URINARY SYSTEM
Submitted by:
(1) DANISH NABI. Bvsc 2023-2275
(2) Mir muzamil Bvsc 2023-2343
(3) Azad nabi pathan Bvsc 2023- 2295
(4)Muskaan Bvsc 2023-2531
Images by Danish nabi
The urinary system comprises of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
Kidney
. Kidneys are surrounded by a layer of fat capsula adiposa .
. The surface of kidneys is surrounded by a tough connective tissue capsule
(capsula fibrosa) composed of collagen fibers and ocassional elastic fibers.
. On medial aspect of kidneys there is renal hilus and is continues with deep
renal sinus .
. Renal sinus is occupied by renal pelvis.
Basic structural units of kidney of domestic animals are the renal lobes.
Large ruminants (multilobar)
Horse , dog, small ruminants (unilobar kidney)
Renal lobes consists of outer cortex and pyramidal inner medulla.
A papilla at of the medulla protudes into the pelvis.
Horse = tip of medullary pyramid are fused to form renal crest.
The functional unit of kidney consisting of nephron and collecting duct
system.
Nephrons can be diveded into two types. Cortical and juxtamedullary
nephrons.
. Renal pararanchyma can be diveded into
1 . Renal cortex( medullary rays and cortical labyrinth)
Medullary rays comprising of straight segments of the proximal and distal
tubules as well as collecting duct.
Cortical labyrinth containing renal corpuscles, convoluted portions of the
proximal and distal tubules and collecting duct system.
2 . Renal medulla contins ascending and descending limbs of loop of henle,
collecting duct and the papillary ducts.
Renal corpuscles/ malpighian corpuscles.
Composed of.
. Capillary tuft(glomerules) between the afferent and efferent arteriole.
. double-walled capsule (Bowman’s capsule) comprising:
-An outer parietal layer of simple squamous Epithelium
-An inner visceral layer composed of podocytes,
-A urinary space between the two capsular layers.
CAPILLARY TUFT(glomerules)
Afferent and efferent artiloles
The structural components of capillary tuft comprise of Endothelial cells(thin
Endothelium with round pores),glomerular basement membrane, podocytes,
intraglomerular mesangial cells.
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBELE
. The epithelium Consists of relatively large cuboidal to columnar cells
. At the apical cell surface there is a brush border (microvilli)
. Have small and uneven lumen
LOOP OF HENLE
Thin limb- simple squamous epithelium
Thick limb-cuboidal epithelium
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBELE
. Have large lumen
. Lined by small cubioidal cells
. Cytoplasm stains less intensely
. Apical surface bears few irregularly spaced,small microvilli
COLLECTING DUCT SYSTEM
. Drain urine from nephron to renal pelvis
. Simple epithelium- squamous to cubioidal
. Cell boundaries are seen
JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
.The macula densa,
. Juxtaglomerular cells and
. Extraglomerular mesangial cells
MACULA DENSA
.The macula densa is a region of up to modified epithelial cells located in the
portion of the distal straight tubule.)
. Epithelium cells are columnar with dense cytoplasm
. The macula densa acts as a Chemoreceptor, detecting the Na+ ion
concentration in the tubular fluid.
JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS
. Juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells found in the afferent
arteriole, near its entry into the glomerules.
. Juxtaglomerular cells are characterised by myosin filaments and dense
granules containing renin.
EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESENGIAL CELLS
Extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells) lie between the macula densa
and the afferent and Efferent arterioles.
URETER
. Aided by a well-developed layer of smooth muscle
. The tunica mucosa is lined with transitional epithelium
. In the non-distended ureter, longitudinal folds are visible in the .
. The lumen thus appears stellate in histological sections
Equids ; mucosa contains elongated mucous glands
.Near the ureteric orifices, the longitudinal muscle fibres fan out
into the bladder forming the muscular core of the trigone.
BLADDER
. The bladder is lined internally by transitional epithelium.
. Depending on the degree of filling, the number of cell layers visible
in the epithelium ranges from 2–3 in the distended bladder to 10–14
in the contracted state.
.The lamina propria consists of a connective tissue lattice containing
delicate elastic fibres.
. Lymphoid follicles may be present in the lamina propria
. tunica muscularis consists of relatively thick layers of smooth
muscle (longitudinal – circular – longitudinal)
URETHRA
1.Female urethra
. The female urethra extends from the neck of the bladder to the
external urethral orifice.
.It consists of a tunica mucosa,submucosa, tunica muscularis and a
tunica adventitia.
. The mucosa is lined by transitional epithelium,becoming
pseudostratified towards the external urethral oorific.
. In sheep and horse near the external urethral orifice the
epithelium changes to stratified squamous.
. lamina propria contains cavernous spaces.
. The tunica muscularis consists of inner circular and outer
longitudinal layers. .
. Horses oblique muscle fiber may give appearance of third layer
2 Male urethra
. The male urthra starts at the internal opening of the neck of
bladder
. The urethra is a musculomembranous tube
. Longitudinal folds are throughout it’s length
. Most of urethra is lined by transitional epithelium
. Simple stratified columnar may be present
. Near the glans penis mucosal lining transforms into stratified
squamous epithelium
. In the pelvic urethra the lamina propria is conposed of fibro elastic
tissue contains smooth muscle
. Horse mucous tubular glands are present in the lamina propria.
