SAINT JOSEPH COLLEGE
MAASIN, SOUTHERN LEYTE
TORSION IN BEAMS
(NSCP 2010 / NSCP 2015)
ENGR. DHAN VINCENT L. ENTUNA
Instructor
Saint Joseph College-Maasin
Civil Engineering Department
INTRODUCTION
➢Reinforced concrete beams are often subjected to torsional moments in
addition to bending moments and axial or shear forces. It must be designed
for the effects from torsional loads wherever applicable.
➢Concrete members may be subjected to the torsional moment when they are
curved in plans, support cantilever slabs that act as a spandrel beam, or are
part of a spiral stairway. In other words, it develops in structural members as
a result of asymmetrical loading (eccentric loadings), geometry of the
member, or structural framing.
➢Torsion produces a complex behavior in which the member cross-section will
warp as it twists. Torsional shear will be created in the faces of the member
and will tend to produce diagonal tension cracks similar to those produced by
flexural shear. Since shear and torsion normally occurs simultaneously within
a member, the diagonal tension effects will be additive on one of the faces.
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
TORSION IN RC BEAMS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4eLz11UVaE
NSCP 2015 CODE REQUIREMENTS
➢ TORSIONAL STRENGTH (422.7)
•422.7.1.1 This section shall apply to members if 𝑇𝑢 ≥ ∅𝑇𝑡ℎ , where ∅ is given in Section 421 and
threshold torsion 𝑇𝑡ℎ
If 𝑇𝑢 < ∅𝑇𝑡ℎ , it shall be permitted to neglect torsional effects.
•422.7.4.1 Threshold torsion, 𝑇𝑡ℎ , shall be calculated in accordance to table 422.7.4.1.
Table 422.7.4.1
Threshold Torsion for Solid Cross Sections
Type of Member 𝑻𝒕𝒉
2
1 𝐴 𝑐𝑝
Non-prestressed member 𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ (a)
12 𝑃𝑐𝑝
2
1 𝐴 𝑐𝑝 𝑓𝑝𝑐
Prestressed Member 𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 1+ (b)
12 𝑃𝑐𝑝 0.33𝜆 𝑓𝑐′
Non-prestressed member 1 ′
𝐴𝑐𝑝 2 𝑁𝑢
𝜆 𝑓𝑐 1+ (c)
subjected to axial force 12 𝑃𝑐𝑝 0.33𝜆 𝑓𝑐′
NSCP 2015 CODE REQUIREMENTS
where Acp = area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross section
Pcp = outside perimeter of concrete cross section
• 422.7.3.1 If 𝑇𝑢 ≥ ∅𝑇𝑐𝑟 and 𝑇𝑢 is required to maintain equilibrium, the member shall be
designed to resist 𝑇𝑢 .
• 422.7.5.1 Cracking Torsion, 𝑇𝑐𝑟 , shall be calculated in accordance with Table 422.7.5.1 for
solid and hollow cross-sections, where 𝑁𝑢 is positive for compression and negative for
tension
Table 422.7.5.1
Cracking Torsion
Type of Member 𝑻𝒄𝒓
1 ′
𝐴𝑐𝑝 2
Non-prestressed member 𝜆 𝑓𝑐 (a)
3 𝑃𝑐𝑝
1 ′
𝐴𝑐𝑝 2 𝑓𝑝𝑐
Prestressed Member 𝜆 𝑓𝑐 1+ (b)
3 𝑃𝑐𝑝 0.33𝜆 𝑓𝑐′
2
Non-prestressed member 1 𝐴 𝑐𝑝 𝑁𝑢
𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 1+ (c)
subjected to axial force 3 𝑃𝑐𝑝 0.33𝜆 𝑓𝑐′
NSCP 2015 CODE REQUIREMENTS
• 422.7.6.1 If 𝑇𝑢 ≥ ∅𝑇𝑐𝑟 and 𝑇𝑢 is required to maintain equilibrium, the member shall be
designed to resist 𝑇𝑢 .
2𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
a) 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
2𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑙 𝑓𝑦
b) 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑃
ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
where 𝐴𝑜 shall be determined by analysis, 𝜃 shall not be taken 30 degrees nor greater than 60
degrees, 𝐴𝑡 is the area of one leg of a closed stirrup resisting torsion, 𝐴𝑙 is the area of longitudinal
torsional reinforcement, and 𝑃ℎ is the perimeter of the centerline of the outermost closed stirrup.
• 422.7.6.1.1 In Eq 422.7.6.1a and 422.7.6.1b, it shall be permitted to take 𝐴𝑜 equal to
0.85𝐴𝑠ℎ
• 422.7.6.1.2 In Eq 422.7.6.1a and 422.7.6.1b, it shall be permitted to take 𝜃 equal to (a)
and (b):
a) 45 degrees for non-prestressed members or members with 𝐴𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠𝑒 < 0.4(𝐴𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠𝑒 +
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 )
b) 37.5 degrees for prestressed members with 𝐴𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠𝑒 ≥ 0.4(𝐴𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑠𝑒 + 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 )
NSCP 2015 CODE REQUIREMENTS
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
NSCP 2015 CODE REQUIREMENTS
➢ DETAILS OF TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT (409.7.6.3)
•409.7.6.3.1 If required, transverse reinforcement shall be closed stirrups.
•409.7.6.3.2 Transverse torsional reinforcement shall extend a distance of at least (𝑏𝑡 + 𝑑)
beyond the point required by analysis.
•409.7.6.3.3 Spacing of transverse reinforcement shall not exceed a distance of the lesser of
𝑃ℎ Τ8 and 300 mm.
➢ MINIMUM TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT (409.7.6.4)
•409.7.6.4.1 A minimum area of torsional reinforcement shall be provided in all regions where
𝑇𝑢 ≥ ∅𝑇𝑡ℎ in accordance with Section 422.7
•409.7.6.4.2 If torsional reinforcement is required, minimum transverse reinforcement
(𝐴𝑣 + 2𝐴𝑡 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 Τ𝑠 shall be greater of (a) and (b):
b
a) 0.062 fc′ f w
yt
b
b) 0.32 f w
yt
NSCP 2015 CODE REQUIREMENTS
➢ DETAILS OF TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT (409.7.6.4)
•409.7.6.4.2 If torsional reinforcement is required, minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement
𝐴𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be the lesser of (a) and (b):
0.42 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
a) 𝑓𝑦
− 𝑠
𝑃ℎ 𝑓𝑦
0.42 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐𝑝 0.175𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑡
b) 𝑓𝑦
− 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑃ℎ 𝑓𝑦
➢ ADDITIONAL AREA OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT DUE TO TORSION
𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑡
𝐴𝑙 = 𝑃ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
𝑓𝑦 𝑠
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
NOTATIONS & SYMBOLS
𝐴𝑐𝑝 = Area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross-section
𝐴𝑔 = Gross area of section
𝐴𝑙 = Additional area of longitudinal reinforcement due to torsion
𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement due to torsion
𝐴𝑜 = Equal to 0.85𝐴𝑜ℎ
𝐴𝑜ℎ = Area enclosed by the centerline of the outermost closed transverse torsional reinforcement
𝐴𝑡 = Area of one leg of closed stirrup resisting torsion
𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Minimum area of stirrup
𝑃𝑐𝑝 = Outside perimeter of concrete cross-section
𝑃ℎ = Perimeter of the centerline of the outermost closed transverse reinforcement
𝑇𝑐𝑟 = Cracking Torsion
𝑇𝑛 = Nominal Torsional Moment
𝑇𝑡ℎ = Threshold torsion
𝑇𝑢 = Factored Torsional Moment
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
EXAMPLE 1
A reinforced concrete cantilever beam has a width of 400 mm and an overall depth of 500 mm. The
concrete cover is 40 mm. The centroid of the longitudinal bars of the girder are placed 65 mm from
the extreme concrete fiber. Use f’c = 20.7 MPa and yield strength, fy = 415 MPa. Use 12 mm stirrups
with fyt = 275 Mpa. The following factored forces are computed from this beam:
Factored Moment (positive), Mu = 450 kN-m
Factored Shear at the critical section near the face of the support, Vu = 250 kN
Factored Shear the critical section near the face of the support, Tu = 40 kN-m
Determine the following using NSCP 2015:
a) The required longitudinal steel area based on moment
b) The required spacing of stirrups based on shear
c) The required spacing of stirrups based on torsion
d) The required spacing of stirrups based on combined shear and torsion
e) The additional area of longitudinal reinforcement due to torsion
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
EXAMPLE 1 (solution)
a.) required longitudinal steel area based on moment
d = 500 – 65 = 435 mm
3 3
𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑 = 435 = 186.43 𝑚𝑚
7 7
𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(186.43) = 158.46 𝑚𝑚
𝑎
𝜙𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜙𝐶𝑐 𝑑 − @ 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝜀𝑠 = 0.004; 𝑓𝑠 = 800 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦
𝜙𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.65 + 0.25
1000 − 𝑓𝑦 𝑎
𝜙𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜙𝐶𝑐 𝑑 −
800 − 415 2
= 0.65 + 0.25 𝑎
1000 − 415 ′
𝜙𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜙0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 −
2
𝜙𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.815 158.46
𝜙𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.815)(0.85)(20.7)(158.46)(400) 435 −
2
𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝜙𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 323.37 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Tension steel yields,
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑀𝑢 > 𝜙𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 ,
Compression steel does not yield
∴ 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 − 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
EXAMPLE 1 (solution)
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑢2 :
𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇2
𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ = 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑠2
𝑀𝑢2 = 𝜙𝑇1 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
126.63 × 106 = (0.815)𝐴𝑠2 (415)(435 − 65)
𝐴𝑠2 = 1,011.88 𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢1 + 𝑀𝑢2
𝐶𝑠 = 𝑇2
𝑀𝑢1 = 𝜙𝑀𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 323.37 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠′
′
= 𝐴𝑠2 𝑓𝑠2
𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢1 𝐴′𝑠 (390.806) = 1,011.88(415)
𝑀𝑢2 = 450 − 323.37 𝐴′𝑠 = 1,074.52 𝑚𝑚2
𝑀𝑢2 = 126.63 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑢1 : 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠,
𝐶𝑐 = 𝑇1 𝑇𝐸𝑁𝑆𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝑇𝐸𝐸𝐿: 𝐴𝑠 = 2,687.41 + 1,011.88 = 3,699.21 𝑚𝑚2
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑠1 𝐶𝑂𝑀𝑃𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝑇𝐸𝐸𝐿: 𝐴′𝑠 = 1,074.52 𝑚𝑚2
0.85(20.7)(158.46)(400) = 𝐴𝑠1 (415)
𝐴𝑠1 = 2,687.33 𝑚𝑚2
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
EXAMPLE 1 (solution)
b.) required spacing of stirrups based on shear
Shear strength provided by concrete: Thus,
𝜋
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 4 12 2 2 (275)(435)
𝑠= = = 136.14 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 125 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑐 = 134.581 𝑘𝑁 𝑉𝑠 198.752 (1000)
𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 134.581 = 100.936 𝑘𝑁 Maximum spacing of stirrup in accordance with Table 409.7.6.2.2:
0.5𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 50.468 𝑘𝑁 a) d/2 = 435/2 = 217.5 mm
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉𝑐 , ∴ 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑. b) 600 mm
Shear strength provided by stirrups: Therefore, use s = 125 mm
𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑛 − 𝑉𝑐 = − 𝑉𝑐
𝜙
250
𝑉𝑠 = − 134.581 = 198.752 𝑘𝑁
0.75
→ 0.33 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.33 20.7 400 435 = 261.245 𝑘𝑁 𝑉𝑠 < 0.33 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑, ok!
→ 0.67 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.67 20.7 400 435 = 530.406 𝑘𝑁 𝑉 < 0.67 𝑓 ′ 𝑏 𝑑, ∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑠 𝑑
𝑠 𝑐 𝑤 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 600 𝑚𝑚
2
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
EXAMPLE 1 (solution)
c.) required spacing of stirrups based on torsion
Determine if torsion reinforcement is necessary:
from the figure:
408
500
𝐴𝑜ℎ = 308 408 = 125,664 𝑚𝑚2
𝑃ℎ = 2 308 + 408 = 1,432 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑜 = 0.85𝐴𝑜ℎ = 0.85 125,664 = 106,814.4 𝑚𝑚2
308
400
Check for cross-sectional limit (Sec. 422.7.7.1):
1 ′
𝐴𝑐𝑝 2
𝜙𝑇𝑡ℎ = 𝜙 𝜆 𝑓𝑐
12 𝑃𝑐𝑝 2 2
𝑉𝑢 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ 𝑉𝑐
𝐴𝑐𝑝 = 𝑏𝑤 ℎ = 400 500 = 200,000 𝑚𝑚 2 + ≤𝜙 + 0.66 𝑓𝑐′
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ 2 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑃𝑐𝑝 = 2(𝑏𝑤 + ℎ) = 2(400 + 500) = 1,800 𝑚𝑚
2 2
1 200,0002 250,000 40 × 106 (1432) 134.581(1000)
𝜙𝑇𝑡ℎ = (0.75) (1) 20.7 + ≤ (0.75) + 0.66 20.7
12 1,800 400(435) 1.7(125,664)2 4000(435)
𝜙𝑇𝑡ℎ = 6.319 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 < 𝑇𝑢 → 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦
2.57 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ≤ 2.832 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑜𝑘!
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
EXAMPLE 1 (solution)
c.) required spacing of stirrups based on torsion (cont’n)
2𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑠
𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑢 /𝜙 Maximum spacing of transverse torsional reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of:
= 2𝐴 = 2𝐴
𝑠 𝑜 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑜 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
a) Ph/8 = 1432/8 = 179 mm
𝐴𝑡 40 × 106 /0.75 b) 300 mm
=
𝑠 2 106,414.4 275 cot(45°)
Therefore, use s = 179 mm
𝐴𝑡
= 0.908 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚
𝑠
Using 12 mm stirrups,
𝜋 2
12 (2)
𝑠=4 = 249.113 𝑚𝑚
0.908
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
EXAMPLE 1 (solution)
d.) required spacing of stirrups based on shear and torsion
For Shear:
𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑠 198.752(1000)
=𝑓 = = 1.611𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚
𝑠 𝑦𝑡 𝑑 275(435)
For Torsion:
𝐴𝑡 𝜋
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 (12)2
= 0.908 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚 𝑠= = 4
= 32.527 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 30 𝑚𝑚
𝑠 𝐴ℎ 3.477
For Combined Shear & Torsion: Therefore, use s = 30 mm
𝐴𝑣 𝐴𝑡
𝐴ℎ = + 2 = 1.661 + 2 0.908 = 3.477 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚
𝑠 𝑠
Minimum area of transverse reinforcement per mm length shall be the greater of:
b
a) 0.062 fc′ f w = 0.410𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚
yt
b
b) 0.32 f w = 0. 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚
yt
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
EXAMPLE 1 (solution)
e.) additional area of longitudinal reinforcement due to torsion
𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑡
𝐴𝑙 = 𝑃ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 861.615 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 𝑠
If torsional reinforcement is required, minimum area of longitudinal
reinforcement 𝐴𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be at least (a) and (b):
0.42 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
a) − 𝑃ℎ = 59.29 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.42 𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐𝑝 0.175𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑦𝑡
b) 𝑓𝑦
− 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑃ℎ 𝑓𝑦
= 679.366 𝑚𝑚2
Therefore, 𝐴𝑙 = 861.615 𝑚𝑚2
Using 12 mm Ø bars,
𝐴𝑙 861.615 12 mm closed stirrups
𝑁=𝐴 = 𝜋
(12)2
= 7.62 𝑝𝑐𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑦 8 𝑝𝑐𝑠 spaced @ 30 mm O.C.
𝑏𝑎𝑟 4
The longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion shall be distributed
around the perimeter of the closed stirrups with a maximum spacing of 8 – 12 mm longitudinal bars
300 mm. The longitudinal bars or tendons shall be inside the stirrups. These bars may be combined with the
There shall be at least one longitudinal bar or tendon in each corner of area required for flexure (see detail at
the stirrup. next page)
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
EXAMPLE 1 (solution)
Final detail of the beam considering flexure, shear, and torsion:
The flexural tension and compression reinforcements may be combined
with the torsional reinforcement:
REINFORCEMENT DETAIL:
Tension Reinforcement:
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 3,699.21 + 12 2 (3) = 4,038.502 𝑚𝑚2
4
7 – 28 mm Ø top bars
Using 28 mm Ø bars,
12 mm closed stirrups
𝐴𝑠 4,038.502 spaced @ 30 mm O.C.
𝑁= = = 6.55 𝑝𝑐𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑦 7 𝑝𝑐𝑠
500 mm
𝜋
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 (28)2
4 2 – 12 mm Ø web bars
Compression Reinforcement:
𝜋
𝐴′𝑠 = 1,074.52 + 12 2 (3) = 1,413.812 𝑚𝑚2
4
Using 25 mm Ø bars, 3 – 25 mm Ø bottom bars
𝐴′𝑠 1,413.812
𝑁= = 𝜋
(25)2
= 2.88 𝑝𝑐𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑦 3 𝑝𝑐𝑠 400 mm
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 4
STIRRUP SPACING: 30 mm O.C. REINFORCEMENT DETAIL
NOT DRAWN TO SCALE
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
L2
EXAMPLE 2
The beam shown in Fig. A supports the concrete canopy. Given the
following data:
𝑏𝑤 = 280 𝑚𝑚 t = 130 mm fy = 415 MPa
ℎ = 490 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑦𝑡 = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Cover = 30 mm 𝑓𝑐′ = 25.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐿1 = 12 𝑚 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 24𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 280 mm b1
𝐿2 = 1.25 𝑚 Live Load = 4 kPa
Design the beam for torsion. Consider the beam as rectangular only.
Beams are connected to columns to transfer torsion and continuity of
between beams is not provided.
𝐿1 𝐿1
𝐴
𝐿2
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
𝐿1
𝐿1/2
0.4 𝑑
𝑥1 𝑥2
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
ℎ1 ℎ
𝑏1
𝑏𝑤
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
The longitudinal reinforcement for torsion shall be inside the stirrups. There shall be
at least one longitudinal bar in each corner of the stirrups. Longitudinal bars shall
have a diameter at least 1/24 times the stirrup spacing, but not less than 10 mm.
10 mm closed stirrups
spaced @ 78 mm
8 – 12 mm longitudinal bars
These bars may be combined with the area
required for flexure (not shown here)
SAINT JOSEPH
COLLEGE CE 20 . PRINCIPLES OF PRESTRESSED / REINFORCED CONCRETE
