Alyssa M.

Ong

 Greek ~ lipos ~ fat Lipids are a large and varied group of organic compounds. They are insoluble in water but will dissolve in organic

 Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Greater than 2:1 ratio of H:O found in carbohydrates Building blocks are fatty acids and glycerol.

Source of energy Building blocks of membranes

Lipids tend to dissolve readily in organic solvents, such as ether and chloroform, rather than in highly polar solvents such as water. This property sets them apart from biological substances such as carbohydrates and proteins.

 Triglycerides (Fats and Oil) Phospholipids Steroids Waxes

 Most common type of lipid. 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule are linked by an ester bond formed during

 -SATURATED

FATS: all available bonds are occupied by hydrogen

Most animal fats are saturated e.g. butter, lard

-UNSATURATED

FATS: contain C-C double bonds in the molecule.

Oils tend to be more available in plants e.g. sunflower oil, olive oil

 Saturated fatty acids do not have a double bond between the carbon atoms. Saturated fatty acids have a higher melting points and are solid at room temperature. Animal fats are classified as a saturated fatty acid.

 Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between some of the carbon atoms Unsaturated fatty acids have a low melting point and may be liquid at room temperature. Plant oils are an example of an unsaturated triglyceride

The hydrolysis of oils or fats by boiling with an aqueous solution of an alkali-metal hydroxide is called SAPONIFICATION. Saponification is the process used to make soap. Soaps are thus the alkali metal (Na, K, or Li) salts of fatty acids.

 Same as triglycerides except one of the fatty acids molecules is replaced by a phosphate group. The phosphate group is polar and so is attracted to water therefore the phospholipid has

 A hydrophilic head (water-loving) that dissolves in water and a Hydrophobic tail (water-hating) that is repelled by water.

This property causes phospholipids to spontaneously form lipid bilayers.

The lipid bilayer of a cell membrane is a barrier against the passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

Proteins, such as enzymes, may be bound to the interior surface of the membrane. Many membrane proteins have attached carbohydrate molecules. The carbohydrate portion is on the exterior of the lipid bilayer, where it can hydrogen-bond with water. The protein portion is on the interior of the lipid bilayer, so it does not contact the water.

 Lipids often found in cell membrane (example, cholesterol) Very different structure- 4 carbon rings with variety of different side chains

 Cholesterol can be converted in body to vitamin D and bile salts (used to digest fats) Estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone are steroid sex hormones

Waxes are also part of the lipid family. Waxes are esters of long-chain fatty acids and longchain alcohols. The hydrocarbon chains for both the acid and the alcohol usually contain from 10 to 30 carbon

 Lipids with long fatty acid chains linked to alcohol or carbon rings.

Waxes are low melting, stable solids that occur in both plants and animals. In plants, a wax coat protects the surfaces of leaves from water loss and attack by microorganisms. For example, carnauba wax, a major ingredient in car wax and floor polish, is found on the leaves of a South American Palm Tree.

Waxes are widely distributed in nature. The leaves and fruits of many plants have waxy coatings, which may protect them from dehydration and small predators. The feathers of birds and the fur of some animals have similar coatings which serve as a water repellent. Carnuba wax is valued for its toughness and water resistance.

Thank you. God Bless!