shallower breaths at a rate of about 20 per minute. A sign of restored
breathing is a sigh or a gasp from the victim. Breath may be irregular at first so continue mouth-
to-mouth resuscitation. If normal breathing doesn’t occur, continue breathing for the person,
alternating with others until aid arrives.
BE PREPARED—LEARN CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
CPR should be used when a person is unresponsive or when breathing or heart beat stops. If
someone is available, have him or her call emergency medical services while you begin CPR. Try
to stimulate the victim. If no response, turn them onto their back by supporting the head and neck.
If head or neck injury is suspected, do not bend or turn neck. Tilt the head back and lift chin up
and out to open the airway. Look, listen and feel for breath. If no breathing is present, seal your
lips tightly around their mouth; pinch their nose shut. Give two slow breaths (1 to 1 ½ seconds
each), until chest rises, if no signs of circulation, place heel of one hand in the center of the chest.
Compress at a rate that provides about 100 compressions and 20 breaths per minute. For a child,
compression dept. should be ½ to 1 inch. For an adult, compressions should be about 2 inches.
Repeat cycle of five compressions to one breath until signs of circulation return or until help
arrives.

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EMERGENCY FIRST AID TIPS
• Don’t move an injured person unless it is absolutely necessary. If you must movesomeone
because of a life threatening situation, fully support the person’s head and spine.
• Check to see if the person is breathing. If the person is not breathing and you are certified in
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), begin performing CPR immediately.
• If the person is bleeding, put pressure directly on the wound. Maintain pressure until help
arrives.
• Cover the injured person with a blanket or coat to provide warmth and prevent shock.

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TRANSPORTING INJURED PERSON
The most common first aid procedure associated with serious accidents is transportation. It is one
of the most time-consuming procedures. Perhaps more harm is done through improper
transportation than through any other measure associated with emergency assistance. The harm
springs from lack of planning, from lack of preparation or improper preparation of the victim for
transportation, and from use of poorly adapted methods; therefore, take the necessary time and
effort to provide good transportation.
METHODS OF TRANSFER:
These include special methods for short-distance transfers, the walking assistance, manual
carries, transfer by supporting devices such as stretchers and cots, and transfer by vehicles.
It is difficult for inexperienced people to lift and carry a person gently. Their efforts may not be
well coordinated. They need careful explanations. It is wise to practice the procedures first, using
a practice subject. In all cases, anyone who helps carry a victim should guard against losing his
balance, a mishap of surprising frequency, even when three or more carriers are used. The
carriers should lift the victim gradually and with proper technique, so that they would not suffer
back injury.
THE SHORT-DISTANCE TRANSFER

This refers to such procedures as removing a victim from a wrecked automobile, from a place of
danger or public scrutiny and carrying to or from a vehicle. Obviously, before a short transfer is
attempted, a check for injuries should be made, and if possible, injured parts should be
immobilized.
PULLING THE VICTIM TO SAFETY

If the victim must be pulled to safety, he should be pulled in the direction of the long axis of his
body, not sideways. The danger is less if a blanket or similar object can be placed beneath him,
so that he can ride on the blanket.
LIFTING THE VICTIM TO SAFETY

If a person must be lifted to safety before a check for injuries can be made, the carriers should try
to protect all parts of the body from the tensions of lifting. The body should not be jackknifed (lifted
by head and heels only). An attempt should be made to give adequate support to each extremity,
the head, and the back, keeping the entire body in a straight line and maintaining it immobile.
The best device for short-distance transfers is the stretcher or cot. Improvisations can be made
from blankets or similar items together with two sturdy poles.

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It is important to remember that the short-distance transfer is harmful unless the injured parts are
immobilized. “Splint them where they lie”, unless there is urgent danger in delay.
THE VEHICLE TRANSFER

Unless there is unusual urgency, it is best to wait until an ambulance is available. Some trucks
give a smooth ride; others do not. A few automobiles have space for a stretcher, though the
arrangement may not permit constant observation of the victim. Aside from rare exceptions, the
drive should be at moderate speeds, with gentle stops and starts, and with observation of all
safety rules. However well-splinted or otherwise immobilized injured part may be, the fracture or
injured area sustains some harmful effect from constant swaying and jolting of the vehicle as it
rounds turns, slows down, increases speed, or encounters dips and elevations.
PREPARATION OF THE VICTIM

Preliminary first aid measures may be required for accident victims. Often they benefit from a
period of rest before transfer. It is most important to remember that people who may have head
injuries, fractures of such bones as those of the thigh, leg, arm and pelvis, or possible back injuries
should not be transported sitting up in passenger automobiles. The injured parts need
immobilization; the body should be recumbent on a comfortable support; the victim should be
transported with safety.
CHECK THE INJURY BEFORE MOVING THE PERSON

If the person is injured and the injury involves his or her neck or back, do not move the person
unless absolutely necessary. Call for professional medical emergency services.
MAKE SURE THE INJURED PERSON HAS TO BE MOVED

If the injured person must be pulled to safety, for example, he or she is lying in a public place,
move the person to a safer or less busy area slowly and carefully. Pull the person’s body gently
lengthwise, not sideways. If possible, slide a coat or blanket under the person and pull the
coat/blanket as the way of moving the person.
MOVING AN INJURED PERSON
IF THE INJURED PERSON MUST BE LIFTED:
Support each part of the person’s body. Have another person help you provide support at the
injured person’s head, while you support the injured person’s feet (or vice versa). Use a board,
shutter, table top or other firm surface to keep the injured person’s body as level as possible.
Wait until the appropriate emergency medical personnel arrive on the scene.

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HOSPITAL PROCEDURES IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
CAR ACCIDENT INJURIES
In human civilization, cars have proven themselves as important inventions. Their advent to the
society changed the way people live as well as do commerce and trade since they make
transportation faster. However, much as these facilities have made life easier for many, it had
also claimed lives as well as caused injuries when accidents happened in the road.
Most often these car accident injuries involve collision with a pedestrian, with another vehicle, or
with obstructions that may be physical or architectural in nature.
All over the world, there is no clear statistics that can figure the occurrence of car
accident injuries because reports often depend on compensation as well as medical procedures
involved. However, these injuries can affect any part of the body and the internal organs. A fatal
type is TBI or Traumatic Brain Injury which usually occurs as a side-impact accident than rear-
end accident. Brain trauma maybe due to skull fractures and nerve damage.
The back and neck are prone to car accident injuries. Whiplash is an injury to the neck that cause
damage to the soft tissues, ligaments and nerves and it often leads to pain as well as limitation
of the movements of the neck thus causing difficulty in rotating as well as peripheral vision. This
type of injury can be permanent or temporary. Back injuries are often impact to the thoracic,
midback, lower back, disk and lumbar. Another serious back injury is disc injury. This is an injury
to the intervertebral disc which makes up the spine. As a result of accident, discs in the neck and
spine may slip, bulge or rupture. It often involves series of expensive medical procedures, to
name, MRI or CT scan. Spinal cord compression often leads to permanent disability.
The lower and upper limbs are also oftentimes injured. In the upper limbs, the affected parts are
usually the fingers, hands, wrists, forearms, arms and shoulders. While in the lower limbs, it is the
hips, legs, knees, heels, ankles, and feet which are often injured. However, fractures and sprains
can be treated with splints and casts.
Among the internal organs often affected by car accident injuries are kidneys, spleen, liver, lungs
and heart. Very common are fractured ribs and oftentimes they are associated with punctured
lungs.
Treatments to these injuries vary from a simple outpatient check-up to a hospital confinement and
for serious cases, to Intensive Care Unit.
Accidents in the road can happen in a flash, thus, utmost care and attention must be given if one
wishes to avoid the possibilities of car accident injuries.

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WORKPLACE PROCEDURES IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
Guidelines for preparing your workplace in different emergency situations
There are many different emergency situations that could occur in the workplace so here are some
helpful guidelines that may prepare you for dealing with emergencies in your workplace. This
touches on categorizing major types of emergencies and identifying the actions required to limit
impact on personnel, property and the environment.
The types of emergencies which could occur may include:
• serious injury events

• medical emergencies such as heart attacks
• site or area evacuations
• fires and explosions
• hazardous substances and chemical spills
• confined space accidents
It is vital to identify the actions required to limit impact on personnel, property and the
environment.
Appropriately resourced organizations with a dependable emergency response team will limit the
effect of damage or harm to people, property and the environment. Emergency response roles
need to address actions to minimize catastrophe to personnel, property and environment.
People
The first priority is always people and their safety. In an emergency, all personnel need to know
what their role is and where they should go. This requires a step by step list of actions that clearly
identifies everyone’s role in an emergency.
Dissemination of this information is critical. Everyone on site must be aware of the role/s they will
play in emergency response.
Clarification and understanding of role responsibilities and accountabilities is essential. Some of

the ways this information can be communicated throughout the workforce is via:
• training (including mock emergency responses conducted on a regular basis);
• inductions, induction testing;
• maps;
• procedures;
• job descriptions; and
• meetings.

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Issues which must be addressed to limit the risk of injury and assist those involved to reach
safety would include the following.
• Ensuring emergency evacuation plans are visible and understood by all employees. This
implies adequate and repeated training at inductions, training, refreshers and mock
evacuations.
• Ensuring cultural and ethnic profiles are appreciated by all stakeholders and identified-
ensure that written or verbal instructions are understood.
• Identifying personnel with special needs – ensure personnel are able to see or hear the
alarm if they have sight or hearing impairment.
• Has a mentor been appointed to assist them during an evacuation?
• Establishing emergency assembly points and alternatives.
• Locating assembly points near large gas storage tanks would demonstrate a lack of
understanding of the term ‘safety.’ The need to address the ‘what if’ scenarios are part
of good contingency planning.
• Ensuring procedures are in place to ensure a head count of all personnel is bothpossible
and accurate. What about visitors to site? What procedures are in place for their
identification on site and their evacuation?
• Considering the ability of external emergency and other first responders to navigate in
unfamiliar territory.
• Preparing an inventory/register and location map together with other relevant information
on gases, toxic substances and chemicals located on the site that may affect their
containment strategies and tactics.
Property
Actions and procedures need to be identified and communicated that limit the effect of potential
emergencies on property.
This includes the following. Identification of the specific emergency:

• Fire
• Chemical spill
The Level of response required:

• Total evacuation
• Isolation of Hazard.
Who to notify:
• Supervisor
• Fire Brigade.
Contingency contacts:
• Alternative contacts identified and listed with contact details.

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What needs to be shut down to minimize potential adverse impact:
• Under what circumstances?

• Who is responsible?
• What procedures are there or need to be developed?
Other issues may involve ensuring control measures are in place such as storage of all hazardous
and toxic materials must conform to standards, eg, bunding for fuel storage, separation of oxidizing
and fuel gases, and flame proof cabinets.
Environment
Environmental issues need to be considered for containment methods, for example, to prevent:
• toxic fumes escaping into the atmosphere and adversely affecting the surrounding
community;
• waterways being contaminated by toxic substances or oil; or
• Hazardous and toxic materials entering storm water drains.
Are intervention systems and waste separators installed and do they meet the required
standards?
Geographical location is also an issue. Consider how far away you are away from help arriving.
What is the time frame for the arrival of emergency services (ambulance, fire brigade)? This will
affect your planning and response to secure the safety of personnel.
Higher levels of training will be necessary if there is a need for greater self-reliance.
A simple chart can be developed as a tool to help identify the level of impact and workplace
vulnerability for a potential emergency. It can also be used to assist in identifying the necessary
resources.

Revision #00

Core 4 Implement and Coordinate Accident-Emergency Procedures

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4

Competency-Based Learning Materials (CBLM)

Automotive and Land Transport

Date Compiled: Document No.

The unit of competency, “IMPLEMENT AND COORDINATE ACCIDENT-EMERGENCY

Date Compiled: Document No.

COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

CARRY OUT MINOR

2 DRIVE LIGHT VEHICLE Driving Light Vehicle ALT832302

OBEY AND OBSERVE

Date Compiled: Document No.

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Implement and Coordinate Accident-Emergency

MODULE TITLE: Implementing and Coordinating Accident-

MODULE DESCRIPTOR: This module covers the skills,

NOMINAL DURATION: 10 hours

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of the module the trainee/students should be able to:

LO 2. Arrange follow-up support and assistance

Date Compiled: Document No.

1. Emergency and potential emergency situations are identified and assessed

1. Kinds of emergency situations

Students/trainees must be provided with the following:

Date Compiled: Document No.

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Read information sheet 4.1-1 If you have some problem on the

If you feel that you are now

If you feel that you are now

If you feel that you are now

If you feel that you are now

If you feel that you are now

If you feel that you are now

Date Compiled: Document No.

KINDS OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

• Ease off the gas, and shift into neutral.

RUNNING OFF THE PAVEMENT

FLAT TIRE, BLOWOUT, OR WHEEL LOSS

Date Compiled: Document No.

STUCK GAS PEDAL

If your gas pedal (accelerator) sticks

VEHICLE APPROACHING HEAD ON

STALLING ON RAILROAD TRACKS

Date Compiled: Document No.

CAR CATCHES FIRE

VEHICLE PLUNGES INTO WATER

• Unfasten your safety belt and escape through a window.

If your vehicle sinks before you can get out, climb

HOOD LATCH FAILURE

If your accelerator gets stuck down, do the following:

Date Compiled: Document No.

PROCEDURES IN THE EVENT OF EMERGENCY

IF YOU ARE INVOLVED IN AN ACCIDENT

ACCIDENTS AND TRAFFIC STOPS

Date Compiled: Document No.

PROBLEMS ARISING DURING EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

How to Protect your Accident Claims

Date Compiled: Document No.

Date Compiled: Document No.

PREPARATION OF INCIDENT REPORT AND OTHER DOCUMENTATION TO AUTHORITY

IF YOU WITNESS AN ACCIDENT

Date Compiled: Document No.

DRIVERS’ RESPONSIBILITIES IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any person or persons by reason of

Date Compiled: Document No.