Chapter 13

Transistors

Introduction

Transistors are three terminal devices that replaced vacuum tubes. They are solid state devices that are used for

Amplification Switching Detecting Light

The three terminals are the

Emitter, Base, Collector Source, Gate, Drain

(BJT) (FET)

The BJT
Bipolar

Junction Transistors are made with n-type and p-type semiconductors. are two types: npn and pnp. Symbols Analogy

There

Circuit

Transistor

Diodes
Circuit Symbol

p-type

n-type

A Bipolar Transistor essentially consists of a pair of PN Junction Diodes that are joined back-to-back. This forms a sort of a sandwich where one kind of semiconductor is placed in between two others. There are therefore two kinds of Bipolar sandwich, the NPN and PNP varieties. The three layers of the sandwich are conventionally called the Collector, Base, and Emitter.

Some of the basic properties exhibited by a Bipolar Transistor are immediately recognizable as being diode-like.
However, when the 'filling' of the sandwich is fairly thin some interesting effects become possible that allow us to use the Transistor as an amplifier or a switch. To see how the Bipolar Transistor works we can concentrate on the NPN variety.

Transistor Equations
Alpha

Factor

iC iE
Current

Gain

iC iB
Kirchhoffs

Current Rule

iE iC iB

What are the primary uses of transistors?

1.

Switching (Logic Gates) Amplification (Op-Amps)

2.

Logic Gates
NOT
AND OR NAND NOR

XOR
XNOR

H-bridge circuit for controlling motors.

http://www.cpg1.freeserve.co.uk/servos/servos.htm

Chapter 14
Operational Amplifiers

741 Operational Amplifier

741 Operational Amplifier

Introduction
Operational

Amplifiers are integrated circuits (ICs) that have a number of advantages over the standalone transistors. Symbol and IC Pinouts

Circuit

Ideal Op-Amp (page 609)

1.

2. 3.

The circuitry of an operational amplifier with a closed, negativefeedback loop will adjust its output in any way possible to make the inverting input and non-inverting input terminals of the device equal in voltage. Infinite Input Impedance

The inputs draw no current.

The output impedance is zero.

Inverting Amplifier
How Is

does Vout depend in Vin?

there a phase shift between Vout and Vin?

Non-Inverting Amplifier
How Is

does Vout depend in Vin?

there a phase shift between Vout and Vin?

Voltage Follower
How Is

does Vout depend in Vin?

there a phase shift between Vout and Vin?

Difference Amplifier
How Is

does Vout depend in Vin?

there a phase shift between Vout and Vin?

Chapter 14
Operational Amplifiers

Junction Field Effect Transistors

JFETs

performs some of the same operations as BJTs but they constructed differently. It also has three terminals
Source
Drain Gate

Circuit

Symbols

Junction Field Effect Transistors

Transistor Configurations
Common

Emitter Common Collector Common Base Emitter Follower Darlington Configuration Transistor Switch

2003 Notes
Shockley

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