10.

2 day 1: Vectors in the Plane

Greg Kelly, Hanford High School, Richland, Washington Photo by Vickie Kelly, 2003
Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado
Warning:

Only some of this is review.
Quantities that we measure that have magnitude but
not direction are called scalars.
Quantities such as force, displacement or velocity
that have direction as well as magnitude are
represented by directed line segments.
A
B
initial
point
terminal
point
AB
The length is AB

A
B
initial
point
terminal
point
AB
A vector is represented by a directed line segment.
Vectors are equal if they have the same length and
direction (same slope).

A vector is in standard position if the

initial point is at the origin.
x
y
( )
1 2
, v v
The component form of this vector is:
1 2
, v v = v
A vector is in standard position if the
initial point is at the origin.
x
y
( )
1 2
, v v
The component form of this vector is:
1 2
, v v = v
The magnitude (length) of
1 2
, v v = v
is:
2 2
1 2
v v = + v

-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
P
Q
(-3,4)
(-5,2)
The component form of
PQ is:
2, 2 = v
v
(-2,-2)
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 = + v
8 =
2 2 =

If
1 = v
Then v is a unit vector.
0, 0
is the zero vector and has no direction.

Vector Operations:
1 2 1 2
Let , , , , a scalar (real number). u u v v k = = u v
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
, , , u u v v u v u v + = + = + + u v
(Add the components.)
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
, , , u u v v u v u v = = u v
(Subtract the components.)

Vector Operations:
Scalar Multiplication:
1 2
, k ku ku = u
Negative (opposite):
( )
1 2
1 , u u = = u u

v
v
u
u
u+v
u + v is the resultant vector.
(Parallelogram law of addition)

The angle between two vectors is given by:

1
1 1 2 2
cos
u v u v
u

+
=
u v
This comes from the law of cosines.
See page 524 for the proof if you are interested.

The dot product (also called inner product) is defined as:

1 1 2 2
cos u v u v u = = + u v u v
Read u dot v
Example:
3, 4 5, 2

( )( ) ( )( )
3 5 4 2 = + 23 =
The dot product (also called inner product) is defined as:
1 1 2 2
cos u v u v u = = + u v u v
This could be substituted in the formula for the angle
between vectors (or solved for theta) to give:
1
cos u

| |

=
|
|
\ .
u v
u v

Find the angle between vectors u and v:

2,3 , 2,5 = = u v
1
cos u

| |

=
|
|
\ .
u v
u v

Example:
1
2, 3 2, 5
cos
2, 3 2, 5

| |

= |
|

\ .
1
11
cos
13 29

| |
=
|
\ .
55.5 ~
Application: Example 7
A Boeing 727 airplane, flying due east at 500mph in still air,
encounters a 70-mph tail wind acting in the direction of 60
o

north of east. The airplane holds its compass heading due
east but, because of the wind, acquires a new ground speed
and direction. What are they?
N
E

Application: Example 7
A Boeing 727 airplane, flying due east at 500mph in still air,
encounters a 70-mph tail wind acting in the direction of 60
o

north of east. The airplane holds its compass heading due
east but, because of the wind, acquires a new ground speed
and direction. What are they?
N
E
u
Application: Example 7
A Boeing 727 airplane, flying due east at 500mph in still air,
encounters a 70-mph tail wind acting in the direction of 60
o

north of east. The airplane holds its compass heading due
east but, because of the wind, acquires a new ground speed
and direction. What are they?
N
E
v
u
60
o

Application: Example 7
A Boeing 727 airplane, flying due east at 500mph in still air,
encounters a 70-mph tail wind acting in the direction of 60
o

north of east. The airplane holds its compass heading due
east but, because of the wind, acquires a new ground speed
and direction. What are they?
N
E
v
u
We need to find the magnitude
and direction of the resultant
vector u + v.
u+v

N
E
v
u
The component forms of u and
v are:
u+v
500, 0 = u
70cos60 , 70sin60 = v
500
70
35, 35 3 = v
Therefore:
535, 35 3 + = u v
538.4 ~
( )
2
2
535 35 3 + = + u v
and:
1
35 3
tan
535
u

=
6.5 ~

N
E
The new ground speed of the airplane is about 538.4 mph,
and its new direction is about 6.5
o
north of east.
538.4
6.5
o
t