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8/20/2013
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Bacteriophage (Phage)
Definition - Obligate intracellular parasites
that multiply inside bacteria by making use of some or all of the host biosynthetic machinery Significance
Models for animal cell viruses Gene transfer in bacteria Medical applications Identification of bacteria - phage typing Treatment and prophylaxsis???
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viruses that can infect and destroy bacteria. They have been referred to as bacterial parasites, with each phage type depending on a single strain of bacteria to act as host.
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BACTRIOPHAGES
Like most viruses, bacteriophages typically carry only the genetic information needed for replication of their nucleic acid and synthesis of their protein coats.. They require precursors, energy generation and ribosomes supplied by their bacterial host cell.
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Bacteriophages: Classification
At present, over
5000 bacteriophages have been studied by electron microscopy and can be divided into 13 virus families.
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Bacteriophage
Bacteriophages
make up a diverse group of viruses, some of which have complex structures, including doublestranded DNA.
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Bacteriophage
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Bacteriophage
Also known simply as a phage; a virus that attacks and infects bacteria. The infection may or may not lead to the death of the
bacterium, depending on the phage and sometimes on conditions. Each bacteriophage is specific to one form of bacteria.
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Head/Capsid
Contractile Sheath
Tail
Structure (T4)
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Tail Fibers
Base Plate
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Temperate phage can go through one of two life cycles upon entering a host cell. 1) Lytic:
Is when growth results in lysis of the host and release of progeny phage.
2) Lysogenic:
Is when growth results in integration of the phage DNA into the host chromosome or stable replication as a plasmid. Most of the gene products of the lysogenic phage remains dormant until it is induced to enter the lytic cycle.
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toxins.
bacterial chromosome, can cause the once harmless bacteria to release potent toxins that can cause disease.
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Bacteriophages
Used for cloning foreign genes among other applications Proteins and peptides are fused to the Capsid(surface) of the phage The combination of the phage and peptide is known as a Fusion Protein
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Bacteriophages
Used for cloning foreign genes among other applications Proteins and peptides are fused to the Capsid(surface) of the phage The combination of the phage and peptide is known as a Fusion Protein
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Bacteriophages
Once these Phages are isolated and recovered they can be used to infect bacteria which will create a particle similar to a monoclonal antibody
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Escherichia coli
Clostridium botulinum Corynebacterium diphtheriae
shigalike toxin
botulinum toxin diphtheria toxin
Streptococcus pyogenes
erythrogenic toxins
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Lysogenic conversion
In some interactions between lysogenic phages and bacteria, lysogenic conversion may occur. It is when a temperate phage induces a change in the phenotype of the bacteria infected that is not part of a usual phage cycle. Changes can often involve the external membrane of the cell by making it impervious to other phages or even by increasing the pathogenic capability of the bacteria for a host.
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Plaque assay
Bacteria + Phage
Measures infectious
particles
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Transduction
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Transduction
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Bacterial chromosome
Capsid
DNA Capsid
Sheath
Tail fiber
1 Attachment:
Phage attaches to host cell.
Tail
Plasma membrane
Sheath contracted
Tail core
3 Merozoites released
into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells 8/20/2013 Figure 13.10.1 31
Tail DNA
Capsid
Tail fibers
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Figure 13.10.2 32
Examples:
* Corynebacterium diphtheria produces the toxin of diphtheria only when it is infected by the phage . In this case, the gene that codes for the toxin is carried by the phage, not the bacteria. * Vibrio cholerae is a non-toxic strain that can become toxic, producing cholera toxin, when it is infected with the phage CTX. * Clostridium botulinum causes botulism. * Streptococcus pyogenes causes scarlet fever. * Shiga toxin * Tetanus
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that when (conventional antibiotics) fail, heres something that has a chance of working. But its not going to be a panacea - Joshua Lederberg, Sackler Foundation Scholar at The
Rockefeller University
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