Notes 20

ECE 5317-6351
Microwave Engineering
Fall 2011
Prof. David R. Jackson
Dept. of ECE
Power Dividers and Couplers
Part 2
1
Directional Couplers
Four-Port Networks
Consider a reciprocal 4-port network with matched ports:
| |
12 13 14
12 23 24
13 23 34
14 24 34
0
0
0
0
S S S
S S S
S
S S S
S S S
(
(
(
=
(
(

14 23
0 S S = =
The device is called a directional coupler if:
If lossless [S] is unitary.
2
There are 6 degrees of freedom
(independent S parameters).
Directional Couplers
Directional coupler:
| |
12 13
12 24
13 34
24 34
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
S S
S S
S
S S
S S
(
(
(
=
(
(

3
There are now 4
degrees of freedom.
All ports are matched.
No power flows to port 4 from in the input port 1 (i.e., port 4 is isolated).
Ports 2 and 3 are isolated (power incident on port 2 does not get to port 3 and vice versa).
Directional Couplers
Directional coupler symbol:
4
All ports are matched.
No power flows to port 4 from in the input port 1 (i.e., port 4 is isolated).
Ports 2 and 3 are isolated (power incident on port 2 does not get to port 3 and vice versa).
1 2
3 4
Input Through
Isolated Coupled
Directional Couplers
2 2
12 13
* *
12 13 24 34
13 24
1
0

S S
S S S S
S S
+ =
+ =
=
(Dot column 1 with its conjugate)
(Dot column 2 with the conjugate of column 3)
(Dot column 1 dotted with its conjugate, subtract from column 2 dotted with its conj
12 34
S S =
ugate)
(Dot column 2 dotted with its conjugate, subtract from column 3 dotted with its conjugate,
and use the with previous result above)
5
| |
12 13
12 24
13 34
24 34
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
S S
S S
S
S S
S S
(
(
(
=
(
(

From the unitary property of the matrix, we have the following results:
12 34
13 24
,
j j
S S
S e S e
u |
o
| |
= =
= =
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
12 13
* *
12 13 24 34
1 1
0 0
1 0
2
j j
j
j
S S
S S S S e e
e e
n
u |
| u
u
o |
o| o|
o|
u | t t

+ = + =
+ = + =
+ =
+ = +
Choose
Directional Couplers (cont.)
6
The first equation is really just a choice of reference planes on ports 2 and 3,
which makes these parameters real.
(usually, n = 0)
( / 2) u | t = =
| |
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
j
j
S
j
j
o |
o |
| o
| o
(
(
(
=
(
(

( ) 0; u | t = =
| |
0 0
0 0 -
0 0
0 - 0
S
o |
o |
| o
| o
(
(
(
=
(
(

Two possible choices:
1) Symmetrical coupler
2) Anti-symmetrical coupler
Directional Couplers (cont.)
7
Example: 90
o
quadrature hybrid coupler
Example: 180
o
rat-race hybrid coupler
-
1
11
1
-10log -20log
dB
P
RL S
P
+
| |
= =
|
\ .
1
3 31
1
10log 20log -20log
dB
P
C
P S
|
+

| |
= = =
|
\ .
Assume a signal into port 1
Return loss
Coupling
8
Directional Couplers (cont.)
Input Through
Isolated Coupled
1 2
3 4
1
P
+
3
P

2
P

4
P

1
P

Ideally + dB
Assume ports 2-4 are matched.
3 31
4 41 41
10log 20log 20log
dB
P S
D
P S S
|

| |
= = =
|
\ .
1
4 41
1
10log 20log
dB
P
I
P S
+

| |
= =
|
\ .
Directivity
Ideally + dB
Isolation
Ideally + dB
A hybrid coupler is one for
which the coupling is 3 dB
(equal power split at the
output ports 2 and 3):



dB dB dB
I D C = + Note:
| |
31
1
; 3 dB
2
dB
S C | = = =
90
o
(Quadrature) Hybrid Coupler
9
A quadrature coupler is one in which the input is split into two signals (usually
with a goal of equal magnitudes) that are 90 degrees apart in phase. Types of
quadrature couplers include branchline couplers (also known as quadrature
hybrid couplers), Lange couplers and overlay couplers.
http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/Quadrature_couplers.cfm
Taken from Microwaves 101
This is very useful for obtaining circular polarization:
There is a 90
o
phase difference between ports 2 and 3.
10
90
o
hybrid
1
2
4
3
The quadrature hybrid is a lossless 4-port (the S matrix is unitary ).
All four ports are matched.
The device is reciprocal (the S matrix is symmetric.)
Port 4 is isolated from port 1 and ports 2 and 3 are isolated from each other.
Quadrature Hybrid Coupler (cont.)
| |
0 1 0
0 0 1
-1
1 0 0
2
0 1 0
j
j
S
j
j
(
(
(
=
(
(

11
The signal from port 1 splits evenly between ports 2 and 3, with a 90
o
phase
difference.



The signal from port 4 splits evenly between ports 2 and 3, with a -90
o
phase
difference.
The quadrature hybrid is usually used as a splitter:
90
o
hybrid
1
2
4
3
+90
o
out of phase -90
o
out of phase
21 31
S jS =
24 34
S jS =
Quadrature Hybrid Coupler (cont.)
Can be used to produce right-handed circular polarization.
Can be used to produce left-handed circular polarization.
| |
0 1 0
0 0 1
-1
1 0 0
2
0 1 0
j
j
S
j
j
(
(
(
=
(
(

0
Z
4
g

1 2
3
4
4
g

0
2 Z
0
2 Z
plane of symmetry
(POS)
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
(Branch-line coupler)
12
A microstrip realization is shown here.
Quadrature Hybrid Coupler (cont.)
Note: We only need to study what
happens when we excite port 1, since
the structure is symmetric.

We use even/odd mode analysis
(exciting ports 1 and 4) to figure out
what happens when we excite port 1.
Even Analysis
3 2
4 1
e e
e e
V V
V V
=
=
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
1
e
V
2
e
V
3
e
V
4
e
V
V
+
V
+
0
2 Z
0
2 Z
8
s g
l =
4
g

OC OC
OC OC
OC
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
13
Quadrature Hybrid Coupler (cont.)
( )
( )
0
0
0
tan
tan / 4
s s s
Y jY l
jY
jY
|
t
=
=
=
0 0
1/ Y Z =
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z 2
V
+
4
g

1
e
V
2
e
V
0
jY
0
jY
Odd Analysis
3 2
4 1
-
-
o o
o o
V V
V V
=
=
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z 2
V
+
4
g

1
o
V
2
o
V
0
- jY
0
- jY
14
Quadrature Hybrid Coupler (cont.)
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
1
o
V
2
o
V
3
o
V
4
o
V
V
+
V
+

0
2 Z
0
2 Z
8
s g
l =
4
g

SC SC
SC SC
OC
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
( )
( )
0
0
0
cot
cot / 4
s s s
Y jY l
jY
jY
|
t
=
=
=
0 0
1/ Y Z =
Consider the
general case:
0
+
-
Y jY
|
=
|
\ .

|
for even
for odd
| | | |
0
4
0
0
2 1 0
1 2
0
Y
jZ
ABCD ABCD
Y j
Z

(
(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

Y
0
Z
0
Z
0
2 Z
4
g

Y
2-port
| | | | | | | |
4
Y Y
ABCD ABCD ABCD ABCD =
15
Quadrature Hybrid Coupler (cont.)
Quarter-wave line Shunt load on line





.
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
0
cos sin
/ sin cos
line
line
line
jZ
ABCD
j Z D
| |
| |
(
(
( =
(

(
=

In general:
0 0
/ 2
/ 2
line
Z Z
| t
=
=
Here:
| |
0
0
0 0
0
0 0
2
0 0
0
0
2 1 0 1 0
1 1 2
0
2 2 1 0
1 2
0
2 2
2
2 2
jZ
ABCD
Y Y j
Z
jZ Y jZ
Y j
Z
jZ Y jZ
jZ Y j jZ Y
Z
(
(
( (
(
=
( (
(

(

(
(
(
(
=
(
(

(

(
(
(
=
(
+
(

16
Quadrature Hybrid Coupler (cont.)
Hence we have
0
+
-
j
Y
Z
|
=
|
\ .

|
for even
for odd
| |
( )
( )
0 0
0
2
0 0
0 0 0
0
0 0
0
0
1
2
2
1
1 2
2
1
1
1
1
2
j
jZ jZ
Z
ABCD
j j j
jZ jZ
Z Z Z
j j jZ
j
j j j
Z Z
jZ
j
Z
(
| |

( |
\ .
(
=
(
| | | |
(
+
| |
(
\ . \ .

(
(
=
| |
(
+
|
(
\ .

(
(
= | |
(
|
(
\ .

17
Quadrature Hybrid Coupler (cont.)
Continuing with the algebra, we have
| |
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
e
jZ
ABCD
j
Z
(
(
=
| |
(
|
(
\ .

| |
0
1-
0
2
1-
0
2
e
j
S
j
(
(
= (
(
(

18
Quadrature Hybrid Coupler (cont.)
Hence we have
Convert this to S parameters (use Table 4.2 in Pozar):
2 3 4
-
1
11
1
0 a a a
V
S
V
+
= = =
=
11
0 S =
( )
- - - - - -
1 1 1 1 1 1
11
11 11
1
2 2
1
0 0
2
e o e o e o
e o
V V V V V V
S
V V V V V
S S
+ + + + +
| | + +
= = = +
|
+
\ .
= + = +
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
0
2 Z
0
2 Z
4
g

4
g

1
V
2
V
4
V
3
V
-
3
V
-
2
V
-
1
V
1
V
+
-
4
V
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
19
Quadrature Hybrid Coupler (cont.)
Hence

11 22 33 44
0 S S S S = = = =
By symmetry:
( )
- - - -
2 2 2 2
21 21 21
1
2 2
1 -1- 1-
2 2 2
-
2
e o e o
e o
V V V V
S S S
V V V
j j
j
+ + +
+ +
= = = +
+
(
| | | |
= +
| | (
\ . \ .

=
21 12 43 34
-
2
j
S S S S = = = = By symmetry and reciprocity:
20
Quadrature Hybrid Coupler (cont.)
2 3 4
-
2
21
1
0 a a a
V
S
V
+
= = =
=
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
0
2 Z
0
2 Z
4
g

4
g

1
V
2
V
4
V
3
V
-
3
V
-
2
V
-
1
V
1
V
+
-
4
V
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
2 3 4
-
3
31
1
0 a a a
V
S
V
+
= = =
=
31 13 24 42
-1
2
S S S S = = = = By symmetry and reciprocity:
21
Quadrature Hybrid Coupler (cont.)
( )
- - - - - -
3 3 3 3 2 2
31 21 21
1
-
2 2 2
1 -1- 1-
-
2 2 2
-1
2
e o e o e o
e o
V V V V V V
S S S
V V V V
j j
+ + + +
+ +
= = = =
+
(
| | | |
=
| | (
\ . \ .

=

0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
0
2 Z
0
2 Z
4
g

4
g

1
V
2
V
4
V
3
V
-
3
V
-
2
V
-
1
V
1
V
+
-
4
V
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
2 3 4
-
4
41
1
0 a a a
V
S
V
+
= = =
=
41 14 23 32
0 S S S S = = = = By symmetry and reciprocity:
22
Quadrature Hybrid Coupler (cont.)
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
0
2 Z
0
2 Z
4
g

4
g

1
V
2
V
4
V
3
V
-
3
V
-
2
V
-
1
V
1
V
+
-
4
V
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
( )
- - - - - -
4 4 4 4 1 1
41 11 11
1
- 0
2 2 2
e o e o e o
e o
V V V V V V
S S S
V V V V
+ + + +
+ +
= = = = =
+

Summary
| |
0 1 0
0 0 1
-1
1 0 0
2
0 1 0
j
j
S
j
j
(
(
(
=
(
(

23
Quadrature Hybrid Coupler (cont.)
0
Z
4
g

1 2
3
4
4
g

0
2 Z
0
2 Z
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
The input power to port 1
divides evenly between ports 2
and 3, with ports 2 and 3 being
90
o
out of phase.
180
o
Hybrid Coupler (Rat-Race Ring Hybrid)
24
http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/ratrace_couplers.cfm
Taken from Microwaves 101
Applications of rat-race couplers are numerous, and include
mixers and phase shifters. The rat-race gets its name from its
circular shape, shown below.
Figure 7.42 of Pozar
Photograph of a
microstrip ring hybrid.
Courtesy of M. D. Abouzahra, MIT
Lincoln Laboratory
Rat-Race Ring Hybrid (cont.)
25
180
o
hybrid
1
2
4
3
| |
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 -1
-
1 0 0 1
2
0 -1 1 0
j
S
(
(
(
=
(
(

The rat race is a lossless 4-port (the S matrix is unitary).
All four ports are matched.
The device is reciprocal (the S matrix is symmetric).
Port 4 is isolated from port 1 and ports 2 and 3 are isolated from each other.

26
The signal from the sum port E (port 1) splits evenly between ports 2 and 3,
in phase.



The signal from the difference port A (port 4) splits evenly between ports 1
and 2, 180
o
out of phase.
The rat race can be used as a splitter:
180
o
hybrid
1
2
4
3
In phase
E
A
180
o
out of phase
Rat-Race Ring Hybrid (cont.)
21 31
S S =
24 34
S S =
27
The signal from the sum port E (port 1) is the sum of the input signals 1
and 2.



The signal from the difference port A (port 4) is the difference of the
input signals 1 and 2.
The rat race can be used as a combiner:
180
o
hybrid
1
2
4
3
E
A
Signal 1 (V
1
)
Signal 2 (V
2
)
Rat-Race Ring Hybrid (cont.)
12 13
S S =
42 43
S S =
( )
1 2 12
V V S +
( )
1 2 42
V V S
| |
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 -1
-
1 0 0 1
2
0 -1 1 0
j
S
(
(
(
=
(
(

2
0
Z
0
2Z
/ 4
g

1
3
4
4
g
4
g

3 / 4
g

0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
28
A microstrip realization is shown here.
Rat-Race Ring Hybrid (cont.)
| |
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 -1
-
1 0 0 1
2
0 -1 1 0
j
S
(
(
(
=
(
(

180
o
Hybrid Coupler (Magic T)
29
A waveguide realization of a 180
o
hybrid coupler is shown here, called a Magic T.
Magic T
Note the logo!
IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society
Please see p. 361 of Pozar.
30
Rat-Race Ring Hybrid (cont.)
2
0
Z
0
2Z
/ 4
g

1
3
4
4
g
4
g

3 / 4
g

Plane of
symmmetry
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
1 2
3
4
4
g

3
4
g

0
2Z
0
Z
2
V

1
V

V
+
4
V

3
V

0
Z
/ 4
g

/ 4
g

0
2Z
0
2Z
0
Z
0
Z
0
2Z
Layout
Schematic
Even Analysis
1 2
3
4
8
g

3
8
g

0
2Z
0
Z
2
e
V

1
e
V

V
+
4
e
V

3
e
V

V
+
0
Z
OC
OC
OC
OC
0
2Z
0
2Z
0
2
jY
0
2
jY

0
Z
0
Z 0
2Z
31
Rat-Race Ring Hybrid (cont.)
( )
( )
( )
1 0 1 1
0
0
tan
/ 2 tan / 4
/ 2
s s s s
Y jY l
j Y
jY
|
t
=
=
=
0 0
0 0
1/
/ 2
s
Y Z
Y Y
=
=
( )
( )
( )
2 0 2 2
0
0
tan
/ 2 tan 3 / 4
/ 2
s s s s
Y jY l
j Y
jY
|
t
=
=
=
1 2
3
4
8
g

3
8
g

0
2Z
0
Z
-
2
o
V
-
1
o
V
V
+
-0
4
V
-
3
o
V
-V
+
SC
SC
SC
SC
0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
32
Rat-Race Ring Hybrid (cont.)
Odd Analysis
0
2
jY

0
2
jY
0
Z
0
Z 0
2Z
( )
( )
( )
1 0 1
0
0
cot
/ 2 cot / 4
/ 2
s s s s
Y jY l
j Y
jY
|
t
=
=
=
0 0
1/ Y Z =
( )
( )
( )
1 0 2
0
0
cot
/ 2 cot 3 / 4
/ 2
s s s s
Y jY l
j Y
jY
|
t
=
=
=
| |
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 0 1 0 0 2
1
1 1 0
2 2 2
1 0 1 2
1
1 0
2 2
1 2
2
1
e
j Z
ABCD
jY jY
j
Z
j Z
jY
j
Z
j Z
j
Z
(
( (
(
( (
=

(
( (
(
( (


(

(
(
(
=

(
(
(
(


(

(
=
(
(

Proceeding as for the 90
o
coupler, we have:
33
Rat-Race Ring Hybrid (cont.)
| |
0
0
0
1 2
2
1
e
j Z
ABCD
j
Z
(

(
=
(
(

| |
0
1 1
-
1 1
2
e
j
S

(
=
(

Converting from the ABCD matrix to the S matrix, we have
34
Rat-Race Ring Hybrid (cont.)
Table 4.2 in Pozar
21 12 34 43
-
2
( )
j
S S S S = = = =
symmetry and reciprocity
2 3 4
-
1
11
1
0 a a a
V
S
V
+
= = =
=
2 3 4
-
2
21
1
0 a a a
V
S
V
+
= = =
=
35
Rat-Race Ring Hybrid (cont.)
For the S parameters coming from port 1 excitation, we then have:
( )
- -
1 1
11 11 11
1
2 2
1 -
2
2 2
0
e o
e o
V V
S S S
V
j j
+
+
= = +
| |
= +
|
\ .
=
( )
- -
2 2
21 21 21
1
2 2
1 - -
2
2 2
-
2
e o
e o
V V
S S S
V
j j
j
+
+
= = +
| |
= +
|
\ .
=
11 33
0
( )
S S = =
symmetry
31 13
-
2
( )
j
S S = =
symmetry
22 44
23 32 14 41
24 42
0
0
2
S S
S S S S
j
S S
= =
= = = =
= =
2 3 4
-
3
31
1
0 a a a
V
S
V
+
= = =
=
Similarly, exciting port 2, and using symmetry and reciprocity, we have the
following results:
36
Rat-Race Ring Hybrid (cont.)
( )
- -
3 3
31 11 11
1
-
2 2
1 -
-
2
2 2
-
2
e o
e o
V V
S S S
V
j j
j
+
+
= =
| |
=
|
\ .
=
| |
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 -1
-
1 0 0 1
2
0 -1 1 0
j
S
(
(
(
=
(
(

2
0
Z
0
2Z
/ 4
g

1
3
4
4
g
4
g

3 / 4
g

0
Z
0
Z
0
Z
37
Summary
Rat-Race Ring Hybrid (cont.)