Sensors PDF

Sensor
types
Automatic Control System
Automatic Control
System
Construction
• Material or Power
• Object
• Output Signal
• Sensor
• Disturbances
• Converter
• Measuring Device
• Controller
• Industry Controller
• Executive Device
Graphic Symbols- Sensors and
Detectors
– PROXIMITY SENSOR
– PROXIMITY DEVICE
(FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL)
– CAPACITIVE CRYSTAL SET
TACTILE SENSOR -
– TACTILE SENSOR WITH NORMAL

CLOSED CONTACT
– PROXIMITY SENSOR WITH
NORMAL OPEN CONTACT
CONTACTRON
– IRON SENSOR
SENSORS
SELECTION
(CLASSIFICATION)
1. Contact versus Non-contact
• Contact sensor : There is physical contact

betwen the sensor an the parametr it
measures
• Non-contact sensor : Also called
proximity sensors. Proximity indicates that
the object is near, but contact is not
required.
Contact Sensor
Non- Contact Sensor
2. Digital (binary) versus Analog
• Digital sensors
– Have two states: on or off
– Detect presence/absence of object
– Counting such as used in a rotary encoder
• Analog sensors
– They sense continuous variables (temp,
pressure) and provide a continuous (usually
linear) voltage or current according to an
input/output transfer function.
– More complex than digital and can provide
more information.
3. Principles and Designs
• Sensor principles
– Inductive
– Capacitive
– Resistive
• Sensor designs
– Extrinsic
– Intrinsic
4. Digital Sensors
• Switches
• Optical (photoelectric) sensors
• Encoders
• Ultrasonic sensors
• Inductive sensors
• Capacitive sensors
5. Industrial sensors
• Proximity
– Mechanical
– Optical
– Inductive/Capacitive
• Position/Velocity
– Potentiometr
– LVDT
– Encoders
– Tachogenerator
• Force/Pressure
• Vibration/Acceleration
Inductive
sensors
Types of inductive sensors
proximity
movement
Proximity sensors
I. Schematic diagram
liminal output output

metal generator construction amplifier signal
with hysteresis
Proximity sensors
II. Principle of working
liminal output output

metal generator construction amplifier signal
with hysteresis
Proximity sensors
III. Parameters
Nominal zone of working
Trip - out
Switches on Hysteresis
Metal plate Zone of working
Inductive sensor
Frequency of jumpering
Sensor
Measuring plate St37
Traffic trend
Real zone of working
Working zone of action

Hysteresis of jumpering
Corrective coeficiences
Repeatability
Temperature of working
Admission
Residual voltage
Residual current
Movement sensors
Movement sensors
Movement sensors
III. Parameters
Zone of working
Trip - out
Switches on Hysteresis
Metal plate Zone of working
Inductive sensor
Corrective coeficiences
Hysteresis of frequency
Out
Increase speed
lowering
speed
Liminal frequencies
Maximum frequency of jumpering
Time of deceleration
IV. Symbol of inductive sensors
V. Examples of inductive sensor
VI. Inductive sensor in use
Quantity control
Detection unevenness
on packaging
VI. Inductive sensor in use
Control of screw tight the screws

Capacitive
sensors
Capacitive sensors
object
periphery of oscillator comparator amplifier
active surface
screen
Capacitive sensors
O
b
j
e
c
t
periphery of comparator amplifier

oscillator
III. Symbol of capacitive sensors
IV. Capacitive sensor in use
Silicon Wafer deposition & etching
Silicon Wafer proximity
Wafer cutting/processing
Robot arm control
Computer hard disc drive
Printing Press/Photocopiers
Tooling parallelism/alignment
Detection of movement
Detection of position
Counting of
Steering mechanical
rotational speed
process
Optical
sensors
Optical (Photoelectric) Sensors
• All optical sensors use light to sense
objects.
• Operation method:
- Lasers, Incandescend bulbs, or Light emitting diodes
(LEDs) are used as light source
- The light source is turned off and on (modulation) at a
high frequency (could be as hight as several kHz)
- A photodetector senses the pulsed light
- The light emitter and receiver are turned to the
modulation frequency.
Example of Sensor using LED as a
light source
Types of Optical Sensors
• Reflective (Diffuse) Sensors

• Retroreflective Sensors
• Thru-beam Sensors
• Polarizing Photo Sensors
• Convergent Photo Sensors
• Fiber Optic Sensors
• Laser Sensors
Reflective (Diffuse) Sensors
T - Transmitter
R - Receiver
Transmitter and receiver are

combined into one casing
OBJECT
Work relies on the reflective surface on the target to

reflect the light from the transmitter to the receiver
Advantages
• Singular casing (Transmitter +

Receiver)
• Objects detection with high reflect

parameter (0,6 - 0,9)
Disadvantages
• Low detecting distance
• Sensitive to colour and quality
• Sensitive to background
• Dead zone
Retroreflective Sensors
Transmitter and receiver are combined into one
casing
Make use of a reflector to reflect the light from
the transmitter to the receiver
OBJECT
REFLECTOR
R
Advantages
• Easy instalation
• Singular casing ( Transmitter + Receiver)
• Good working zone

Disadvantages
• Sensitive to lights objects
• Use reflector
• Dead zone
Thru-beam Sensors
System has a separate transmitter and receiver
OBJECT
T R
It’s capable of sensing very small

object by narrowing the light
beam
Advantages
• Detection for long distance

• Lack of dead zone
• Detection light objects
• Detection in several environment
Disadvantages
• Large separate casings
• Problems with instalation ( set- up

Transmitter and Receiver)
Typical Application
• Detecting the presence or absence of an object
• Positioning and counting
• Detection the end of travel of an object
• Packaging machinery
• Sorting and labelling machinery
• Textile machinery
• Pharmaceutical
• Small part detection
• High speed detection
• Door controls
Parameters
- Operating Temperature (10°C - +50°C)

- Vibration
- Supply Voltage (10 – 30 VDC or 230 VAC)
- Detecting Distance
- Output Current
- Max. Switching Frequency
- Degree of Protection
- Hysteresis
Encoders
An encoder is a device that senses a

modification of speed and position and
converts it to a digital value
There are two main types of rotary
encoders:
- Incremental
- Absolute
Principle of working
The light from Light Source shines through the lines on disk
and Grid Assembly and is then sensed by photo detector
Construction of encoder’s disk:
Incremental encoders:
An incremental encoder generates a series of

square waves
Encoders transform rotary movement into a sequence of

electrical pulses
There are two main types of incremental
encoders:
-Tachometer
- Quadrature
Absolute encoder
An absolute encoder provides a word of output with a

qunique pattern that represents each position.
The output is proportional to the angle of the shaft

Principle of working

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Sensor

– TACTILE SENSOR WITH NORMAL

• Contact sensor : There is physical contact

liminal output output

liminal output output

Metal plate Zone of working

Measuring plate St37

Real zone of working

Working zone of action

Metal plate Zone of working

Maximum frequency of jumpering

Control of screw tight the screws

periphery of comparator amplifier

Silicon Wafer proximity

Robot arm control

Computer hard disc drive

• Reflective (Diffuse) Sensors

Transmitter and receiver are

Work relies on the reflective surface on the target to

• Singular casing (Transmitter +

• Objects detection with high reflect

• Low detecting distance

• Sensitive to colour and quality

• Singular casing ( Transmitter + Receiver)

• Good working zone

• Sensitive to lights objects

It’s capable of sensing very small

• Detection for long distance

• Large separate casings

• Problems with instalation ( set- up

- Operating Temperature (10°C - +50°C)

An encoder is a device that senses a

An incremental encoder generates a series of

Encoders transform rotary movement into a sequence of

An absolute encoder provides a word of output with a

The output is proportional to the angle of the shaft

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