Republic of Yemen

University of Saba Region

Faculty of IT&CS
Course: Electrical Circuits analysis

Electrical Circuits analysis

Dr. Abdullah Yahia Alamri

 Course content
week topics

1.2,3 Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms

Series and Parallel AC Circuits (introduction – impedance and the phasor diagram resistive elements- series configuration-voltage
divider rule-frequency response of the R-C circuit- summary: series AC circuits -parallel AC circuits- current divider rule frequency
response of the parallel R-L network - summary: parallel AC networks- equivalent circuits-phase measurements
(dual-trace oscilloscope)-applications- computer analysis)
Series-Parallel AC Networks (introduction-applications- computer analysis)
4,5 AC Network Theorems (source conversions-superposition theorem- Thévenin’s and Norton’s theorems, and the maximum power
theorem).
6,7 Power & Resonance in AC Circuits Resonance (Series Resonant Circuit-the Quality Factor (Q )-Parallel Resonant Circuit-
Computer Analysis)
8 Transformers (the basic applications of a transformer: to build up or step down the voltage or current, to act as an impedance
matching device, and to isolate one portion of a circuit from another)
9,10 Introduction of the Decibels and Filters
Filters (Passive filters-active Filters- four broad categories of low-pass, high-pass, pass-band, and stop-band Filters- applications-
computer analysis)

11 Amplifiers & Oscillators

Text books ▪ Boylestad,, introductory Circuit analysis.

▪ Floyd, “Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits, Devices and Applications".

2
Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms

LEC.1

3
 Introduction
• The analysis thus far has been limited to dc networks,
networks in which the currents or voltages are fixed in
magnitude except for transient effects. We will now turn our
attention to the analysis of networks in which the magnitude
of the source varies in a set manner. Of particular interest is
the time-varying voltage that is commercially available in
large quantities and is commonly called the ac voltage.
• The letters ac are an abbreviation for alternating current
• The sinusoidal ac voltage itself has a number of
characteristics that will result in a unique response when it is
applied to the basic electrical elements.

4
 Sinusoidal Ac Voltage Characteristics And Definitions

Sinusoidal ac voltages are available from a variety of sources.

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 Definitions

Waveform: The path traced by a quantity, such as the voltage in

Figure, plotted as a function of some variable such as time

Instantaneous value: The magnitude of a waveform at any

instant of time; denoted by lowercase letters (e1, e2).
Peak amplitude: The maximum value of a waveform as
measured from its average, or mean, value, denoted by
uppercase letters (such as Em for sources of voltage and Vm for the
voltage drop across a load). For the waveform of Figure, the
average value is zero volts, and Em is as defined by the figure
Peak value: The maximum instantaneous value of a function as
measured from the zero-volt level. For the waveform of Figure
the peak amplitude and peak value are the same, since the
average value of the function is zero volts
Peak-to-peak value: Denoted by Ep-p or Vp-p, the full voltage
between positive and negative peaks of the waveform, that is,
the sum of the magnitude of the positive and negative peaks 6
 Definitions

Periodic waveform: A waveform that continually repeats itself

after the same time interval
Period (T ): The time interval between successive repetitions of
a periodic waveform (the period T1 T2 T3 in Figure), as long as
successive similar points of the periodic waveform are used in
determining T.
Cycle: The portion of a waveform contained in one period of
time. The cycles within T1, T2, and T3 of Figure may appear
different in Figure, but they are all bounded by one period of
time and therefore satisfy the definition of a cycle.
Frequency ( f ): The number of cycles that occur in 1 s.

7
Although it is numerically easy to talk about frequencies in the megahertz and gigahertz range, keep in mind that a
frequency of 100 MHz, for instance, represents a sinusoidal waveform that passes through 100,000,000 cycles in only
1 s—an incredible number when we compare it to the 60 Hz of our conventional power sources. The new Pentium
II chip manufactured by Intel can run at speeds up to 450 MHz. Imagine a product able to handle 450,000,000
instructions per second—an incredible achievement. The new Pentium IV chip manufactured by Intel can run at a
speed of 1.5 GHz. Try to imagine a product able to handle 1,500,000,000,000 instructions in just 1 s—an incredible
achievement.

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 The Sine Wave

• The sinusoidal waveform is the only alternating waveform whose shape is unaffected by the
response characteristics of R, L, and C elements.

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10
Phase Relations

11
Phase Relations

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15
16
 Effective (RMS) Values

This section will begin to relate dc and ac quantities with respect to the power delivered to a load. It will help us
determine the amplitude of a sinusoidal ac current required to deliver the same power as a particular dc current.

The equivalent dc value of a sinusoidal current or voltage is 0.707 of its maximum value.
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 Effective (RMS) Values
The equivalent dc value is called the effective value of the sinusoidal quantity.
In summary,

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The Basic Elements and
Phasors

19
 Introduction

➢ The response of the basic R, L, and C elements to a sinusoidal voltage and current will be examined.
➢ In order to understand the response of the basic R, L, and elements to a sinusoidal signal, you need to
examine the concept of the derivative in some detail.
➢ the derivative of a sine wave has the same period and frequency as the original sinusoidal waveform.

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Response Of Basic R, L, And C Elements To A Sinusoidal Voltage Or Current

➢ Resistor

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 Response Of Basic R, L, And C Elements To A Sinusoidal Voltage Or Current

Inductor

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 Response Of Basic R, L, And C Elements To A Sinusoidal Voltage Or Current

Capacitor

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reactance
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26
 dc, High-, and Low-Frequency Effects on L and C

frequency is zero

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28
 Rectangular Form vs Polar Form

Rectangular Form

Polar Form

Conversion Between Forms

29
 Mathematical Operations With Complex Numbers

Addition

Addition or subtraction cannot be performed in polar form unless the complex numbers have the same angle or unless they differ only by multiples of 180°.

Multiplication

Division
30
Series and Parallel AC Circuits

31
 Impedance and the Phasor Diagram

Resistive Elements

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33
Inductive Reactance

34
EXAMPLE. Using complex algebra, find the current i for the circuit of Figure. Sketch the v
and i curves

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EXAMPLE Using complex algebra, find the voltage v for the circuit of Figure. Sketch the v and
i curves
Capacitive Reactance
The current leads the voltage by 90° and that the reactance of the capacitor XC is determined by 1/wC.
EXAMPLE Using complex algebra, find the current i for the circuit of Figure. Sketch the v and i
curves
EXAMPLE 15.6 Using complex algebra, find the voltage v for the circuit of Figure. Sketch the v and
i curves.