Science

Quarter 1 – Module 19
THE DIFFERENT HAZARDS
CAUSED BY COASTAL
PROCESSES

http://mgb.gov.ph/en/2015-05-13-02-02-11/mgb-news/503-feature-
understanding-shoreline-changes-in-the-philippines
Science– Grade 11
Quarter 1 – The Different Hazards caused by Coastal Processes

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ownership over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Janine Pauline Sale Sierda

Editor: Emily B. Esmabe

Reviewer: Benjie L. Cadag

Illustrator: Frances C. Morales

Layout Artist: Christy R. Dawal, Antonio L. Morada

 Describe how coastal processes result in
coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater
intrusion.
(S11/12ES-Ih-38)
Dear Learners, I hope you are doing good and ready to learn another lesson on
environmental hazards.
Everything on earth undergoes continuous
change and for that reason, everything is
temporary in nature. While a number of these
modifications are not easily noticeable to the
naked eye, others are highly evident and have
early detection, just like our shorelines.
The Philippines, being an archipelago, with 7,100
islands and 18,000km shorelines, is indeed facing
this such inevitable change. All these coastal
Figure 1 Shoreline at Caramoan, Camarines Sur alterations can be associated to coastal
Image Credit: https://alchetron.com/Camarines-Sur processes such as weathering, erosion and shift,
which are the main driving forces of shoreline changes.
In this module you will learn about the different hazards caused by coastal
processes. So let us begin.

After studying this module, you are expected to;

a. identifies different types coastal processes;
b. explain the hazards brought by coastal processes that results in coastal erosion,
submersion, and saltwater intrusion;
c. gives practical ways of coping with coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater
intrusion.

1
Backwash is the offshore flow of waves When water runs back down the beach.
Beach Profile refers to a cross-sectional trace of the beach perpendicular to the high-
tide shoreline and extends from the backshore cliff or dune to the inner continental shelf
or a location where waves and currents do not transport sediment to and from
the beach.

Blueprints is a guide for making something (pattern)

Centrifugal Force is the apparent force that acts outward on a body moving around a
center, arising from the body's inertia

Coastal hazards are any phenomena that threaten coastal structures, property and the
environment under extreme weather and water conditions.
Destructive Waves are created in storm conditions. They are created from big,
strong waves when the wind is powerful and has been blowing for a long time. They
occur when wave energy is high and the wave has travelled over a long fetch. They tend
to erode the coast. They have a stronger backwash than swash.
Shorelines the line along which a large body of water meets the land.

Swash is the onshore flow of waves. When a wave breaks, water is washed up the
beach.
Tectonic Movement is a movement resulting from or causing deformation of the earth's
crust

Water Aquifers is a body of porous rock or sediment saturated with groundwater.

Groundwater enters an aquifer as precipitation seeps through the soil.
Wave Crest is a point on a surface wave where the displacement of the medium is at a
maximum.

2
 ACTIVITY 1

COAST TO FIND

5
 ACTIVITY 2
COAST YOU COMPLETE ME

Directions: Use the word/s below to complete each sentence. Write the answer on
your notebook.

SUBMERSION WEARING AWAY GROUNDWATER LEVELS

TSUNAMIS 2 MM COASTAL PROCESSES
BROADER HUMAN ACTIVITIES HAZARDOUS
GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION

1. Seawater intrusion is the movement of seawater into fresh water aquifers due to
natural processes or human activities. Seawater intrusion is caused by decreases
in _________or by rises in seawater levels

2. _________ occurs when amount of sediment exceeds wave/current ability to

transport like the narrow strips of sand, pebbles, or cobbles deposited along a
shoreline.

3. Coastal Erosion is the ______ of the land by the sea and done by the destructive
waves.

4. Saltwater that gets into freshwater lakes, streams, and aquifers is ______to
aquatic life and drinking water.

5. Crustal movement is the deformation of the earth's crust. It can cause e

earthquakes and tsunami, which affect humans dramatically. It can cause
_______ that can destroy coastal areas

6. Global average sea level is currently rising at the rate of about ______per year.

7. Tides result from the________ of the sun and the Moon on the oceans.

8. The summer beach profile is ____ and with a gentler slope.

9. ________are inevitable occurrences driven by nature and amplified by human

action. They cause damage to the shorelines through coastal erosion, submersion,
and saltwater intrusion.
10. The modifications in coasts are not only caused by coastal processes. Some
__________contribute to the alteration of coastal landscapes. They can worsen
the effects of coastal processes.

DID YOU GET IT RIGHT? IF YES, THAT’S GREAT!

6
 ACTIVITY 3
LOOK WHAT YOU MADE THE COAST DO

Directions: In this activity, you will be explaining the hazards brought by the coastal
processes that lead to coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion and how
these affects the community by completing the diagram below.

SALTWATER
INTRUSION
SUBMERSION
COASTAL
EROSION

YOU ARE A MARVELOUS LEARNER. KEEP ON LEARNING!

7
 ACTIVITY 4
MY OWN COMMUNITY ACTIVITY PLAN

Create your own community activity plan using the criteria and template given
below.

Scenario: You are living in a coastal area

experiencing coastal erosion. Create a plan
that would involved the youth and community
to address the problem. DEFEND THE
COAST

You should consider

activities that can lessen
the impact of coastal
erosion to your
community

LEVEL DESCRIPTOR TASK SPECIFIC CLARIFICATION

1 Present limited Stages of action are suggested
date / partial
plan
RUBRIC

2 Present Most stages of action are recorded in a

adequate plan timeline
3 Present Most stages of action are recorded in a
substantial plan timeline – details like, who, where, what
were indicated
4 Present a Most stages of action are recorded in a
detailed and timeline with reflection and details like,
accurate plan who, where, what, when and how were
indicated

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 MY COMMUNITY ACTIVITY PLAN

PROJECT GOAL STATEMENT: Create a comprehensive plan to address the coastal

erosion in your barangay by conducting an online teleconferencing via zoom app to your
barangay and SK officials in designing the community plan.

ACTIVITIES RESPONSIBLE ANTICIPATED

TIMEFRAME
PROPOSED PERSONS OUTPUT

EVALUATION/REFLECTION:

EXCELLENT JOB!

9
 COASTAL PROCESSES AND HOW IT AFFECTS THE COAST

Coastal processes are inevitable occurrences driven by nature and amplified by human
action. They cause damage to the shorelines through coastal erosion, submersion, and
saltwater intrusion.

• Waves

Waves are caused by wind. Wind-driven waves, or surface waves, are created
by the friction between wind and surface water. As wind blows across the surface of the
ocean or a lake, the recurrent disturbance creates a wave crest.

Figure 2. Beach Profile

Image Credits: http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/coastal_basic.htm

During summer weather with waves gently lapping the shore the beach grows in
size. Waves surge up the shoreface. The swash carries sediment. The swash slows, runs
out of momentum, then slides back down toward the water. Some of the backwash sinks
into the sand. The backwash has a little less energy to carry sediment down the beach
so the beach gradually grows in size with the development of a summer berm. The
summer beach profile is broader and with a gentler slope.

During the stormy months, storm waves carry much energy to the beach with
extra energy to suspend sediments and redistribute them in the near shore environment.
Steady strong winds from a storm can push water up on the protected shore raising water
levels. Return flow from this wind setup helps to carry sediment away from the shore. The
summer berm is eroded away and the sands are deposited offshore. This beach profile
is steeper and narrower.
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 • Tides

Tides result from the gravitational attraction of the sun and the Moon on the
oceans. As the Moon orbits around the Earth every four weeks, the relationship of the
Sun, Earth, and Moon changes. At the full moon and new moon, the Sun, Earth, and
Moon are aligned. At these times the gravitational and centrifugal force of the Moon and
Sun combine together and result to spring tides. The spring tides are the highest high
tides and lowest low tides or the greatest tidal range during the course of the lunar
month.

Figure 3 Types of Tides: Spring and Neap Tides

Image Credits: https://www.divescotty.com/underwater-blog/what-are-tides.php

During the first quarter and last quarter, the Sun, Earth, and Moon form a right
angle. On these times the gravitational and centrifugal forces of the Sun and Moon act
at right angles to one another that result to neap tides. The neap tides are the lowest
high tides and highest low tides or the smallest tidal range.

• Sea Level Rise

Sea level has risen by about 120 m since the peak of the last ice age about
19,000 years ago. Since then ice caps have shrunk, returning water to the sea and the
seas have warmed and expanded. Global average sea level is currently rising at the
rate of about 2 mm per year. This slow sea level rise helps to increase the rate of
coastal erosion.

11
• Coastal flooding and erosion may
be severe when storms strike a
coast at spring tide. Storms brought
by low pressure systems may give
rise to a large storm surge high
water resulting from the combination
of wind setup and an inverted
barometer effect (low pressure
doesn't weigh down as heavily on Figure 4 The shoreline of the town of Aparri on the northern
Philippine island of Luzon.Francis R. Malasig/EPA, via Image
the surface of the ocean). Highest credit:
water occurs through the https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/world/asia/typhoon-
mangkhut-philippines
combination of storm surge at spring
tide, especially at or near perihelion
and perigee.

• Crustal movement is the deformation of the earth's crust due tectonic movement. It
can cause e earthquakes and tsunami, which affect humans dramatically. It can cause
tsunamis that can destroy coastal areas.

Figure 5BIG WAVES. A low pressure area sends waves crashing against houses
in Barangay Poblacion, Talisay City, damaging several houses in coastal
villages. (SunStar photo/Alex Badayos)
image credit:
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1772990/Cebu/Feature/Specia

• Storm surge is the temporary rise in sea level beneath a storm and becomes
dangerous during a storm. The water is unable to escape anywhere but onto land as
the storm moves towards the shore, which causes flooding along the coast and other
types of typhoon damage. For example, the force of waves and currents can cause
land to erode and buildings to be destroyed. Saltwater that gets into freshwater lakes,
streams, and aquifers is hazardous to aquatic life and drinking water .

12
 COASTAL EROSION, SUBMERSION AND SALTWATER INTRUSION.

1. Erosion is the wearing away of the land by the sea. This often involves destructive
waves wearing away the coast.

Coastal Erosion is the wearing away of

the land by the sea and is done by
destructive waves.

Five common processes that cause coastal erosion

Hydraulic Corrosion/
Corrasion Abrasion action Attrition solution

occurs as When waves

breaking hit the base of
waves which a cliff air is
is when waves contain sand compressed is when certain
when waves
pick up beach and larger into cracks. types of cliff
cause rocks
material (e.g. fragments When the erode as a
and pebbles to
pebbles) and erode the wave retreats result of weak
bump into
hurl them at shoreline or the air rushes acids in the
each other and
the base of a headland. It is out of the gap.
break up. sea..
cliff. commonly Often this
known as the causes cliff
sand paper material to
effect. break away.

13
2. Submersion occurs when
amount of sediment exceeds
wave/current ability to transport
like the narrow strips of sand,
pebbles, or cobbles deposited
along a shoreline.

Figure 6. Submersion.
ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2016. Image Credit:
https://oceanmusic.weebly.com/coastal-erosion/coastal-erosion-
submersion
3. Seawater intrusion is the
movement of seawater into fresh water aquifers due to natural processes or human
activities. Seawater intrusion is caused by decreases in groundwater levels or by rises
in seawater levels.

Figure 7The Process of Saltwater Intrusion: The figure above illustrates how the process of saltwater intrusion
into an aquifer system can occur. The boundary between fresh groundwater and saltwater is referred to as the
freshwater/saltwater interface. Fresh groundwater discharging to the coast prevents the landward
encroachment of saltwater. If too much freshwater is pumped from the aquifer system, then saltwater can
migrate landward by a process referred to as “saltwater intrusion.” If a pumping well is close to the landward
migrating freshwater/saltwater interface, saltwater could enter the well and contaminate the water supply, too
Image credit: https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/saltwater-intrusion?qt-
science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects.

14
 Read the comic strip. Then, answer the given questions.
I AM A GREAT COASTAL ENGINEER!!!

You were assigned as the head

engineer of a government
project to design structures for
a coastal area that suffers from
saltwater intrusion, high waves,
and storm surges. Plan the
structures and management
that you would like to apply for
this coastal area. Provide a
sketch and a short explanation
for each structure that you plan
to build. Be guided of the
criteria below.

Image Credits: https://clipart.me/architecture/engineer-with-message-board-and-phone-29609

Rubric:
CRITERIA 5 3 1
The sketch included The sketch included
No elements
CONTENT ALL the required terms SOME the required
observed.
AND and elements. The terms and elements.
No elements
ACCURACY elements in the sketch Some of the elements
were explained
were well explained were elaborated
Sketch copied
The sketch showed
CREATIVITY The sketch is original. from another
little creativity.
source.
The student clearly
rook time to create the Some part of the Hastily drawn
NEATNESS
plan. No visible error sketch was not neat. and illegible.
done on the sketch.

15
Create your sketch plan here:

EXPLANATION:
______________________________________________________________________
________________________.

WELL DONE!

16
Read the comic strip. Then, answer the given questions that follow.

17
Guide Questions:

1. Give at least 5 practical ways of coping with coastal erosion, submersion, and
saltwater intrusion. Write your answer on the table below.

Coastal Erosion Saltwater Intrusion Submersion

2. As a Senior High School student, how can you help in reducing the effects of
coastal processes in your community?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________

DID YOU GET IT ALL RIGHT? THEN, YOU ARE SUCH A MARVELOUS
LEARNER. LETS’ TRY ANOTHER ACTIVITY.

18
 In this activity, you need to look for the ten (10) words in the puzzle
about coastal processes and explain each word/s. Write your answer on your notebook.

WORD/S FOUND DEFINITION/EXPLANATION

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

WELL DONE!
GREAT JOB!
19
• Coastal processes are inevitable occurrences driven by nature and amplified by
human action. They cause damage to the shorelines through coastal erosion,
submersion, and saltwater intrusion.
• These coastal processes are waves, tides, sea-level changes, storm surge and
coastal flooding.
• Natural coastal processes may result to hazards that may greatly affect the
community and these are the coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion.
• Coastal protection involves methods and structures that prevent coastal erosion
and submersion.
• Reducing coastal erosion involves methods that minimize the erosion already
occurring on the coasts.
• Coping with saltwater intrusion involves three major steps: monitoring and
assessment, regulation, and engineering structures.

20
 Perform this task to further enhance your understanding about the lesson. You
may also visit the sites provided below to broaden your knowledge.
Using your knowledge learned from this module, create an infographic (graphic
visual representations of information, data, or knowledge intended to present information
quickly and clearly) about the hazards brought by coastal processes that results in coastal
erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion. Be guided of the given criteria.
CRITERIA 5 3 1
Most details support
No details to
Appropriate details main idea
support main
support main idea
idea
Accurate information
CONTENT Accurate and detailed for almost all subject
Information is not
AND information matter
accurate
ACCURACY
Information does
Information adequately Information is mostly
not support the
supports purpose of adequate and
visual’s
visual supportive of visual’s
purpose
purpose
Outstanding use of
Little attempt to
color, design, and Adequate use of
use color, design
space color,
and space
design, and space
CREATIVITY/ appropriately
Original and creative
VISUAL
design Design is adequate
APPEAL Design is dull
Overall design is
Overall design is mostly pleasing and
Project has loppy
pleasing and harmonious
appearance.
harmonious.
Mostly free of Too frequent
grammatical errors grammatical
Free of grammatical
errors
errors
MECHANICS Most words are Distractive
Words are legible and
legible elements
pertinent to topic
and pertinent to make illustration
topic. ineffective

22
http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/storm-surge - STORM SURGE

https://www.facebook.com/notes/earth-and-life-science/lesson-39-coping-with-coastal-erosion-
submersion-and-saltwater-intrusion/1830442383859076/ - COASTAL HAZARD MITIGATIONS

http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=282&print=1 - EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 533: INTEGRATED

COASTAL MANAGEMENT POLICY

https://www.quora.com/How-do-Earths-plate-movements-affect-humans

http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/coastal_basic.htm

https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/storms/what-causes-storm-surge

https://www.slideshare.net/wwlittle/natural-disasters-topic-11-coastal-hazards?qid=de8ad58b-d2f5-
4b28-908d-1f3a4e235824&v=&b=&from_search=48

https://www.slideshare.net/SitiMutiahAliUmar/coastal-erosional-processes-and-landforms-lesson-
4?next_slideshow=1

https://www.slideshare.net/marmae2320/coastal-resource-management?qid=de8ad58b-d2f5-4b28-
908d-1f3a4e235824&v=&b=&from_search=60 (ok)

http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/coastal_processes.html (OK)

https://www.slideshare.net/IrshadMoidheen/marine-and-coastal-processes?qid=de8ad58b-d2f5-4b28-
908d-1f3a4e235824&v=&b=&from_search=7 k

http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/coastal_processes.html

https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-longshore-drift/

https://www.sailmagazine.com/cruising/is-sandy-hook-light-on-the-move

https://oceanmusic.weebly.com/coastal-erosion/coastal-erosion-submersion

23
Waste Disposal
ACTIVITY 4:
Students’ answer may vary.

1. APPLY WHAT WE YOU HAVE LEARNED

Figure 8imager credits: http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Seawall

A seawall will decrease the release of sediments from the section it protects and
will have a negative impact on the sediment budget along adjacent shorelines.

25
So barriers can be constructed along coasts to prevent further advancement of
saltwater if already present The two main categories of igneous rocks are extrusive
and intrusive. Extrusive rocks are formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, which is
magma that has emerged from underground. Intrusive rocks are formed from magma
that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet

REINFORCEMENT:
NOT IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
• Coastal erosion is the loss or displacement of land, or the long-term removal of
sediment and rocks along the coastline due to the action of waves, currents,
tides, wind-driven water, waterborne ice, or other impacts of storms.
• coastal development hazard is something that affects the natural environment
by human activities and products
• storm surge, storm flood, tidal surge or storm tide is a coastal flood or tsunami-
like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low pressure weather
systems.
• Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the
gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun, and the rotation of the
Earth.
• Flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In the
sense of "flowing water".
• Mitigation is the reduction of something harmful or the reduction of its harmful
effects
• Coastal areas are commonly defined as the interface or
transition areas between land and sea, including large inland lakes
• Submersion occurs when amount of sediment exceeds wave/current ability to
transport like the narrow strips of sand, pebbles, or cobbles deposited along a
shoreline.
• Seawater intrusion is the movement of seawater into fresh water aquifers due
to natural processes or human activities
• waves are caused by wind moving across the surface of the water. ... This
causes waves to form

26
REFLECT:
Coastal Erosion Saltwater Intrusion Submersio
n
Seawalls and bulkheads are • Monitoring and • Sandbags
structures that are built parallel to assessment ensure are used to
shores that protect the coasts from effective management counteract
wave actions. of saltwater intrusion waves that
cases. hit the
Groynes and jetties are structures shores. They
that are built perpendicular to • Regulations from also
shores to prevent coastal erosion governing units aid in diminish the
by promoting beach build-up as coping with saltwater effect of a
they trap sand. intrusion. Structures storm surge
must be regulated to that can
Breakwaters are offshore have a safe distance
structures that protect coasts from from the sea to cause
parallel waves and in turn, prevent prevent excessive submersion.
erosion and submersion. groundwater
Beach nourishment is a method extraction from the
where a large amount of sand is reservoir that
added to the coasts. This will contributes to
create a new beach or widen an saltwater intrusion.
existing one. However, this • Artificial recharges
method is costly which deters pump freshwater to
communities to use it. the reservoir to
Development of infrastructures prevent saltwater
must be constructed in safe from intruding
distances from the coasts. through the coasts.

Beach dewatering involves • Barriers can be

pumping out water from the constructed along
shores to prevent erosion. coasts to prevent
further advancement
Artificial seaweeds can be placed of saltwater if already
in the water near the coasts to present.

28
 reduce the speed of current that
promote erosion.
Ban of mining activities near coasts
prevents erosion caused by
mining.
Plant cover and vegetation around
coasts aid in protecting coasts
from erosion.

2. As a Senior High School student you can:

• Be an advocate of protecting the coastline.

• Use the social media to give information about taking care of the coastal area,
the effects of coastal processes and its impact to the community.
• Plant trees along the coastal areas specifically mangroves.
• Putting artificial seaweeds in the water near the coasts to reduce the speed of
current that promote erosion.
• Plant grasses and other vegetation around coasts aid in protecting coasts from
erosion.
• Use recycled mater to lessen the waste that can pollute the coast.
• Conserve water by harvesting rain- water, irrigating with graywater, and
minimizing irrigation.

LEARN MORE;
Students’ answer may vary according to their researches.

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