Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sector:
CONSTRUCTION
Qualification:
TECHNICAL DRAFTING NC II
Unit of Competency:
PERFORM MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
Module Title:
PERFORMING MENSURATION AND CALCULATION
If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your Trainer for assistance.
You have already some basic knowledge and skills covered in this module
because you have been working for some time; on already completed training in
this area.
After completing this module, ask your Trainer to assess your competence.
Result of your assessment will be recorded in your competency profile. All the
learning activities are designed for you to complete at your own pace.
In this module, you will find the activities for you to complete and relevant
information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning outcome may have
more than one learning activity.
Performing
Perform mensuration and
1. mensuration and CON311203
calculation
calculation
Interpret technical drawings & Interpreting technical
2.
plans drawings & plans CONS311202
Apply quality standards Applying quality
3. FUR7144202
standards
Operate personal computer Operating personal
4. ICT311201
computer
INTRODUCTION:
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes and values
needed identify, care, and use measuring instruments.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Select measuring instruments
2. Carry out measurements and calculation
3. Maintain measuring instruments
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Object or component to be measured identified
2. Correct specifications obtained from relevant source
3. Measuring tools selected in line with job requirements
4. Appropriate measuring instrument selected to achieve required
outcome.
5. Accurate measurements obtained for job.
6. Calculation needed to complete work tasks are performed using the
four fundamentals operations (addition, subtractions, multiplication
and division)
7. Calculation involving fractions, percentages, and mixed numbers
used to complete workplace tasks.
8. Instruments read to the limit of accuracy of the tool.
9. Measuring instruments not dropped to avoid damage.
10.Measuring instruments cleaned before and after using.
11.Proper storage of instruments undertaken according to the
manufacturer’s specifications and standard operating procedures.
PREREQUISITE: NONE
CONTENTS:
Types of components and object to be identified
Knowing the correct specifications of the relevant sources
Identify the necessary measuring tools in selecting the job
requirements
Reading skills required to interpret work instruction
Communication skills
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Object or component to be measured identified
2. Correct specifications obtained from relevant source
3. Measuring tools selected in line with job requirements
CONDITION:
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
Try square
Protractor
Steel rule
Taper
EVALUATION METHOD:
Hands-on
Direct observation
Practical demonstration
2. Answer the self check 1.1-1 Compare your answer to the answer key
3.1-1. If you got 100% correct answer in
this self-check, you can now go to the next
Learning Outcome. If not review the
information sheet and go over the self-
check again.
The first graduation is 1/16, second is 1/8, third is 3/16, next graduation is ¼,
followed by 5/16, 3/8, 7/16, 1/2, 9/16, 5/8, 11/16, 3/4, 13/16, 7/8, 15/16,
and 1 inch. After 1 inch, the graduation is written as 1 and 1/16, 1 and 5/8,
and etc.
The needle of the meter points at ten. If the range is set to x1 ohm,
multiply 10 by 1 which is equivalent to 10 ohms. The reading is 10, the
equivalent of one minor division from 10 - 20 is 1. So, 10x1 = 10 ohms.
AC Voltage Scale
Example:
43 x 5 = 215 volts
Where 43 is the point where the pointer stopped and 5 is the equivalent of each
minor division.
DC Voltage Scale
DCV SCALE
DCV Scale
After selecting the desired range and connecting the two test prods to the
designated test points, the pointer stops at a point in the scale. If the pointer
stopped at minor division 15 and the range used is x50, multiply 15 by 1, so the
reading is 15 volts DC.
Example:
Where 15 is the minor division where the pointer stopped 1 is the equivalent of
one minor division if the range is 50V DC.
DC mA Voltage Scale
DC mA SCALE
Figure 4. DC mA Scale
After selecting the desired range and connecting the two test prods to the
designated test point, the pointer stops at a point in the scale. If the pointer
stopped at minor division 6 and the range used is 2.5, multiply 6 by .05 so the
reading is .3 mA.
Example:
6 x .05 = 0.3 mA
Where: 6 is the minor division where the pointer stopped .05 is the equivalent
of one minor division using 2.5 range.
Items Specification
Taut-band structure is adopted in the meter
Drop shock proof section. The meter section is designed to
withstand shock.
The circuit protected by fuse even when
Circuit protection voltage of a to AC 230V is impressed on each
range for 5 seconds.
Internal battery R6 (IEC) or UM-3 1.5V x2
Internal fuse 0.5A/250V 5.2 mm diaX20mm
Standard calibration
temp. and humidity 23±2°C 45~75% RH
range
Operating temperature
0~40°C, 80% RH max., no condensation
and humidity range
3k V AC (1 min.) between input terminal and
Withstand voltage
case
Dimensions and weight 159.5X129X41.5mm/approx.320g
Accessories One copy of instruction manual, Hand strap
Measurement Range and
Function, full scale value and accuracy
Accuracy
General Direction: Write your answers on another sheet of paper. Do not write
anything on this module
1. 2. 5.
4. 5.
II. Indicate the scale value that corresponds to the given number.
a. Read the graduated scale of a ruler using the illustrated questions below.
1. x1 6. x10
2. x10 7. x1k
3. x1k 8. x10k
4. x10k 9. x10
5. x1 10. x1k
c. Read the marked minor division in the ACV scale and compute the ACV
reading using the indicated range in each number.
ACV Scale
1. 10V AC 6. 50V AC
2. 50V AC 7. 250V AC
3. 250V AC 8. 1000V AC
4. 1000V AC 9. 50V AC
5. 10V AC 10. 250V AC
DCV Scale
1. 0.1V DC 6. 250V DC
2. 0.25V DC 7. 1000V DC
3. 2.5V DC 8. 2.5V DC
4. 10V DC 9. 10V DC
5. 50V DC 10. 50V DC
e. Read the marked division in the DCV Scale and compute the reading using
the indicated range.
DC mA Scale
1. 50 uA 6. 2.5 mA
2. 2.5 mA 7. 25 mA
3. 25 mA 8. 0.25 A
4. 0.25 A 9. 25 mA
5. 50 uA 10. 2.5 mA
Items Specification
1. Try Square
2. Analog Multi-meters
3. Digital multi-meters
4. Sliding T-Bevel
5. Combination Square
LEARNING
CARRY OUT MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATION
OUTCOME #2
CONTENTS:
Identifying appropriate measuring instruments to be used.
Use accurate measurements for the tasks given.
Using the four fundaments of mathematical operations
Introducing proper procedure in calculating fractions, percentages, and mixed
numbers to perform in the given tasks.
Reading skills required to interpret work instruction
Communication skills
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Appropriate measuring instrument selected to achieve required outcome.
2. Accurate measurements obtained for job.
3. Calculation needed to complete work tasks are performed using the four
fundamentals operations (addition, subtractions, multiplication and division)
4. Calculation involving fractions, percentages, and mixed numbers used to
complete workplace tasks.
5. Instruments read to the limit of accuracy of the tool
CONDITION:
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
Torque gauge
Combination gauge
Volume
Area
Circumference
Thickness
EVALUATION METHOD:
Hands-on
Direct observation
Practical demonstration
2. Answer the self check 1.2-1 Compare your answer to the answer key
3.2-1. If you got 100% correct answer in
this self-check, you can now Perform task
Sheet 6.1-1. If not review the information
sheet and go over the self-check again.
Example:
1. CONVERSION OF MULTIPLES INTO STANDARDS UNITS
Length Volume
1. 1 mile = 1.61 kilometers 1. 1 gallon = 3.79 liters
2. 1 yard = 0.914 meter 2. 1 quart = 0.946 liter
3. 1 foot = 0.305 meter 3. 1 liter = 0.264 gallon
4. 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 4. 1 liter = 1.06 quarts
5. 1 kilometer = .62 mile
6. 1 meter = 1.09 yard Weight
7. 1 meter = 3.28 feet 1. 1 pound = 0.454 kilogram
8. 1 centimeter = 0.394 in 2. 1 ounce = 28.35 grams
3. 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds
4. 1 gram = 0.0353 ounce
B. OHMS LAW
Ohm’s law states that, for a steady current, the current in a circuit
is directly proportional to the total EMF acting in the circuit and inversely
proportional to the total resistance of the circuit.
If we vary the voltage, we will discover that the current changes in direct
proportion. This means that if we double the voltage, the current also
doubles. If we increase the voltage by 25%, the current increases by 25%.
If we decrease the voltage by 10%, the current decreases by 10%.
Date Develop: Document No.:
Performing January 15, 2019
Mensuration and
Issued by:
Calculation Develop by: Page 23 of 80
R.C.VILLARUEL Revision
No.:
If we vary resistance, we will find that the current changes by
inverse proportion. This means that doubling the resistance causes the
current to decrease to half the original amount. Increasing (multiplying)
the resistance by any factor causes the current to be decreased (divided)
by that same factor.
I (current) = V (Voltage) or I =V
R (Resistance) R
Example:
Suppose the resistance is known to be 12 ohms with an applied voltage
of 12 volts
Solution:
When solving a numerical problem, the proper procedure is to write the
symbolic formula first. Second, substitute the known values of the
variables on the right side of the equal sign. Last, perform the arithmetic
and write the result. Following this procedure with equation, we have
V
I=
R
I = 24 V
12
= 2A
Now let the voltage be adjusted to 36V. Find the new current.
Solutions:
V
I=
R
36 V
I=
12
=3A
Solution:
The heater is the same, so R still 80 .
V=IR
V = (1.375 A)(80 ) = 110 V
Example :
A certain lamp is lighted in a circuit. Measurements indicate that I
= 2 A and V = 250 V. Find the lamp’s resistance.
Solution:
Covering R in reminds us that V
R=
I
R = 250 V
2A
= 125
Example:
Solution:
P = VI
= (24V)(0.25 A)
=6W
Solution: P
R=
I
= 100 W
1A
= 100 V
Example:
a) A speaker is a load device that converts electrical energy into
sound energy and waste heat. The speaker has an internal
resistance of 8 . If a voltage of 15 V is applied, how much does the
speaker receive from the source?
Solution: P = V²
R
= (15 V)²
8
= 225 V
8
= 28.1 The equation is P = V² can be rearranged to solve for either of
the R other two variables, R or V.
R = V² V = PR
P
b) An electric circuit has a load resistance dissipated 45 W of power
across the source of voltage with a potential difference of 30 V.
calculate the resistance of the load in the circuit.
Solution: R = V²
P
= 30 V²
45 W
= 900 V
45²
= 20
c) A 24 load resistance dissipated 96 W of power. Calculate the
applied voltage across the load resistance.
V = PR
= 96 W x 24
= 2304
= 48
d) For the 8 speaker, how much input voltage would be required to
increase the power to 40 W?
Solution: V = PR
= (40W) (8 )
= 320
= 17.9 V
There are also occasions when it’s necessary to calculate power from
knowledge of current resistance. Substituting V = IR into the power
formula
P = IV = I (IR) = I²R
Date Develop: Document No.:
Performing January 15, 2019
Mensuration and
Issued by:
Calculation Develop by: Page 27 of 80
R.C.VILLARUEL Revision
No.:
P = I²R
e) A 16 loud speaker has an applied current of 1.5 A. Calculate the
power dissipated by the loud speaker.
P = I² x R
= 1.5² x 16
= 2.25 x 16
= 36 W
f) A rheostat has a 1.5 A of current that passes through its terminal.
What adjusted value of resistance will cause power dissipation of
12 W?
P
R=
I²
= 12 W
(150)²
= 12 W
0.25 A
= 48
PERIMETER OF A TRIANGLE
Example:
A rectangular tablecloth has a width 1.5 m and a length of 2.8 m. How
many meters of lace trimmings should be bought to make its borders?
P = 2L + 2W
= 2(2.8)+2(1.5) = 2(4.3)
= 8.6 m needed for the lace trimming
PERIMETER OF A SQUARE
Example:
A decorative mat is a square. One side is 45.5 cm. How long an edging is
needed to put borders on it?
P = 4(45.5)
= 182 cm
CIRCUMFERENE OF A CIRCLE
AREA OF A PARALLELOGRAM
AREA OF A TRIANGLE
A B
a. The formula for the area of a
h= triangle can be obtained from the
area of a rectangle.
b. Two triangles have equal areas
D C
and the area of each triangle is
b=6m one-half that of a triangle.
c. The formula for finding the area
of a triangle = ½ h(b)
Example:
The sides of a roof are triangular in shape. If each side has a base which
measures 6 m and an altitude which measures 3.2 m, what is its area?
Area of triangle = ½ (b x h)
A = ½ (6 x 3.2)
= ½ (19.2)
= 9.6 m² (the area of each triangular roof)
8
8
O 10 R T R S OR
5
The formula for finding the area of a trapezoid:
Area of a trapezoid = ½ h (b1 + b2).
Example:
Find the area of a trapezoid whose altitude is 8 cm and whose bases are
10 cm and 5 cm, respectively.
A= ½ h (b1 + b2)
= ½ (8)(10 + 5)
= 4(10 + 5)
= 60 cm² the area of the trapezoid
AREA OF A CIRCLE
1. The area of a circle is measured in terms of its radius.
2. r² is approximately equal to the area of a circle with radius (r).
3. The formula for finding the area of a circle. Area of a circle = r²
height = r
base = Πr
Example:
Find an approximation for the area of the circle with a diameter of 6 cm.
A = r²
= (3)²
= 9
= 9(3.1416)
= 28.27 m² (the area of a circle)
2Πr b = Πr
S h=s
2r
b = r
2r
Example:
Find the surface area of a cone if the radius of its base is 3.5 cm and its
slant height is 7.25 cm. (use = 3.14)
SA = r² = rs
= (3.14)(3.5)² + (3.14)(3.5)(7.25)
= (3.14)(12.25) + (10.99)(7.25)
= 38.465 + 79.6775
= 118.1425 cm²
Example:
What is the surface area of a ball with radius equal to 6 cm? (use =
3.14)
SA = 4r²
= 4(3.14)(6)²
= (12.56)(36)
= 452.16 cm²
MATHEMATICAL COMPUTATION
A. ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
Commutative Law
The first type of law is the commutative law. This law says that it
makes no difference in what order two numbers are added or multiplied.
For example,
3 + 7 = 7 + 3 = 10 and 3 x 5 = 5 x 3 = 15
For any two numbers a and b the commutative laws are, therefore,
a+b = b + a
axb = b x a
Observe, however, that subtraction and division are not commutative:
7 - 3 is not equal to 3 - 7
2 + 6 is not equal to 6 + 2
Associate Law
The second type of law is the associative law. This law states that if
three numbers are to be added or multiplied together, it makes no
difference if the operations start with the first and second numbers or
Date Develop: Document No.:
Performing January 15, 2019
Mensuration and
Issued by:
Calculation Develop by: Page 35 of 80
R.C.VILLARUEL Revision
No.:
with the second and third. For example, in addition, if you want to add
6 + 3 + 2, you can do it in two ways. Using parentheses to indicate which
operation is to be done first, the two ways are as follows:
( 6 + 3 ) + 2 = 9 + 2 = 11
6 + ( 3 + 2 ) = 6 + 5 = 11
Note that operations in parentheses are always done first. In
multiplication, if you want to multiply 8 x 4 x 2, you can also do it in
two ways:
(8 x 4) x 2 = 32 x 2 = 64
6 x (4 x 2) = 8 x 8 = 64
For any two numbers a and b the associative laws are, therefore,
(a + b) = c = a + (b + c )
(a x b) x c = a x (b x c )
Observe that subtraction and division are also not associative. The
subtraction sign and the division sign apply only to the number that
immediately follows the sign moving from left to right. For example,
6 - 3 - 2 means (6 - 3) - 2 = 3 - 2 = 1
8 ÷ 4 ÷ 2 means ( 8 ÷ 4 ) ÷ 2 = 2 ÷ 2 = 1
Distributive law
Another important law of arithmetic which combines multiplication
and addition is the distributive law. This law says that multiplication
distributes over addition. For any three numbers a, b, and c,
a x (b + c) = (a x b) + (a x c)
For example ,
2 x (2 + 4) = (3 x 2) + (3 x 4)
which correctly states that
2 x 6 = 6 + 12 = 18
The distributive law is important in algebra.
The order of operations in arithmetic is, moving from left to right.
1. Perform operations in parentheses.
2. Do multiplication or division.
3. Do addition or subtraction.
EXAMPLE:
Calculate the following:
3 x 19 - 36 + 6 ÷ 2
B. FRACTIONS
Reducing fractions
The fraction line means division, but since 8 does not divide evenly
into 6 the fraction cannot be simplified to a whole number. However, it
can be reduced to lowest terms by dividing out common factors (divisors)
in the numerator and the denominator.
6/8 = 2/2 x 3/4 = 3/4
To reduce a fraction into lowest terms, it is not necessary to show
the factors before dividing. You can just divide the numerator and
denominator of the preceding fraction by 2 to get the result.
The following examples with fractions are designed to be done
without the calculator to reinforce your skills in arithmetic.
You can also first factor the numerator and the denominator into their
smallest factors and then divide out the common factors:
28/42 = 2/2 x 2/3 x 7/7 = 2/3
You then reduce the result to lowest terms. However, you can divide out
common factors first that are in the numerator and denominator of either
fraction and then multiply. This simplifies the multiplication. Study the
next two examples, which show this procedure.
To divide fractions, invert the divisor (the fraction after the division
sign), and change the operation to multiplication.
Adding fractions
Adding fractions is not as straightforward as multiplying fractions.
Calculators can add fractions as decimals, and some can add them as
fractions. However, it is necessary for you to understand how to add
fractions so that you can estimate results, recognize an incorrect answer,
and troubleshoot for the error. More important, to add fractions in
algebra requires first understanding the process in arithmetic.
Fractions can be added or subtracted only if their denominators
are the same. When the denominators are the same, you add the
fractions by adding the numerators over the common denominator.
1/8 + 5/8 1 5 / 8 = 6/8 = ¾
Observe that you always reduce the result if possible.
The rule for adding fractions with the same denominator is then
A/D + B/D = A+ B /D
Note that a fraction is a ratio of two whole numbers. The fraction 3/10 is
a ratio of 3 parts to 10 parts. The equivalent fraction 6/20, 9/30, etc. are
all equal to the same ratio.
The process of adding two fractions whose denominators are
different is done as follows. Suppose you wanted to add the fractions.
2/3 + 5/6
C. DECIMALS
Decimals, then, are fractions with denominators of 10, 100, 1000, etc.
The number of decimal places equals the number of zeros in the
denominator as follows:
0.5 = 5/10
0.21 = 21/100
To add or subtract decimals, line up the decimal points and the columns.
Then add or subtract in the same way as whole numbers.
The following examples show how to add and subtract decimals.
Calculate the following:
Percentages
A percentage (or percent) is a convenient way of writing a fraction
whose denominator is 100. The numerator is written with the percent
sign (%) which represents the denominator of 100. For example,
20% = 20/100 = 0.20
Second, to express 0.015 as a percent, move the decimal point two places
to the right. Then write the fraction with a denominator of 100.
0.15 = 1.5% = 1.5/100
A fraction is not in simplest form if it contains a decimal in the
numerator or denominator. Eliminate the decimal in the numerator by
multiplying the numerator and denominator by 10; then reduce the
fraction.
1.5(10)/100(10) = 15/1000 = 3/200
Note that 100% = and a percent greater than 100 represents a number
greater than one.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
13. 14.
15.
I. 1. 80 Ω 9. 55 W
2. 240 V 10. 0.25 A
3. 4A 11. 96 V
4. 0.05 A 12. 3 A
5. 50 V 13. 12.5 Ω
6. 60 W 14. 120 W
7. 4A 15. 24 Ω
8. 48 V
II.
1. 0.000047 A
2. 0.00002785 A
3. 0.0015 A
4. 0.002576 A
5. 0.000079 A
6. 1.861 V
7. 1,710 W
8. 1,632,000 ?
9. 4,750 ?
10. 1,000 ?
11. 0.914 meter
12. 2.54 centimeters
13. 0.394 in
14. 3.28 feet
15. 0.305 meter
III.
A. Perimeter and Circumference of each Plane Figures
1. C = 2r
= 2(3.14)(7.1)
= 2(22.294 cm)
= 44. 588 cm
2. P = 4s
= 4(2.8 cm)
= 11.2 cm
3. P = a + b + c
= 3.84 cm + 6.23 cm + 5.6 cm
= 15.67 cm
4. P = 2L + 2W
= 2(24.5 cm) +2 (17.61 cm)
= 49 cm + 35.22 cm
= 84.22 cm
5. C = d
= (3.14)(5.2 mm)
= 163.28 mm
1. Examine the front panel of the VOM assigned to you. Locate the
function switch. This will be a multifunction switch with several
positions for measuring VOLTS, OHMS, & AMPS.
2. Jacks are located on the front panel for insertion of the test lead into
the jack marked “ Common” , or maybe just “-”.
3. Insert the red test lead into the jack marked “VOLTS/OHMS” or
simply “+”. These leads will be used for connecting to circuitry and/or
components.
4. Examine the meter face. There should be several scales with numbers
on them. (Note: There is usually one scale for resistance, located at
the top of the meter face, and several scales for AC and DC voltages
located below the resistance scale.
5. There may also be a front panel switch for selecting polarity and type
of voltage measurement. This will be labeled “ – DC,” “+DC”, and “AC”
. If your VOM has this type of switch, place it in the “ + DC” position.
6. On the meter face, there will be a screwdriver adjustment for zeroing
the meter movement. Locate this adjustment, and adjust the meter
movement to zero on left side of meter.
7. Place meter function switch on lowest OHMS position (usually Rx1).
Touch both test leads together, and observe movement of needle. It
should move to right side of scale. Adjust for zero on right side using
the “Zero Ohms” adjust on meter.
8. When finished, move the function switch to the highest voltage
setting. This will preserve the batteries in the meter as well as protect
against accidental damage to the meter if the next technician forgets
to change the function switch setting.
1. Insert the banana plug end of the black test lead into the meter’s
front panel jack labeled “Common”. On some meters this jack is
simply labeled “-”.
2. Insert the banana plug end of the red test lead into the front panel
jack labeled “+”. On some meters this jack is labeled “Volts/Ohms”.
3. Observe the position of the meter pointer. The pointer should be
exactly aligned with the “Infinity” symbol on the left side of the
meter face. (Note: this will correspond to the 0 reading on any of
the voltage scales.) The “Infinity” symbol looks like a number eight
laying on its side.
4. If the pointer is not aligned properly, adjust the mechanical zero
with s small screw driver. Be careful not to force the adjustment
beyond its limits, or to be rough in performing the adjustment. The
meter movement could be damaged.
5. Place the function switch on the lowest resistance scale. On most
VOMs this will be RX1. This simply means R times 1, or, in other
words the numbers on the resistance scale are to be read directly.
On most meters the Ohms scale will be the top scale. Zero is to the
extreme right on this scale, and infinity is to the extreme left.
6. Connect the red lead to the black lead.
7. Observe the reading on the VOM meter face. It should be near zero,
on the RIGHT side of the meter face. If the reading of zero Ohms
using the “Ohms Adjust” or “Zero Ohms Adjust” on the front panel
of the meter.
8. Place the meter lead across the leads of the 47 ohm resistor in your
standard parts kit.
9. Repeat step 8 for the 10 ohm resistor.
10. Repeat step 8 for the 150 ohm resistor.
11. Place the meter in a higher scale that will allow you to read a 1
Ohm resistor
12. Repeat steps 6 and 7 to zero the meter on the new scale.
13. Repeat steps 8 and 9 for the 1 kilo ohm, 4.7 kilo ohm, and 10 kilo
ohm resistors.
14. Repeat this procedure for the 22 kilo ohm, 47 kilo ohm, 150 kilo
ohm, 2.2 mega ohm, and 4.7 mega ohm resistors, changing scale
as a appropriate to obtain the best readings (Note: The best
1. Insert the banana plug end of the black test lead into the meter’s
panel jack, labeled “Common”.
2. Insert the banana plug end of the red test lead into the front panel
jack labeled “+”.
3. Place the function switch on the lowest resistance scale.
4. Connect the red lead to the black lead.
5. Observe the reading on the DMM meter face. It should be near
zero. If it is not, check your set up. Some DMMs include a “Zero
Adjust” on the front panel. Most do not, choosing instead to set the
meter for zero internally. If no problem is found (dead battery,
blown fuse, defective meter lead, etc.) notify the instructor. Most
DMM will read a few tenths of an ohm of resistance. This simply
represents the resistance of the test leads, and should be
considered “zero” for your meter.
6. Place the meter leads across the leads of the 47 ohm resistor in
your standards parts kit. Refer to the resistor color code to aid in
identifying each resistor.
7. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for the 10 ohm resistor.
8. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for the 150 ohm resistor.
9. Place the meter on a higher scale that will allow you to read a 1
kilo ohm resistor.
10. Repeat step 5 to zero the meter on the new scale.
11. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for the 1 kilo ohm, 4.7 kilo ohm, and 10m
kilo ohm resistor.
12. Repeat this procedure for the 22 kilo ohm, 47 kilo ohm, 150 kilo
ohm, 2.2 mega ohm and 4.7 mega ohm resistors, changing scales
as appropriate to obtain the best readings.
1. Insert the banana plug end of the black test lead into the meter’s
front panel jack, labeled “Common”.
2. Insert the banana plug and of the red test lead into the front panel
jack labeled “+”.
3. Observe the position of the meter pointer. The pointer should be
exactly aligned with the 0 on the left side of the meter face. If the
meter has a mirrored meter face, align the needle (pointer) with its
image in the mirror for best accuracy.
4. If the pointer is not aligned properly, adjust the mechanical zero
with a small screw driver. Be careful not to damage the meter face
1. Insert the banana plug end of the black test lead into the meter’s
front panel jack, labeled “Common”.
2. Insert the banana plug end of the red test lead into the front panel
jack labeled “AMPS” or “mA”.
3. Calculate the value of current that will flow in the circuit depicted
in schematic 1. Place the function switch on a high enough scale to
measure calculated current.
4. Connect the circuit shown in schematic 1. Connect the read lead to
the bottom end of the 100 ohm resistor in schematic 1, and the
black lead to “-“ end of the battery.
5. Observe the reading on the DMM meter face.
6. Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 for schematic 2.
1. Insert the banana plug in of the black test into the meter’s from
panel jack, labeled “Common”. On some meters this jack maybe
labeled “-”.
2. Insert the banana plug in of the red test lead into the front panel
jack labeled “+”. On some meters this jack maybe labeled
“Volts/Ohms”.
3. Observe the position of the meter pointer. The pointer should be
exactly aligned with the 0 on the left side of the meter face.
4. If the pointer is not aligned properly, adjust the mechanical zero
with a small screw driver. Be certain to use care with this
adjustment, since this is rather an easily damaged part.
5. Place the function switch on a high enough scale to measure 1.5
volts. This varies from meter to meter, and will depend on the make
and model of your meter.
6. Connect the red lead to “+” and of the D battery, and the black lead
to “-” and of the battery.
1. Insert the black test lead of the digital multimeter into the
“common -” test jack.
2. Insert the banana plug end of the red test lead into the front panel
jack labeled “+”.
3. Place the function switch on a high enough scale to measure 1.5
volts.
4. Connect the red lead to “+” end of the D battery, and black lead “-”
end of the battery. Reversing the test leads will result in a “-”
reading on the meter.
5. Observe the reading on the DMM meter face.
6. Repeat steps 6 and 7 for the C cell.
7. Place the function switch on a scale that will allow reading of at
least 9 volts, if the presence scale will not handle 9 volts.
8. Measure the voltage across the terminals of the 9 volt battery.
Equipment : None
Steps/Procedure:
1. Given a ruler and protractor, measure the length, width, height and
distance of a hole from edge to center and the opening of angle as
indicated in the drawing below. Use both the English and Metric system.
Write your answers on another sheet of paper.
Assessment Method:
CRITERIA Yes NO
Supplies/Materials
5 assorted resistors
Multi-tester
Equipment : None
Steps/Procedure:
First Resistor
Second Resistor
Third Resistor
Fourth Resistor
Fifth Resistor
Assessment Method:
CRITERIA Yes NO
Steps/Procedure:
1. Set the pointer of the tester to infinity using the zero connector. Note:
this is only done if the pointer of the tester is not at infinity.
2. Turn the selector knob to the desired range in the ACV for easy and
accurate reading. Note: The desired range must be always higher than
the voltage to be measured to avoid damage in the tester. This means
that if the voltage to be measured is about 6 volts, the range must be 10
V AC.
3. Connect the two test prods of the tester to the designated test points.
Note: Do not hold the metal part of the test prods to avoid electrocution
or shock.
4. Read the measurement in the ACV scale and multiply it by the
equivalent of the minor division. Record the measurement on another
sheet of paper.
Assessment Method:
CRITERIA Yes NO
Steps/Procedure:
1. Check if the pointer is set at infinity. If not, set it to infinity by using zero
corrector.
2. Turn the selector knob to the desired range. Note: The desired range
must be always higher than the expected voltage.
3. Connect the negative test prod (black) to the negative (ground) of the
circuit and the positive test prod (red) to the designated test points as
labeled in the circuit.
4. Read the measurement in the DCV scale. Disconnect the test prods.
Multiply the reading in the minor division by the equivalent of the minor
division
5. Record the measurements on another sheet of paper.
Assessment Method:
CRITERIA Yes NO
Equipment : None
Steps/Procedure:
1. Check if the pointer is set at infinity. If not, set it to infinity by using zero
corrector.
2. Turn the selector knob to the desired range in the DC mA.
3. To measure the collector current of the circuit, connect the negative test
prods to point A and the positive test prods to point B
4. Read the measurement in the DCV scale. Disconnect the test prods.
5. Multiply the reading by the equivalent of the minor division.
6. Record the measurement in the attached record sheet.
7. To measure the total current in the circuit, connect the negative test
prod to point C and the positive test prod to point D.
8. Read the measurement in the DCV scale. Disconnect the test prods.
Multiply the reading in the minor division by the equivalent of the minor
division.
9. Record the measurement on another sheet of paper.
Assessment Method:
CRITERIA Yes NO
CONDITION:
The students/trainees must be provided with the following:
Straight edge
Steel rule
Displacement
Inside diameter
Outside diameter
Thickness
Taper
Out of roundness
EVALUATION METHOD:
Hands-on
Direct observation
Practical demonstration
Learning Outcome 3
MAINTAIN MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
To ensure that the meter is used safely, follow all the safety and
operating instructions.
1. Never use meter on the electric circuit that exceeds 3k VA.
2. Pay extra attention when measuring the voltage of AC30 Vrms
(42.5V peak) or DC60V or more to avoid injury.
3. Never apply an input signals exceeding the maximum rating input
value.
4. Never use meter for measuring the line connected with equipment
(i.e. motors) that generates induced or surge voltage since it may
exceed the maximum allowable voltage.
5. Never use meter if the meter or test leads are damaged o broken.
6. Never use uncased meter
7. Be sure to use a fuse of the special rating or type. Never use a
substitute of the fuse or never make a short circuit of the fuse.
8. Always keep your fingers behind the finger guards on the probe
when making measurements.
9. Be sure to disconnect the test pins from the circuit when changing
the function or range.
10. Before starting the measurements, make sure that the function and
range are properly set in accordance with the measurement.
11. Never use meter with wet hands or in a damp environment.
12. Never use test leads other than the specified test leads.
13. Never open the tester case except when replacing batteries or fuses.
Do not attempt any alteration of original specifications.
14. To ensure safety and maintain accuracy, calibrate and check the
meter at least once a year.
15. It is a good idea to set the ammeter to the highest scale, until it can
be verified that the current is small enough to be safely read on a
lower scale; then reduce range to obtain reading.
16. Although the voltages you will be measuring have a very low voltage,
you are building habits to be used later with high voltage circuitry.
Do not allow your fingers to come in contact with the metal probes
on the meter.
17. Even though the output of the DC power supply is below 50 volts,
you are developing safety habits that you will use with higher, more
dangerous voltages. Exercise caution in taking voltage
measurements to prevent from electrocution.
18. Even though the voltage across the resistors is very low, observe all
safety precautions for higher voltage circuits. Remember that you
are developing habits with low voltage circuits that you will use with
higher voltage circuits.
CLEANING PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not reverse the leads (polarity) on the analog meter because you
may bend the pointer and cause it to be inaccurate.
2. Be careful to observe polarity when measuring DC.
3. Be certain the function switch is properly set (i.e. DC, AC, volts,
amperes, milliamperes, resistance).
4. When measuring an unknown voltage, always start at the highest
range available on the meter. Lower the range until the meter reading
is approximately in the center of the scale.
5. Always connect voltmeters in parallel with the potential difference
being measured.
6. Multimeters should be stored in the highest DC range when not in
use. This is a safety precaution to protect the meter. If someone tries
to measure voltage while the range switch is set too low or on a
resistance range, the meter will be damaged.
7. Use the proper function, range and polarity to protect the meter.
8. Never connect an ammeter into a circuit when the power switch is on.
9. Always be certain that the ammeter is inserted in series.
10. Be certain that the range is high enough for the current being
measured. If the current to be measured is unknown, start at the
highest range and work down until the meter reads approximately in
the center of the range.
11. Observe proper polarity when measuring DC, especially when using
an analog meter.
12. Turn the power off when measuring resistance.
13. Reset the range switch to the highest voltage range when you have
finished making resistance measurements.
14. Never measure resistance with the power on.
15. The measuring instrument cover is treated with antistatic coating. Do
not wipe it hard or clean it with volatile solvent. Use a soft brush to
remove dust.
16. Clean the measuring instrument before and after using.
17. Avoid giving the tester any exercise shock or vibration by loading it
on the motorbike and the like.
18. Keep off dust and moisture from the tester.
19. Do not leave the tester for a long time in places of high temperature
(higher than 55°C) high humidity (higher than 80%), and dew
condensation.
II. Direction: Select the item that will complete the statement or will
answer the question. Write your answers on another sheet of paper.
I II
1. TRUE 1. A
2. TRUE 2. A
3. TRUE 3. B
4. TRUE 4. D
5. TRUE 5. A
6. TRUE 6. A
7. TRUE 7. A
8. TRUE 8. A
9. TRUE 9. B
10. TRUE 10. C
11. TRUE
12. TRUE
13. TRUE
14. TRUE
15. TRUE
16. TRUE
17. TRUE
18. TRUE
19. TRUE
20. TRUE
INSTITUTIONAL EVALUATION
TRAINEES NAME
FACILATATORS NAME
QUALIFICATION
Demonstration
Ways in which evidence will be collected:
Witten Test
[tick the column]
Interview
The evidence must show that the candidate……
1. Identified object or component to be measured X x
2. Obtained correct specifications obtained from relevant source X x
3. Selected measuring tools in line with job requirements X x
4. Selected appropriate measuring instrument to achieve x
X
required outcome.
5. Obtained accurate measurements for job. X
6. Performed calculation needed to complete work tasks using x
the four fundamentals operations (addition, subtractions, X X
multiplication and division)
7. Used calculation involving fractions, percentages, and mixed
x
numbers to complete workplace tasks.
8. Read Instruments to the limit of accuracy of the tool. X
9. Cleaned measuring instruments before and after using. X
TRAINEE’S NAME
TRAINER’S NAME
QUALIFICATION
UNIT OF COMPETENCY PREPARE AND INTERPRET
COVERED TECHNICAL DRAWING
DATE OF EVALUATION
TIME OF EVALUATION
INSTRUCTIONS FOR DEMONSTRATION
Given the necessary materials, tools and equipment, the trainee must be able to
perform the following within four (2) hours
1. Measuring AC Voltage
2. Measuring DC Voltage
3. Measuring DC mA Current
Satisfactory Not
Satisfactory
1. Do not reverse the leads (polarity) on the analog meter because you
may bend the pointer and cause it to be inaccurate.
2. Be careful to observe polarity when measuring DC.
3. Be certain the function switch is properly set (i.e. DC, AC, volts,
amperes, milliamperes, resistance).
4. When measuring an unknown voltage, always start at the highest
range available on the meter. Lower the range until the meter reading
is approximately in the center of the scale.
5. Always connect voltmeters in parallel with the potential difference
being measured.
6. Multimeters should be stored in the highest DC range when not in
use. This is a safety precaution to protect the meter. If someone tries
to measure voltage while the range switch is set too low or on a
resistance range, the meter will be damaged.
7. Use the proper function, range and polarity to protect the meter.
8. Never connect an ammeter into a circuit when the power switch is on.
9. Always be certain that the ammeter is inserted in series.
10. Be certain that the range is high enough for the current being
measured. If the current to be measured is unknown, start at the
highest range and work down until the meter reads approximately in
the center of the range.
11. Observe proper polarity when measuring DC, especially when using
an analog meter.
12. Turn the power off when measuring resistance.
13. Reset the range switch to the highest voltage range when you have
finished making resistance measurements.
14. Never measure resistance with the power on.
15. The measuring instrument cover is treated with antistatic coating. Do
not wipe it hard or clean it with volatile solvent. Use a soft brush to
remove dust.
16. Clean the measuring instrument before and after using.
17. Avoid giving the tester any exercise shock or vibration by loading it
on the motorbike and the like.
18. Keep off dust and moisture from the tester.
19. Do not leave the tester for a long time in places of high temperature
(higher than 55°C) high humidity (higher than 80%), and dew
condensation.
20. Replace the same voltage and current ratings of fuse, when replacing
.burned-out or defective fuse of measuring instrument.
10. When measuring unknown DC voltage, set the meter to the highest:
a. ohmmeter range. c. DC range.
b. AC range. d. AC/DC milliammeter range .
B. Interview
Facilitator
C. Demonstration
I II
1. TRUE 1. A
2. TRUE 2. A
3. TRUE 3. B
4. TRUE 4. D
5. TRUE 5. A
6. TRUE 6. A
7. TRUE 7. A
8. TRUE 8. A
9. TRUE 9. B
10. TRUE 10. C
11. TRUE
12. TRUE
13. TRUE
14. TRUE
15. TRUE
16. TRUE
17. TRUE
18. TRUE
19. TRUE
20. TRUE
1.
There are four basic operations in arithmetic: addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. However, subtraction is the
inverse of addition, and division is the inverse of multiplication.
Therefore, the laws of arithmetic are defined only for addition and
multiplication. There are two types of laws that apply to addition and
multiplication.
2.
The first type of law is the commutative law. This law says that it makes
no difference in what order two numbers are added or multiplied. For
example,
3 + 7 = 7 + 3 = 10 and 3 x 5 = 5 x 3 = 15
For any two numbers a and b the commutative laws are, therefore,
a+b = b + a
axb = b x a
Observe, however, that subtraction and division are not commutative:
7 - 3 is not equal to 3 - 7
2 + 6 is not equal to 6 + 2