CHAPTER 6: REVIEWER
LABOR STANDARD - The amount of labor time that is expected for the completion of a task. It is
sometimes referred to as the standard labor rate.
WORK MEASUREMENT - The application of techniques designed to establish the time for a qualified
worker to carry out specific jobs at a defined level of performance.
TECHNIQUES FOR WORK MEASUREMENT:
- Synthetic Data – standard data are made available for the most known elemental operations like
preparing, setting, manipulating, removing, clearing, holding, and tightening.
- Analytical Estimating – used to determine the time values for jobs, having long and non-
repetitive operations.
- Work Sampling – does not involve stopwatch measurement, as do many other techniques.
TIME STUDY
- “the art of observing and recording the time required to do each detailed element of an
industrial operation”.
- It is useful in determining the standard time for various operations, which helps in fixing wages
and incentives.
MAKING TIME STUDY:
Normal time – time required by a normal worker.
Standard time - It is the time taken by a normal worker for a specific task or job, working under
moderate conditions, and includes other allowances.
PERFORMANCE RATING - is the process of adjusting the actual pace of working comparing it with the
mental picture of pace of an operator working at normal speed.
METHODS/SYSTEM OF PERFORMANCE RATING:
1. Skill rating
2. Skill and effort rating
3. Westinghouse System of Rating
4. Synthetic Rating
5. Objective rating
6. Physiological Evaluation of Performance Level
SYNTHETIC RATING - This system of rating was introduced by Morrow.
SKILL AND EFFORT RATING – This system was introduced by Charles E. Bedaux in 1961 and is also known
as Bedaux system.
OBJECTIVE RATING - Proposed by M.E. Mundel and is carried out in two steps.
ALLOWANCES - the amount of time allowed for personal, fatigue, and unavoidable delays.
RELAXATION ALLOWANCE - Relaxation Allowances are calculated so as to allow the worker to recover
from fatigue.
POLICY ALLOWANCE - These are not the genuine part of the time study and should be used with
outmost care and only in clearly defined circumstances.
WORK SAMPLING- is a statistically based technique utilized for analyzing work performance and
machine utilization by direct observation.
PREDETERMINED MOTION TIME SYSTEM (PMTS) - Also known as Micro data
Four major Variables which affect the time to perform manual motions (According to the WFS):
1. Body members used
2. Distance moved
3. Manual control
4. Weigh or resistance or loads
BASIC ELEMENTS OF MTM:
- Reach (R) – move the hand or finger to a destination.
- Move (M) – transport an object to a destination.
- Apply Pressure (AP) – elements that involve the application of force, but the force results in little
or no movement.
- Release (RL) – relinquish control of an object by the fingers or hand.
- Disengage (D) – break contact between one object to another.
BALANCE SCORECARD - is a strategic planning and management system used to align business activities
to the vision and strategy of the organization by monitoring performance against strategic goals.
FINANCIAL PERSPECTIVE - covers the financial objectives of an organization and allows managers to
track financial success and shareholder value.
CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE - is collected to gauge customer satisfaction with quality, price, and availability
of products or services. Customers provide feedback about their satisfaction with current products.
FIVE STEPS IN MAKING BALANCED SCORECARD
1. Establish a clear vision of the future.
2. Define the strategic objectives.
3. Determine the critical success factors.
4. Choose indicators to measure and monitor performance.
5. Set goals, action plans, and initiatives.
