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Phonetics & Phonology - ling1

Linguistics (Trường Đại học Sư phạm Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh)

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PHONETICS
I. Articulators

II. Vowels
1. Difference between vowels & consonants
+ Obstruction to the air flow

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+ Distribution
2. Classification of vowels
+ Tongue height (mouth opening = distance between tongue and palate): close,
close-mid, open-mid, open
+ Tongue backness (which part of tongue raised highest): front, central, back
+ Lip rounding (corners brought together): rounded, spread, neutral
Front vowels are usually pronounced with the lips spread, and the spreading
becomes more significant as the height of the vowel increases. [17] Open vowels are
often neutral, i.e. neither rounded nor spread, because the open jaw allows for
limited rounding or spreading of the lips.[18]
+ Length: lax, tense
3. Cardinal vowels
Extremes of vowel quality -> compare & describe
Must be written between square brackets: [e], [u],...

4. Short vowels

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5. Long vowels

6. Diphthongs
Glide from one vowel to another

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First part: stronger > second part

7. Triphthongs

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Closing diphthong + ə = triphthong

III. Consonants
1. Voicing (vibration)
a) Vocal folds
b) Positions of vocal folds
+ Wide apart  Fortis: voiceless
+ Narrow glottis
+ Nearly touching -> vibration
+ Tightly closed

2. Place of Articulation (where in the vocal tract the restriction occurs)

+ Bilabial: p, b
+ Labiodental: f, v

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+ Dental: th
+ Alveolar: t, d
+ Post-alveolar: r, sh
+ Palatal: j
+ Velar: k, g
+ Glottal: h
3. Manner of Articulation (the way in which a consonant is produced)
+ Plosive: p, b, t, d, k, g (complete closure). 4 phases: closing -> compression nén -
> release -> post-release
+ Fricative: f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h (close approximation) -> continuant, hissing sound,
friction
+ Affricate: tʃ, dʒ (plosive + fricative) -> Homorganic: đồng nhất
+ Nasal: m, n, ŋ -> ŋ never occurs in initial position (3)
+ Lateral approximant: l
+ Approximant (open approximation): w, r, j

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PHONOLOGY
I. Phonemes, allophones
1. Phonemes
Minimal abstract unit of speech
2. Allophones
+ Different realizations of the same phoneme
+ Occur in complementary distribution (never found in identical context)
a) Aspiration
+ Voiceless plosive initial = aspirated. Symbol: ph
+ Voiceless plosive after s = unaspirated. Symbol: p=
b) Devoicing
+ Voiced plosive final = little voicing
+ r after plosive = devoiced
c) Fortis clipping
+ Voiceless consonant -> shorten preceding vowel
bad
bat -> shorter
d) Clear l - Dark l
+ l initial = clear l (ex: lay, lie, loud)
+ l after vowel = dark l (similar to [u]). Symbol: ɫ (ex: real, eel)

II. Syllables
1. Structure
Must contain one and only one vowel as peak

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a) Peak = vowel
b) Onset = consonants preceding peak (max: 3)
c) Coda = consonants following peak (max: 4)

+ Initial: must not be empty

+ Pre-initial: s
+ Post-initial: l, r, w, j

+ Final: must not be empty

+ Pre-final: m, n, ŋ, l, s
+ Post-final: s, z, t, d, θ
2. Syllable division
+ Maximal onset principle: consonants should be attached to the right-hand
syllable as far as possible
+ Consonants must be within the restrictions governing syllable onsets and codas
+ Short vowel (except weak syllables) must be followed by a consonant
3. Strong and weak syllables
ə
i (ɪ before consonant)
u (ʊ before consonant)
4. Syllabic consonants
Consonant that stands as the peak of a syllable.
+ Syllabic l (symbol ļ): le, al, el

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+ Syllabic n, m, ŋ (symbol ņ): plosive, fricative + n -> ņ

+ Syllabic r (symbol ŗ)
bottle /bɒtəl/ /bɒtļ/
III. Stress
* Prominence:
- Louder
- Length
- Pitch
- Quality
* Primary stress, secondary stress
photographic ,fəʊtə’græfɪk
* Noun, Adjective -> tend to stress the first syllables
Verb -> tend to stress the last syllables
Compound noun -> tend to stress the first element
IV. Weak forms
Apply to functional words (preposition, conjunction)
to tu: tə
* When to use strong form:
- At the end of the sentence
- To emphasize
that
ðæt: when used as demonstrative -> that car
ðət: when used in a relative clause -> I have a feeling that she will come
she, he, we you
Even at the end of sentence, still use weak forms

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some
sʌm: một thứ gì đó mình không biết -> some day
səm: một ít, một vài -> some people
must
mʌst: phỏng đoán -> Mr. Thuan teaches Phonology a lot. He must be tired.
məst: buộc phải -> Because Mr. Thuan teaches Phonology a lot, we must study
hard.
V. Assimilation, elision, linking
* Assimilation (đồng hoá âm)
- Alveolar + non-alveolar -> non-alveolar
that car ðæt kɑ: -> ðæk kɑ:
- Plosive + fricative, nasal -> fricative, nasal
good night gʊd naɪt -> gʊn naɪt
- Voiced + voiceless -> voiceless
cheese cake tʃi:z keɪk -> tʃi:s keɪk
- Voiceless + voiced -> NORMAL!
black dog blæk dɒg
* Elision (lược âm)
police pəli:s -> pļi:s
* Linking (nối âm) - intrusive r
four eggs fɔ: egz -> fɔ:regz

VI. Intonation (ngữ điệu) = pitch high / low

* Những vấn đề đã học trước bài này = segmental phonology (âm vị học đoạn
tính) -> tách ra đứng một mình thành các đoạn được

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* Vấn đề stress, intonation = suprasegmental phonology (âm vị học phi đoạn tính)
-> không tách ra đứng một mình thành các đoạn được
* 5 forms of intonation:
- Rise: questions, “I want to say more”
- Fall: statement, “I’ve finished”
- Level: no emotion
- Fall-rise: uncertainty
- Rise-fall: strong feelings

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EXERCISE
Exercise 1. Describe the qualities of these vowels and consonants.
* Single vowels
[e] front, close-mid, neutral, lax
æ
ɔ:
[ɑ]
ʌ
[ɔ]
ɪ
ɑ:
e
ɜ:
[a]
ɒ
[u]
ʊ
[i]
ə
i:
[o]
u:
[ɛ]

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* Diphthongs
ɔɪ closing
ɪə
əʊ
aʊ
eɪ
ʊə
aɪ
eə
* Consonants
f voiceless, labiodental, fricative
b
l
d
ʒ
z
k
n
tʃ
v
θ
p
ŋ
ð

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s
j
t
ʃ
w
h
dʒ
m
r
g

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Exercise 2. Write the phonemic / phonological transcription of the following

words.
1. nail /neɪl/ [neɪɫ]
2. clothes
3. plan
4. guide
5. toast
6. script
7. scratch
8. green
9. bland
10. hall

11. affair
12. suffer
13. abuse
14. standard
15. navy
16. collect
17. provide
18. coffee
19. effect
20. pardon

21. photography

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22. vertical
23. different
24. population
25. cigarette
26. separate (v)
27. mutual
28. assignment
29. dictionary
30. reasonable

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Exercise 3. Analyze the structure of these syllables.

1. strange
/streɪndʒ/

Pre-I I Post-I Peak Pre-F F Post-F Post-F Post-F

s t r eɪ n dʒ

2. trucks
3. safe
4. plain
5. rank
6. courts
7. cross
8. splash
9. tongues
10. breathed
11. brake
12. damned
13. blind
14. grains
15. snatched
16. pierce
17. knit
18. killed
19. texts
20. sixths

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Exercise 4. Divide the syllables in the following words.

1. discover
/dɪ.skʌv.ə/
2. temptation
3. eternal
4. television
5. classify
6. disagreement
7. assertive
8. abundant
9. battery
10. agriculture
11. biology
12. dangerous
13. motorist
14. notorious
15. ignorance
16. sympathetic
17. reservoir
18. mosaic
19. intermediate
20. provincial

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Exercise 5. Transcribe the following sentences. (+ weak forms)

1. Tom is now looking for a bigger house to live in
tɒm ɪz naʊ lʊkɪŋ fər ə bɪgə haʊs tə lɪv ɪn
2. It is a myth that the Great Wall of China can be seen from space
3. She got stressed out whenever she saw a notification on her email
4. Do you really think you'd be happy in a job like that
5. She was sick of seeing billboards for the iPhone13 when she still had an
iPhone6
6. Wearing long sleeves in the winter is a good idea
7. If you don't pay your taxes, the police show up and force you to
8. What time should I drop the kids off at school
9. Orange juice is much better with the pulp in it
10. If you don't give me your cookie, I will stomp on your foot and break your toes

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Exercise 6. Transcribe the following passages

1. During the first part of your life, you only become aware of happiness once you
have lost it. Then an age comes, a second one, in which you already know, at the
moment when you begin to experience true happiness, that you are, at the end of
the day, going to lose it. When I met Belle, I understood that I had just entered
this second age. I also understood that I hadn’t reached the third age, in which
anticipation of the loss of happiness prevents you from living.

2. ði əʊld ˈskɒlə wəz ˈwɒʧɪŋ ðə ˈnɔɪzi jʌŋ ˈpiːpl əˈraʊnd ɪm ənd ɪt ˈsʌdnli əˈkɜːd tə
ɪm ðət hi wəz ði ˈəʊnli wʌn ɪn ðə həʊl ˈɔːdiəns huː həd ðə ˈprɪvɪlɪʤ əv ˈfriːdəm, fə
hi wəz əʊld. ˈəʊnli wen ə ˈpɜːsn ˈriːʧɪz əʊld eɪʤ kən hi stɒp ˈkeərɪŋ əˈbaʊt ði ə
ˈpɪnjənz əv ɪz ˈfeləʊz, ɔːr əv ðə ˈpʌblɪk, ɔːr əv ðə ˈfjuːʧə. hi z əˈləʊn wɪð əˈprəʊʧɪŋ
deθ ənd deθ həz nəʊ ɪəz ənd dəz nɒt niːd tə bi pliːzd. ɪn ðə feɪs əv deθ ə mæn kən
dʊ ənd seɪ wɒt ˈpliːzɪz ɪz əʊn self.

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Exercise 7. Give a word that meets these criteria (vowel, consonant, syllable,
stress, intonation)
1. short front vowel
debt /det/
2. short back vowel + voiceless fricative
3. closing diphthong + voiced labiodental + nasal
4. triphthong + 2 syllables
5. long back vowel + lateral approximant + first syllable stress
6. centring diphthong + second syllable stress
7. long front vowel + plosive + 3 syllables
8. open vowel + rise intonation
9. voiceless alveolar + 2 syllables + fall intonation
10. close vowel + affricate + second syllable stress
11. approximant + fall-rise intonation
12. long vowel + nasal + rise-fall intonation

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EXTRA EXERCISE
Exercise 1. For each of these words:
a) Write the phonemic / phonological transcription of the following words.
b) Divide the syllables in the following words.
c) Analyze the structure of these syllables.

1. joke
/dʒəʊk/ [dʒěʊk]
I - Peak - F
2. plan
3. stage
4. slime
5. debate
6. dragon
7. example
8. understand
9. embarrassment
10. reasonable

11. punch
12. hike
13. drug
14. disturbance
15. economics
16. layout

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17. reality
18. cassette
19. legislation
20. miscarriage

21. mosque
22. host
23. solve
24. compensation
25. cultivate
26. compromise
27. talented
28. applaud
29. occupation
30. separate (v)

31. clerk
32. walk
33. breathe
34. profuse
35. nuclear
36. intermediate
37. royalty
38. proportion
39. rifle

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40. banquet

* SPECIAL (hok cần làm đâu)

1. phoneme
2. pronunciation
3. syllable
4. intonation
5. phonetics
6. phonology
7. italics
8. accent
9. dialect
10. estuary

11. articulator
12. larynx
13. cavity
14. oral
15. pharynx
16. palate
17. velum
18. velar
19. alveolar
20. bilabial

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21. labiodental
22. apparatus
23. vowel
24. consonant
25. cardinal
26. association
27. secondary
28. neutral
29. extreme
30. schwa

31. vocoid
32. contoid
33. quadrilateral
34. symbol
35. diphthong
36. triphthong
37. cartilage
38. trachea
39. thyroid
40. arytenoid

41. cricoid
42. glottis
43. vibration

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44. respiration
45. egressive
46. pulmonic
47. stricture
48. plosive
49. release
50. aspiration

51. fortis
52. lenis
53. segment
54. complementary
55. allophone
56. diacritics
57. bracket
58. narrow
59. fricative
60. affricate

61. homorganic
62. comparative
63. superlative
64. lateral
65. approximant
66. retroflex

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67. non-rhotic
68. minimum
69. onset
70. coda

71. cluster
72. phonotactics
73. initial
74. sclerosis
75. principle
76. perception
77. prominence
78. penultimate
79. element
80. foreign

81. co-ordinated
82. omit
83. demonstrative
84. specify
85. rhythm
86. aspect
87. assimilation
88. coalescence
89. elision

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90. intrusive

91. suprasegmental
92. prosodic
93. fundamental
94. frequency
95. finality
96. routine
97. anomalous
98. attitudinal
99. accentual
100. grammatical

101. discourse
102. sequential
103. morpheme
104. morphology
105. instinctive
106. constituent
107. syntax
108. lexicon
109. allomorph
110. portmanteau

111. zero

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112. formalizer
113. nuclei
114. modify
115. suprafix
116. derivational
117. inflectional
118. immediate
119. lexeme
120. combination

121. simple
122. complex
123. insertion
124. material
125. member
126. abbreviation
127. endocentric
128. exocentric
129. inalienably
130. binary

131. reduplication
132. recursiveness
133. acronymy
134. coinage

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135. morphophonemic
136. paradigm
137. substitute
138. determiner

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Exercise 2. Transcribe the following sentences, showing weak forms,

assimilation, elision and linking whenever possible. Then, give possible
intonations.
1. I do love my new pets
2. Truth is the daughter of time
3. Watch out, there’s quicksand
4. Tommy lost the shopping list his mother had given him and just bought things
he wanted to eat
5. Her hands were all scabbed over
6. I lost the door key yesterday and couldn’t get in
7. The tornado went down her street, straight past her house, and picked up a
racoon
8. On top of the mountain, he started screaming and could not stop
9. My pen broke and leaked blue ink all over my new dress
10. Isn’t the Czech Republic in Africa

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Exercise 3. Give a word that meets these criteria (vowel, consonant, syllable,
stress, intonation)
1. long back vowel + voiced affricate
2. dental + 3 syllables
3. diphthong + second syllable stress
4. short vowel + palatal + rise intonation
5. 4 syllables + second syllable stress + fall-rise intonation

6. central vowel + voiceless velar

7. plosive + 2 syllables
8. triphthong + 2 syllables + first syllable stress
9. approximant + second syllable stress + fall intonation
10. front vowel + 3 syllables + rise-fall intonation

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