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Horizontal Alignment of Highways: by Dr. Manal Abd Alla
Horizontal Alignment of Highways: by Dr. Manal Abd Alla
Horizontal Alignment
of Highways
By
Dr. MANAL ABD ALLA
Horizontal Alignment of
05/16/2024 HWY 1
Definition:
Horizontal Alignment is a
series of horizontal
tangents connected by
horizontal curves.
Horizontal
Tangent
Horizontal
Curve
Plan of hwy.
Horizontal Alignment of
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Horizontal curves:
Types,
Design,
Setting out.
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H Curves Types
L
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2-Spiral(Part of spiral curve):
R=∞
L1
R=0
R=R1
L2
R=R2
R=R3
R1L1=R2L2=A² R1>R2>R3
Horizontal Alignment of
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Shapes of circular:
1-Simple Curve
PC PT
R R
Simple Curve
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2-Reversed Curve ( S Curve)
PT
PC
R2
R1 PT
PC
Horizontal Alignment of
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3-Two Centered Compound
Curves
P CC1
PT
PC
R1
R1
R2
Horizontal Alignment of
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Design Elements:
1-Simple Curve
T = R tan ∆ /2
PI
R = 1750 / Do ∆
E
Lc = 30.50 ∆ / Do Lc
PC M PT
Do = 1750 / R
L
L = 2 R sin ∆ /2
E = R ( sec∆ /2 – 1)
R
M = R ( 1- cos ∆ /2 ) R
Horizontal Alignment of
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Design Elements:
2-Spiral-Curve-Spiral
PI
Xc ∆
SC CS
Xm Lc
PC PT
Ls Ls
TS ST
θs ∆ c θ s
Yc
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Spiral Curve Parameter (A)
Ls = A 2 / R , or
Ls = V3 / 28 R
Where :
Ls = length of spiral curve (m),
V = vehicle speed (kph),
A = Spiral parameter (m),
R = Radius of the circular curve
Horizontal Alignment of
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How to get Rmin?
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1-Balance
Centrifugal
force
Cc
os
Ө
C Wf R
R
W
Ө
sin
sin
W Ө
fco
C
Were : e=tan Ө
W
fsi
W C=WV²/gR
W
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1-Balance
Maximum safe side Friction Factors (fs)
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Example: A new HWY is to be
constructed in flat area. The design
speed is 90 kph. Determine the
degree of the sharpest horizontal
curve that can be used safely.
Solution
V = 90 kph (fs) = 0.13
Take e = emax. = 0.10 for
rural highway.
Applying the equation
e + fs = V2/127 R
0.10 + 0.13 = 902 / 127 R
R = 277.3 m
R = 1750 / D
D = 6.31
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2-Sight Distance
Sight distance
Line of sight M
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2-Sight Distance
Sight distance S
M
Line of Sight
Sight obstruction
1
M n
e h
q
W X
M = W/2 + X + n (W/2 × e + X q + h)
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2-Sight Distance
At : S < L M = S2 / 8 R
At : S > L M = L ( 2 S – L) / 8 R
Where:
M = Obstruction distance, m;
S = Stopping sight distance, m;
R = Radius of the circular curve, m;
L = length of the circular curve, m.
Horizontal Alignment of
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Superelevation
Runoff (Lt)
Horizontal Alignment of
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Superelevation
Runoff (Lt)
1. Simple circular curve (without
spiral)
1/3Lt PI
∆
Lt=Ls
PC PT
R R
∆
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Superelevation
Runoff (Lt)
2-Spiral Curve Spiral
≈0.5Ls
∆=2Өs+∆c
Ls
Lc
PC ≈1/2Lc
. C
S PT
S
Өs ∆c
Өs
Horizontal Alignment of
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Superelevation
Runoff (Lt)
CF=W V²/gR
CF=0
PC
e
PT
q
q
Lt
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Method of attaining
superelevation
Case1 : Undivided Highways
1-Revolving about the
centerline profile(C.L).
2-Revolving about the
inside-edge profile ( I.E).
3-Revolving about the
outside-edge profile
(O.E).
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Method of attaining
superelevation
1-Revolving about
Centerline
e
q
e
∆s ew
qw
qw CL
qw
ew
IE
Lt = ew / ∆s max
PC
X 2/3Lt 1/3Lt
Horizontal Alignment of
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Method of attaining
superelevation
2-Revolving about Inner
Edge
q
e
Lt
X 2∆s
OE
ew
CL
qw ew
qw qw
IE
Pc
Ls = (2ew-qw)/2∆s max
Horizontal Alignment of
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Method of attaining
superelevation
3-Revolving about Outer
Edge
q
e
X ∆s
Lt
qw
qw
OE
qw
ew
CL
ew
IE
2/3Lt 1/3Lt
Ls = ew/∆s Pc
Horizontal Alignment of
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Value of Transition
Length (Lt)
Case1 : Undivided Highways
Horizontal Alignment of
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Value of Transition
Length (Lt)
Case1 : Undivided Highways
Horizontal Alignment of
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Method of attaining
superelevation
Case2 : divided Highways
Horizontal Alignment of
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Pavement Widening
on Horizontal Curves
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Examples
Ex 1 : Determine the station of PC and PT of a simple horizontal
curve with two tangents with 20o deflecting angle and intersected at
station ( 15 + 20). The degree of curve is 4.
Solution 15+20 20
PC PT
437.5
20
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Examples
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Examples
Ex 3 : What is the minimum degree of curve that may be designed to
provide for safe operation of vehicle of speed 100 kph. Take fs = 0.10
and e = 0.06. Will this provide for adequate sight distance if there is
a corner of a building 10.00 m from the edge of the shoulder ( lane
width is 3.75 m and the shoulder width is 1 m).
Solution
V = 100kph, fs = 0.10, e = 0.06
e + fs = V2 / 127 R 0.06 + 0.10 = 1002 / 127 R
R = 492.13 m D = 1750 / R
D = 1750 / 492.13 = 3.56 M = 10 + 1 + 3.75 / 2 = 12.88 m
M = S2 / 8 R 12.88 = S2 / (8 × 492.13)
S = 255 m S = 0.275 Vt + V2 / 255 (f ±g)
Assume
t = 2.5, f = 0.30, g = 0.00
255 = 0.278 × 2.5 × V + V 2 / 255 (0.30 + 0.00)
V = 115.5 kph > vehicle speed ( 100 kph)
The curve provides safe operation for stopping.
Horizontal Alignment of
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Examples
Ex 4: A horizontal curve of a 2-lane highway is built in a cut
section as shown in the figure. Determine the maximum
operation speed that would allow a safe operation on this
curve given that R = 305 m. 1
Solution 3
M
0.06 0.6
0.08
3.5 1.2
Considering obstruction ( sight distance)
M = W/2 + X + n (W/2 × e + X q + h)
M = 3.5 / 2 + 1.20 + 3 (3.5 / 2 × 0.06 + 1.2 × 0.08 + 0.60)
M = 5.35 m, M = S2 / 8 R, 5.35 = S2 / 8 × 305, S=114.25 m
S = 0.278 V t + V2 / 255 ( f ± g)
Assume t = 2.5, g = 0.00, f = 0.30
114.25 = 0.278 × 2.5 × V + V2 / 255 ( 0.30 + 0.00) V= 70.6 kph
Considering balance
Assume fs = 0.13, e + fs = V2/ 127 R 0.06 + 0.13 = V2/ 127 × 305
V = 85 kph the max. safe speed is 70.6 kph
Horizontal Alignment of
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