Unit 1: Introduction to Electronics

1.1 What is Electronics, Applications of Electronics

1.2 Classification of Electronics Components: Active and Passive
components
1.3 Resistor colour coding
1.4 Passive components: measurement and Testing
Definition: Electronics is the study of electricity (the flow of electrons) and how to use that to build
things like computers. Electronics is defined as devices run by electric power or the field of studying such
items. An example of electronics are radios, computers, and televisions.
Electronics is a subset of electrics. Roughly, if a circuit contains only passive components like
switches, relays, batteries, motors, lightbulbs etc it is an electric circuit. If it contains active
components like transistors or valves (radio tubes), it is called electronics.
What is the importance of electronics?
Electronic devices have become an important part of our day-to-day life. It has become difficult for us to
do work without using electronic devices. We live in a generation that uses electronics and technologies
where robots and artificial intelligence are capable of doing human work with more ease and efficiency.

What are electronic devices examples?

•desktop computers.
•laptop computers.
•mobile phones.
•tablet computers.
•e-readers.
•storage devices, such as flash drives.
•input devices, such as keyboards, mice, and scanners.
•output devices such as printers and speakers.
What are the application of consumer electronics?

Consumer Electronics Applications

•Mobile Devices.
•Wearables.
•TVs, Set Top Boxes, Monitors.
•Laptops, Tablets, Computers.
•Appliances & White Goods.
•Computers, Printers, Scanners.

What are the application of industrial electronics?

The core areas of Industrial Electronics can be segmented into Power Electronics, Factory Automation,
Mechatronics, Intelligent Systems and emerging technologies that include a gamut of Internet based
applications
 INTRODUCTION

• The term electronics is derived from electron- the key particle, flow of which
through a conductor gives us electric current.

• This current can be produced with the help of batteries or generators.

• This current can be used for various purposes.

• The generation, control and transmission (both ac and dc) of this current
ranging from few micro amperes to hundreds of amperes are coming under the
purview of electrical engineering.

• But electronics has far reaching capabilities and potentialities.

• These external stimuli may be called signal, message, data or any other name
appropriate for the occasion.
• The controlled flow of electrons has been used through various techniques and
forms what is known as electronics.
• APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRONICS

• The electronics plays an important role in almost every sphere of our life.
• It is very difficult to find anything starting from household goods, transports, health,
communication, entertainment, multimedia, internets, where electronics has not made
its presence felt.
• Besides the common electronic gadgets such as radio and TV receivers, audio and video
tape recorder, frequency synthesizer, calculators, cameras, musical doorbells etc.
electronics has offered its service in different walks of life.
• Some of the applications of electronics in various field are given below

• 1. Communications
• The development of communication facilities is perhaps the most significant gift of
electronics in the twentieth century.
• Besides bringing the people of the world closer through wireless communication, in
particular through internet, it has innumerable other applications
 – Aircrafts make constant use of radio communication which provides information on the weather and
terminal traffic.
– Satellites have revolutionized the field of communications
– All the space voyages would not have been possible without electronics.

2. Applications in Digital Electronics.

– Computer which revolutionized the world is one of the major achievements of electronics.
– Some of the other devices are electronic calculators, digital clocks etc.

3. Applications in Medical Science

• In medical diagnostics and surgery, all scanning devices and techniques use electronics
in some form or the other.
– Some of the machines/ equipment used by the doctors in diagnosis and treatment are given below.
– Electron microscope
– X-rays
– ECG. EEG, EMG, ENG,etc
– Various scanning machines etc..
4. Entertainment
• RADIO and TV broad casting not only provides the latest information but also provides
entertainment to the viewers.
• Other electronic gadgets like Tape recorders, stereo systems etc.. are also used for
entertainment.

5. Application in defense
• RADAR had changed the war profile in the second world war.
• The communication system plays an important role in deciding success or defeat
• Guided missiles are completely controlled by electronic circuits.

6. Applications in Automobiles.
• For various sensing and control applications, electronics are widely used.
7. Instrumentation
• Electronic measuring instruments gives Accurate and precise measurements.
– CRO, Multimeters, frequency counters
– Electronics is also widely used in data acquisition.

8. Industrial applications
• Electronics is often used in industrial applications, in counting, sorting, illumination
control, welding control, controlling of various physical quantities, early warning systems,
measurements etc….
Parts of the simplest circuit
• Potential Difference or Electromotive force ( emf) – pushes the
electrons to move , example : battery
• Conducting Path – for a complete current flow
• Control Element ( switch) – optional – for turning on or off the
current
• Load ( Resistance) – the one that converts the electrical energy
into another form example: bulb or resistor
Active and Passive Components

Active components are parts of a circuit that rely on an external power source to control or modify electrical
signals. Active components such as transistors and silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCRs) use electricity to control
electricity. Active components such as amplifiers, vacuum tubes, and transistors make use of an external
power source to add power to a system.

Passive components like resistors, transformers, and diodes don’t need an external power source to
function. These components use some other property to control the electrical signal. Passive components
like resistors, inductors, and capacitors influence the flow of power but do not require an external power
source to function.
Basic Electronic Components
SWITCHES
OUTPUT DEVICES
LIGHT OUTPUT

SOUND OUTPUT
FIXED RESISTORS

CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTOR WIREWOUND RESISTOR

METAL FILM RESISTOR SURFACE MOUNT DEVICE( SMD) – CHIP TYPE RESISTORS
VARIABLE RESISTORS

WIREWOUND POTENTIOMETER

TRIMMER
CAPACITORS
FIXED TYPE

VARIABLE TYPE
INDUCTORS
THINGS NEEDED
BREADBOARD

MULTITESTER

ANALOG TYPE DIGITAL TYPE

SOLDERING IRON PLIERS

DESOLDERING TOOL TOOL BOX

WIRE STRIPPER SOLDERING LEAD

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD FERRIC CHLORIDE

THINGS TO REMEMBER
EFFECT OF CURRENT ON THE HUMAN BODY
Basic Parameters of a Circuit
• Voltage or emf ( V) – the force that pushes the
electrons to move, measured in volts ( V)
• Current ( I) – the amount of charges flowing in the
circuit / device , measured in ampere ( A)
• Resistance ( R) – the opposition to the flow of current
, measured in ohms ( Ω)
Ohm’ s Law

V = IR
Resistor Color Code
• As the carbon film and carbon composition resistors are very
small in size to print the value of resistance, color bands are
printed to calculate the resistor value.
• The resistor color code consists of different bands on the resistor
with different colors (colors from resistor color code chart).
Resistor Color Code Chart
•The resistor color code chart is shown in the figure
•This consists of different colors, significant figures, multiplier values,
tolerance values, and temperature coefficients that are used in resistor
colour code calculator.
Color Value
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Gray 8
White 9
Resistor Color Code…
Representation of Resistor Bands Where,

• Band 1 represents the first significant number of resistor values

• Band 2 represents the second significant number
• Band 3 represents the third significant number can be observed in five
band resistors and six band resistors
• Band 4 represents multiplier value (decimal)
• Band 5 represents the percentage of tolerance value
• Band 6 represents temperature coefficient value
Resistor Color Code…

• The resistor color code can be used to determine the resistor’s ohmic value and
tolerance. 1500ohm with 10% tolerance
Resistor Color Coding
Resistor Color Coding…

a. )Two digits plus multiplier

AB*10C b )Two digits plus multiplier and tolerance

Yellow – Violet – Red Yellow – Violet – Red-Gold

47*102 47*102
4700 Ω ±20% 4700 Ω ±5%

c.) Brown – Black-Black – Red -

Silver
100*102
10000 Ω ±10%. 10K Ω ±10%.

Tolerance

Gold +/-5%
Silver +/-10%
None +/-20%
4-Band Resistor

5-Band Resistor

6-Band Resistor

State the colours of the bands for each of the following resistors.
a. 18 Ω 5% carbon film
b. 270 Ω 10% carbon film
c. 8.2 kΩ 10% carbon film
d. 8.20 kΩ 1% metal oxide
e. 470 kΩ 1% metal oxide

1.5  is written 1.5

0.01  is written .01
10,500  (10.5k) is written 10.5K
1,800,000  (1.8M) is written 1.8M
0.005  (5m) is written .005
Resistors

Schematic symbols are used to represent various

types of fixed resistors.