1

,
,
.
T ( 20
), (21-35 ) (36
).

.

.
A ( ),
( 3 ), (3 6 ), (6 12) ,
(12-20), (20-40), (40 65)
(65 ).

.
.
Y
,
, ( ),
( ) ,
(Pervin, 1978).

.

Freud , Adler Erikson

.
Watson, Skinner Bandura
.
Piaget
.
Rogers aslow
.
/ Vygotsky Bronfenbrenner

.

Gesell
.

.
, , , ,
(, , , )
(, , )
.


(Leavitt & Coldson, 1996).
,
.
.

, , , , ,
, ,
,
.

.
.

20-30 (Kirchengast &Hartmann,2003). >50 25%
Down (Gaulden,1992) .

.
stress .

,
-
, ,
.

3
,

(Gleason et al.,1994).
, ,
, ,
.
H (Erikson,1963),
( )
(Rosen &Burke 1999)
.
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ,

( , , , )

.

,
, , ,
,
.

, ,
(2-3 ),
(3-6 ),
.
,
, ,
(Feldman,2009).


, .
,
, (, , ) (
, , , ) ,

4

(Hart,2000).

,
.
,
, ,
.

, ,
.
( ,
) ( ,
) .
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
,
( , , ,
, )
.

(Koska et al.,2002)
.(Jiao, Ji &
Jing,1996).
,
, ,
.

.

( , ), /
, ,
(, ) ,
(, ).

5
.


(Phillipson,
2006).

H , , ,
,
, ,
, , ,
, -
.
,
, ,
,
(,2001)


.

, ,

.
,
, , ,
,
,
stress ,
,
, ,
,
.
(Sheldon et al., 2001).


Erikson

6
(Helson & Wink,1992).
.

(Feldman, 2009).
O , ,

.
,

.
,
, .

,
, ,

,
.
,
7 .
.


(Harrell,1981).

(Diop,1989)
.

.
.

, .

7

.
- (Bordin,1979)


.

(, , )

( ),, , ,


(Mc Leod,2003,613).

,

(McLeod, 2003).


.

, ,
.

.
, , , ,


.

9
Bordin, E. S. (1979), The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of working
alliance , Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 16, 252-260.
Boszormensky-Nagy,I., &Framo, J.L.(1972).Invisible Loyalties.New York : Harper
&Row
Diop, A.M. (1989). The place of the elderly in African society. Impact of Science on
Society, 153, 93-98.
Erikson , E. H., (1963), Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Feldman R., (2009). . ..
Gurenberg.
Gaulden, M. E. (1992). Maternal age effect: The enigma of Down syndrome and other
trisomic conditions. Mutation Research, 296, 69-88.
Gleason, J., Perlmann, R. U., Ely. R., & Evans, D. W. (1994). The babytalk register:
Parents use of diminutives. In J.L. Sokolov & C. E. Snow (Eds), Handbook of
research in language development using CHILDES. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hart, B. (2000). A natural history of early language experience. Topics in Early
Childhood Special Education, 20, 28-32.
Harrell., S.(1981). Growing old in rural Taiwan. In P.T. Amoss & Harrell
(Eds.).Other ways of growing old. Stanford, CA:Stanford Univercity Press.
Helson, R. & Wink, P. (1992).Personality change in women from the early 40s to the
early 50s. Psychology and Aging, 7,46-55.
Jiao, S., Ji, G. & Jing, Q. (1996). Cognitive development of Chinese urban only
children and children with siblings. Child Development, 67, 387-395.
Kirchengast, S., & Hartmann, B.(2003). Impact of maternal age and maternal
somatic characteristics on newborn size. American Journal of Human Biology,
15,220-228.
.(2001). .
. . .
Koska, J., Ksinantova, L., Sebokova, E., Kventnansky, R., Klimes, L., Chrousos, G.
& Pacak, K. (2002).Endocrine regulation of subcutaneous fat metabolism during cold
exposure in humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Science,967, 500-505.

Leavitt, L.A. & Goldson, E. (1996).Introduction to special section: Biomedicine and

developmental psyvhology: New areas of common ground. Developmental
Psychology, 32, 387-389 .
10
McLeod J.,(2003). . . .
Pervin L. A. (1978). Current Controversies and Issues in Personality, New York: John
Wiley
Rosen , K. S. & Burke, P.B. (1999).Multiple attachment relationships within families
: Mothers and fathers with two young children, Developmental Psychology, 35,436444.
Sheldon , K. M., Elliot, A.J., Kim, Y., & Kasser, T. (2001). What is satisfying about satisfying
events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80,
325-339.