VECTOR DIAGRAMS

Lesson No.2

LEARNING OUTCOMES: Analyse the complexity of vector quantities, and evaluate the phasor diagram based
on different vector forms that can be operated through a and j operators.

1. Representation of Alternating 4. Illustrative Example of Vector Diagram.

Quantities.

Vectors → is a shorthand representation of alternating

voltages and currents and their use greatly simplifies the
problems in AC circuits.

2. Vector Diagrams of the Sine Waves with

the Same Frequency.
 
e1 = 20sin  t +  = 20sin (t + 60 )
 3
 3 
e2 = 30sin  t +  = 30sin (t + 135 )
 4 
 4 
e3 = 40sin  t +  = 40sin (t + 240 )
 3 

5. Forms of Complex Numbers (PRET).

i = Im sin t
e = Em sin (t +  ) Polar Z = A   o
Rectangular Z = a  jb
NOTE: Sine waves of different frequencies cannot be Exponential Z = Ae j
represented on the same vector diagram in a still picture
because due to the difference in speed of different vectors, the
Trigonometric Z = A ( cos  o  j sin  o )
phase angles between them will continuously change.
(a) For Addition & Subtraction → Rectangular
(b) For Multiplication & Division → Polar
3. Combining of Two Alternating
Quantities. (c) Power of Vector: An = An n

(d) Root of Vector: n
A=n A
n
(e) j – operator → j2 = –1
+j 0 = 0 = 1
0.25 = 90 = + j
-1 +1 0.50 = 180 = −1
0.75 = 270 = − j
-j
NOTE: The exponential and trigonometric forms can be
converted to any forms for special application in other fields.
e1 = Em1 sin t
While the polar and rectangular forms are common
e2 = Em 2 sin (t −  ) expressions of quantities in electrical engineering fields.

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY – PASIG CAMPUS Engr. ATCCabugayan | CEA–EE Department

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 VECTOR DIAGRAMS
Lesson No.2

LEARNING OUTCOMES: Analyse the complexity of vector quantities, and evaluate the phasor diagram based
on different vector forms that can be operated through a and j operators.

DRILL PROBLEMS 5. Solve the resultant of the given vectors as

shown below.
1. Add the following currents as waves and as
vectors: D
 
i1 = 7 sin t & i2 = 10sin  t +  C
 3 B

2. Represent the following quantities by E A

vectors:

5sin ( 2 f  t − 1) ; 3cos ( 2 f  t + 1)
2sin ( 2 f  t + 2.5) ; 4cos ( 2 f  t − 1) F

Add the vectors and express the result in

G
the form:
A sin ( 2 f  t   )
A = 100 ; B = 1242 ; C = 990
D = 20135 ; E = 5180
3. Three voltages represented by;
F = 25200 ; G = 12 − 70
e1 = 20sin t
 
e2 = 30sin  t − 
 4 SUPPLEMENTAL PROBLEMS
  
e3 = 40sin  t +  1. Discuss the vector (phasor) diagram as
 6 shown below.

act together in a circuit. Find an expression

for the resultant voltage. Represent them
by appropriate vectors.

4. Given the following complex numbers and

evaluate the following operations;

A = 3660 ; B = 15 − j 20
C = 12e − j 70
; D = 10 ( cos30 + j sin 30 )

A + B BC
(a) X = −
C D

2. Evaluate the given complex numbers and

 D AC  express the result in polar, rectangular,
(b) Y = A  + 
 B BD  exponential, and trigonometric forms.

2
 A   ABC   530 + 8 − 30 
1/3

  +    
 BC   D   10e− j 60 
(c ) Z =
CD ( 9 + j12 )
2/3

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY – PASIG CAMPUS Engr. ATCCabugayan | CEA–EE Department

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 VECTOR DIAGRAMS
Lesson No.2

LEARNING OUTCOMES: Analyse the complexity of vector quantities, and evaluate the phasor diagram based
on different vector forms that can be operated through a and j operators.

3. Determine the resultant of the three 6. If the operator – j is defined as the square
vectors A, B, and C as shown below and root of negative 1, then show the solution
draw the result in the given phasor of the equivalent of j2024.
diagram. NOTE: Express the resultant vector
into four forms of complex numbers.
7. Solve the resultant of the given three
vectors X, Y, and Z. NOTE: Draw its
phasor diagram.

X = 2500
Y = 250120
Z = 250 − 120

8. Using the operator–a for 120˚, determine

and show the solution for the equivalent of
a2024.

4. Draw the phasor diagram of the given as 9. Consider the two impedances Z1 = 2 + j 6 Ω
shown below, and find its resultant vector, and Z2 = 6 – j 12 Ω are connected in a circuit
which expressed in four forms of complex so that they are additive. Find the resultant
numbers. impedance in the polar form.

A = 8.86e− j 30.36 10. A voltage V = 150 + j 180 volts is applied

B = 8.75 + j10.50 across an impedance and the current
C = 15.86110.39 flowing is found to be I = 5 − j 4 amperes.
Determine the (a) scalar impedance, (b)
D = 12.25 ( cos 72.85 + j sin 72.85 ) resistance, (c) reactance, and (d) power
consumed.

5. Consider the figure as shown below.

a = −0.5 + j 0.866
a 2 = −0.5 − j 0.866
a3 = 1

Evaluate the following;

(a) a 2 + a, (b) a 2 + a + 1,
and (c) a3 + a 2 + a

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY – PASIG CAMPUS Engr. ATCCabugayan | CEA–EE Department

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