Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

EARTH AND
LIFE SCIENCE
We are safe on the Coast!

Quarter 1 Week 8 Module 19

Learning Competency: describe how coastal processes

result in coastal erosion, submersion and saltwater
intrusion. (S11/12ES-Ih-38)

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HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you
while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy
the objectives of this kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of
this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances
learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key
card.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

• Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module.
• Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.
• Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what learnings and
skills did you understand from the previous lesson.
• Brief Introduction - This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
• Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.
• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.
• Check your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.
• Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module.

Lesson
Marine and Coastal Processes and
19 their Effects

EXPECTATIONS
You will be able to describe how coastal processes result in coastal
erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion.
Specifically this lesson will guide you to:

• Recognize the coastal processes that influence the coastal landforms and
associated hazards.
• Illustrate and describe how the coastal processes determine the present
coastal hazards whether coastal erosion, submersion or saltwater intrusion.

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Let us start your learning about Marine and Coastal Processes and their Effects. I am
sure you are ready and excited to answer the Pretest. Smile and cheer up!

PRETEST
Directions: Read and analyse the following items, then choose the letter of the correct
answer.

______ 1. When waves pick up beach materials and hurl them at the base of a cliff
it is known as what?
A. Corrasion C. Attrition
B. Abrasion D. Hydraulic Action
______ 2. Which of the following is described when waves lose their capacity to
carry or transport sediments because of a reduction in energy?
A. Soil Erosion C. Coastal Deposition
B. Saltwater Intrusion D. Submersion
______ 3. Which does NOT belong to the group?
A. Tides C. Storm Surge
B. Waves D. Strong Winds
______ 4. The rise and fall of ocean water under the influence of the
gravitational pull of the moon and sun will influence what coastal
process?
A. Tides C. Storm Surge
B. Waves D. Strong Winds
______ 5. Which coastal process is also known as coastal flood or tsunami-flood
phenomenon?
A. Tides C. Storm Surge
B. Waves D. Strong Winds
______ 6. When waves bump rocks and pebbles against each other leading to the
eventual breaking of the materials and will lead to coastal erosion, what
coastal process is described?
A. Hydraulic Action C. Corrosion
B. Attrition D. Corrasion
______ 7. Which of the following is described when sediment is submersed under
water and eventually replaced back to its original location?
A. Coastal Erosion C. Saltwater Intrusion
B. Coastal Deposition D. Submersion
______ 8. What do you call the flow of seawater into fresh water bodies like rivers or
aquifers due to natural processes or human activities?
A. Coastal Erosion C. Saltwater Intrusion
B. Coastal Deposition D. Submersion
______ 9. Which of the following coastal processes will not be produced without the
presence of winds?
A. Tides C. Storm Surge
B. Waves D. Submersion
______ 10. The following will cause coastal erosion EXCEPT?
A. Abrasion C. Corrosion
B. Attrition D. Saltwater Intrusion
Thumbs up! You finished answering the questions. You may request your facilitator to
check your work. Congratulations and keep on learning!

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LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON
The previous module focuses on hydrometeorological phenomena and hazards.
Before you proceed on this module, let’s first refresh your learnings from the previous
module

Directions: Put a check () mark on the TRUE column if the given statement is
correct about hydrometeorological phenomena and hazards otherwise
check () the FALSE column.

Hydrometeorological phenomena
TRUE FALSE
and Hazards
1. Northern Luzon is the most prone
to typhoons
2. Flooding may occur if you leave
near a river
3. A hydrometeorological
phenomenon that occurs North
Atlantic Ocean and Northeast
Pacific is called tropical cyclone
4. People living near a cost may
experience storm surge
5. Earthquake is an example of a
hydrometeorological
phenomenon

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
I. What are the different Coastal Processes?
A. Tides – The rise and fall of ocean water under the influence of the
gravitational pull of the moon and sun creates tides. This coastal process
produce periodic change in water level in different parts of the foreshore
being exposed to wave energy throughout the day. In regions with large
tidal ranges, the water may rise and fall 10 meters, and the shoreline may
move laterally several kilometers between high and low water.
B. Waves – Ocean waves erode and shape the world’s coastlines because the
water within the wave moves up and down. Ocean waves will not be
produced if there is no wind. The wind that blow over the top of the ocean
create friction between the air and water molecules, creating a frictional
drag that shows up as waves on the surface of the ocean. When the wind
blows forcefully, strong large waves are produced.
C. Strom Surge – This hazard is also described as coastal flood or tsunami-
flood phenomenon, happens when there is rising of the sea as a result of
atmospheric pressure variation and having wind associated with a storm.
The severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the
water body relative to storm path, and the timing of tides. The two main
meteorological factors contributing to storm surge are a long fetch of
winds spiraling inward toward the storm, and a low pressure-induced
dome of water drawn up under and trailing the storm’s center.

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II. Hazards brought by the different Coastal Processes
A. Coastal Erosion
Coastal Erosion is the wearing away
of the land by the sea and is done by
destructive waves.
Five common processes that cause
coastal erosion:
a) Corrasion is when waves pick up
beach materials and hurl them at
the base of a cliff
b) Abrasion happens when
breaking waves containing
sediment fragments erode the Coastal Erosion in Leyte
shoreline, particularly headland. http://mgb.gov.ph/en/2015-05-13-02-02-11/mgb-news/340-mgb-study-leyte-
susceptible-to-mass-movement-coastal-erosionArticles/Hipusngo_Baybayin.jpg
It is also referred to as the
sandpaper effect.
c) Hydraulic action. The effect of waves as they hit cliff faces, the air is
compressed into cracks and is released as wave’s rushes back seaward. The
compressing and releasing of air as wavesresses cliff faces and rushes back to
sea will cause cliff material to break away.
d) Attrition is the process when waves bump rocks and pebbles against each
other leading to the eventual breaking of the materials.
e) Corrosion/solution involves dissolution by weak acids such as when the
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is dissolved into water turning it into a weak
acid. Several rocks (e.g., Limestone) are vulnerable to this acidic water and
will dissolve into it. The rate of dissolution is affected by the concentration of
carbonates & other minerals in the water. As it increases, dissolution becomes
slower.

B. Sediment movement along coasts

As wave crashes on the shore,
the water pushes sediment up
the beach and then pulls back
down the beach as the water
slides back down. If the waves do
not come in parallel to the beach
longshore transport (littoral drift)
of sand occurs. When waves
approach the beach at an angle,
the part of the wave that reaches
shallow water earliest slows
down the most, allowing the part Sedimentary Movement in Malay, Aklan
https://i2.wp.com/sagipbaybayph.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/malay.jpg?resize=450%2C167&ssl=1
of the wave that is farther
offshore to catch up. In this way the wave is refracted (bent) so that it crashes on
the shore more nearly parallel to the shore. You will never see a wave wash up on
a beach at a very high angle from the line of the beach except perhaps at an inlet
or where the shore makes a sudden right-angle bend.

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C. Coastal deposition
When waves lose their capacity
to carry or transport sediments
because of a reduction in energy,
they can and will "drop" or deposit
its sediment load. Waves that do not
have the capacity to transport
sediments and which results to
sediment deposition and
accumulation are called
constructive waves. Deposition
happens when the swash (or the Coastal Deposition in Boracay Island
waves that rushes inland) is http:// boracaysun.com/wp-content/uploads/ 2014/06/Alarming-coastal-erosion-
stronger than the backwash (waves alongBoracays-White-Beach-Photo-by-ChaSantos-1024x768.jpg

rushing back to sea). Deposition can occur as waves enter areas of shallow water,
sheltered areas like coves or bay, little or no wind, and there is a sufficient supply
of sediments. Emphasize that the waves lose kinetic energy to transport the
sediment load.

D. Submersion
Submersion is described when sediment is
submersed under water and eventually replaced
back to its original location. This often takes
place during violent storms, when sand is
dragged or pushed underwater, and it tends to
return back to the visible place (via wave action)
it had previously been when the seas have
calmed down. Submersion can temporarily
submerse an island, and create islands as
A chapel is seen amid encroaching bay waters in
well. When sea levels rise, submersion has a Sitio Pariahan, Bulacan, Philippines. Photo: AFP
larger impact, and this can be very bad for island https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-
asia/article/3025078/sinking-feeling-philippine-coastal-towns-face-

biodiversity (trees, plants, and animals are at disaster

risk). If the submersion of the island becomes regular, it will be more difficult for
plants to grow and flourish, which begins a new cycle of coastal erosion and the
negative impacts that come with it, including increased erosion and possibly
permanent loss of the island, depending on how much of an island it is.

E. Saltwater Intrusion
Saltwater intrusion is defined as the flow of
seawater into fresh water bodies like rivers or
aquifers due to natural processes or human
activities. It is a major concern for most
coastal areas as it can induce contamination
of water resources and therefore drinking
water, and may cause damage to agriculture.
Saltwater intrusion, through surface or
ground water sources, may diminish the https://images.app.goo.gl/SWab2uhLJbdY3t4Q6

availability and/or quality of source waters for

drinking water utilities and irrigation. It is also a concern for the quality of coastal
ecosystems as it may undermine the conditions of vegetation and therefore the
stability of dunes, and may compromise coast wetlands, therefore impacting their
ecosystem services, with implications in coastal socio-economy

Note: You can perform the following activities through collaborating with a partner. You can first
answer the activities individually then just communicate your results after.

5
ACTIVITIES
Activity 1: Observation of Coastal Lines
Carefully study the two maps
paying particular attention to
the outlines of the continents
(for the world map) and for the
Philippines, the outlines of the
islands (represents the coastal
areas).
Describe the coastlines. (e.g.
irregular or smooth, etc.). Why
do you think coastlines exhibit
such forms?

Activity 2: Identifying Hazards

After knowing the different Coastal processes and its effects, show the effects of
coastal erosion leading to the destruction of houses and other infrastructures along
the coasts and the steepening of the coastal area. Identify at least three (3)
examples of the effects of these coastal processes (preferably site specific areas in
the Philippines).

REMEMBER
Here’s the key concepts that you must remember on Marine and Coastal Processes
and their Effects.
I. Different Coastal Processes
• Tides – The rise and fall of ocean water under the influence of the gravitational
pull of the moon and sun creates tides.
• Waves – Ocean waves erode and shape the world’s coastlines because the
water within the wave moves up and down. Ocean waves will not be produced
if there is no wind.
• Strom Surge – This hazard is also described as coastal flood or tsunami-flood
phenomenon, happens when there is rising of the sea as a result of
atmospheric pressure variation and having wind associated with a storm. The
severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the
II. Hazards brought by the different Coastal Processes
• Coastal Erosion. The wearing away of the land by the sea and is done by
destructive waves
• Sediment movement along coasts. As wave crashes on the shore, the water
pushes sediment up the beach and then pulls back down the beach as the
water slides back down.
• Coastal deposition. When waves lose their capacity to carry or transport
sediments because of a reduction in energy, they can and will "drop" or deposit
its sediment load.
• Submersion. It is described when sediment is submersed under water and
eventually replaced back to its original location. This often takes place during
violent storms, when sand is dragged or pushed underwater, and it tends to
return back to the visible place (via wave action) it had previously been when
the seas have calmed down.
• Saltwater intrusion. Is defined as the flow of seawater into fresh water bodies
like rivers or aquifers due to natural processes or human activities.

6
CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1. What are the different coastal processes? ____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What are different hazardous effects of coastal processes? ____________________
____________________________________________________________________________

POSTTEST
Directions: Read and analyze the following items, then choose the letter of the correct
answer.

______ 1. When waves pick up beach materials and hurl them at the base of a cliff
it is known as what?
A. Corrasion C. Attrition
B. Abrasion D. Hydraulic Action
______ 2. Which of the following is described when waves lose their capacity to carry
or transport sediments because of a reduction in energy?
A. Soil Erosion C. Coastal Deposition
B. Saltwater Intrusion D. Submersion
______ 3. Which does NOT belong to the group?
A. Tides C. Storm Surge
B. Waves D. Strong Winds
______ 4. The rise and fall of ocean water under the influence of the
gravitational pull of the moon and sun will influence what coastal
process?
A. Tides C. Storm Surge
B. Waves D. Strong Winds
______ 5. Which coastal process is also known as coastal flood or tsunami-flood
phenomenon?
A. Tides C. Storm Surge
B. B. Waves D. Strong Winds
______ 6. When waves bump rocks and pebbles against each other leading to the
eventual breaking of the materials and will lead to coastal erosion, what
coastal process is described?
A. Hydraulic Action C. Corrosion
B. Attrition D. Corrasion
______ 7. Which of the following is described when sediment is submersed under
water and eventually replaced back to its original location?
A. Coastal Erosion C. Saltwater Intrusion
B. Coastal Deposition D. Submersion
______ 8. What do you call the flow of seawater into fresh water bodies like rivers or
aquifers due to natural processes or human activities?
A. Coastal Erosion C. Saltwater Intrusion
B. Coastal Deposition D. Submersion
______ 9. Which of the following coastal processes will not be produced without the
presence of winds?
A. Tides C. Storm Surge
B. Waves D. Submersion
____ 10. The following will cause coastal erosion EXCEPT?
A. Abrasion C. Corrosion
B. Attrition D. Saltwater Intrusion

7
 REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET
Name: ____________________________________________ Grade & Section: ____________

We are safe on the Coast!

REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET No.19
Directions: Answer the following questions using the given space below.
1. How dangerous are the coastal processes?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. Upon knowing the effects of coastal processes, what preparations will you do and
share to your community to mitigate such effects?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Congratulations! You did great, hope you had fun in learning today’s topic.

REFERENCES
Acledan, M., Cabras, A., Espera, A., Medina M N., Subsuban R., (2016). Earth and Life Science for
Senior High School. Potrero, Malabon City, Philippines. Mutya Pulishing House Inc.

Mangali G., Oliva M., (2016). Earth and Life Science.

Legaspi Village, Makati City, Philippines. DIWA Learning System Inc.

https://oceanmusic.weebly.com/coastal-erosion/coastal-erosion-submersion

https://www.albertomontanari.it/?q=node/152

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Ronaldo C. Francisco, TIII
Editors: Rebecca M. Roxas-EPS
Reviewers: Arlen Gatpo-PSDS
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Regional Director
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS in Charge of LRMS and
Regional ADM Coordinator
Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V, Schools Division
Superintendent-Manila
Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief
Lucky S. Carpio, Division EPS in Charge of LRMS and
Division ADM Coordinator

8
 ANSWER SHEET in Earth and Life Science Module
Quarter 1 - Week 8 - Module 19: We are Safe on the Coast!

Name: ______________________________ Grade/ Sec. ____________________ Score: ___

Teacher: ____________________________ School: _________________________ Date: ____

General Directions: Write your answers here from Pre-Test to Post-Test including
the answers in the activities. Detach and submit this part to your teacher upon
his/her direction which usually given after you have completed this module.
PRE-TEST
1) 3) 5) 7) 9)
2) 4) 6) 8) 10)

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

Hydrometeorological phenomena
TRUE FALSE
and Hazards
1. Northern Luzon is the most prone to typhoons
2. Flooding may occur if you leave near a river
3. A hydrometeorological phenomenon that
occurs North Atlantic Ocean and Northeast
Pacific is called tropical cyclone
4. People living near a cost may experience
storm surge
5. Earthquake is an example of a
hydrometeorological phenomenon

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1: Observation of Coastal Lines

Activity 2: Identifying Hazards

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. What are the different coastal processes? ____________________________________
2. What are different hazardous effects of coastal processes? ____________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
POSTTEST
1) 3) 5) 7) 9)
2) 4) 6) 8) 10)