 Microscopes

Microscope. If you break the word up into its constituent parts you get micro, a word
that means very small, and scope, a word that means view or to look at. So a microscope
is a device used to view very small things. Microscopes range from a simple magnifying
glass that someone could hold in their hand to an expensive electron microscope which
can be used to magnify objects 10,000X or even 100,000X!

The compound light microscope is the most common instrument used in education today.
It is an instrument containing two lenses, which magnify, and a variety of knobs to
resolve (focus) the picture.

1. Label the following parts on the microscope.

2. Fill out the following table of Microscope parts and their functions:

Microscope Part Function

Eye Piece
Body Tube
Coarse Adjustment
Fine Adjustment
Arm
Diaphragm
Base
Low Power Objective
High Power Objective
Revolving Nose Piece
Stage
Stage Clips
Mirror

3. You and your lab partner have wet mounted an “a” from the newspaper on a slide and
are looking at it under a microscope. In the space below draw what the “a” would
look like in the microscope.

Micrometres
Micrometres are common units used when using microscopes.
There are1000 in one millimetre.
There are 1,000,000 in one metre.
We would often say the F.O.V. at high power is 400µm rather than 0.4mm.

Magnification: How many times larger the object appears.

What is the formula for Total Magnification = _________________________________

Fill in the following table:

Ocular Lens Objective

Power Total Magnification
Magnification Magnification

Low

Medium

High

Field of View (F.O.V.)

What is the Field of View? _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

You can find the F.O.V. at the other magnifications by using the following formula:

(FOV1)(MAGNIFICATION1) = (FOV2)(MAGNIFICATION2)

Actual Size

Found by the following formula:

F .O.V .
actual size 
fit #

What is the actual size of the paramecium in the above diagram?

Practice:

1. A specimen is viewed with a compound microscope with the 4x objective lens in

place in and a 10x ocular lens. What is the total magnification of the specimen?
Show your work.

2. A field diameter of 0.4mm is how many micrometers? _________________

3. If the FOV on low power is 5 mm what is the FOV on medium power?

4. Mark observes a specimen under the medium power objective lens of the
microscope and estimated that it takes up three quarters of the field of view. If the
medium power field of view is 1.6 mm, what is the length of the specimen in
micrometers?

Microscope History
Name of the Scientist What they are famous for:
1595: Invented the first
microscope.
Was a compound
microscope which had a __
lens system.
Created a microscope with a
3 lens system. Observed
cork under a microscope
and came up with the term
“cells”.
Used a single lens system to
observe bacteria, sperm and
unicellular protozoa and
called them “animalcules”.
Matching: You may use the terms more than once.

1. Staining ____ Ability to distinguish individual

2. Scanning Electron Microscope objects
3. Contrast ____ Enhancing dark vs. bright
4. Resolution ____ Used to increase contrast to show
5. Transmission Electron Microscope specific parts of cells
____ Uses beams of electrons instead of
light
____ This microscope is good for seeing
tiny, thin slices of a specimen
____ Great for seeing the surface of things
 Cell Theory
What is spontaneous generation? _____________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Fill in the following chart with either the correct scientist and or their role in proving or
disproving spontaneous generation.

Scientist Contribution to the proving or disproving of

spontaneous generation.
Attempted to disprove spontaneous generation
by attracting flies to raw meat to produce
maggots.

John Needham

Lazzarro
Spallanzani

The French
Academy of
Sciences

Disproved spontaneous generation by proving

micro-organisms lived in the air.

Robert Brown
 Schleiden and
Schwann

Louis Pasteur’s Swan – Shaped Flask Chicken broth experiment disproved generation.
What were . . .

The Controlled Variables: ______________________________________

____________________________________________________________

The Manipulated Variables: _____________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

The Responding Variable: __________________________________________________

Cell Theory: What are three components to the cell

theory?

1. ________________________________________

________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
 Cells
Fill in the following chart to study your cell organelles.

Cell Organelle Function Drawing (draw the basic

structure of the organelle)

Cell Membrane

Cell Wall

Mitochondria

Smooth

Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Rough

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosome

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Nuclear
Membrane
Cell Organelle Function Drawing (draw the basic
structure of the organelle)

Ribosome

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Chloroplast

Title the following cell diagram as a plant or animal cell and complete the labels for all
organelles.
Title the following cell diagram as a plant or animal cell and complete the labels for all
organelles.

The Phospholipid Bilayer aka Fluid Mosaic Model

What is its main function? __________________________________________________

What are phospholipids? ___________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
Two types of phospholipids are:

The “water loving” head is

called: ____________________

The “water hating” tail is

called: ____________________

 Cell Membrane Transport

Particle Model of Matter ~ What causes particles to move and mix?

The theory has four parts:

1. All matter is made up of particles of different sizes and

shapes.
2. The particles are in constant, random (Brownian) motion.
3. Particles are often attracted to each other to form bonds of
varying strengths.
4. Matter is mainly empty space. The spaces between particles
may be occupied by particles of other substances.

There are two types of transport across a cell membrane one require energy the other does
not. Which is which?

_____________ Transport ______________ Transport

Passive Transport:

When you move from a ____________ concentration to a ____________ concentration,

no energy is required.
Draw an arrow on the diagram in the direction the molecules would be moving.

There are three types of Passive Transport: Match the diagram and definition to the write
type of transport:

Type of Transport Diagram Defintion

# #
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion

Diagrams:
1 2 3

Definitions:
1 2 3
Tranport of water across a cell Use special protein carriers in a Random motion of particles causes
membrane where that membrane is cell membrane to move only this type of transport, resulting in a
permeable to water. certain materials from an area of balanced concentration.
high concentration to low
concentrations.

What kind of factors affect the rate of diffusion? ________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

What is a selectively permeable membrane? ____________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
Circle the examples of things a selectively permeable membrane will favor to allow for
passive transport.

Size Shape Electrical Charge

Color Mitochondria Lipid Solubility
Nucleus Concentration

When a solution has a high solute concentration, it is called ______________________.

When a solution has a low solute concentration, it is called ______________________.
When a solution has reached equilibrium, it is called _____________________.

Label the following diagram. Which of the following beakers contains a hypertonic,
hypotonic and isotonic solution?

C. B. A.

For each beaker describe what is happening to the cell and explain why.
A. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

C. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Label the following diagram. Which of the following plant cells contains a hypertonic,
hypotonic and isotonic solution? What is this called? ___________________________
How does the cell wall impact the plant cell and the vacoule when transporting water?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Active Transport:

When you move from a ____________ concentration to a ____________ concentration,

energy is required.
Draw an arrow on the diagram in the direction the molecules would be moving.

There are three types of Active Transport: Match the diagram and definition to the write
type of transport:

Type of Transport Diagram Defintion

# #
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Protein Carriers

Diagrams:
1 2 3

Definitions:
1 2 3
The cell membrane opens up to The cell membrane changes shape A membrane protein carrier moves
release certain objects. to bring in larger objects into the materials from an area of low
“Spits it out” cell. concentration to an area of high
e.g. releasing hormones or enzymes “Swallows it up” concentration.
into the outside environment. e.g. a macrophage swallowing up a Opposite of Facilitated Diffusion.
pathogen
 Is Bigger Better?
One of the main life functions of organisms is to absorb nutrients and dispose of wastes.
This is much better accomplished with lots of surface area.

SA = base x height x # of sides SA = base x height x # of sides SA = base x height x # of sides

Surface Area
S.A.= (4cm)(4cm)(6 sides)
= 96 cm2

Volume = base x width x height Volume = base x width x height Volume = base x width x height
Volume
V = (4cm)(4cm)(4cm)
= 64cm3

Surface Area:
S . A. 96 3
Volume Ratio  
V 64 2
Is the cell
dead or alive?

**Why is it so important for a cell’s survival to have a large surface area to volume ratio?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Does shape affect surface area to volume ratio? Explain why?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Which cell would be better at diffusing nutrients and wastes? Why?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
 Plant Systems: Cells, Tissues and Systems

_________________: Everything above ground; including stems,

leaves, buds, flowers, fruits.

_________________: Everything underground, but does include

aerial roots (roots above ground).

Plant growth occurs through mitosis (cell division) but there

are particular areas of a plant that grow significantly more
than other areas.

What are these parts of the plant called?

______________________________________

Plant Tissue:

Type of Tissue

Main Function
Which tissue is the location of photosynthesis occurs? ____________________________

Which of the following tissues is approximately one cell layer thick and is responsible for
exchange of matter and gases into and out of the plant? ___________________________

Which of the following tissues is involved in food and water? ______________________

Which of the following tissues is responsible for protecting the plant from disease by
secreting a waxy substance called the cuticle? __________________________________

Which of the following cells is responsible for the transport of materials throughout the
plant? __________________________________

Which of the following tissues provides strength and support to the plant?
_____________________________________

Which of the following tissues has cells that are loosely packed to allow gases to diffuse
rapidly through the tissue? __________________________________

Which of the following tissues makes up the majority of the plant and is found beneath
the epidermis? __________________________________

Label the diagram:

 Photsynthesis vs Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis (Label the following diagram and then write out the equation).

Cellular Respiration (Label the following diagram and then write out the equation).

In which organelle does photosynthesis occur? _________________________

In which organelle does cellular respiration occur? _______________________

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related? __________________________

________________________________________________________________________
 Leaf Tissues and Gas Exchange

There are three types of tissue all responsible for a certain part of gas exchange within the
plant. Label these three types of tissue on the following diagram.

A. Dermal Tissue

The lower epidermal surface of leaves develops specific

cells called, _________________.
These cells form tiny pores called ___________________.

Stomata
- regulate the movement of gases.
- guard cells either swell up to open the stomata, or shrink away to close the
stomata.

When stomata open they allow

_______________________ to
enter the leaf and they allow
__________________ to
leave.
 Explain using the following diagram how a stomata opens
and closes.
Open: ____________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Closed: __________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________

B. Ground Tissue

Where is the ground tissue located in a leaf? ____________________________________

There are the two types of ground tissue also known as mesophyll. What are they?

1. ____________________________________

2. ____________________________________

Label the following diagram and then

fill out the following chart on the next
page.
Type of Ground What is the What is the What is the main
Tissue physical location physical structure function of this type of
of this ground of this ground ground tissue?
tissue? tissue?

Pallisade Tissue
Cells

Spongy
Mesophyll
Tissue

C. Vascular Tissue

Fill out the following chart:

Vascular Tissue Name of Vascular Tissue Function of Vascular

Tissue
 Leaf Tissues and Gas Exchange

There are several factors that allow for water to climb up the xylem.

Factor for Water How it works?

Transport

Cohesion

Adhesion

Root Pressure

Transpiration
Tonicity

What is tonicity? ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

What is plasmolysis? _____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Using your knowledge of tonicity, label the following diagram of plant cells.

Glucose Transport in Plants

What is the Pressure Flow Theory and how does it transport

glucose? ____________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________
What is the sink?
_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________

 Control Systems

Plants respond external stimuli in three different ways:

A. __________________________ : growing towards sunlight

B. __________________________ : growing towards water
C. __________________________ : roots grow down; stems grow up

Fill in the following chart – determining what type of tropism and whether or not it is
positive or negative to the stimulas.

Plant Part Stimulas Tropism (response)

Stem Light

Root Light

Stem Gravity Negative Gravitropism

Root Gravity

Root Water

Charles Darwin’s Experiment on Phototropism

What was he trying to figure out? __________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
Darwin performed three experiments. For each picture explain the experiment and give a
brief conclusion as to what was the result.

The procedure:

Conclusion:

Experiment 1
The procedure:
Mica

Conclusion:

Experiment 2

The procedure:

Conclusion:

Experiment 2

Phototropism ~ How it Works – fill in the missing pieces to the diagram

Using the diagram above explain what is Auxin and how does it work? ______________

________________________________________________________________________
Vascular Tissue of plant in stem and root organs.