Lesson Proper for Week 1

HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE

The Holy Bible is a very reliable source in tracing the early use and abuse of narcotics. The Book of Judges of the
Old Testament revealed that the mighty Samson was put to sleep by Delilah by means of a drug-laced wine before
cutting his hair, the source of his strength, and subsequently gouged his eyes before the feasting Philistines already
"high spirited" with narcotics mixed with intoxicants. There are also many allusions of drug abuse in the old cities of
Sodom and Gomorrah, which might have led to the widespread adultery, bestiality and incest (Sotto, 1994). Ancient
Greek and Roman literature likewise are replete with stories alluding to drug abuse, as in the lamentable and tragic
romance of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra. Cleopatra, in desperation over her disprized love drank a narcotic-laden
wine before allowing herself to be bitten to death by oracles and black magic during the Roman ancient times a
poisonous asp from the River Nile. Even in the practice of were believed to be accomplished by "narcotics"(Sotto,
1994).

Historians credited that marijuana (Cannabis Sativa) is the world's oldest cultivated plant started by the Incas of
Peru. Peruvian and Mexican Incas have also the common offering practice to use the coca leaves during religious
offering common ceremonies. It was also known that marijuana was a "sacred tree" in the belief of the Assyrians
being used during religious rituals - some 9,000 years B.C. The use of marijuana is also deeply ingrained in the
cultures of many countries such as India, Jamaica, Morocco, Nepal, Mexico and Peru (Sotto, 1994). The first
reference of introduction was in Northern Iran as an intoxicant. And from there it spread throughout India by the
Hindus used for religious rituals in the belief that it is a source of happiness and "laughter provoker". The word
"hashis" (resin) of the Marijuana plant was derived from the name Hasan or Hashasin, the Muslim cult leader who
fed his disciples a preparation made from the resin of the female hemp plant as a reward for their successful activities
in assassinations.
American Indians too are believed to use not only the stimulant tobacco but also opium in their peace pipes in order
to "narcotize" an oppositionist to their common objectives (Sotto, 1994). Knowledge on the opium poppy plant
(Papaver Somniferum) goes back about 7000 years B.C cultivated and prepared by the Summerians. Even the
ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, prescribed the juice of the white poppy plant as early
as 5,000 B.C in the belief that it can cure many illnesses both in the internal and external use. The plant was first
harvested in Mesopotamia and its use spread throughout the neighboring Mediterranean areas, then to Asia. From
there, it was introduced to Persia, India and China by the Arab came caravans (Dungo, 1980).
Opium use in China was stemmed out from India and became widespread in the 19th Century. From Middle East,
Five centuries later, An Opium trade between China and the plant was cultivated in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan
Portuguese merchants became a lucrative business.
The British took over the trade from the Portuguese and established the Opium Trade Monopoly through the
British East Indies Company. In an attempt to stop the extremely high rate of opium addiction in China, Emperor
Yung Chen prohibited the smoking of opium and attempted to close ports for its importation. This triggered the
"opium war" of 1840 which induced China to accept the British sponsored opium trade and forced to sign a treaty
permitting the importation of opium intro China after her defeat.
It was in 1806 that a German pharmacist in the name of Friedrich W. Serturner discovered Morphine, the first
derivative of opium. He called this new drug as "Morphium” and later changed to Morphine after the Greek god of
dream, Morpheus. This was the first attempt to cure opium addiction. But morphine addictive properties came to
prominence during the American Civil War vast numbers of American soldiers became addicted to the drug - so much
so that morphine addiction became known as "soldiers’ disease".

The second attempt of treating opium and morphine addiction started in 1896 when Heroin (Diacetylmorphinel),
synthesized from the drug morphine, was discovered by a British chemist in the name of Alder Wright. It was called
the "miracle drug" because it is believed that it can cure both opium and morphine addiction. It was named after the
word "hero" due to its impressive power. So physicians began to use heroin but it became a substitution of one
addiction to another. It turns out later that heroin is the most addictive of all drugs. Meanwhile, codeine, the third
derivative of opium was discovered in France while in the process of discovering other drugs that could cure opium,
morphine and heroin addiction but it also ended in the same tragic result. Today, it is widely used as an ingredient in
most cough syrup.
There are of course other historical events that would reveal drug abuse in the history of man, the greatest influence
of the modern medical practice today. In fact, physicians all over the world still consider narcotics as the most
effective pain reliever (Sotto, 1994).

HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Very little known about drugs in the Philippines during the pre- Spanish era. The intoxicants and stimulants used by
the early Filipinos were fermented alcoholic beverages and the masticatory preparations known as "nga-nga" in
vernacular. Narcotics, including marijuana, were not in the list of vices in the country at that time. The opium poppy
plant and the coca bush were absent in the Philippine vegetation prior 1521.
During the Spanish era, drug control laws prohibited the use of opium by the native Filipinos and other people except
the Chinese. Chinese residents in the Philippines particularly in Manila and of the more distant Chinese pariahs
(ghettos) started smoking opium in 1780. As a vice it was not widespread and was particularly accepted and tolerated
by the authorities. In 1844, The Spanish colonial government laid down an opium monopoly, which entitled the
importation by the Spanish government and its sale to Chinese users. At this period, opium smoking became
widespread among Chinese as its use was forbidden to Indians, Mestizos and the Filipinos. This compromise policy
lasted up to 1896, a period of revolt and insurrection. The Americans took over the rule of the country, and after
establishing a civil government in 1901, a systematic survey was conducted and it was found out that there were 190
joints where the Chinese smoke opium. It was observed that the habit had not yet gained foothold among Filipinos.
In 1906, partial legislation allowed Chinese addicts to obtain a license to use opium in their homes for a fee of P5.00.
The opium sale was under the government control and the quality was limited. In 1908, the total ban of opium was
affected. The campaign continued until the Japanese occupation in 1946, at which point all supplies of opium were
cut off from the country and during that period the number of opium addicts was probably the lowest in Asia.
In 1953, Republic Act No. 953 was enacted which provided for the registration of collection, and the imposition of
fixed and special taxes upon all persons who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal-in, dispense, sell,
distribute, or give away opium, marijuana, opium poppies, or coca leaves or any synthetic drugs which may declared
as habit forming. The law also declared as a matter of national policy, the prohibition of the cultivation of marijuana
and opium poppy. Sometime in 1955, the marijuana plant was introduced in Pasay City by foreigners for purpose of
producing "reefers". These were sold in taverns in Pasay City and introduced into elite schools in the same area.
The PC Criminal Investigation on January 8, 1959, conducted the first marijuana raid in Pasay City when several
potted marijuana plants were seized.
The Philippines has been relatively heroin-free until the early 60's when small heroin laboratories opened in Manila.
In 1963, new trends appear. There was a waning of opium addiction among the Chinese but a concolonia increase
among the Filipinos, just the latter contributed 63 percent of the total arrests from drug offenses. Recognizing the
deleterious effect of drug abuse on the health and well-being of the Filipino youth and the threat that it poses to
national security, then President Ferdinand Marcos signed into law Republic Act No. 6425 known as the
"Dangerous Drug Act of 1972" on March 30, 1972. This law which was amended by Presidential Decree No. 44,
dated November 9, 1972, placed under control not only narcotics by also psychotropic substances. On November
14, 1972, the Dangerous Drug Board was organized to provide leadership, direction and coordination in the
effective implementation of R.A. 6425. By early 1974, addiction to opiates and barbiturates had almost disappeared
among the native population.
During the period 1975-1980 the cultivation of marijuana increased and became geographically widespread, thus the
pattern of drug taking involved marijuana, abuse of pharmaceutical products (especially cough syrup) and the
inhalation of solvents. There was very little trafficking of and heroin, cocaine and LSD and the non-availability of
narcotic drugs made the prices sour beyond the reach of Filipino drug abusers.
Lesson Proper for Week 2
WHAT ARE DRUGS?

Definition of Terms
 Drug- is a chemical substance used as medicine or in the making of medicines, which affects the body and
mind have potential for abuse.
 Chemical - is any substance taken into the body that alters the way and the mind and the body work.
 Chemical Abuse is an instance when the use of chemical has produced negative or harmful consequences.
 Narcotic Drug refers to illegally used drugs or dangerous drugs, which are either prohibited or regulated
drugs. It also refers to drugs that produces sleep or stupor and relieves pain due to its depressant effect on
the CNS.
 Drug Abuse - is the illegal, wrongful or improper use of any drug.
 Drug Addiction - refers to the state of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated
consumption of a drug.
 Drug Dependence refers to the state of psychic or physical dependence or both on dangerous drugs
following the administration or use of that drug. WHO defines it as the periodic, continuous, repeated
administration of a drug.
 Physical Dependence an adaptive state caused by repeated drug use that reveals itself by development of
intense physical symptoms when the drug is stopped (withdrawal syndrome).
 Psychological Dependence an attachment to drug use that arises from a drug ability to satisfy some
emotional or personality needs of an individual.
 Tolerance is the increasing dosage of drugs to maintain the same effect in the body.
 Pusher - any person who sell, administer, deliver or give away to another, distribute, transport any
dangerous drug.
 Use - the act of injecting, consuming, any dangerous drugs. The means of introducing the dangerous drug
into the physiological system of the body.
 Administer the act of introducing any dangerous drug into the body of any person with or without his
knowledge.
 Manufacture the production, preparation, compounding or processing a dangerous drug either directly or
indirectly or by extraction from substances of natural origin or by chemical synthesis.
 Drug Experimenter one who illegally, wrongfully, or improperly uses any narcotic substances for reasons of
curiosity, peer pressure, or other similar reasons.

DRUG ABUSE JARGONS

 “Opiate" - Narcotic
 “On-the-Nod/ Nodding"- the state produced by opiates like being suspended on the edge of sleep.
 "Mainline'/ "to shoot" injecting a drug into the vein.
 "A Hit" - the street slang for injection of drugs work, an apparatus for injecting a drug.
 “A Pix" - one injection of opiate
 “Juni"- heroin
  “Junkie" - an opiate addict
 “Skin popping" - to inject a drug under the skin
 “A Bag" - a pocket of drug
 “Cold Turkey" - the withdrawal effect that occurs after a repeated opiate use
 “Track" - scars on the skin left from the repeated injection of opiate.
 “Overdose" - death occurs because the part of the brain that controls breathing becomes paralyzed.
 Speed" - amphetamines
 "Speed Freaks" - amphetamine addicts
 "Uppers" street slang for amphetamines
 “Rush"- the beginning of a high
 “High" - under the influence of drugs
 "Coke" - street slang for cocaine
 “Flashback" - user can be thrown back into the drug experience months after the original use of drug.
 “Acid". slang term for LSD
 “Acid Head" - LSD user
 "Drop" - taking drug orally
 "Joint"- an MJ Cigar
 “Roach"- butt end of a joint
 "Stoned" - the intoxicating effect of a drug
 "Trip" - the name for the reaction that is caused by drugs
 "Head" - drug user
 "Downer" - street slang for depressant

WHAT ARE DRUGS?

A drug, as defined, is a chemical substance used as medicine or in making medicines, which affects the
body and mind and have potential for abuse. Without an advice or prescription from a physician, drugs can be
harmful. Hundreds of pure chemicals have been developed plants and put into pills, capsules or liquid medicines.
There are also two forms of drugs, natural and synthetic/artificial. The natural drugs include natural plant leaves,
flowering tops, resin, hashish, opium, and marijuana, while the synthetic drugs are produced by clandestine
laboratories which include those drugs that are controlled by law because they are used in the medical practice.
Physicians prescribe them and are purchased in the legitimate outlets like drugstores.
Drugs also help a person's body and mind function better during an illness. But drugs have to be taken correctly in
order to do these things. The wrong drug or the wrong amount of the right one can make an illness, worse, destroy
blood cells, damage the body and many cause death. For this reason, most drugs can be legally purchased only with
doctor's written order called prescription. Only a medical doctor can prescribe medicinal drugs. These drugs could be
dangerous and must be used with care, according to the doctor's prescription. He gives direction on how much
medicine to take and how often. The practice of taking drugs without proper medicinal supervision is called the non-
medical use of drugs or drug abuse.
A. THE PRESCRIPTIVE DRUGS
These are drugs requiring written authorization from a doctor to allow a purchase. They are prescribed according to
the individual's age, weight and height and should not be taken by anyone else. It is a personal requirement and self-
medication that should be strictly avoided. The pharmacist Should never allow the consumer to request them
knowingly without first consulting a doctor.
Once again strict emphasis of following directions needs to be stated. In addition to dosage, the physician indicates
both when and for how long the medicine should be taken. Theses directions are intended to safeguard the patient
from needlessly treating himself after his illness has been brought under control or from prematurely stopping a drug
because he thinks he is well. Since the chemistry of the body is subtle and variable, only a physician should have the
responsibility of prescribing and directing the use of drugs in the treatment of illnesses.

B. THE OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS (0TC)

These are non-prescription medicines, which may be purchased from any pharmacy or drugstore without written
authorization from a doctor. They are used to treat minor and short-term illnesses and any persistent condition should
be immediately referred to a physician. It should be strongly emphasized that "directions" be closely followed and all
precautions necessarily taken to avoid complications.

OTC drugs are used for the prevention and symptomatic relief of minor ailments. The precautions that must
be observed when dispensing OTCs are the following:
1. the correct drug with the correct drug content is given to the correct patient in the correct dosage form
2. the pharmacist must counsel the patient to make sure that he/she takes the drugs correctly; and
3. the pharmacist must be aware of and know about the possible toxicity's possessed by the OTC drugs to avoid
food/drug incompatibilities and overdoses.

OTCs must be used discriminately:

1. To avoid the dispensing of OTC to known identified habitual drug users.
2. To avoid complications, this is done by inquiring from the buyer of the drugs as to the identity of the patient, the
patient's age and other information such as pregnancy, hypertension, etc.
3. Counseling the patient so as to avoid the "self-medication" syndrome by inquiring about the buyer's source of
information about the drug.

C. The "Self-Medication Syndrome"

The "self-medication" syndrome is found in users and would be users of drugs whose sources of information are
people or literature other than doctors, pharmacists and health workers. These could be members of the family,
relatives, and/or neighbors, all of whom may have previously used the drug for their specific disease or disorder. Self-
medication may work against the good of the user because it can lead to intoxication and other adverse reactions.
Possible outcomes of self-medication are:
1. Adverse reaction towards the drug, such as allergies that may be mild or severe.
2. Possible non-response of the patient to the drug effectively due to incorrect drug usage.
3. Possible drug toxicities, through over dosage which may lead to severe reactions such as nausea, vomiting,
rashes, etc.
4 Possible habit-forming characteristics due to periodic use of the drugs even when such are no longer needed.
HOW DRUGS WORK?
Most drugs act within a cell, rather than on the surface of a cell or in the extracellular fluids of the body. Similar to
normal body chemicals, a drug enters a cell and participates in a few steps of the normal sequence of a cellular
process. Thus, drugs may later, interfere with or replace chemicals normal cellular life, hopefully for the betterment of
the person. The actual action of a particular drug depends on its chemical make-up.
When two drugs are taken together or within a few within a few hours of each other they may interact with
unexpected results. This is one reason a physician should always know the names of all drugs one is using. A dose
of a drug is the amount taken at one time. The doses taken become an extremely important part of drug abuse. The
amount of drug in a dose can be described as:
1. Minimal dose - amount needed to treat or heal, that is, the smallest amount of a drug that will produce a
therapeutic effect.
2. Maximal dose - largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic effect, without any
accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
3. Toxic dose - amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning
4. Abusive dose - amount needed to produce the side effects and action desired by an individual who
improperly uses it.
5. Lethal dose - amount of drug that will cause death

HOW ARE DRUGS ADMINISTERED?

The common methods of administration are the following:
1. Oral - this is the safest most convenient and economical route whenever possible. There are however,
drugs, which cannot be administered this way because they are readily destroyed by the digestive juices or
because they irritate the mucous lining of the gastro-intestinal tract and induce vomiting.
2. Injection - this form of drug administration offers a faster response than the oral method. It makes use of a
needle or other device to deliver the drugs directly into the body tissue and blood circulation.
3. Inhalation - this route makes use of gaseous and volatile drugs, which are inhaled and absorbed rapidly
through the mucous of the respiratory tract.
4. Topical - this refers to the application of drugs directly to a body site such as the skin and the mucous
membrane.
5. Iontophoresis- It is the introduction of drugs into the deeper layers of the skin by the use of special type of
electric current for local effect.

THE CONCEPT OF TOXICOLOGY

A drug may cause effects because of any of the following:
1. Overdose when too much of a drug is taken, there may be an over extension of its effects.
2. Allergy some drugs cause the release of histamine giving rise to allergic symptoms such as dermatitis,
swelling, fall in blood pressure, suffocation and death.
3. Idiosyncrasy for unexplained reasons, morphine, which sedates all men, stimulates and renders some
women some maniacal. Perhaps the phrase "catty woman" has pharmacological basis since most mammals
are sedated by morphine but some cats become extremely excited by it.
4. General Protoplasmic Poison Property- drugs are chemicals and some of them have the property of
being general protoplasmic poisons.
5. Side Effects - some drugs are not receptors for one organ but receptors of other organs as well. The effect
in the other organ may constitute a side effect, which is unwanted.
 THE INFLUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE
Concept of Drug Abuse
The term Drug Abuse most often refers to the use of a drug with such frequency that it causes physical or mental
harm to the user or impairs social functioning. Although the term seems to imply that users abuse the drugs they
take, in fact, it is themselves or others they abuse by using drugs.
Traditionally, the term drug abuse referred to the use of any drug prohibited by law, regardless of whether it was
actually harmful or not. This meant that any use of Marijuana, for example, even if it occurred only once in a while,
would constitute abuse, while the same level of alcohol consumption would not.
`The term drug is commonly associated with substances that may be purchased legally with prescription for medical
use. Other substances that may be purchased legally without prescription and are commonly abused include alcohol
and the nicotine contained in tobacco cigarettes (Groiler, 1995).

Concept of Drug Dependence

Drug abuse must be distinguished from drug dependence. Drug dependence, which is sometimes called drug
addiction, is defined by basic three characteristics (Groiler, 1995).
The users continue to take a drug over an extended period of time, Just the long this period is dependent on the drug
and the user.
The users find it difficult to stop using the drug. They seem powerless to quit the drug use. Users take extraordinary
and often harmful measures to continue using the drug. They will drop out of school, steal, leave their families, go to
jail and lose their job to keep using drug. The users stop taking their drug - only if their supply of the drug is cut off, or
if they are forced to quit for any reason-they will undergo painful physical or mental distress. The experience of
withdrawal distress, called the withdrawal syndrome, is a sure sign that a drug is dependency-producing and that
the user is dependent on the drug. Drug dependence may lead to drug abuse - especially the illegal drugs.

Concept of Drug Addiction

Drug addiction is a state of mind in which a person has lost the power of self-control in respect of a drug. He
consumes the drug repeatedly leaving aside all values of life. In other words, a drug addict will resort to crime even,
to satisfy his repeated craving for the drug. The effects of addiction are mainly deteriorative personality Changes.
They include insomnia, instability, lack of self-confidence especially when not under the influence of drug. The addict
cannot concentrate on any work. He avoids social contacts. Slowly, mentally, physically, and morally he becomes
from bad to worse and a burden to the society.
One or more of the following attributes characterizes drug addiction:
1. Compulsion/ Uncontrollable Craving - the addict feels a compulsive craving to take drug repeatedly and tries to
procure the same by any means.
2. Tolerance - it is the tendency to increase the dose of the drug to produce the same effect as to that of the original
effect.
3. Addiction - the addict is powerless to quit drug use.
4. Physical Dependence - the addict's physiological functioning is altered. The body becomes sick, inactive and
incapable of carrying out useful activity in the absence of the drug. The withdrawal syndromes will occur once the
drug use is stopped.
5. Psychological Dependence - Emotional and mental discomfort exist to the individual. The drug addicts feel he
cannot do without the drug, consequently if he does not take the drug his mental processes are affected. He cannot
carry out his work efficiently.
6. Withdrawal Syndrome - The addict becomes nervous and restless when he does not get the drug. After about 12
hours, he starts sweating. His nose and eyes become watery and continue doing so increasingly for another twelve
hours. It is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and sleep. Respiration, blood pressure and body
temperature also rise. This will continue up to three days. After which, the trouble starts subsiding and most of it is
gone in about a week's time. Complete recovery takes place in three to six months.
Lesson Proper for Week 3
UNDERLYING CAUSES/INFLUENCES OF DRUG ABUSE
The drug addict or abuser is generally an emotionally unstable person before he acquires the habit. He cannot face
painful situations without help, he has less will power and self-control. He has not adjusted himself to his emotional
reaction. Due to this, drug addicts have low capacities for dealing with frustrations, anxieties and stress.
Drug abuse is a multi-faceted problem exits in our locality and countryside, there is usually more than one reason
why this problem exists. Any of the following factors may influence people to abuse drugs.

A. Biological Factors
There are some reasons or pre-existing induced biological abnormalities of chemicals, physiological or structural in
nature that induced a person to take drugs.
The following are some to consider:
1. Individual 's general health - there are several disease abusers. That easily make a person become a drug abuse.
Examples are fatigue, chronic cough, insomnia, and discomfort.
2. It is believed that drug has the special power to prevent or to increase sexual capacity.
3. One specific genetic theory proposes that there is an inherited defect in the production of endorphin, similar to
morphine. A deficiency of the substance leads to bodily discomfort. With the use of the morphine, this feeling is
induced. According to theory, a person who uses morphine has the physiological abnormality where endorphin
production is less. The drugs when we use the body cells work actively.
B. Common Causation of Drug Abuse
1. Children of broken home easily join peer groups as substitutes to their lost family solidarity.
2. To strike and over protectiveness of parents.
3. For curiosity -eagerness to know what they have not experienced.
4. To assert their independence.
5. To rebel from parental authority.
6. To prove their guts.
7. To escape problems.
8. Peer pressure and for the sake of PAKIKISAMA.
9. They believe that drug can give deeper insights.
10. The belief that medicines can magically solve problems.
11. The easy access to drug or various sort in an affluent society.
12. The enjoyment of euphoria or excitement induced by drugs.
13. The search for sharpened perception and high perception and creativity, which some people believe they
obtained from drugs.
14. The beliefs that they are just taking it like alcohol.
15. The dissatisfaction or disillusion of loss of faith in the prevailing system.
16. The tendency of persons with psychological problems to seed easily solution with chemicals.
17. The statement of proselytizers who proclaim the goodness of drugs.
18. Slum condition the most critical is that the slum dwellers are often deprived of emotional support.
C. Factors in Youthful Drug Abuse (Psychological, mental health, family conditions)
1. Motives and Attitudes
Psychologically speaking, in terms of motives and function of drug use, some of which may not be recognized by
users themselves. The more a drug is used, the more it tends to satisfy more than one motive or need.
Recent surveys of college drug use have induces the students reasons for drug use. In one study smaller or larger
groups mentioned all of the following motives;
1. To feel more courageous.
2. To find out more about oneself.
3. To have a religious experience to come close to God.
4. To satisfy a strong craving or compulsion.
5. To increase or reduce appetite.
6. To feel less dull or sluggish, improve sex.
7. To reduce sexual desire and keep from being panicked or crazy.
8. To improve intelligence or learning, prepare stress.
9. To feel less depressed of sad, relieve tension or nervousness
10. To make good moral mood last longer, relieve anger or irritation

2. Personality and Pathology

This psychology has been described as follows:
1. Chronic, low-grade depression.
2. Smoldering, tense and restlessness.
3. A sense of not being taken seriously.
4. Narcissism or egocentricity.
5. Preoccupation with issues or identity, autonomy, and freedom of expression.
6. Repeated dwelling on drug taking and its effects.
7. Difficulty in interpersonal relations.

3. Family Background
The kinds of personality disturbances found in some young addicts and heads cannot, in the current state of
knowledge, be identified as brain damage or schizophrenia. It is more in the manner of character disorder. And the
behavior may be the result of inadequate socialization, condition of child rearing and family interaction. The few
available facts about families of young abuser lend credence to this idea.
In one broad study of New York's high addiction areas, the families of adolescent narcotics users showed
the following characteristics:
1. Absent or weak father
2. Overprotective, overindulgent and domineering mother
3. Inconsistent standards of behavior, lack of definition of limits
4. Hostility or conflict between parents
5. Unrealistic aspiration for children
D. The Psycho-Social Factors
1. Personality Disorder - Drug abuse is a manifestation of an underlying character of personality disorder.
thus, majority of the drug users are fundamentally immature, emotionally childish, insecure or are suffering
from problems of adolescence.
2. Social Disorder - A sign or symptom of family problem involving parent - child relationship, peer press
unethical values.
Drugs use does not also occur in isolation of other environmental factors but rather, is greatly influenced by these
factors. Some of the sociological factors also influence drug use is as high toll.
a. Availability of over-the counter and prescription drugs variety of drugs available for different ailments,
b. Influence of media-advertisement message that all ailment can be cured through the use of chemical
substances toward messages and help to create the acceptance of drugs.
c. Impact of affluent lifestyle or of high employment.
d. Effect of increased travel and exposure to different culture and social values
e. Modeling, if parents or key influence are drug users, young person’s often tend to model the behavior they
are at home.
f. social pressures exerted by peers
g. Collapse of religious values
h. Alienation and enemies feeling of powerless
i. Lower value on academic achievement

E. Other Factors
1. Ignorance, curiosity
2. Laxity of government and other authorities
3. Mass media influence
4. Nature of society resulting in the increased violent behavior for youth.

F. The 7 Deadly Sins - Primary Causes of Drug Abuse

1. Pride - excessive feeling of self-worth or self-esteem sense of self-importance.
2 Anger - unexpressed, deep-seated anger against himself, his family, his friends or the society in general.
3. Lust - burning sexual desire can distort the human mind to drug abuse.
4 Gluttony - "food trip" in the lingo of junkies
5. Greed - wealth, fame, recognition as exemplified by people under pressure in their work of art, such as musicians,
actors, athletes who indulge in drug abuse.
6 Envy- to get attention from someone: as a sign of protest envy is a major cause of drug abuse.
7. Laziness " I can't syndrome", incapacity to achieve - the breeding ground of drug abuse. Boredom coupled with
poor self-image.
How is Addiction acquired?
People have generally different motivation in life. The young ones are very much adventurous and some of them
have strong attraction in drug-taking, because these "Space are era belongs to them so to speak, thus, the "IN" thing
these days are drugs. To see drug abusers around seemed to be of a common sight.
The drug habit is acquired in three ways:
1. Association
2. Experimentation
3. Inexperienced doctors

Likewise, addiction may be acquired through:

1. Habituation closely related to euphoric effect, and the relief of pain or emotional discomfort.
2. Toleration the necessity to increase the dose too obtain an effect equivalent to the original dose.
3. Dependence the altered physiological state brought about by the repeated administration of the drug which
necessitates the continued use of the drug to avoid withdrawal syndrome.

What are the Group Classifications of Drug Abusers?

1. Situational Users- those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional energy to perform an important
work. Such individual may or may not exhibit psychological dependence.
2. Spree Users - school age users who take drugs for "kicks”, an adventurous daring experience, or as a means of
fun. There may be some degree of psychological dependence but little physical dependence due to the mixed pattern
of use.
3. Hard Core Addicts - those, whose activities revolve almost entirely around the drug experience and securing
supplies. They show strong psychological dependence on the drug.
4. Hippies - those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of life.

DETECTION OF DRUG ABUSERS

Detecting a drug user is not an easy task. The signs and symptoms of drug abuse, especially in the beginning stages
can be identical to those produced by conditions having nothing whatsoever to do with drugs.
It is always necessary to exercise certain prudence before drawing conclusions. Some judgments may only hurt the
individual; if he is innocent and one may lose his love and trust. Only after observing calmly and patiently his behavior
appearance and associations, may one pass judgment and act.

To detect a drug abuser, one should observe the following:

1. neglect of personal appearance
2. diminished drive, lack of ambition
3. reduced attention span
4. poor quality of school work
5. impaired communication skills
6. less care for the feeling of others, lessening of accustomed family warmth
7. pale face, red eyes, dilation or constricted pupils, wearing sunglasses at wrong places
8. change from active to passive and withdrawn behavior
9. secretive about money, disappearance of money and other valuables from the house
[Link] refusing to identify themselves or hang up when you answer the phone
11. over reaction to mild conditions
12. smell of marijuana, sweetish odor, like a burned rope in the clothes or room, etc.
[Link] of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, muscular aches, insomnia and convulsions, etc.
[Link] of:
a. butt from marijuana joint
b. holders (i.e. pipe clips) for the joint
c. presence of leaves, seeds in pockets or lining
d. rolling paper, pipes, "bong" in closet or pocket
e. cough syrup bottles, capsules, syringes, etc.
f. Visine Eye Drops or Eye-Mo bottles to treat red eyes
g. devices for hiding drugs like trash cans, soft drinks bottles
h. presence of other pills like valium, artane, other tranquilizers
i. presence of physician's prescription pad in blank form

IDENTIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSER

The following markers can help in identifying them:
1. Change in interest - they lose interest in their studies and in their work. They fail in school, shift from one course
to another, transfer of school of lower standard until eventually drop out.
2. Frequent shifting of mood - they are euphoric, elated and sometimes even ecstatic when under the influence of
drugs. They would be indifferent, irritable and even hostile when the effect of drug is waning from the system.
[Link] in behavior - they usually spend a lot. They are usually in the company of known drug users in the
community. They come home late; they become disrespectful and would sell personal or family valuables.
4. Changes in physical appearance - if they can be seen while still under the influence of drugs the following can be
noted: (asan po dapat i note? Thanks po)

The following can also help in identifying drug abusers.

a. They know the lingo of the abusers, i.e. OMAD. Chongki, Bitin, etc.
b. Presence of linear scar in the arms, forearms and abdomen.
c. Lobule of left ear punctured and some of the males even wear earrings.
PROCESS OF DETECTING DRUG ABUSERS
The detection of drug abuse involves five process namely:
a. Observation
b. History taking
c. Laboratory examination
d. Psychological examination
e. Psychiatric evaluation

1. OBSERVATION
Observations of the signs and symptoms of drug abuse may take relatively a long period of time. Good may take
sensory equipment and a high degree of objectivity are two requirements for a good observer. To be an effective
observer, the observer should not let his own personal judgements and reactions affect his observations. He should
exercise care in his observation such that the suspected drug abuser is not made aware of being observed.

2. HISTORY TAKING
A. Collateral Information (Interview with information)
The best information is from the patient himself, but collateral information is necessary. Ideally, a parent or close
relative or a close friend should be present to furnish useful details as to the different changes observed in the patient
that made them suspect the subject is abusing drugs. These changes may be in his appearance, behavior, mood, or
interest.
Added information
1. If subject's "barkadas" are also known drug abusers in the community.
2. He knows the language of drug dependents.
Seeing in his room, books or in his belongings or in is possession empty bottles of cough syrups, empty medicine
foils, MJ sticks or rolling paper.

B. Interview with patient his drug taking activity, reason for abusing drugs, how he his drug Inquire regarding
the drugs being abused, onset of supports his vice, etc.

3. LABORATORY EXAMINATION
Accurate laboratory examinations cannot be performed by any ordinary chemist since detection of dangerous drugs
requires sophisticated equipment and apparatus, special chemical reagents and most of all, the specialized technical
know-how.

PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
This phase of drug detection requires the expertise of trained psychologists. Teachers therefore are not in a position
to administer psychological examinations among their students. Psychological examination findings will correspond to
the general findings of a drug prone individual.
 drowsy or lethargic appearance accompanied by scratching and without alcoholic breath, tendency to giggle
excessively at things which others don’t consider funny, and over-active and over talkative
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
a. Intelligence Test - the test is designed to cover a wide variety of mental functions with special emphasis on
adjustment comprehension and reasoning.
b. Personality Test - this type of test is used to evaluate the character and personality traits of an individual such as
his emotional adjustment, interpersonal relation, motivation and attitude.
c. Aptitude Test - this test is to measure the readiness with which the individual increases his knowledge and
improves skills when given the necessary opportunity and training.
d. Interest Test - this is designed to reveal the field of interest that a client will be interested in.
e. Psychiatric Evaluation - it is a process whereby a team of professionals composed of psychiatrists,
psychologists, psychiatric social workers conduct an examination to determine whether or not a patient is suffering
from psychiatric disorder.

Actual Outward Physical Signs/ Symptoms of Drug

Abusers:
The actual profile of an abuser of narcotic drugs may show some of the following manifestations.
1. Admission of the addict himself.
2. Consistently wear long-sleeved shirt or blouses, dark eyeglasses unlikely times to hide dilated or constricted
pupils of eyes.
3. 3 Blood spots around elbow areas of blouses shirt or pajamas.
4. Walk, talk and act as if under alcoholic influence.
5. Prolonged period of sleep or lethargy, abnormal sleepless, nervous, jumpy and talkative.
6. School works deteriorates (grades and homework’s)
7. Work habits, become slip-shod, too many emotional explosions, loss body weight., abnormal bowel habits,
blood-shot eyes.
8. Sloppy in dress and careless in bodily hygiene, inordinate desire for consumption of sweets. Unusual odor in
the house or room (marijuana, hash, or incense)
9. Develop defiant or contemptuous attitudes towards authority (Parents, Teachers, Police, Etc.) constant
demand for ever-increasing amount of money.
10. Takes money from everyone and fails to repay, steel and sells all possible items of value from home or
elsewhere when opportunity comes.
11. Receives or makes numerous phone calls to people who are unknown in the house. Associates only with
people who have the reputation for playing with using drugs.
12. Persistently lies when asked to explain in expected knock on the door.
13. Unrealistic attitudes, having difficult of concentration.

The Personality Profile of a Filipino Drug Abuser

1 They are of average or above average intelligence

2. They are witty and manipulative
3. They have negative attitude; they demonstrate hostile feelings to the world or to anybody who does not to conform
to what they want.
4. They are emotionally immature, selfish and demanding.
5. They want immediate gratification of needs and desires.
6. They have low frustration tolerance.
7. Their interest and aptitude are on dramatics, persuasive and musical field in that order.
8. They are depressed and excessively dependent.
9 They are rebellious and have impulsive behavior.
10. They are pleasure seeker and pathologically liars
11. They like to join anti-social groups/ delinquent group
12. They have difficulty in solving problems.

Lesson Proper for Week 4

THE GLOBAL DRUG SITUATION
Drug Abuse has become not only a national issue or a problem of just a few countries but it is a clear and present
global danger.
Today, highly entrenched, well-organized drug syndicates are behind this menace. They employ the most
advanced and most sophisticated technology coupled with unlimited financial resources at their command and
disposal. Police agencies around the world, pooling their resources together are more often than not, the losers in a
game of hide-and-seek with the international drug syndicates (Sotto, 1994).

A. The 1st Important Drug Traffic Route

Middle East -discovery, plantation, cultivation harvest

⬇
Turkey preparation for distribution

⬇
Europe - manufacture, synthesis, refine

⬇
U.S. - Marketing
The first important drug traffic route as illustrated above shows how illicit drugs are distributed from its discovery,
preparation up to marketing in the illicit market. It is noted that plants such as opium poppy, as sources of dangerous
drugs are cultivated and harvested mostly in areas of Middle East while Europe became the center for drug
manufacture and synthesis. United States became the overall center drug marketing.

B. The 2nd Major Drug Traffic Route

a. Drugs that originate from the Golden Triangle
b. Drugs that originate from the Golden Crescent
C. The Silver Triangle
Columbia is the world’s largest cultivator of coca bush followed by Peru, which is the world’s second largest coca
bush cultivating country and Bolivia.

D. World's Drug Scene

1. Southeast Asia - the "Golden Triangle" approximately produced 60% of opium in the world, 90% percent
or opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is also the officially acknowledged source of Southeast Asian Heroin.
2. Southwest Asia - the "Golden Crescent" is the major supplier of opium poppy, MJ and Heroin products in
the western part of Asia. It produces at least 85 % to 90% of all illicit heroin channeled in the drug
underworld market.
3. Middle East- the Becka Valley of Lebanon is the biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle East.
Lebanon is also considered as the transit country for cocaine from South America to European markets.
4. Spain - major transshipment point for international drug traffickers in Europe - known as "the paradise of
drug users in Europe".
5. South America - Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama are the sources of all cocaine supply in the world.
6. Morocco the number one producer of cannabis in the world. (2003 to 2006)
7. Philippines - the major transshipment points for the worldwide distribution of illegal drugs such as shabu
and cocaine from Taiwan and South America. The second world's supplier of MJ and the drug paradise of
drug abusers in Asia.
8. India - center of the world's drug map, leading to rapid addiction among its people.
9. Indonesia - Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis growing area in Indonesia. Bali
Indonesia is an important transit point for drugs enroute to Australia and New Zealand.
10. Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand the most favorable sites of drug distribution from the "Golden Triangle"
and other parts of Asia.
11. China - the transit route for heroin from "Golden Triangle" to H.K.
12. Hong Kong the world's transshipment points of all forms of heroin.
13. Japan - the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from U. S. and Europe.

E. The Organized Crime Groups behind the Global Drug Scene

The Columbian Medellin Cartel
Founded during the 1980's by Colombian drug lords in the name of Pablo Escobar Gaviria. And drug bosses Jose
Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top aid cocaine barons Juan David and the Ochoa Brothers. The Medellin
Cartel is reputedly responsible for organizing world's drug trafficking network. Columbian government succeeded in
containing the Medellin Cartel, which resulted in the death, surrender, and arrest of the people behind the
organization. This further resulted to the disbandment of the Cartel led to its downfall.

The Cali Cartel

The downfall of the Columbian Medellin Cartel is the rise of the Cali Cartel the newly emerged cocaine monopoly.
Gilberto Rodriquez Orajuela- better known as Don Chepe "the chess player" heads the syndicated organization.
Under him, the Cali cartel was considered the most powerful criminal organization in the world.
The cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world. Due to this, it was called the best and the brightest of the
modern underworld. They are professionals of the highest order, intelligent, efficient, imaginative, and nearly
impenetrable" - US - Drug Enforcement Agency.
North Del Valle & North Valley Cartel (Columbia)
Rose after the Cali Cartel & became the most powerful organizations involved in illegal drug trade. (Diego
Leon Montoya Sanchez)

The Chinese Triad

The Chinese Triad, also called the Chinese Mafia is the oldest and biggest criminal organization in the world. It is
believed to be the controller of the "Golden Triangle" with international connections on drug trafficking.

Drug Syndicate- is a group of organized and professional criminals with a formal hierarchy of organization set in illicit
drug trade. It is also known as drug cartel.

Drug Syndicates in the Philippines

The Binondo-based Chinese syndicate has been identified as the nucleus of the Triad Society, the Bamboo gang
based in Taiwan and the 14K based in Hong Kong. The Bamboo Gang is the influence of the Green Gang of the
Chinese Triad while the 14K is the newest among the triads families established only in 1947.
The Filipino-Chinese drug syndicates are groups responsible in smuggling shabu into the country. Most drug couriers
use Hong Kong and Taiwan as their embarkation point for the Philippines. And recently, intelligence reports reveal
that large quintets of shabu are smuggled in the country directly from. Mainland China through commercial airlines
and ocean-sea vessels.
The most common “modus operandi” by the syndicates -posing as fishermen along Philippine seas particularly, the
northern provinces of Luzon such as La Union, Ilocos, and Pangasinan where they drop their loads of shabu to
shoreline-based members. The syndicates are famously involved in marijuana cultivation and other drug smuggling
including drug manufacture
Lesson Proper for Week 5
DANGEROUS DRUGS
Dangerous drugs refer to the broad categories or classes of controlled substances. Controlled
substances are generally grouped according to pharmacological classifications, effects and as to their legal criteria.

General Drug Classification

A. According to Effects, the dangerous drugs are classified as:
1. Depressants - are group of drugs that has the effect of depressing the Central nervous System.
2. Stimulants - are group of drugs having the effect of stimulating the Central nervous system.
3. Hallucinogens - refers to the group of drugs that are considered to be mind altering drugs and give the
general effect of mood distortion.

B. According to Medical Pharmacology, dangerous drugs are classified as:

1. Depressants
2. Narcotics
3. Tranquilizers
4. Stimulants
5. Hallucinogens
6. Solvents/Inhalants

C. Legal Categories (In accordance to R. A. 6425)

Pursuant to Republic Act No. 6425, the Dangerous Drug Act of 1972, the dangerous drugs are classified as:

[Link] Drugs
a. Narcotics - refers to the group of the drug opium and its derivatives, Morphine, Heroin; Codeine, etc.
including synthetic opiates.
b. Stimulants- refers to the group of the drug Cocaine, Alpha and Beta Eucaine, etc. drug
c. Hallucinogens- refers to the group of drugs like Marijuana, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), mescaline,
etc..

2. Regulated Drugs
a. Barbiturates - refers to the group of depressant drugs known as "Veronal" like Luminal, Amytal, Nembutal,
Surital, Butisol, Penthontal, Seconal, etc.
b. Hypnotics- are group of drugs such as Mandrax, Quaalude, Fadormir, and others.
c. Amphetamines - are group of stimulant drugs like Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Methedıine, Preludin, etc.
3. Volatile Substances (P.D, 1619)
The group of liquid, solid or mixed substances having the property of releasing toxic vapors or fumes which when
sniffed, smelled, inhaled or introduced into the-physiological system of the body produces or induces a condition of
intoxication, excitement or during of the brain or nervous system. Examples of these drugs are Glue, Gasoline,
Kerosene, Ether, Paint, Thinner, Lacquer, etc.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF DANGEROUS DRUGS

(According to Effects)
A. Depressants (Downers)
These are drugs which suppress vital body functions especially those of the brain or central nervous system with the
resulting impairment of judgement, hearing, speech and muscular coordination. They dull the minds, slow down the
body reactions to such an extent that accidental deaths and/or suicides usually happen. They include the narcotics,
barbiturates, tranquilizers, alcohol and other volatile solvents.
These drugs, when taken in, generally decrease both the mental and the physical activities of the body. They cause
depression, relieve pain and induce sedation or sleep and suppress cough.
1. Narcotics - are drugs, which relieve pain and produce profound sleep or stupor when introduced to the body.
Medically, they are potent painkillers, cough depressants and as an active component of anti-diarrhea preparations.
Opium and its derivatives like morphine, codeine and heroin, as well as the synthetic opiates, meperidine and
methadone, are classified as narcotics.
2. Opium derived from a poppy, plant – Papaver somniferum popularly known as "gum", "gamot" "kalamay" or
panocha". A plant that can grow from 3 to 6 ft in height originally in Mesopotamia. Its active ingredient is the
meconic" acid the analgesic property.
3. Morphine - most commonly used and best used Opiate. Effective as a painkiller six times potent than opium,
with a high dependence producing potential. Morphine exerts action characterized by analgesia, drowsiness, mood
changes, and mental clouding.
4. Heroin - is three to five times more powerful than morphine from which it is derived and the most addicting
opium derivative. With continued use addiction occurs within 14 days. It may be sniffed on swallowed but is usually
injected in the veins.
5. Codeine - a derivative of morphine, commonly available in cough preparations. These cough medicines have
been widely abused by the youth whenever hard narcotics are difficult to obtain. Withdrawal symptoms are less
severe than other drugs.
6. Paregoric - a tincture of opium in combination with camphor. Commonly used as a household remedy for
diarrhea and abdominal pain.
7. Demerol and Methadone - common synthetic drugs with morphine - like effects. Demerol is widely used as a
painkiller in childbirth while methadone is the drug of choice in the withdrawal treatment of heroin dependents since it
relieves the physical craving for heroin.
8. Barbiturates - are drugs used for inducing sleep in persons plagued with anxiety, mental stress, and insomnia.
They are also of value in the treatment of epilepsy and hypertension. They are available in capsules, pills or tablets,
and taken orally or injected.
9. Seconal - commonly used among hospitality girls. Sudden withdrawal from these drugs-is even more
dangerous than opiate withdrawal. The dependent - develops generalized convulsions and delirium, which are
frequently associated with heart and respiratory failure.
10. Tranquilizers- are drugs that calm and relax and diminish anxiety. They are used in the treatment of nervous
states and some mental disorders without producing sleep.
11. Volatile Solvents - gaseous substances popularly known to abusers as "gas" "teardrops". Examples are plastic
glues, hair spray, finger nail polish, lighter fluid, rugby, paint, thinner, acetone, turpentine gasoline, kerosene,
varnishes and other aerosol products. They are inhaled by the use plastic bags, handkerchief or rags soaked in these
chemicals.
12. Alcohol- the king of all drugs with potential for abuse. Most widely used, socially accepted and most extensively
legalized drug throughout the world. In the field of medicine, it is "valuable". As disinfectant, as an external remedy for
reducing high fever among children, and as preservative and solvent for pharmaceutical preparations like elixirs,
spirits and tincture.

B. Stimulants (Uppers) They produce effects opposite to that of depressants. Instead of bringing about relaxation
and sleep, they produce increased mental alertness, wakefulness, reduce hunger, and provide a feeling of wellbeing.
Their medical users include narcolepsy a condition characterized by an overwhelming desire to sleep. Abrupt
withdrawal of the drug from the heavy abuser can result in a deep and suicidal depression.

1. Amphetamines used medically for weight reducing in obesity, relief of mild depression and treatment.
2. Cocaine the drug taken from the coca bush plant (Erythroxylon Coca) grows in South America. It is usually in
the form of powder that can be taken orally, injected or sniffed as to achieve euphoria or an intense feeling of
"highness".
3. Caffeine - it is present in coffee, tea, chocolate, cola drinks, and some wake-up pills.
4. Shabu "poor man's cocaine"- chemically known as methamphetamine hydrochloride. It is a central nervous
system stimulant and sometimes called "upper" or "speed". It is white, colorless crystal or crystalline powder with a
bitter numbing taste. It can be taken orally, inhaled (snorted), sniffed (chasing the dragon) or injected.
5. Nicotine - an active component in tobacco which acts as à powerful stimulant of the central nervous system. A
drop of pure nicotine can easily kill a person.

C. Hallucinogens (Psychedelic) - The group of drugs that consists of a variety of mind-altering drugs, which distort
reality, thinking and perceptions of time, sound, space and sensation. The user experiences hallucination (false
perception) which at times can be strange. His "trips" may be exhilarating or terrifying good or bad. They may
dislocate his consciousness and change his mood, thinking and concept of self.

1. Marijuana - It is the most commonly abused hallucinogen in the Philippines because it can be grown extensively in
the country. Many users choose to smoke marijuana for relaxation in the same way people drink beer or cocktail at
the end of the day. The effects of marijuana include a feeling of grandeur. It can also produce the opposite effect, a
dreamy sensation of time seeming to stretch out.
2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) - This drug is the most powerful of the psychedelics obtained from ergot, a
fungus that attacks rye kernels. LSD is 1, 000- times more-powerful-than marijuana as supply, large enough for a trip
can be taken from the glue on the flab of an envelope, from the paste of a postage stamp, or from the hidden areas
inside one's clothes. LSD causes perceptual changes so that the user sees colors, shapes, or objects more intensely
than not real.
3. Peyote- Peyote is derived from the surface part of a small gray, brown cactus. Peyote emits a nauseating odor
and its user suffers from nausea, This drug causes no physical dependence and, therefore, no withdrawal symptoms,
although in some cases psychological dependence has been noted.
4. Mescaline - It is the alkaloid hallucinogen extracted from the peyote cactus and can also be synthesized in the
laboratory. It produces less nausea than peyote and shows effects resembling those of LSD although milder in
nature. One to two hours after the drug is taken in a liquid or powder form, delusions begin to occur. Optical
hallucinations follow one upon another in rapid succession. These are accompanied by imperfect coordination and
perception with a sensation of impeded motion, and a marked sense that time is still standing. Mescaline does not
cause physical dependence.
5. STP- It is a take-off on the motor oil additive. It is a chemical derivative of mescaline claimed to produce more
violent and longer effects than mescaline dose. Its effects are similar to the nerve gas used in chemical warfare. It is
less potent than LSD although its effects are similar to those of psychedelics.
6. Psilocybin- This hallucinogenic alkaloid from small, Mexican mushrooms are used by Mexican Indians today.
These mushrooms induced nausea, muscular; relaxation, mood changes with visions of bright colors and shapes,
and other hallucinations. These effects may last for four to five hours and later may be followed by depressions,
laziness, and complete loss of time and space perceptions.
7. Morning Glory Seeds -The black and brown seeds of the wild tropical morning glory that are used to produce
hallucinations. The seeds are ground into flour, soaked in cold water, then strained though a cloth and drunk. They
are sold under the names of "heavenly blues"; "flying dancers', and "pearly gates". The active ingredient in the
seed is similar to LSD although less potent. The reactions are likened to those resulting from LSD. Prolonged
psychosis is also one of its effects.

Commonly Abused Drugs

Drugs that are commonly abused depending on their pharmacological effects may be classified into:
1. Sedatives are drugs, which reduce anxiety and excitement such as barbiturates, non-barbiturates,
tranquilizers and alcohol.
2. Stimulants- are drugs, which increase alertness and activity such as amphetamines, cocaine and caffeine.
3. Hallucinogens/Psychedelics - drugs which affect sensation-thinking, self-awareness and-emotion.
Changes in time and space perception, delusions (false beliefs (and hallucinations) may be mild or
overwhelming, dispensing on dose and quality of the drug. This includes LSD, mescaline and marijuana.
4. Narcotics drugs – that relieve pain and often induce, and drugs derived from opium, such as morphine,
sleep. The opiates, which are narcotics, include opium codeine and heroin.

The Three Most Popular Plants as Sources of Dangerous Drugs

In the world of drug abuse and addiction, certain plants are popular to drug users as sources of drugs such aş the
following:

A. The Marijuana Plant (15-20 ft.)

The term marijuana is a Spanish Mexican term used to refer to the Indian hemp plant. It is a plant that grows in
tropical region and attains an approximate height of 15 to 20 feet. Scientifically named as Cannabis Sativa
Lima and a member of the Cannabinaceae. family of plants having a sexual differentiation of being
a Dioucious (separate male/ female plant). The female plant is known as the Pistillate (shorter but long-lived) while
the male plant is called the Staminate (taller but short-lived). Its leaves formed a fingerlike look odd in numbers from
3 up 13 fingerlike leaves. The stalk of the plant can attain a height of 3 to 16 feet while roots can attain a length of
approximately 8 inches. The resin called "hashish" can be found on the alkaloid of the plant is called cannabin (the
one that produces the physiological effect) or the Tetrahydrocannabinnol (THC) the concentrated alkaloid which is
5 to 20 times stronger than the plain marijuana plant. The means of using the drug varies from ingestion to smoking.
B. The Opium Poppy Plant (3-6 ft.)
The opium poppy plant is scientifically known as “Papaver Somniferum”. The word Papaver is a Greek term which
means poppy while the word Somniferum is a Latin term which means dream/ induced sleep. The plant can grow
from 3 to 6 feet in height originally, in Mesopotamia. The Summerians called it as "Hul Gil" which means, "plant
of joy" due to its joyful effect when administered. Its active ingredient is the Meconic acid the analgesic property. The
dangerous drugs that can be derive from the plant are morphine, heroin, and codeine.

C. The Coca Bush Plant (6-8 ft.)

The coca bush plant is scientifically known as Erythroxylon Coca common in South America. The plant grows in
mountainous and tropical climate areas, on clay like soil. A fully-grown cultivated coca plant attains a height of 6 to 8
feet and can be harvested 3 to 4 times in a year. The dangerous drug that can be produced
Lesson Proper for Week 7
THE EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE
1. PHYSICAL EFFECTS
A. Malnutrition - The life of an addict revolves around drug use. He misses even his regular meals. He losses
appetite and eventually develops malnutrition. Likewise, the drug dependent who has tried on his own to withdraw
may suffer from severe gastrointestinal disturbance that results to severe dehydration.
B. Skin Infections and Skin Rashes - Oftentimes the drug abuser neglects his personal hygiene, uses unsterilized
needles and syringes that result in skin infections or even ulceration at the sites of the needle puncture. Skin rashes
may even occur as a side effect or sensitivity reaction to certain drugs of abuse.
Infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, viral hepatitis, sequelae of drug abuse.
Marijuana smoking can produce physical conditions like chronic bronchitis and asthma. Physically ill persons, like a
tuberculosis individual who has suffered so much from his illness may resort to drug taking as a temporary measure
for relief. A drug abuser, because of his use of unsterilized paraphernalia, tends to develop lowered resistance and
becomes susceptible to various infections, among them are viral hepatitis, and HIV infections/AIDS.
An individual suffering from arthritis or terminal cancer who experiences acute, unbearable pains and insomnia is
likely to become a drug dependent to opiates or sedatives.

2. PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

a. Deterioration of personality with impaired emotional maturation.

b. Impairment of adequate mental function.
C. Loss of drive and ambition.
d. Development of psychosis and depression.
e. Loss of interest to study.
f. Laziness, lethargy, boredom and restlessness.
g. Irritability, rebellious attitude.
h. Withdrawn forgetfulness.

3. SOCIAL EFFECTS
a. Deterioration of interpersonal relationship and development of conflict with authority.
b. Leads to crime.
C. Social maladjustment; loss of desire to work, study and participate in activities or to face challenges.

4. MENTAL EFFECTS
a. Adverse effect on the central nervous system.
b. Regular use or injection of large doses of a substance reduces the activity of the brain and depresses the central
nervous system. The drug dependent then manifests changes in his mind and behavior that are undesirable by
people in his environment.
c. Deterioration of the mind.
The dependent is a "mental invalid" in the sense that drugs can manipulate him, make him lose his power, and prod
him to behave contrary to what he usually thinks is right. These drugs are essentially reality modifiers, which create a
masked sense of well-being by either dulling or distorting sensory perceptions and providing a temporary means of
escape from personal difficulties, either real or imaginary. They can reduce or accelerate activity to create
indifference, depressive mood, or carelessness.

As a result, the abuser's mind deteriorates gradually. In other instances, he abruptly loses interest and motivation in
the pursuit of achievement and constructive goals. Instead of providing him relaxation and escape from discomfort,
drug, alcohol and tranquilizers may blur his attempts to come to terms with reality. His character becomes weak and
inadequate in coping with his problems.

5. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
a. Inability to hold stable job.
It is impossible for a drug abuser to hold a steady job since he spends all his time and money on drugs. If he does not
have a regular job, he and his friends steal to raise money. If he has one, he would be unable to concentrate since
the would be either be over-stimulated or lazy and drowsy.
b. Dependence on family resources.
Instead of contributing to the economic stability of the family, a dependent becomes an economic burden. Besides
depending on the family for his basic necessities, he also has to rely on the family resources to provide him money
for the support of his expensive habit.
c. Accidents in industry.
In a state of agitation or dullness of the mind as a result of the drug he has taken, the dependent becomes careless
and loses concentration on his job. Consequently, an accident may occur which may adversely affect both drug
abuser and his co-workers.

SYMPTOMS OF ABUSE ON THE DANGEROUS DRUGS COMMON

EFFECTS/SYMPTOMS OF DRUG ABUSE

Psychedelics
(hallucinogens)
Effects Downers Uppers (Stimulants)

Marijuana- no change
in the pupil but the
conjunctivae are red
because of the dilation
of vessels of the
Change in the eyes Pupils constricted Dilated eyes. Other
hallucinogens-pupils
are dilated.

Locomotive changes Decrease Increase None

 Speech Under-productive, Talkative, Loquacious None
Under-talkative with flight of ideas

Hallucination None None Present usually in visual

field

Delusion None Usually encountered Sometimes encountered

Vital signs i.e. Low High Usually, no change

temperature, blood
pressure, pulse rate,
respiratory rate

1. DEPRESSANTS

a. Narcotics
1. lethargy, drowsiness
2. pupils are constricted and fail to respond to light
3. inhaling heroin in powder form leaves traces of white powder around nostrils causing redness
4. injecting heroin leaves scars, usually on the inner surface of the arms ad elbows although user may inject drug in
the body where needle marks will not be seen readily
5. user often leaves syringes, bent spoons, bottle caps, eye droppers, cotton and needles in lockers at school or
hidden at home
6. user scratches self frequently
7. loss of appetite
8. sniffles, running nose, red watery eyes, coughing which disappears when user gets a "fix"

b. Barbiturates/Tranquilizers
1. symptoms of alcohol intoxication without odor or alcohol on breath
2. staggering or stumbling
3. falling asleep unexplainably
4. drowsiness, may appear disoriented
5. lack of interest in school and family activities

c. Volatile Solvents
1. odor of substance on breath and clothes
2. excessive nasal secretions, watering of eyes
3. poor muscular control
4. increased preference for being with a group rather than being alone
5. plastic or paper bags or rags, containing dry plastic cement or other solvent, found at home or in locker at school or
at work
6. slurred speech

2. STIMULANTS
a. Amphetamines/Cocaine/Speed/Bunnies/Ups
1. pupils may be dilated
2. mouth and nose dry, bad breath; licks lips frequently
3. goes long periods without eating or sleeping; nervous; has difficulty sitting still
4. chain smoking
5. if injecting drug, user may have hidden eye droppers and needles among possessions

b. Shabu- use of the drug Methamphetamine Hydrochloride can give the following symptoms of abuse:
1. produces elevations of mood, heightened alertness and increased energy
2. some individuals may become anxious, irritable or loquacious
3. causes decreased appetite and insomnia

1. HALLUCINOGENS
a. Marijuana
1. may appear animated with rapid, loud talking and bursts of laughter
2. sleepy or stuporous
3. pupils are dilated
4. odor (similar to burnt rope) on clothing or breath
5. remnants of marijuana, either loose or in partially smoked "joints" in clothing or possessions

b. LSD/STP/DMT/THC
1. user usually sits or reclines quietly in a dream or trance- like state
2. user may become fearful and experience a degree of terror which makes him attempt to escape from his group
3. senses of sight, hearing, touch, body image and time are distorted
4. mood and behavior are affected, the manner depending upon emotional and environmental condition of the user

INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS OF THE DANGEROUS DRUGS

1. DEPRESSANTS
a. Death due to respiratory arrest.
b. In large doses can cause respiratory depression and coma, the combination of depressants and alcohol can
multiply the effect of the drugs, thereby multiplying the risks.
c. Babies born to mothers who abuse depressants during pregnancy may be physically dependent on the drug and
show withdrawal symptom shortly after they are born. Birth defects and behavioral problems may also result.

2. STIMULANTS
a. Death due to infections, high blood pressures.
b. Extremely high doses can cause a rapid or irregular heartbeat, tremors, loss of coordination, and even physical
collapse.

Shabu
a. Overdosage leads to chest pains, hypertension, acute psychotic reaction, convulsions and death due to cardiac
arrest
b. Due to the appetite suppressing effects of shabu, pregnant mother may become malnourished. This may affect the
nutritional needs of the baby.
c. Babies born to shabu-using women show sever emotional disturbances.

3. HALLUCINOGENS
Marijuana
a. Can lead to serious mental changes (psychoses) like insanity, suicidal and/or homicidal tendencies
b. Poor impulse control. hence,
c. Damage to chromosomes, hence, affecting potentially the offspring.

Effects on the Body

a. Brain-impairs skills for driving cars and operating machinery, interferes with memory, and intellect.
b. Eyes-lowers pressure inside eye ball
c. Heart- raises heart rate, potentially hazardous to heart patients
d. Lungs- impairs lung functions
e. Reproductive Organ - decreases sex hormones and sperm production in males
f. Immune System - impairs immunity of the body against infection and cancer.
Lesson Proper for Week 8

Approaches to the Drug Problem (Law enforcement Approach)

Today, there are many measures undertaken by both the private and the government sectors in the fight against drug
abuse as a disease of society. This includes the major approaches as follows:
A. The Law Enforcement Approach
B. The Treatment and Rehabilitation Approach
C. The Educational Approach
D. The International Efforts Against Drug Abuse

THE LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH

The Philippine government considers drug abuse as a multi-faceted problem that threatens the health and
the wellbeing of the Filipinos across all levels of society.
The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 or Republic Act No. 9165 was enacted to add more teeth on the
government response to the ongoing problem on drug abuse in the country. This is the major arm of the government
in its law enforcement approaches that derived from the supply and demand reduction strategies.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165: Important Features

R.A. 9165 - COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUG ACT OF 2002 (Approved on June 7, 2002 Effective July 4,
2002)
What is Dangerous Drug under this law?
Includes those listed in the schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the
1972 Protocol, and the schedules annexed to the 1971 Single Convention on Psychotropic Substances (Art 1, Sec.3).
Ex. MMDA Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy), Tetrahydrocannabinol (MJ); Mescaline (Peyote).

What are the Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals?

Include those listed in Tables I and II of the 1988 UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotrophic Substances (Art 1, Sec 3)

Ex. Table 1 - Acetic Anhydride, N- Acetyl Anthranilic Acid, Epedrine, Ergometrine, Lysergic Acid
Table 2 - Acetone, Ethyl Ether, Hydrochloric Acid, Sulfuric Acid, etc.
NOTE:
Under RA 6425 (Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972), Dangerous drugs refers to the Prohibited drugs, Regulated drugs
and Volatile substances.
Prohibited Drugs - ex. Opium and its derivatives, Cocaine and its derivatives, Hallucinogen drugs like MJ, LSD, and
Mescaline
Regulated drugs - ex. Barbiturates, Amphetamines, Tranquillizers
Volatile Substances- ex. rugby, paints, thinner, glue, gasoline

UNLAFUL ACTS PENALTY

Importation of dangerous drugs and/or controlled Life imprisonment to death and a fine
precursors and essential chemicals (sec.4) ranging from P500,000 to P10 Million

Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, Delivery, Life imprisonment to death and a fine
Distribution and transportation of Dangerous Drugs not ranging from P500,000 to
and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals P10Million
(sec.5)

Maintenance of den, dive or resort where dangerous Life imprisonment to death and a fine
drugs are used or sold in any form. (sec.6) not ranging from P500,000 to
P10Million

Being an employee or visitor of a den, dive or resort Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs. And
(sec.7) 1 day to 20 yrs. And a fine ranging from
P100,000 to P500,000

Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs and/or controlled Life imprisonment to death and a fine
precursors and essential chemicals (sec.8) not ranging from P500,000 to
P10Million

Illegal chemical diversion of controlled precursors and Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs. And
essential chemicals (sec.9) 1 day to 20 yrs. And a fine ranging from
P100,000 to P500,000

Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment, Instrument, Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs. And

apparatus and other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs 1 day to 20 yrs. And a fine ranging from
and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals P100,000 to P500,000
(secc.10)

Possession of dangerous drugs (sec.11) Life imprisonment to death and a fine

not ranging from P500,000 to
P10Million

Possession of equipment, instrument, apparatus and Imprisonment ranging from 6 mos. And
other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs (Sec.12) 1 day to 4 yrs. And a fine ranging from
P10,000 to P50,000

Possession of dangerous drugs during parties, social The maximum penalties provided for
gatherings or meetings (sec.13), and Possession and sec.11.
Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and other
Paraphernalia for dangerous drugs during parties, Social
media gatherings or meetings (sec.14)

Use of Dangerous Drugs (sec.15) Minimum 6 mos. Rehabilitation

(1 offense), Imprisonment ranging from
st

6yrs. And 1 day to 12 yrs. And a fine

ranging from P50,000 to P200,000
(2 offense)
nd

NOTE:
Section 15 shall not be applicable where the person tested is also found to have in his/her possession such quantity
of any dangerous drug provided in sec.11, in which case the penalty provided in sec. 11 shall apply.

Cultivation of Plants classified as dangerous drugs or are Life imprisonment to death and a fine
sources thereof (sec. 16) ranging from P500,000 to P10 Million

Failure to comply with the maintenance and keeping of Imprisonment ranging from 1yr and 1
the original records of transaction or any dangerous drugs day to 6 yrs. And a fine ranging from
and/or controlled precursors and essential chemicals on P10,000 to P50,000 plus revocation of
the part of practitioners, manufacturers, distributors, license practice profession
dealers, or retailers (sec.17)

Unnecessary prescription of dangerous drugs (sec.18) Imprisonment ranging from 12 yrs.

and 1 day to 20 yrs. And a fine
ranging from P100,000 to P500,000
plus revocation of license practice
profession

Unnecessary prescription of dangerous drugs (sec.19) Life imprisonment to death and a fine
ranging from P500,000 to P10 Million

NOTE:
The Possession of Dangerous drugs in the following quantities, regardless of degree of purity: 10 grams or more of
opium; morphine; heroin; cocaine; MJ resin; 10 grams or more of MMDA, LSD and similar dangerous drugs; 50
grams or more of "shabu"/ Methamphetamine Hydrochloride; 500 grams or more of Marijuana. If the quantity involved
is less than the foregoing, the penalties shall be graduated as follows:

1. Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from P400, 000 to P500, 000 if "shabu" is 10 grams or more but less than
50 grams;
2. Imprisonment of 20 yrs. and 1 day to Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from P400, 000 to P500, 000 if the
quantities of dangerous drugs are 5 grams or more but less than 10 grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine, MJ
resin, shabu, MMDA, and 300 grams or more but less than 500 grams of marijuana.
3. Imprisonment of 12 yrs. and 1 day to 20 yrs. and a fine ranging from P300, 000 to P400, 000 if the quantities of
dangerous drugs are less than 5 grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine, mj resin, shabu, MMDA, and less than
300 grams of marijuana.

The Unlawful Acts Punishable by Death Penalty

(Prior to the abolition of Death Penalty)
1. Importation or bringing into the Philippines of dangerous drugs using diplomatic passport or of facilities or any
means involving his/her official status or to facilitate unlawful entry of the same (sec 4, Art I).
2. Upon any person who organizes, manages or acts as "financiers" of any of the activities involving dangerous drugs
(sec 4, 5, 6, 8 Art I).

3. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or
Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals within 100 meters from the school (sec 5, Art II).
4. Drugs pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners, couriers and messengers or in
any other capacity directly connected to the dangerous drug trade (sec 5, Art II).
5. If the victim of the offense is a minor or mentally incapacitated individual, or should a dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursors and essential chemical involved in the offense be the proximate cause of death of the victim
(sec 5, Art II).
6. When dangerous drug is administered, delivered or sold to a minor who is allowed to use the same in such a place
(sec 6, Art II).
7. Upon any person who uses a minor or mentally incapacitated individual to deliver equipment, instrument,
apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs (sec. 10, Art II).
8. Possession of dangerous drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings (sec. 13), and Possession of
Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or
Meetings (sec. 14)

What is the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB)?

The DDB is the policy-making body and strategy-making body in the planning and formulation of policies and
programs on drug prevention and control. (under the Office of the President) (sec. 77, Art IX)
· Composition: 17 members (3 as permanent, 12 as ex-officio, 2 regular members)(sec. 78, Art IX)
· 3 permanent members: to be appointed by the President, one to be the Chairman.
· 12 ex officio members: Secretary of DOJ, DOH, DND, DOF, DOLE, DILG, DSWD, DFA, and DepEd, Chairman
of CHED, NYC, and the [Link] of PDEA.
· 2 regular members: President of the IBP, and the Pres/Chaiman of an NGO involved in a dangerous drug
campaign to be appointed by the President.
· The NBI Director the Chief of the PNP – permanent consultant of the Board.

What are the Powers and Duties of the DDB?

(sec. 81, Art IX)
1. Formulation of Drug Prevention and Control Strategy,
2. Promulgation of Rules and Regulation to carry out the purposes of this Act,
3. Conduct policy studies and researches,
4. Develop educational programs and info drive,
5. Conduct continuing seminars and consultations,
6. Design special training,
7. Coordination with agencies for community service programs,
8. Maintain international networking.
What is the PDEA?

PDEA means Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency. It is the implementing arm of the DDB and responsible for the
efficient and effective law enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous drugs and/ or precursors and essential
chemicals.
· Head: Director General - appointed by the President
· Assisted By: 2 Deputies Director General (one for Admin, another for Opns) - appointed by the President
(sec.82, Art IX).
· PDEA Operating Units: It absorbed the NDLE-PCC (created under E.0. 61),
NARCOM of the PNP, Narcotics Division of the NBI, and the Customs Narcotics Interdiction Unit (sec. 86, Art IX).

What are the Powers and Functions of the PDEA?

(Sec. 84, Art IX)
1. Cause the effective and efficient implementation of the national drug control strategy,
2. Enforcement of the provisions of Art II of this Act,
3. Undertake investigation, make arrest and apprehension of violators and seizure and confiscation of dangerous
drugs,
4. Establish forensic laboratories,
5. Filing of appropriate drug cases,
6. Conduct eradication programs,
7. Maintain a national drug intelligence system,
8. Close coordination with local and international drug agencies.

Other Features of R.A 9165

1. In the revised law, importation of any illegal drug, regardless of quantity and purity or any part therefrom even for
floral, decorative and culinary purposes is punishable with life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from
P500, 000 to P10 million.
2. The trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution, and transportation of dangerous drugs is also
punishable by life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from P500, 000 to P10 million.
3. Any person who shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another or distribute, dispatch in
transit or transport any dangerous drugs regardless of quantity and purity shall be punished with life imprisonment to
death and a fine ranging from P500, 000 to P10 million.
· But if the sale, administration, delivery, distribution or transportation of any of these illegal drugs transpires
within 100 meters from any school, the maximum penalty shall be imposed.
· Pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners, couriers, drug and messengers or in
dangerous drug and transactions shall also be meted with the maximum penalty.
· A penalty of 12 yrs to 20 yrs imprisonment shall be imposed on financiers, coddlers, and managers of the
illegal activity.
1. The law also penalizes anybody found in possession of any item or paraphernalia used to administer, produce,
cultivate, propagate, harvest, compound, convert, process, pack, store, contain or conceal illegal drugs with an
imprisonment of 12 yrs to 20 yrs and a fine of P100, 000 to P500, 000
5. Owners of resorts, dives, establishments, and other places where illegal drugs are administered is deemed liable
under this new law, the same shall be confiscated and escheated in favor of the government.

6. Any person who shall be convicted of violation of this new law, regardless of the quantity of the drugs and the
penalty imposed by the court shall not be allowed to avail the privilege provisions of the Probation Law (P.D. 968).
(Sec.58, Art VIII) Filing of charges against a drug dependent for confinement and rehabilitation under voluntary
submission program can be made:
1. second commitment to the center
2. upon recommendation of the DDB
3. may be charge for violation of sec. 155
4. if convicted - confinement and rehabilitation
Parents, spouse or guardian who refuses to cooperate with the Board or any concerned agency in the treatment and
rehabilitation of a drug dependent may be cited for Contempt of Court (sec. 73, Art VIII).

Anti-Drug Drives and Operational Concepts

The Operational Plans (OPLANS) against the Drug Problem are:
1. Oplan Thunderbolt I -operation to create impact to the underworld
2. Oplan Thunderbolt II -operations to neutralize suspected illegal drug laboratories
3. Oplan Thunderbolt III- Operations for the neutralization of big-time drug pushers' drug dealers and drug lords.
4. Oplan Iceberg - Special operations team in selected drug prone areas in order to get rid of illegal drug activities in
the area.
5. Oplan Hunter - operations against suspected military and police personnel who are engage in illegal drug
activities.
6. Oplan Mercurion Operations against drug stores, which are violating existing regulations on the scale of regulated
drugs in coordination with the DDB, DOH and BFAD.
7. Oplan Tornado - Operations in drug notorious and high-profile places.
8. Oplan Greengold - nationwide MJ eradication operations in coordination with the local governments and NGO's.
9 Oplan Sagip-Yagit - A civic program initiated by NGO's and local government offices to help eradicate drug
syndicates involving street children as drug conduit.
10. Oplan Banat - the newest operational plan against drug abuse focused in the barangay level in cooperation with
barangay officials.
11 Oplan Athena - operation conducted to neutralize the 14k, the Bamboo gang and other local organized crimes
groups involved in illegal drug trafficking.
12. Oplan Cyclops - operations against Chinese triad members involved in the illegal drug operations particularly
Methamphetamine Hydrochloride.
In the conduct of anti-drug operations, the following must be strictly considered:
1. Respect for Human Rights (Sec. 11, Art. 2, Phil. Constitution)
2. Respect for right of the people to due process and equal protection (Sec. 1, Art. 3, Phil. Constitution)
3. Respect of Right of the people against unreasonable search and seizure. (Sec. 2, Art. 3, Phil. Constitution).
4. Respect for right of the people to privacy of communication (Sec. 3, Art. 3, Phil. Constitution).
5. Respect for constitutional rights of the accused undergoing custodial investigation (RA 7438), (Sec. 12, Art. 3, Phil.
Constitution)
6. Respect for the statutory rights of the accused undergoing custodial investigation under RA 7438.

The Principles of Drug Operations are:

1. Knowledge on circumstances on when to use necessary force (Art. 11, Chapter 3, RPC).
2. Knowledge on the statutory provisions on arrest (Rule 113, Rules on Criminal Procedures).
3. Knowledge on the administrative guidelines on arrest, search and seizure.
4. The Miranda Doctrine (384 U.S. 346)
5. Warrantless Search and Search incidental to lawful arrest (Rule 126, Rules on Criminal Procedure).

National Campaign Strategies

1. Demand Reduction Strategy
a. Preventive education and information campaigns to prevent further demand of society particularly the youth.
b. Treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents.
2. Supply Reduction Strategy
a. Dangerous Drug Law enforcement
b. Judicial and Legislative measures
Lesson Proper for Week 9
HISTORY OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE REHABILITATION
As drugs have been abused for hundreds of years all over the world, their effects have been felt for just as long.
Since drugs have been used, there were always those who abused them, which led to full-blown addiction and the
bevy of side effects that come with it. As the physical and mental health implications of addiction became clearer,
rehabilitation efforts began to appear. As a result, the history of rehabilitation in the United States dates
back hundreds of years.

One of the Founding Fathers of America, Benjamin Rush, was one of the first to believe that alcoholism was not a
matter of personal willpower but rather due to the alcohol itself. Rush challenged the accepted belief at the time that
alcoholism was a moral failing, thereby progressing the concept of addiction as a disease. Per the University of Utah,
in the past, addiction was treated as a criminal offense, with intensive faith-based prayer, or in mental institutions, but
this signified a shift to viewing addiction as an illness that could be managed.
In 1864, the New York State Inebriate Asylum, the first hospital intended to solely treat alcoholism as a mental health
condition, was founded. As the public began to view alcoholism and related drug abuse more seriously, more
community groups and sober houses began appearing.
Today, thousands of drug abuse rehabilitation programs offer addicts a variety of treatment approaches, ranging from
traditional, evidenced-based care to more experimental or holistic services. Since care should be customized
according to the individual patient, oftentimes one’s treatment regime will consist of a range of therapies that have
been chosen specifically for the individual.
Following Prohibition and the Twenty-first Amendment, which overturned Prohibition, a major step for the
rehabilitation movement came in 1935, when Dr. Bob Smith and Bill Wilson – commonly known as Dr. Bob and Bill
W. – founded Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Using a spiritually based approach to rehabilitation, AA presented a
welcoming environment where recovering alcoholics could find solace and support. From the AA format, various
other branches formed, such as:

 Narcotics Anonymous (NA).

 Cocaine Anonymous (CA).

 Marijuana Anonymous (MA).

Today, thousands of drug abuse rehabilitation programs offer addicts a variety of treatment approaches, ranging from
traditional, evidenced-based care to more experimental or holistic services. Since care should be customized
according to the individual patient, oftentimes one’s treatment regime will consist of a range of therapies that have
been chosen specifically for the individual.

TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION APPROACH

This is a component under the drug demand reduction pillar which aims to reintegrate into the society recovering drug
dependents. A chance to be treated and rehabilitated is afforded to those who have fallen prey to drugs. Through the
use of effective treatment modalities, drug dependents are being trained to kick out the habit and become productive
citizens of the country once again.
Assisting the Drug Abuser
1. Treatment the medical service rendered to a client of the effective management of physical and mental conditions
related to drug abuse.
Aims of treatment
a. To prevent death from overdose.
b. To treat complications following drug dependency.
c. To make them comfortable during the withdrawal period.
d. To encourage confirmed drug dependent clients t𝚘 undergo rehabilitation and other specialized services
Detoxification - it is a medically supervised elimination of drugs from the system of any addicted person.
Methods of Detoxification includes:

1. Cold Turkey - self drug withdrawal.

2. Substitution the: use of methodex, catapres, haemasin dextropropoxyphene, tranquilizer, etc.

3. Reduction Method - using the same drug to which the patient is dependent. The process could be gradual or
rapid.
2. Rehabilitation – the dynamic process directed toward the physical, emotional/psychological, vocational, social and
spiritual change to prepare a person for the fullest life compatible with his capabilities and potentialities, and render
him able to become a law abiding an productive member of the community without abusing drugs.
Objectives: To restore an individual to a state where he is physically, psychologically and socially capable of coping
with the same problems as others of his age group and able to avail of the opportunity to live a happy, useful and
productive life without abusing drugs.
Modalities: It includes Multi-disciplinary Team Approach; Therapeutic Community Approach; Primal Scream Therapy;
Spiritual Approach; Eclectic Approach; and the 12 Steps of Alcoholic Anonymous/ Addicts Anonymous.
Methods of Rehabilitation
1. Psychotherapeutic Methods
a. Individual Therapy - This involves a one-to-one relationship whose aim is to help the patient reduce his drug
abusing behavior and develop insight into his condition.
b. Group Therapy- This is a form of therapy where the individual is helped through group process. Each member of
the group receives immediate feedback from the other members regarding his verbal and other forms of behavior.
Group support and encouragement are given to the subject on the premise that these are effective devices, which
can produce positive results toward behavioral modification.
C. Unstructured Group Therapy The role of the therapist can be assumed by the entire group or group members. In
the therapeutic community, group therapy is commonly used, among others, through (a) group encounter, (b) verbal
haircut (tongue lashing reprimand), (c) group games, and (d) family encounters.
d. The Family Therapy- This-form-of-intervention is based on recognition that while the family as a primary social unit,
can be a source of problem leading to drug abuse, can also be a powerful factor in improving the behavior of. the
drug dependent.
Family therapy may include restructuring of the family, environmental manipulation, strengthening family
communication, and discovering other means of family communication, and discovering potentials of family members
to help facilitate the rehabilitation of the drug dependent.
2. The Spiritual and Religious Means This is the development of moral and spiritual values of the drug dependent.
3. The Follow-up and After Care
The process of rehabilitation does not end upon the release or discharge of client from a center. After his-discharge,
he has to undergo follow-up and after-care services for a period of not more than 18 months by the appropriate
center personnel. The offices of the DSWD and-the NBI are deputized agents of the board to handle this.
The Transfer Summary
A Transfer Summary of. the case. from the rehabilitation facility is necessary and should be forwarded to the entity
undertaking the follow-up and after-care services.
The Social Worker of the receiving entity assigned to the case shall maintain a close contact with the client, family,
the accredited physician attending to the case; and the police, for the purpose of assisting the client maintain his
progress towards adjusting to his new environment. He shall also see to it that a regular laboratory examination of the
client's body fluids is made to ensure that the client remains drug-free.
Duration of Rehabilitation
If the patient is found to be an opiate abuser, the treatment prescribed shall be for a period of not less than six (6)
months.
Criteria of Rehabilitation
1 The patient achieves a drug-free existence.
2. He becomes adjusted to his family and peers.
3. Socially integrated to the community.
4. The client is not involved in socially deviant behaviors.
Diagnostic Guidelines made if three or more of the following have been A definite diagnosis of dependence should
only be experienced or exhibited at some time during the previous year.
1. A strong desire or sense of compulsion to take the substance.
2. An impaired capacity to control substance-taking behavior in terms of its onset, termination, or levels of use.
3. Substance used with the intention of relieving withdrawal symptoms and with awareness that this strategy is
effective.
4. A psychological withdrawal state.
5. Evidence of tolerance such that increased doses of the substance are required in order to achieve effects originally
produced by lower doses. (Clear examples of this are found in alcohol and opiate dependent individuals who may tale
daily doses of the substance sufficient to incapacitate or kill non-tolerant users).
6. A narrowing of the personal repertoire of patterns of substance use (e.g. tendency to drink alcoholic drinks in the
same way on weekdays and weekends and whatever the social constraints regarding appropriate drinking behavior).
7. Progressive neglect of alternative pressures or interests in favor of substance use.
8. Persisting with substance 'use despite clear evidence of overtly harmful consequences. (Adverse consequences
may be medical as with harm to the liver through excessive drinking. social as in the case of loss of a job through
drug-related impairment of performance or psychological as in the case of depressive mood states consequent to
periods of heavy substance use).
STEPS ON TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION OF DRUG DEPENDENT
(Voluntary Submission, Voluntary thru Representation and Compulsory Confinement)

1. Secure referral form and other requirements for Drug Dependency Examination (DDE) at the Legal Affairs
Division, Dangerous Drugs Board

2. DDE is conducted by a DOH-accredited physician. (Please be advised that the directory for accredited
physician is being updated. For further inquiries, kindly contact Dangerous Drugs Abuse Prevention and
Treatment Program (DDAPTP), DOH Central Office, Tel. No. (02) 651-7800 loc. 2971 / 2973)

3. For voluntary confinement, submit the result of the Drug Dependency Examination together with the other
requirements to the Legal Division of the Dangerous Drugs Board.
 4. The DDB Legal will process the petition for confinement (pre-signed by DDB Authorized Representative)
prior to the release of petition filed by applicant with the RTC.

5. The release of Petition is made either to the applicant and/or authorized representative.

6. In case of compulsory confinement, the parent(s)/spouse/relative(s) shall execute and submit a

statement/affidavit providing information as to the drug taking habit of alleged drug dependent.

Lesson Proper for Week 10

EDUCATIONAL APPROACHES

Drug Abuse Prevention Education

Drug abuse prevention education is concerned, with drugs bringing about changes in the people's knowledge,
attitudes and practices towards drug abuse. It utilizes a variety of approaches and methods. whereby people go
through a teaching-learning process, and which may be planned, implemented and evaluated through the barangay
organized groups and others. organizations and agencies in the community.

There are several known strategies in drug abuse prevention, which are the following:
1. Drug Education - learning situations during seminar workshops, symposiums and lecture forums, which takes up
value clarification, leadership training, coping skills and decision making. It is a movement, which utilizes and
humanistic techniques in both school-based- and community-oriented drug abuse prevention programs.
2. Drug Information - it is an activity, which focuses on the dissemination of basic facts of the causes and effects of
drug abuse with the objective of creating awareness and vigilance of the people in the community.

Drug Information includes the following activities

a. Youth-Adult Communication as in Parent-youth a dialogues and Family encounters
b. Info-Oriented Classroom/Community Activities such as contest in the school/community - essay, slogans, posters,
cartoon, play writing slides, spot announcement, music programming
c. Broadcast Media: TV/Radio or Printed, Plugs, films, newsletter, comics, leaflets, brochures, magazines, other
publications

3. Alternatives - this includes a number of ideas for stimulating meaningful involvement for the youth that can
compete successfully with the demands of drugs and alcohol. Primarily the emphasis should be on service or
constructive and productive pursuits and recreational activities that are usually community based such as:
a. Voluntary service works
b. Income producing activities
c. Sports, arts development: theater choral/dance groups
d. Community fair contest
e. Other recreational activities: development of physical, emotional interpersonal skills. mental, intellectual, social,
spiritual, and all aspects of behavioral development.
4. Interventions - this strategy is applied to experimenters and potential drug abusers. Activities like peer or group
counseling should be encouraged in every community. It is applied to the individual group, which needs specific
assistance and support.

The techniques or activities recommended for interventions are:

a. Peer counseling
b. Hot lines
c. Cross-age tutoring
d. New peer group creation

Peer and Cross-age Tutoring and Counseling

Peer and cross-age tutoring and counseling enable the person/student to assume adult and mature roles, to become
actively involved in their own learning and in others learning and to take on a "real world" responsibility. It can provide
a meaningful "work" in the school setting to the students who might otherwise suffer from low self-esteem and a
general lack of involvement with school or cross-age tutoring and counseling programs.

The program is focused on:

Life Career Planning - the preparation towards a comprehensive. Career education helps young people to make the
right choices.
Parenting and Family Communication- activities that fosters better understanding and wholesome family
relationships.

Effective Techniques and Learning Activities

1. Values Formation or Development - the articulation of personal values. Its process includes choosing from
alternatives and repeatedly and consistently acted upon.

2. Role Playing is a technique used to help students identify more closely with historical figures or characters in
literature, which will help them at sensing problems and testing solutions without taking any great risk.

3. Decision Making and Problem solving – techniques using conflict resolutions focused on group problems, which
help the students in identifying possible alternatives to solve the problem.
4. Individual Contact- the basic principles in working with an individual with the emphasis of making him feel at
ease, involving him by asking questions, supplying with the necessary information and arriving at a decision that Will
end in action. It is carried out by:
a. person-to-person relationship or individual counseling
b. House/Office visits
C. Telephone calls or by letters
d. Information conversation or dialogues

5. Small. Group Approach involves contact with a number of people assembled in isolated group or in one
of a series of related groups. This technique can be carried out by:
a. Lecture one way discussion
b. Small group discussion -mutual interchange of ideas or opinions between the small group
c. Symposium-group of talks, speeches or lectures presented by several individuals on various phases of a single
subject.
d. Panel Discussion- discussion before an audience by a selected group of persons expressing a variety of
viewpoints under a moderator
e The Buzz Session- the count off procedure
f. Seminars, simulation games, debate, field trips

6. Community Approach - this involves working together about their common problems, identify these and
implement the kind of action patterns for the solution of the problems. This technique can be carried out by:
a. Community assemblies. and barangay fairs
b. Sport festivals or on test in the community
c. Church related activities

INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS AGAINST DRUG ABUSE

The UNDCP
The United Nation International Drug Control-Program (UNDCP) was established in 1991 pursuant to General
assembly Resolution 45/179 of 21 December 1990. The UNDCP is mandated by the General Assembly with the
exclusive responsibility for all United Nation Drug Control activities in order to ensure coherence of actions,
coordination, and non-duplication of such activities in the United Nation System. The UNDCP assists governments in
fulfilling their obligation under the existing regulatory structures so that they can become parties to these
conventions.

The UNDCP Resources for Operations

The financial resources come from the regular budget of the United Nation and voluntary contributions of the U.N
members.

UNDCP in SEA
UNDCP is created in the different field offices in Laos and Burma (Myanmar) which handles national programs
while Thailand handles regional programs.

Master Plan Approach

This involves encouraging and assisting governments in undertaking a thorough analysis of drug problems with in a
Country or region, the identification and assessment of all anti-narcotics intervention undertaken and planned. It also
involves the- identification. of needs for new projects and activities.

Measures Undertaken in SEA

1. Enhancement of Capital Punishment
2-ASIAN Drug-Official group meetings/Conventions against Drug Abuse
3. Instant Urine Test Machine
4. Denial of Passport on all drug offenders upon released from prison
[Link] of Narcotic Drug Detector
6. ASEAN Cooperation on against Drug Trafficking

Drug Outlook in the ASEAN Countries

Thailand- the training center for:
a. undercover operations
b. investigations
c. informant handling
d. Surveillance
e. other enforcement techniques

2. Philippines
The adoption of the Drug Demand Reduction Strategy and Supply Reduction Strategy. The Drug Supply and strategy
is carried-out-by the conduct. of anti- narcotics operations (raids on plantations, laboratories, etc.); arrest, search and
seizure; surveillance and other intelligence operations; legislative and judicial measures. The conduct of information
and educational drives and the treatment or rehabilitation of drug addicts carries out the Demand Reduction strategy.

3. Malaysia
The Asian treatment and rehabilitation training center is sponsored by the International Labor Union located in
Malaysia, Malaysia then is considered as the training center for treatment and rehabilitation of drug abusers in Asia.
4. Singapore
Singapore is responsible in the area of research as part of the Asian anti-narcotic work. The urine test project was
adopted with the aim to train chemists from ASEAN members in the techniques of mass urine screening.

SOCIETAL ROLE IN DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION

Different sectors of society play vital roles in preventing drug abuse. All should exert concerted efforts to fight the
spreading tentacles of this menace.

The Individual
The primary role of the individual is to improve his personality and develop traits and characteristics that would help
him build-up his self-concept, thereby making himself confident. He should develop strong spiritual and moral values,
sharpen his skills in making decisions, and strengthen his will power. He should improve his physical qualities as well
as his mental faculties.

What can a person do to prevent drug abuse?

1. Maintain good physical and mental health.
2. Use drugs properly. Most drugs are beneficial when used under medical advice."
3. Understand himself. Accept and respect himself for what he is.
4. Develop potential. Engage in wholesome, productive and satisfying activities.
5. Learn to relate effectively with others. Talk to others regarding problems.
6. Learn to cope with problems and other stresses without the use of drugs.
7. Seek professional help regarding problems that are hard to cope with.
8. Develop strong mora! and spiritual values.

The Family and Role of Parents

Parents are looked upon by their children as models.
The parents should:
1. Create a warm and friendly atmosphere in the home.
2. Develop effective means of communication with their children.
3 Understand and accept the children for what they are and not for what they-want-them-to be.
4: Listen to their children, respect their opinions, and guide them in making decisions.
5. Praise their children for whatever positive achievement they have accomplished no matter how trivial this may
seem.
6. Take time to be with their children no matter how busy they are.
7. Strengthen moral and spirituality! values.

The School
Next to the home, the school is the child's next impressive world. Here, the child moves about in a bigger social
environment predominantly made up of his peers and teachers. As part of a broader social process for behavior
influence, it is said that the school is an extension of the home having the. strategic position to control crime and
delinquency. It exercises authority over every child as a constituent.

The teachers are considered second parents having the responsibility to mold the child to become productive
member of the community-by devoting energies to study the child behavior using all available scientific means and
devices in an attempt to provide each child the kind and amount of education they need. The school take the
responsibility of preventing the feeling of insecurity and rejection of the child which can contribute directly to
maladjustment and to criminality by setting up objectives of developing the child into a well-integrated and useful, law-
abiding citizen. The school has also the role of working closely with the parents and neighborhood, and other
Community the agencies and organizations to direct the child in the most effective and constructive way.

What the Teacher Can Do to Prevent Drug Abuse?

1. Know their students and be sensitive to their needs and problems.

2 Establish rapport with their students for better communication.
3. Accept their students for what they are and help them develop their potential.
4. Academic achievement and personality development should be given equal importance.
5. Encourage student's participation in co-curricular activities that would further enhance mental health and
strengthen moral and spiritual values.
What can the School Administrators do to prevent drug abuse?

1. Make available time to plan and initiate awareness sessions for students and families about drug problems
related to them.
2. Facilitate a general assessment of the drug abuse and initiate educational programs geared towards prevention of
the drug problem.

The-Church
The church is also committed to fight against drug abuse. "Religion is a positive force for the humanitarian task of
moral guidance of the youth. It is the social-institution with the primary role to "strengthen faith and goodness in the
community, an influence against crime and delinquency.
The church influences people's behavior with the emphasis on morals and life's highest spiritual values, the
worth and dignity of the individual, and respect for person's lives and properties, and generate the full power to
oppose crime and delinquency. Just like the family and the school, the church is also responsible to cooperate with
institutions in the community in dealing with problems of children, delinquents and criminals as regards to the
treatment and correction of criminal behaviors.

The Police
The police are one of the most powerful occupation groups in modern society. The prime mover of the criminal justice
system and the number one institution in the community with the broad goals of maintaining peace and order, the
protection of life and property, and the enforcement of the laws. The police are the authority having a better position
to draw up special programs against drug abuse and crime in general because it is the very reason why the police
exist. That is to protect the society against lawless elements since they are the best equipped to detect and identify
criminals. The police are the agency most interested in crime and criminals and have the most clearly defined legal
power authority to take action against them.

Government and other Components of the Criminal Justice System

The government and the other components of the criminal justice system is the organized authority that enforces the
laws of the land and the most powerful in the Control of people. Respect for the government is influenced by the
respect of the people running the government. When the people see those public officers and the employees are the
first ones to violate the laws, people will refuse to obey them, they set a bad example for others to follow and create
an atmosphere conducive to crime and disrespect for the law. In this regard, the government itself indirectly abets the
commission of crimes.

The Non-Government Organizations (NG0's)

The group of concerned individuals responsible for helping the government in the pursuit of community development
being partners of providing the common good and welfare of the people through public service. When the
government is inefficient and unable to provide the necessary goods and- services to the people, these-non-
government- organizations are good-helpers in providing the required services, thus preventing drug abuse.

The Mass Media

The media is the. best institution for information dissemination thereby giving the public the necessary need to know,
and do help shape everyday views about drug abuse, its control and prevention
Lesson Proper for Week 11
VICE AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
VICE
A vice is a moral failing or a bad habit. Traditional examples of vice include drinking alcohol, smoking tobacco, and
gambling in card games. In the United States, municipal police departments often have a bureau dedicated to vice,
manned by vice cops, whose job it is to fight crime related to alcohol, drugs, and gambling. But anything can be a
vice, as long as there's someone out there who views it as bad behavior or a moral weakness. You might say,
casually, "I don't drink, smoke, or gamble. Chocolate ice cream is my vice." Or driving over the speed limit. Or
intentionally failing to sort your recycling.

Behaviors that have long been considered vices include

1. excessive or habitual indulgence in gambling,
2. certain sexual activities, and
3. the use of psychoactive drugs such as nicotine, alcohol or opium.

A. ALCOHOL
Alcohol is colorless, tasteless clear liquid, which gives a burning sensation to the mouth, esophagus and stomach.
Like many drugs, alcohol is toxic. It can poison the human body if taken in large amounts or in combination with other
drugs. Alcohol is a depressant not stimulant.
There are two kinds of alcohol - methyl and ethyl alcohol. Methyl alcohol is very poisonous and is not put in drinks but
is use in some industries. Ethyl alcohol is used in alcoholic drinks, which are made by breweries. This occurs when
germs called yeast act on sugars in food to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide. Fermented brews and spirits contain
different amounts of alcohol. The amount in beer is less than in other drinks. It varies from 2.5% to 8% in different
countries.
Types of Drinkers
1. Occasional Drinker - drinks on special occasions or uses alcohol as a home remedy, takes only a few drinks per
year.
2. Frequent Drinker -drinks at parties and social affairs. Intake of alcohol may be once a week or occasionally
reaches three or four times per week, uses beverages to release inhibitions and tensions.
3. Regular Drinker- may drink daily or consistently on weekends, usually comes from cultural background
where wine or beer is used with meals to enhance the flavor of the food.
4. Alcohol Dependent - drinks to have good time, excessive drinking occurs occasionally but drinker may not
become alcoholic.
5. Alcoholic has lost control of his use of alcohol.
Alcohol assumes primary goal in his life, even to the exclusion of physical health and interests of family and society in
general.
Motives for Drinking
1. Traditional - social and religious functions.
2. Status- symbol of success and prestige.
3. Dietary - dining incomplete without wine, integral part of today's way of "gracious living"
4. Social - release tensions and inhibitions so user can tolerate and enjoy another's company.
5. Shortcut to Adulthood - user unsure of maturity, drinks to prove himself.
6. Ritual - fosters group feeling, cocktail parties, toasts made to brides, wishes for good health.
7. Path of least Resistance doesn't want to drink but doesn't want to abstain so goes along with everyone else.

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE BODY

When a person drinks alcohol, it passes down to the stomach. Here, unlike foods we eat, it does not need to be
digested or broken down by juices in the stomach. It is absorbed easily into the blood stream and most of it stays in
the blood. While in the blood stream, the alcohol is carried around the body many times as the heart pumps blood
through the vessels. The alcohol stays in the blood and can only be passed out of the body when the liver changes it.
A healthy liver takes approximately one hour to change the alcohol in one bottle of beer. While the liver is trying to
remove the alcohol, the alcohol is having effects on body functions.

The Brain and the Nervous System - The nerves are like telephone wires coming out of the control system in the
brain and spinal cord. They send and receive messages from all parts of the body. Alcohol slows down the work of
the brain cells and stops proper messages being sent to the rest of the body. Alcohol stops people behaving correctly
to other people. They may do whatever comes first into their minds.
They may say things that do not make sense or behave rudely to others. They may also have feelings of increased
personal or social power. This is because their thinking is slowed down and not because it has sparked up. They are
less able to cope with situations where drinking is needed. As the level of alcohol becomes higher in the blood, brain
and nerve cells die from the poisonous or toxic effects of the alcohol. Unlike other body cells, once a brain cell is
destroyed it is never replaced. As more and more of these brain cells are destroyed from repeated drinking over a
period of years, the person's thinking becomes cloudy. His feelings about things also change. He also will get a
burning feeling and pain or numbness in his hands and feet from the death of nerve cells. After heavy drinking, and
when the pain killing effects of the alcohol are removed, the person pain may suffer from a hangover. A hangover is
the word used to describe the terrible pain and horrible effects, which follow a period of heavy drinking.

Stomach and Intestines Alcohol damages the stomach and intestines and makes them sore. This can cause a
burning sensation, nausea and vomiting. Sometimes there is bleeding.

Liver
a. The first thing the liver does is to turn part of the alcohol into fat. Some of this goes into the blood, but a lot builds
up in the liver cells. After drinking six (6) medium-sized glasses of beer everyday for a few days, fat is formed in the
liver.
b. To cope with the extra work of getting rid of the alcohol, the liver becomes larger.
C. As the liver enlarges, the person gets more used to the effects of alcohol in the body. A person can drink larger
amounts of alcohol without getting drunk. This effect is called tolerance to alcohol. However, the alcohol is still doing
its damage.
d. As the liver enlarges, it changes the way other drugs and medicines work in the body. So it can be dangerous to
take medicines with alcohol.
e. While the liver enlarges, some of the liver cells are damaged. The liver can become permanently damaged. As the
alcohol poisons the cells of the liver, they die. If many of these cells die, the person may get what is
called "ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS"
f. Scar tissue is formed where the liver cells die. This means the liver doesn't work so well. This is called
"CIRRHOSIS".
g. People with scarred livers can get a swollen abdomen, swollen feet and hands and may bleeding from inside the
body.
Waste products build up in the body and give a yellow color to the skin and eyes (jaundice). This also affects the
brain so that a person may become unconscious and die.

Heart and Muscles - Alcohol affects the heart and other muscles so that they become weaker and less effective.
This makes people tired and breathless.
Blood- The activity of the liver in trying to get rid of the alcohol results in many changes to the blood – for example -
blood sugar is lowered and blood fats are increased.
Kidneys - Alcohol decreased the ability of the kidneys to get rid of some waste products.
Sexual Activities - After the excessive use of alcohol, the ability to have satisfactory sexual activity is decreased.
Malnutrition - The illness that occurs when a person doesn't have enough food to eat or eats the wrong kind of food.
The person who drinks alcohol may suffer from malnutrition because:
a. He spends his time, money and energy in drinking. He may not eat the proper foods.
b. Drinking alcohol decreases a person's desire to eat.
c. Alcohol burns the stomach and bowel so that food eaten is not used well by the body.
d. If the liver is damaged, some important vitamins are not produced.

Alcohol effect on General Behavior

Drinking affects a person's behavior. Most of the changes are due to the effect of alcohol on the brain and nerves.
The effects of alcohol depend on how much there is in the blood. A large person has to drink more than small person
to produce the same level of alcohol in the blood.

Alcohol Effects on the Community

Because drinking affects people's behavior, it has effects on the community as a whole.
a. Trouble in the Home Heavy drinkers takes money needed for food, clothes and furniture. This causes debts.
Husbands and wife fight and accuse each other of being unfaithful. There will be often be sexual problems. Children
are badly treated and badly fed. And drinking makes people lazy and they may not go to work. Women may have to
steal food to feed their families.
b. Trouble among Friends - The heavy drinker will often fight with his friend and may even kill people.
[Link] at Work - The heavy drinker often does not go to work because he feels sick. He sometimes works badly
and hurts himself or others.
d. Trouble at Play - Heavy drinkers has a bad effect on sportsmen. Because alcohol affects the brain, the drinker
cannot control his arms and legs well. A sportsman who has been drinking cannot play well as he should.
e. Trouble on Roads - The driver has lost his judgement; he is careless and takes risks. Accident’s result. A person
who is drunk may walk onto the road and be killed by a motor vehicle.
f. Trouble with Crime - excessive drinking is the biggest cause of crime. People become aggressive, fight, break into
houses and steal.
g. Trouble with the Economy and the Nation – The economy is badly affected when people do not go to work and
production falls. Heavy demands are made on health services, the police force and correctional institutions.
Alcoholism is burden to the government.

Alcohol Dependence
A person who drinks a lot can become a dependent on alcohol. This means he cannot live without it. If he tries to stop
drinking, he will have the shivers and shakes and feels very bad. He may also experience acute anxiety or fear,
delirium and hallucinations.

Prevention of Alcohol Problem

Solely treating people with medications cannot control problem drinking and alcoholism. Treatment should be coupled
with proper education both in the schools and in the adult community to develop the nation habits of moderation in
the use of alcoholic beverages. It requires investigation and testing of social policies on the control of the distribution
of alcohol as well as the effective implementation of these prevention policies.

TOBACCO
Facts about Tobacco Smoking
The use of tobacco is one of the foremost public health problems in the world today. Tobacco had for centuries been
used all over the world as a way of increasing the enjoyment of life or as an aid in coping with some of its problem.
The World Health Organization estimates that around the world one person dies every 13 seconds from tobacco-
related diseases. Doctor's cite 50,000 scientific studies from various independent bodies that have proved beyond
doubt that smoking is responsible for around 90% of all cases of lung cancer, 95% of all cases of chronic bronchitis
and emphysema, and 25% of heart conditions in men under 65 years of age. The World Health Organization
Advisory Panel on Smoking and health estimates that at least two million of 30 million Filipinos under 20 years of age
today will eventually be killed by smoking. Smoking threatens not only the adults, but also children - born and unborn.
The Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society notes that premature in intants of mothers who smoke is three
times more common than in mothers. Spontaneous abortion is likewise more common in smoking mothers. Too
often, the smoking habit begins in the early teens or even earlier. Becoming a smoker may have the immediate value
to some teenagers of being accepted by their peers, feeling more mature because smoking is an adult behavior to
the child providing level of psychological stimulation and pleasure and might even serve the function of an cat of
defiance to authority figures.

Measures to Reduce Smoking

Government support of anti-smoking campaign demonstrates commitment to the eradication of health problems
related to smoking and public influences and attitudes to smoking. Successful programs to reduce the prevalence of
tobacco use by young people needs combination of legislative measures and health education including:
· prohibition of sales in minor
· prohibition of smoking in schools and other places frequented by the young
· restriction on advertising and promotion of tobacco products especially those aimed at young people
· health education at both primary and secondary levels of schools
· use of fiscal policies to increase the price of tobacco products
· health warnings on cigarette packets
· Collaboration with the media to deglamorize the image of the smoker.