Professional Documents
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Intermediate TCP/IP
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Version 3.1
TCP Protocol
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Version 3.1
Three-Way Handshake
This handshake establishes a round trip connection
between sender and receiver before data is transferred
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Version 3.1
Denial of Service Attacks
• Designed to deny services to legitimate hosts attempting
to establish connections.
• Commonly used by hackers - hacker initiates a
synchronization but spoofs the source IP address (non-
existent IP address)
• Administrators should
guard against by
– Decreasing the
connection timeout period
– Increase the connection
queue size
4
Version 3.1
Windowing
Communicating devices
negotiate the amount of
unacknowledged data
that can be sent.
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Version 3.1
Sequencing Numbers:
• Act as reference numbers so that the receiver will know if it has
received all of the data
• Identify the missing data pieces to the sender so it can
retransmit the missing data
• The sender only needs to re-transmit the missing segments
instead of the entire set of data
• Each TCP segment is numbered before transmission
• At the receiving station, TCP uses the sequence numbers to
reassemble the segments into a complete message
• If a sequence number is missing in the series, that segment is re-
transmitted
• Positive Acknowledgment & Retransmission (PAR) ensures that
the number of data segments sent by one host are received by
another host before other segments are sent
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Version 3.1
UDP
• Connectionless Layer 4 protocol
• Non-guaranteed
• UDP segments do not contain sequence or
acknowledgement fields, so checksum is used to
determine if the data or header has been transferred
without corruption
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Version 3.1
Multiple Conversations and Port Numbers
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Version 3.1
Port Numbers
• The three categories of port numbers are well-
known ports, registered ports, and dynamic or
private ports.
• The first 1023 ports are well-known ports.
• Registered ports range from 1024 to 49151.
• Ports between 49152 and 65535 are defined as
dynamic or private ports.
• End systems use port numbers to select proper
applications
• Port numbers in the range of 0-1023 are controlled by the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
• Well known ports (23, 21, 80) and dynamic port numbers
are represented in the header of TCP & UDP segments
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Version 3.1
Port Numbers
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Version 3.1
Port numbers, MAC, & IP Addresses are
included during encapsulation
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Version 3.1