Hydrogen belongs to no definite group.

It forms
compounds by either donating an electron like an alkali
The Periodic Table of t
metal or accepting an electron like a halogen. Atoms C
Nucleus of Atoms form molecules
Alkali Metals are very reactive Particles
share electrons to ach

Periods
protons and
and readily form compounds but are +1 Proton
neutrons
Group 1 not found free in nature. They form 0 Neutron Na Cl
salts and alkali (acid-neutralizing) -1 Electron
H Hydrogen 1 Electron
compounds such as baking soda. In shells Na+ Cl-
explosive gas,
lightest element; pure form, they are very soft metals Salt
An atom has a nucleus, made of protons and neutrons,
90% of atoms in which catch fire on contact with surrounded by electrons orbiting in cloud-like shells.
1 the universe,
sun and stars,
water. Smaller shells are surrounded by larger shells.
Ionic bond
One atom takes an
water (H20), The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom. electron from another
life's organic Alkali Earth This determines the chemical properties of the atom. atom and the oppositel
molecules 2 Metals are reactive Protons have positive electric charge, neutrons are neutral, charged ions attract.
Li Lithium 3 Be Beryllium 4 and readily form and electrons are negative. Normally, an atom has equal
lightest metal, lightweight metal; compounds but are numbers of protons and electrons. An ion is a charged atom Elements in the same
soft, reactive; non-sparking not found free in with more or fewer electrons than protons. typically have the sam
lightweight copper alloy tools, nature. Their oxides The atomic weight of an element is the average number of shows some easy-to-r
2 aluminum alloys, aerospace,
are called alkali protons plus neutrons. You can easily estimate the atomic
batteries, X-ray windows, weight: it is usually 2 to 2.5 times the atomic number.
Group number 1
impact-resistant beryl gems: earths. In pure Outer electrons* 1
ceramic cookware, emeralds and form, they are soft An element is a substance made from one or more atoms of
Valence number* +1
mood stabilizer aquamarines and somewhat brittle the same atomic number. A compound is a substance made
from two or more elements chemically bonded. * typical The v
Na Sodium 11 Mg Magnesium 12 metals. given
soft metal, lightweight metal;
reactive; chlorophyll in
salt (NaCl), nerves, green plants, Transition Metals are typical metals: they are strong, shiny
3 baking soda, talc, basalt,
antacids, lye, soap, aluminum alloys,
malleable (they can be hammered into shape), flexible (in thin
sheets or wires), and they conduct both heat and electricity.
soda ash, glass, cars, planes, bikes,
papermaking, flares, sparklers,
street lamps antacids 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
K Potassium 19 Ca Calcium 20 Sc Scandium 21 Ti Titanium 22 V Vanadium 23 Cr Chromium 24 Mn Manganese 25 Fe Iron 26 Co Cobalt 27
soft metal, soft metal; soft lightweight strongest hard metal; hard shiny metal; hard metal; medium-hard hard metal,
reactive; bones, teeth, milk, metal; lightweight metal, hard strong stainless steel hard tough steel, metal, magnetic; magnetic;
salts, nerves, leaves, vegetables, aluminum alloys, heat-resistant; resilient steel, (Fe-Cr-Ni), earthmovers, steel alloys hard strong steel,
4 nutrients in fruits
and vegetables,
shells, coral,
limestone, chalk,
racing bikes,
stadium lamps,
aerospace,
racing bikes,
structures,
vehicles, springs,
kitchenware, rock crushers,
nichrome heaters, rails, plows, axes,
are mostly iron,
structures,
cutting tools,
turbines,
soap, fertilizer, gypsum, plaster, furnace bricks, artificial joints, driveshafts, tools, car trim, paints, batteries, vehicles, magnets, magnets (Al-Ni-Co),
potash, matches, mortar, cement, aquamarines white paint, aerospace, recording tape, fertilizer, Earth's core, blue glass, ceramics,
gunpowder marble, antacids blue sapphires violet sapphires emeralds & rubies amethysts red rocks, blood vitamin B-12
Rb Rubidium 37 Sr Strontium 38 Y Yttrium 39 Zr Zirconium 40 Nb Niobium 41 MoMolybdenum 42 Tc Technetium 43 Ru Ruthenium 44 Rh Rhodium 45
soft metal, soft metal; soft metal; non-corroding high-melting-point high-melting-point radioactive, non-corroding non-corroding
reactive; red fireworks, phosphors in neutron-resistant non-corroding metal; long-lived; hard metal; hard shiny metal;
atomic clocks, flares, color TVs, metal; metal; hard steel, first human-made electric contacts, labware,
5 global navigation
(GPS),
phosphors, lasers (YAG, YLF),
nuclear batteries, furnace bricks,
chemical pipelines,
nuclear reactors,
chemical pipelines, cutting tools,
superconductors, drill bits,
element, only
traces on Earth
leaf switches,
pen tips,
reflectors,
electric contacts,
vacuum tube medical high-temperature furnace bricks, magnetic armor plate, but found in stars, catalyst, thermocouples,
scavenger diagnostic tracer, superconductors abrasives, levitation trains, gun barrels, medical hydrogen catalyst,
nuclear fallout zircon gems MRI magnets fertilizer diagnostic tracer production pollution control
Cs Cesium 55 Ba Barium 56 57 - 71 Hf Hafnium 72 Ta Tantalum 73 W Tungsten 74 Re Rhenium 75 Os Osmium 76 Ir Iridium 77
soft metal, melts soft metal, non-corroding high-melting-point highest-melting- high-melting-point non-corroding non-corroding
on a hot day, absorbs X-rays; metal, non-corroding point metal, dense; dense metal; high-melting-point hard metal,
reactive, largest stomach X-ray Rare absorbs neutrons; metal; filaments in rocket engines, hard metal, densest element
6 stable atoms;
atomic clocks,
contrast enhancer,
green fireworks,
Earth nuclear reactor
control rods in
labware,
surgical tools,
lamps and TVs,
cutting tools,
heater coils,
lab filaments,
densest element
(same as iridium);
(same as osmium);
labware,
global navigation whitener and filler
Metals submarines, artificial joints, abrasives, electric contacts, electric contacts, spark plugs,
(GPS), vacuum for paper, plastic, plasma torch capacitors, thermocouples thermocouples, pen tips, needles, pen tips, needles
tube scavenger and rubber electrodes mobile phones catalyst fingerprint powder
Fr Francium 87 Ra Radium 88 89 - 103 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109
radioactive, radioactive, Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium
short-lived long-lived;
atoms larger luminous watches Actinide
7 than cesium;
small traces
(now banned),
medical radon Metals
in nature, production,
studied in radiography,
laser atom traps radwaste radioactive, s
119 120 121...
8 La Lanthanum 57 Ce Cerium 58 Pr Praseodymium 59 Nd Neodymium 60 Pm Promethium 61 Sm Samarium 62
soft metal; soft metal; soft metal; soft metal; radioactive, soft metal;
Rare Earth Metals are all soft metals. optical glass, most abundant torchworkers' strong magnets long-lived; magnets (Sm-Co),
They are chemically similar to scandium and telescope rare earth metal, didymium eye- (Nd-Fe-B), human-made, electric motors,
yttrium and are difficult to separate from eyepieces, lighter flints, glasses (Pr-Nd), electric motors, small traces speakers and
camera lenses, gas lamp mantles, lighter flints, speakers and in nature, headphones,
each other. lighter flints, self-cleaning arc lamps, headphones, luminous dials, infrared sensors,
arc lamps ovens, magnets, lasers, sheet thickness infrared-absorbing
Actinide Metals are all radioactive glass polishing yellow glass lighter flints gauges glass
heavy metals. They are used mainly for
their radioactive properties. Ac Actinium 89 Th Thorium 90 Pa Protactinium 91 U Uranium 92 Np Neptunium 93 Pu Plutonium 94
radioactive, radioactive, radioactive, radioactive, radioactive, radioactive,
Radioactivity. Atoms with the same number of protons long-lived; long-lived; long-lived; long-lived, dense; long-lived; long-lived;
but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
small traces most abundant small traces nuclear small traces small traces
in nature, radioactive element, in nature, reactor fuel, in nature, in nature,
Some isotopes are stable; others are radioactive — cancer medicine, nuclear no uses, nuclear weapons, neutron detectors, nuclear
their nuclei eventually disintegrate. The radioactive neutron source, reactor fuel, radwaste counterweights, dosimeters, reactor fuel,
half-life is the time for half the nuclei to disintegrate. radwaste gas lamp mantles, armor piercing nuclear weapons, spacecraft power,
On this chart, an element is called long-lived if the tungsten filaments bullets radwaste nuclear weapons
half-life of any of its isotopes is more than one year;
otherwise it is called short-lived.
the Elements, in Words Noble Gases are inactive, or inert. Each atom
has exactly the number of electrons it needs to have
Chemical Bonding a full outer shell, so these atoms almost never bond
with other atoms. That is why these are all gases.
s by bonding together. Atoms give, take, or
hieve full outer electron shells.
Metalloids are Nonmetals, in Halogens are reactive
H O H Ag Ag partly like metals and their solid state, nonmetals and readily 18
Ag Ag Ag
partly like nonmetals. are usually brittle form compounds but are
H H For example, they are (they break rather not found free in nature. He Helium 2
O Ag Ag semiconductors, which than bend) and They combine with alkali inert gas, second
Water Silver lightest element;
means they conduct they are insulators metals to form salts nuclear fusion
Covalent bond
Atoms share their
Metallic bond
Shared outer
electricity in some of both heat and (halogen means in sun and stars,
balloons,
1
conditions. electricity. salt-former).
r outer electrons. electrons flow, lasers,
ly conducting heat supercold
. and electricity. 13 14 15 16 17 refrigerant
Groups B Boron 5 C Carbon 6 N Nitrogen 7 O Oxygen 8 F Fluorine 9 Ne Neon 10
group, or column, are similar because they hard black solid; hard diamond, colorless gas; colorless gas; yellowish inert gas;
me number of outer electrons. This table borax soap, soft graphite; 78% of air, 21% of air, H2 O, poison gas, orange-red
remember common numbers for each group. fertilizer, basis of life's organic molecules, 65% of the body, most reactive neon tubes for
stiff fibers, organic molecules, protein, muscles, organic molecules, element; advertising signs, 2
2 3-12 13 14 15 16 17 18 sports equipment, animals, plants, DNA, ammonia, blood, breathing, glowing fluorite, lasers,
2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 heat-resistant CO2, wood, paper, fertilizer, fire, half of toothpaste, supercold
+2 +2 +3 +4,-4 -3 -2 -1 0 borosilicate glass, cloth, plastic, explosives (TNT), Earth's crust, nonstick cookware, refrigerant
semiconductors coal, oil, gasoline refrigerants minerals, oxides CFC refrigerants
valence number is the number of electrons
(+) or taken (-) when bonding. Al Aluminum 13 Si Silicon 14 P Phosphorus 15 S Sulfur 16 Cl Chlorine 17 Ar Argon 18
lightweight non- hard metalloid; glowing white waxy brittle yellow solid; greenish poison gas; inert gas;
corroding metal; quartz, granite, solid (also red skin, hair, salt (NaCl), bleach, 1% of air,
y, Poor Metals are usually kitchenware, cans, sand, soil, clay, and black forms); eggs, onions, stomach acid, most abundant
soft and have low melting foil, machinery,
cars, planes, bikes,
ceramics, glass,
algae, diatoms,
bones, DNA,
energy-storing
garlic, skunks,
hot springs,
disinfectant,
drinking water,
inert gas,
light bulbs,
3
temperatures.
feldspar, granite, semiconductors, phosphates (ATP), volcanos, gypsum, swimming pools, "neon" tubes,
clay, ceramics, computer chips, fertilizer, acids, rubber, acids, PVC plastic lasers,
10 11 12 corundum, gems silicone rubber detergent, matches papermaking pipes and bottles welding gas
Ni Nickel 28 Cu Copper 29 Zn Zinc 30 Ga Gallium 31 Ge Germanium 32 As Arsenic 33 Se Selenium 34 Br Bromine 35 Kr Krypton 36
medium-hard colored metal, non-corroding soft metal, melts brittle metalloid; brittle metalloid; brittle gray solid; dark red liquid; inert gas;
metal, magnetic; conducts heat and metal; on a hot day; semiconductors, poisons, photocopiers, disinfectant, high-intensity
stainless steel electricity well; galvanized steel, semiconductors, transistors, semiconductors, laser printers, pools and spas, lamps, headlights,
(Fe-Cr-Ni),
kitchenware,
wires, cookware,
brass (Cu-Zn),
brass (Cu-Zn),
batteries, white
light-emitting
diodes (LEDs)
rectifiers, diodes, light-emitting
photocells, diodes (LEDs)
photocells,
red glass,
photo film,
flame retardant,
flashlights,
lanterns,
4
nichrome heaters, bronze (Cu-Sn), paint, phosphors (GaAs), lenses, (GaAs), dandruff shampoo, leaded gasoline, "neon" tubes,
nicad batteries, coins, pipes, in TVs and lamps, signal lights, infrared windows signal lights, rubber sedatives lasers
coins, Earth's core blue crab blood fertilizer tiny lasers tiny lasers
Pd Palladium 46 Ag Silver 47 Cd Cadmium 48 In Indium 49 Sn Tin 50 Sb Antimony 51 Te Tellurium 52 I Iodine 53 Xe Xenon 54
non-corroding soft shiny metal, non-corroding soft metal; non-corroding brittle metalloid; brittle metalloid; violet-black solid; inert gas;
hard metal, conducts soft metal, toxic; solders, soft metal; solders, alloys, disinfectant for high-intensity
absorbs hydrogen; electricity best electroplated glass seals, solders, lead hardener, semiconductors, wounds and lamps, headlights,
labware,
electric contacts,
of all elements;
jewelry,
steel,
nicad batteries,
glass coatings, plated food cans,
liquid crystal bronze (Cu-Sn),
batteries, bullets,
semiconductors,
photocopiers,
computer disks,
drinking water,
added to salt
stadium lamps,
projectors,
5
dentistry, silverware, coins, red and yellow displays (LCDs), pewter cups, photocells, thermo-electric to prevent strobes, lasers,
catalyst, dentistry, paints, semiconductors, glassmaking, matches, coolers and thyroid disease, spacecraft
pollution control photo film fire sprinklers diodes, photocells fire sprinklers flame retardant generators photo film ion engines
Pt Platinum 78 Au Gold 79 Hg Mercury 80 Tl Thallium 81 Pb Lead 82 Bi Bismuth 83 Po Polonium 84 At Astatine 85 Rn Radon 86
non-corroding most malleable liquid metal, soft metal, dense, soft, low-melting-point radioactive, radioactive, radioactive gas,
dense metal; element, dense toxic; toxic; non-corroding brittle metal; long-lived; short-lived; short-lived;
labware, non-tarnishing thermometers, low-melting-point metal, toxic; solders, fuses, first radioactive small traces environmental
spark plugs,
catalyst,
colored metal;
jewelry, coins,
barometers,
thermostats,
mercury alloys, weights, solders,
low-temperature batteries, bullets,
fire sprinklers
(plugs melt
element found,
small traces
in nature, hazard,
cancer medicine surgical implants
6
pollution control, ultra-thin street lamps, thermometers, crystal glass, when hot), in nature, for cancer
petroleum cracking, gold leaf, fluorescent lamps, undersea lamps, old plumbing, cosmetics pigment anti-static brushes, treatment
processing fats electric contacts dentistry photocells radiation shield tobacco
Ds 110 Rg 111 Cn 112 Nh 113 Fl 114 Mc 115 Lv 116 Ts 117 Og 118
Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson

7
Superheavy Elements

short-lived; never found in nature, no uses except atomic research

Eu Europium 63 Gd Gadolinium 64 Tb Terbium 65 Dy Dysprosium 66 Ho Holmium 67 Er Erbium 68 Tm Thulium 69 Yb Ytterbium 70 Lu Lutetium 71

soft metal; soft metal, best soft metal; soft metal; soft metal; soft metal; soft metal; soft metal; soft metal,
phosphors in neutron absorber, phosphors in nuclear infrared lasers, fiber optic rarest stable fiber optic densest and
color TVs and magnetic; color TVs and control rods, laser surgery, signal amplifiers, rare earth metal, signal amplifiers, hardest
trichromatic lamps, magnetic resonance trichromatic lamps, MRI phosphors, eye-safe laser infrared lasers, infrared lasers, infrared rare earth metal; 6
luminous paint, imaging (MRI) computer disks, computer disks, rangefinders, laser surgery, laser surgery, fiber lasers, cancer-fighting
lasers contrast enhancer, magnetostrictive magnetostrictive computer disks, pink glass, phosphors stainless steel photodynamic
phosphors, neutron smart materials smart materials yellow glass filters sunglasses, alloys (light-activated)
radiography (Terfenol-D®) (Terfenol-D®) vanadium alloys medicine
Am Americium 95 Cm Curium 96 Bk Berkelium 97 Cf Californium 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103
radioactive, radioactive, radioactive, radioactive, Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
long-lived; long-lived; long-lived; long-lived;
never found never found never found never found
in nature, in nature, in nature, in nature, 7
smoke detectors, scientific no uses, scientific
sheet thickness instruments, radwaste instruments,
gauges, mineral analyzers, mineral analyzers,
radwaste radwaste radwaste radioactive, short-lived; never found in nature, no uses except atomic research

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