BASIC ELECTRONICS

BY
ENGR. JORGE P. BAUTISTA
EE, MEP-ECE
 COURSE OUTLINE
1. Preliminaries on Electronics
2. Semi-conductor devices and analysis
3. Rectifier circuits
4. Special types of diodes
5. Transistor circuits
6. Small signal analysis
7. Operational amplifiers
 BOOKS AND REFERENCES
Albert Malvino and David Bates, “Electronic Principles 7th Ed.” McGraw-
Hill Publications
Loise Franzel, “Contemporary Electronics: Fundamentals, Devices,
Circuits and Systems” Mc-Graw-Hill Publishing
Earl D. Gates, “Introduction to Electronics 4th Ed.”, Thomson Learning
Stan Gibilisco, “Teach Yourself Electricity and Electronics, 4th Ed.”,
McGraw-Hill Publication
NEETS, National Electrical Engineering Training Modules, Module no.
7, 8, and 9
Timothy J. Maloney, “Industrial Solid State Electronics: Device and
Systems”, Prentice Hall
 COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course covers the fundamentals of electronics devices and
circuits with their operations and applications. This includes
diodes, transistors, amplifiers and digital circuits necessary for
elementary analysis of electronic applications in a related field. It
also includes the design of electronic circuits for basic application
such as filters, power supplies and operational amplifier
processors.
 COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the student would e able to
1. Familiarize with the electronics devices and their operations and
applications
2. Analyze and troubleshoot problems in the electronics circuits in
the related field.
3. Solve electronic problems using the laws and theories as
provided by electrical and electronic elements.
 LESSON NO. 1
PRELIMINARIES ON ELECTRONICS
LESSON OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the student would
be able to
1. Know the history of electronics
2. Familiarize with the basic electronic devices, symbols and
functions.
3. Decode the color code of the given resistor
4. Read the encoded values of capacitor and inductor
5. Know the types and operations of vacuum tubes
Electronics – a branch of physics, engineering and technology
which deals with electrical circuits that involve active
electrical component such as vacuum tubes, transistors,
diodes and integrated circuits.
Electronics is distinct from electrical and electro-mechanical
science which deals with the generation, distribution,
switching,, storage and conversion of electrical energy to
form other types of energy using wires, motors, generators,
batteries, relays, transformers, resistors and other passive
components.
Electronics – flow of electrons in space or vacuum
Electrical – flow of electrons in wire.
Major applications of electronics:
Communication, scientific research, therapeutics, business,
industry, automation, safety control, computers, data
processing, naval engineering, aviation, etc
 Brief History
1800-1826: Mathematical treatises(articles, dissertations) by
Fourier, Cauchy and Laplace; experiments in electricity and
magnetism by Oersted, Ampere, Faraday and Henry; Ohm’s Law
1837-1866: Telegraphy; start of commercial service in 1844; Lord
Kelvin (William Thompson) and pulse response of a telegraph
line; transatlantic cable installed.
1845: Kirchhoff’s Laws
1864: James Clerk Maxwell’s equation and prediction of
electromagnetic waves
1876-1887: Telephony; Alexander Graham Bell patents the acoustic
transducer( a device that transforms one energy to another);
Edison’s carbon button transducer; Strowger’s automatic step by
step switching.
1877: Thomas Edison’s phonograph- the first read only memory
(ROM) storing and recovering electrical signal; Heinrich Hertz
produced and detected electromagnetic waves
1887-1907: Wireless telegraphy; Marconi patents wireless telegraph
system; theory of tuning circuits by Sir Oliver Lodge, start of
commercial service.
1892-1899: Oliver Heaviside’s theories on operational calculus,
circuit and electromagnetics.
1895: Lorentz postulated(assumed or hypothesized) the existence
of electrons
1897: J.J. Thompson verified experimentally the electron; first
electron tube by Braun
1904-1920: communication electronics; Fleming’s vacuum tube
diode; Lee De Forest’s Audion (triode) amplifier; AM radio
broadcasting experiments; transcontinental telephone line with
electronic repeaters; De forest’s oscillator; Armstrong’s
superheterodyne radio receiver; Eccles-Jordan’s multivibrator
circuit; commercial radio broadcasting begins (1920)
1920-1928: transmission theory by Carson, Nyquist, Johnson and
Hartley
1923-1938: Television; Zworykin’s camera tube, first television
broadcast (black and white no sound)
1930: Armstrong develops FM
1931: start of tele-typewriter service
1938-1945: radar and microwave systems
1946: first electronic calculator ENIAC; first commercial electronic
computer IBM
1948-1951: Bardeen, Brattain and Schockley invents the transistor,
first commercial transistor by Teal of Bell Labs.
1950: color television
1954: first commercial silicon transistor by Texas Instruments
1956: first transoceanic telephone cable
1958: Kirby invents IC, first long distance data transmission system,
first FET produced
1959-1970: IBM’s general purpose computers
1960: laser demonstrated by Maiman; first MOSFET by Atalla and
Kahng
1961: Fairchild and Texas Instrument commercialized the silicon IC
1961-2004: Microelectronics; TTL logic by Buie and Beeson; mini
computers; CMOS calculators; ion implantation
1962: satellite communications begin
1962-1966: high speed digital communication; commercial data
transmission service; PCM for voice and TV transmission; error
control coding by Viterbi
1964: fully electronic telephone switching system
1966-1975: wide band communication system; cable TV optical
communications and intercontinental computer networks
1980-1990: digital communication surpassed analog
communications, 4th generation mainframe computers CD
players
1990-2000: GPS, HDTV personal communication systems,
multimedia applications, speech processing.
Two types of electronic devices:
1. Passive – element that consume electrical energy ex. Resistor,
diodes etc
2. Active – element that generate electrical energy ex. Battery,
motor, generator etc
Resistor - It is a device that tends to oppose or prevent the flow of
current. (resistance, Ω ohms)
Classification:
1. Fixed 10Ω
2. Variable 10Ω +/- 2Ω = 8 to 12 Ω
Characteristics:
1. Resistance
2. Power ratings
Resistors with higher resistance value usually have lower wattage
rating because they have less current. As an example, a common
value is 1MΩ at ¼ watt, for a resistor only ¼ inch long. The lower
the power rating, the smaller the actual physical size of the
resistor. However, the resistance value is not related to the
physical size.
If the value of resistor is high, power is low.
 Types of Resistors
1. Carbon film – most popular type of resistor that is compose of
fine carbon or graphite similar to pencil lead and non conductive
ceramic clay powder. The ratio of carbon dust to ceramic
determines the resistive value of the mixture. The higher the
carbon ratio the lower the resistance. The mixture is moulded
into a cylindrical shape with metal wires or leads that is attached
at both ends before being coated with an outer insulating
material and color coded markings to denote its resistive value.
2. Film Resistor- it is consist of metal film, carbon film and metal
oxide film which is generally made by depositing pure metals
such as nickel, or an oxide film such as tin oxide into an insulating
ceramic rod or substrate. The resistive value is controlled by
increasing the desired thickness of the deposited film giving
them the names of either thick film resistor or thin film resistor.
The resistance of the film resistor depends upon the length and
thickness of the film inside the resistor.
3.Wire wound resistor – in this connection, a special type of wire
called resistance wire is wrapped around an insulating core. The
length of the wire and its specific resistivity determine the
resistance of the unit. The insulated core is usually porcelain,
cement or just plain pressed paper. They are used in high current
applications with low resistance and appreciable power. They are
available in wattage ratings from 5 watts to 100 watts or more. The
resistance can be less than 1Ω up to several thousand ohms.
Resistor Color Band
Important use of scientific notations and prefixes.
N.N x 10E
 EXAMPLE NO. 1
Derive the maximum and minimum resistive value of the following
color code.
1. gray, blue, green, gold
2. Yellow, white, violet, gold, gold
3. Green, red, silver, gold
Obtain the color code of the following maximum and minimum
values of resistances
4. 39.9MΩ to 44.1MΩ
5. 0.462Ω to 0.378Ω
Surface mount resistor - SMD resistors are printed with numerical
values in a code related to that used on axial resistors. Standard-
tolerance surface-mount technology (SMT) resistors are marked
with a three-digit code, in which the first two digits are the first
two significant digits of the value and the third digit is the power
of ten (the number of zeroes). For example:
334 = 330000Ω = 330KΩ
625=6200000Ω=6.2MΩ
Resistances less than 100 ohms are written: 100, 220, 470. The final zero
represents ten to the power zero, which is 1. For example:
100= 10 × 100 ohm = 10 ohms
Sometimes these values are marked as 10 to prevent a mistake.
Resistance with less than 10Ω have “R” to indicate the position of the
decimal point. For example:
R22 = 0.22Ω 2R2 M = 2.2Ω, +/-20%
The tolerances are M=20%, K=10%, J=5%, G=2%, and F=1% D=.5%
C=.25% B=.1%
 EXAMPLE NO. 2
Obtain the correct value of the given surface mount resistor
1. 432 =
2. 763 =
3. 390 =
4. 182 =
5. 9R5 =
6. K25 =
7. 12M =
8. 1M2 K =
9. 452 J =
10. 161 M =
 INDUCTOR
A device that opposes the changes in current and it stores energy in
its electromagnetic field.
Inductance – it is the property of an inductor which opposes the
change in current.
The time constant of an inductor to charge and discharge its energy
is given by
TC = L/R = 3H/2Ω = 1.5sec
Which means that the stored energy of an inductor can be charge
or discharge when a resistor is connected with the inductor.
Inductor Symbol
 CAPACITOR
A component that is able to hold or store an electric charge. Its
physical construction consists of two metal plates separated by an
insulator. In general, capacitors are used to block direct current
but pass alternating current. It opposes voltage change.
The charge of a capacitor( in Coulomb) is determined by Q = CE.
Where C = capacitance and E = voltage.
The time of charging and discharging of a capacitor is TC = RC.
TC = 2Ω x 3F =6sec
 Types of Capacitor
1.Ceramic Capacitor are constructed with materials such as
titanium acid barium for dielectric. Internally these capacitors are
not constructed as a coil, so they are well suited for use in high
frequency applications. Typically used to bypass high frequency
signals to ground. They are shape like a disk, available in very
small capacitance values and small sizes.
2. Electrolytic Capacitors are made of electrolyte basically
conductive salt in solvent. Aluminum electrodes are used by
using a thin oxidation membrane. Most type, polarized
capacitors. Applications are ripple filters, timing circuits. It will
explode if the rated working voltage is exceeded or polarity is
reversed.
3. Film Capacitors are the most commonly available of all types of
capacitors, consisting of a relatively large family of capacitors with
the difference being in their dielectric properties. These include
polyester (Mylar), polystyrene, polypropylene, polycarbonate,
metallized paper, Teflon etc. Film type capacitors are available in
capacitance ranges from as small as 5pF to as large as 100uF
depending upon the actual type of capacitor and its voltage
rating. Film capacitors also come in an assortment of shapes and
case styles which include:
A. Wrap & Fill (Oval & Round)  -  where the capacitor is wrapped in
a tight plastic tape and have the ends filled with epoxy to seal
them.
 
B. Epoxy Case (Rectangular & Round)  -  where the capacitor is
encased in a moulded plastic shell which is then filled with epoxy.
 
C. Metal Hermetically Sealed (Rectangular & Round)  -  where the
capacitor is encased in a metal tube or can and again sealed with
epoxy.
Capacitor Symbol
 Capacitor Readings
1. The labeling of one and two-digit capacitors.
Some caps are labeled with only one or two numbers. These
capacitors are measured in microfarads if they have a value of less
than one and in picofarads if their value is 1 or greater.
A capacitor that reads .02, for example, will have a capacitance
of .02 μF (microfarads), or 20,000 pF (picofarads). A capacitor
labeled 22, on the other hand, will have a value of 22 pF
(picofarads).
0.02uF = 20,000pF 0.0045uF = 4500pF
35 = 35pF
2. Learn how to read the caps which are labeled with one or two
numbers and an "n", "p" or "μ." In these capacitors, the letter
represents the unit, and its placement represents a decimal place.
So a capacitor labeled 1n8 has a value of 1.8 nanofarads. A
capacitor labeled p4 has a value of 0.4 picofarads.
33u6 = 33.6uF u336 = 0.336uF
1P9 = 1.9pF
P05= 0.05pF
3. Capacitors are frequently labeled with three numbers, often
accompanied by a letter. The first two digits of the number
represent the value of the cap, and the third is a multiplier. The
entire thing is expressed in picofarads. So a capacitor that reads
"241" has a value of 24 plus 1 zero, or 240 pF. A capacitor marked
475 would have a value of 4,700,000 pF, or 4.7 μF.
802 = 8000pF or 0.008uF
m-u = 3 zero, u-n= 3 zero, n-p = 3 zero
m-n = 6 zero, u-p= 6 zero
4. The numbers 6 and 7 are not used at all as multipliers. "8"
multiplies the value by 0.01, and "9" multiplies it by 0.1. So a
capacitor with the number "339" would have a value of 3.3
picofarads, and one labeled "228" would have a value of .22
picofarads.
246 = no capacitor value why? Because 6 and 7 are not in used.
3448 = 3.44pF
3449 = 34.4pF
46 = 46pF
406 = no value
5.The tolerance code are the letter "F" shows a tolerance of 1%, "G"
of 2% and "J" of 5%.
 Example No. 3
Determine the rated capacitance of the given capacitor code
1. 4u3 =
2. 128 =
3. 473 =
4. 103 J =
5. 0.1 F =
6. 649 =
7. 648 =
8. 898 =
9. 896 =
10.899 =
11. 0.7 =
12. 7 F =
13. .6 =
14. 116 =
 Vacuum Tubes
It is one of the earliest types of active elements that is made of
evacuated tubes which permits flow of electrons.  a device
controlling electric current through a vacuum in a sealed
container. The container is often thin transparent glass in a
roughly cylindrical shape. Within the glass is a vacuum with a
cathode and anode at either end. Electrons flow from the cathode
to the anode through the vacuum, a demonstration of the Edison
effect.
The introduction of a grid between the cathode and anode makes it
possible to amplify a current. A negative voltage applied to the
grid will subdue the current traveling between cathode and anode
through the vacuum by a larger value than the current applied to
the grid. Hence the grid may be used to modulate the current
through the tube.
1. Diode – the current flow from cathode to anode. It is used for half
wave rectifier and at least two of them will be used in full wave
rectifier.
2. Triode – control grid is inserted to the diode to control the flow of
electrons from cathode to the anode.
3. Tetrode – a screen grid is inserted between anode and the control
grid to reduce the capacitive effect between them. It is seldom use
because of the secondary emission between the screen grid and
the anode plates
4. Pentode – a suppressor grid is inserted between the anode and
the screen grid to eliminate the secondary emission caused by the
screen grid.
 gm = 10mmho = 10 mSeimens
rp = 20Ω
Four pcs connected in parallel.
gm=? =
rp = ? =
10pcs gm = 100mmho
rp =
Amplification factor = no unit, V/V = 1
Plate resistance = ohms = Ω =V/A
V= IR , V = A x Ω,
Transconductance = inverse of ohms, mho or seimens,
V = IG
But G = 1/R = mho
 Example No. 4
A 37V2001 vacuum triode has a plate resistance of 2kΩ and
transconductance of 8mmho. Complete the table below
 Assignment No. 1
I. Decode the given resistor color combinations by determining its
maximum and minimum value
1. green, blue, violet, silver
2. violet, orange, yellow, blue, red, red
II. Decode the given value of a SMR
3. R66 C
4. 756
5. 800
III. Decode the values of the given capacitor codes
6. 0.16
7. 17
IV. Determine the color code of the given range of resistances
8. 79200Ω to 96800Ω
9. 855MΩ to 945MΩ
10. 6.75Ω to 8.25Ω