PETE 411 Well Drilling: Pressure Drop Calculations

1
PETE 411
Well Drilling
Lesson 13
Pressure Drop Calculations
API Recommended Practice 13D
Third Edition, June 1, 1995
2
Homework
HW #7. Pressure Drop Calculations

Due Oct. 9, 2002

The API Power Law Model
3
Contents
The Power Law Model
The Rotational Viscometer
A detailed Example - Pump Pressure
Pressure Drop in the Drillpipe
Pressure Drop in the Bit Nozzles
Pressure Drop in the Annulus
Wellbore Pressure Profiles
4
Power Law Model
K = consistency index
n = flow behaviour index
SHEAR
STRESS
t
psi
t = K
n
SHEAR RATE, , sec
-1
0
5
Fluid Flow in Pipes and Annuli
LOG
(PRESSURE)
(psi)
LOG (VELOCITY) (or FLOW RATE)
6
Fluid Flow in Pipes and Annuli
LOG
(SHEAR
STRESS)
(psi)
Laminar Flow Turbulent
) sec or RPM ( ), RATE SHEAR ( LOG
1
n
1
7
Rotating
Sleeve
Viscometer
8
Rotating Sleeve Viscometer
VISCOMETER
RPM

3
100

300
600
(RPM * 1.703)

SHEAR RATE
sec
-
1

5.11
170.3

511
1022
BOB
SLEEVE
ANNULUS
DRILL
STRING
API RP 13D
9
API RP 13D, June 1995
for Oil-Well Drilling Fluids
API RP 13D recommends using only FOUR of
the six usual viscometer readings:
Use 3, 100, 300, 600 RPM Readings.
The 3 and 100 RPM reading are used for
pressure drop calculations in the annulus,
where shear rates are, generally, not very high.
The 300 and 600 RPM reading are used for
pressure drop calculations inside drillpipe,
where shear rates are, generally, quite high.

10
Example: Pressure Drop Calculations
Example Calculate the pump pressure in
the wellbore shown on the next page, using the
API method.

The relevant rotational viscometer readings
are as follows:
R
3
= 3 (at 3 RPM)
R
100
= 20 (at 100 RPM)
R
300
= 39 (at 300 RPM)
R
600
= 65 (at 600 RPM)

11
P
PUMP
= AP
DP
+ AP
DC

+ AP
BIT NOZZLES

+ AP
DC/ANN
+ AP
DP/ANN

+ AP
HYD
Q = 280 gal/min

= 12.5 lb/gal

Pressure Drop
Calculations
P
PUMP
12
Power-Law Constant (n):

Pressure Drop In Drill Pipe
Fluid Consistency Index (K):

Average Bulk Velocity in Pipe (V
p
):

OD = 4.5 in
ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft

737 . 0
39
65
log 32 . 3
R
R
log 32 . 3 n
300
600
p
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
n
737 . 0 n
600
p
cm
sec dyne
017 . 2
022 , 1
65 * 11 . 5
022 , 1
R 11 . 5
K
p
= = =
sec
ft
00 . 8
78 . 3
280 * 408 . 0
D
Q 408 . 0
V
2 2
p
= = =
13
Effective Viscosity in Pipe (
ep
):

Reynolds Number in Pipe (N
Rep
):

OD = 4.5 in
ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft

p
p
n
p
p
1 n
p
p ep
n 4
1 n 3
D
V 96
K 100
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

cP 53
737 . 0 * 4
1 737 . 0 * 3
78 . 3
8 * 96
017 . 2 * 100
737 . 0 1 737 . 0
ep
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=

616 , 6
53
5 . 12 * 00 . 8 * 78 . 3 * 928
V D 928
N
ep
p
Re
p
= =

=
14
NOTE: N
Re
> 2,100, so

Friction Factor in Pipe (f
p
):
OD = 4.5 in
ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft

So,
b
Re
p
p
N
a
f =
0759 . 0
50
93 . 3 737 . 0 log
50
93 . 3 n log
a
p
=
+
=
+
=
2690 . 0
7
737 . 0 log 75 . 1
7
n log 75 . 1
b
p
=
=
007126 . 0
616 , 6
0759 . 0
N
a
f
2690 . 0 b
Re
p
p
= = =
15
Friction Pressure Gradient (dP/dL)
p
:

OD = 4.5 in
ID = 3.78 in
L = 11,400 ft

Friction Pressure Drop in Drill Pipe

:

400 , 11 * 05837 . 0 L
dL
dP
P
dp
dp
dp
= A
|
.
|
\
|
= A
AP
dp
= 665 psi

ft
psi
05837 . 0
78 . 3 * 81 . 25
5 . 12 * 8 * 007126 . 0
D 81 . 25
V f
dL
dP
2
2
p p
dp
= =
=
|
.
|
\
|
16

Pressure Drop In Drill Collars

Average Bulk Velocity inside Drill Collars (V
dc
):

OD = 6.5 in
ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft

737 . 0
39
65
log 32 . 3
R
R
log 32 . 3 n
300
600
dc
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
n
737 . 0 n
600
dc
cm
sec dyne
017 . 2
022 , 1
65 * 11 . 5
022 , 1
R 11 . 5
K
p
= = =
sec
ft
28 . 18
5 . 2
280 * 408 . 0
D
Q 408 . 0
V
2 2
dc
= = =
17
Effective Viscosity in Collars(
ec
):

Reynolds Number in Collars (N
Rec
):

OD = 6.5 in
ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft

p
p
n
p
p
1 n
p
p edc
n 4
1 n 3
D
V 96
K 100
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

cP 21 . 38
737 . 0 * 4
1 737 . 0 * 3
5 . 2
28 . 18 * 96
017 . 2 * 100
737 . 0 1 737 . 0
edc
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=

870 , 13
21 . 38
5 . 12 * 28 . 18 * 5 . 2 * 928 V D 928
N
edc
dc
Re
dc
= =

=
18
OD = 6.5 in
ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft

NOTE: N
Re
> 2,100, so

Friction Factor in DC (f
dc
):
b
Re
dc
dc
N
a
f =
So,
0759 . 0
50
93 . 3 737 . 0 log
50
93 . 3 n log
a
dc
=
+
=
+
=
2690 . 0
7
737 . 0 log 75 . 1
7
n log 75 . 1
b
dc
=
=
005840 . 0
870 , 13
0759 . 0
N
a
f
2690 . 0 b
Re
dc
dc
= = =
19
Friction Pressure Gradient (dP/dL)
dc
:

Friction Pressure Drop in Drill Collars

:

OD = 6.5 in
ID = 2.5 in
L = 600 ft

ft
psi
3780 . 0
5 . 2 * 81 . 25
5 . 12 * 28 . 18 * 005840 . 0
D 81 . 25
V f
dL
dP
2
dc
2
dc dc
dc
= =
=
|
.
|
\
|
600 * 3780 . 0 L
dL
dP
P
dc
dc
dc
= A
|
.
|
\
|
= A
AP
dc
= 227 psi

20
Pressure Drop across Nozzles
D
N1
= 11 32nds (in)
D
N2
= 11 32nds (in)
D
N3
= 12 32nds (in)
( )
2
2 2 2
2
Nozzles
12 11 11
280 * 5 . 12 * 156
P
+ +
= A
AP
Nozzles
= 1,026 psi

( )
2
2
3 N
2
2 N
2
1 N
2
Nozzles
D D D
Q 156
P
+ +

= A
21
Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE
Annulus
D
HOLE
= 8.5 in
OD
DC
= 6.5 in
L = 600 ft

Q = 280 gal/min

= 12.5 lb/gal

8.5 in

22


Average Bulk Velocity in DC/HOLE Annulus (V
a
):

D
HOLE
= 8.5 in
OD
DC
= 6.5 in
L = 600 ft

Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE Annulus
5413 . 0
3
20
log 657 . 0
R
R
log 657 . 0 n
3
100
dca
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
n
5413 . 0 n
100
dca
cm
sec dyne
336 . 6
2 . 170
20 * 11 . 5
2 . 170
R 11 . 5
K
dca
= = =
sec
ft
808 . 3
5 . 6 5 . 8
280 * 408 . 0
D D
Q 408 . 0
V
2 2 2
1
2
2
dca
=
=
23
Effective Viscosity in Annulus (
ea
):

Reynolds Number in Annulus (N
Rea
):

D
HOLE
= 8.5 in
OD
DC
= 6.5 in
L = 600 ft

Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE Annulus
cP 20 . 55
5413 . 0 * 3
1 5413 . 0 * 2
5 . 6 5 . 8
808 . 3 * 144
336 . 6 * 100
5413 . 0 1 5413 . 0
ea
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=

( ) ( )
600 , 1
20 . 55
5 . 12 * 808 . 3 * 5 . 6 5 . 8 928 V D D 928
N
ea
a 1 2
Re
a
=

=
a a
n
a
a
1 n
1 2
a
a ea
n 3
1 n 2
D D
V 144
K 100
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

24
So,
D
HOLE
= 8.5 in
OD
DC
= 6.5 in
L = 600 ft

Pressure Drop
in DC/HOLE Annulus
NOTE: N
Re
< 2,100
Friction Factor in Annulus (f
a
):
01500 . 0
600 , 1
24
N
24
f
a
Re
a
= = =
( ) ( ) ft
psi
05266 . 0
5 . 6 5 . 8 81 . 25
5 . 12 * 808 . 3 * 01500 . 0
D D 81 . 25
V f
dL
dP
2
1 2
2
a a
a
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
600 * 05266 . 0 L
dL
dP
P
hole / dc
hole / dc
hole / dc
= A
|
.
|
\
|
= A
AP
dc/hole
= 31.6 psi

25
q = 280 gal/min

= 12.5 lb/gal

Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
D
HOLE
= 8.5 in
OD
DP
= 4.5 in
L = 11,400 ft

26


Average Bulk Velocity in Annulus (V
a
):

Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
D
HOLE
= 8.5 in
OD
DP
= 4.5 in
L = 11,400 ft

5413 . 0
3
20
log 657 . 0
R
R
log 657 . 0 n
3
100
dpa
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
n
5413 . 0 n
100
dpa
cm
sec dyne
336 . 6
2 . 170
20 * 11 . 5
2 . 170
R 11 . 5
K
dpa
= = =
sec
ft
197 . 2
5 . 4 5 . 8
280 * 408 . 0
D D
Q 408 . 0
V
2 2 2
1
2
2
dpa
=
=
27
Effective Viscosity in Annulus (
ea
):

Reynolds Number in Annulus (N
Rea
):

Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
a a
n
a
a
1 n
1 2
a
a ea
n 3
1 n 2
D D
V 144
K 100
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

cP 64 . 97
5413 . 0 * 3
1 5413 . 0 * 2
5 . 4 5 . 8
197 . 2 * 144
336 . 6 * 100
5413 . 0 1 5413 . 0
ea
=
|
.
|
\
| +
|
.
|
\
|
=

( ) ( )
044 , 1
64 . 97
5 . 12 * 197 . 2 * 5 . 4 5 . 8 928 V D D 928
N
ea
a 1 2
Re
a
=

=
28
So, psi
Pressure Drop
in DP/HOLE Annulus
NOTE: N
Re
< 2,100
Friction Factor in Annulus (f
a
):
02299 . 0
044 , 1
24
N
24
f
a
Re
a
= = =
( ) ( ) ft
psi
01343 . 0
5 . 4 5 . 8 81 . 25
5 . 12 * 197 . 2 * 02299 . 0
D D 81 . 25
V f
dL
dP
2
1 2
2
a a
a
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
400 , 11 * 01343 . 0 L
dL
dP
P
hole / dp
hole / dp
hole / dp
= A
|
.
|
\
|
= A
AP
dp/hole
= 153.2 psi

29
Pressure Drop
Calculations
- SUMMARY -
P
PUMP
= AP
DP
+ AP
DC
+ AP
BIT NOZZLES

+ AP
DC/ANN
+ AP
DP/ANN
+ AP
HYD
P
PUMP
= 665

+ 227

+ 1,026

+ 32

+ 153

+ 0

P
PUMP
= 1,918 + 185 = 2,103 psi

30
P
PUMP
= 1,918 + 185
= 2,103 psi

AP
HYD
= 0

P
PUMP
= AP
DS
+ AP
ANN
+ AP
HYD
AP
DS
= AP
DP
+ AP
DC
+ AP
BIT NOZZLES

= 665

+ 227

+ 1,026 = 1,918 psi

AP
ANN
= AP
DC/ANN
+ AP
DP/ANN

= 32 + 153 = 185

2,103 psi

P
=
0

31
BHP = 185 + 7,800

What is the BHP?

BHP = AP
FRICTION/ANN
+ AP
HYD/ANN
BHP = AP
DC/ANN
+ AP
DP/ANN

+ 0.052 * 12.5 * 12,000

= 32 + 153 + 7,800 = 7,985 psig

2,103 psi

P
=
0

BHP = 7,985 psig

32
"Friction" Pressures
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Distance from Standpipe, ft
"
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
"

P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
DRILLPIPE

DRILL COLLARS

BIT NOZZLES

ANNULUS

2103
33
Hydrostatic Pressures in the Wellbore
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
H
y
d
r
o
s
t
a
t
i
c

P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
iBHP

DRILLSTRING

ANNULUS

34
Pressures in the Wellbore
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
s
,

p
s
i
STATIC

CIRCULATING

2103
35
Wellbore Pressure Profile
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Pressure, psi
D
e
p
t
h
,

f
t
DRILLSTRING

ANNULUS

(Static)
BIT

2103
36
Pipe Flow - Laminar
In the above example the flow down the
drillpipe was turbulent.

Under conditions of very high viscosity,
the flow may very well be laminar.
NOTE: if N
Re
< 2,100, then

Friction Factor in Pipe (f
p
):
p
Re
p
N
16
f =
D 81 . 25
V f
dL
dP
2
p p
dp
=
|
.
|
\
|
Then and
37
Annular Flow - Turbulent
In the above example the flow up the annulus
was laminar.
Under conditions of low viscosity and/or high
flow rate, the flow may very well be turbulent.
NOTE: if N
Re
> 2,100, then

Friction Factor in the Annulus:
b
Re
a
a
N
a
f =
Then and
50
93 . 3 n log
a
a
+
=
7
n log 75 . 1
b
a
=
( )
1 2
2
a a
a
D D 81 . 25
V f
dL
dP
=
|
.
|
\
|
38
Critical Circulation Rate
Example
The above fluid is flowing in the annulus
between a 4.5 OD string of drill pipe
and an 8.5 in hole.
The fluid density is 12.5 lb/gal.

What is the minimum circulation rate that
will ensure turbulent flow?
(why is this of interest?)
39
Critical Circulation Rate
In the Drillpipe/Hole Annulus:

Q, gal/min V, ft/sec N
re

280 2.197 1,044
300 2.354 1,154
350 2.746 1,446
400 3.138 1,756
450 3.531 2,086
452 3.546 2,099
452.1 3.547 2,100

( )
ea
a 1 2
Re
V D D 928
N
a

=
40
Optimum Bit Hydraulics
Under what conditions do we get the best
hydraulic cleaning at the bit?
maximum hydraulic horsepower?
maximum impact force?

Both these items increase when the circulation
rate increases.
However, when the circulation rate increases, so
does the frictional pressure drop.
41
42
d 8 . 25
v f
dL
dp
_
2
f

=
n = 1.0
43
Importance of Pipe Size
or,
25 . 1
25 . 0
75 . 1
_
75 . 0
f
d 1800
v
dL
dp
=
75 . 4
25 . 0 75 . 1 75 . 0
f
d 624 , 8
q
dL
dp
=
*Note that a small change in the pipe diameter results in
large change in the pressure drop! (q = const.)
Eq. 4.66e

Decreasing the pipe ID 10% from 5.0 to 4.5 would result in an
increase of frictional pressure drop by about 65% !!

44
Ap
f
= 11.41 v
1.75

turbulent flow
Ap
f
= 9.11 v
laminar flow
Use max. Ap
f
value

PETE 411 Well Drilling: Pressure Drop Calculations

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