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Physics Measurement and Concepts Guide

The document contains information about physics concepts taught in Form 4 and Form 5. It discusses chapters on force, motion, pressure, heat, light, waves, electricity, electromagnetism, electronics and radioactivity. It also contains information about measurement tools like vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauges. Concepts around accuracy, consistency, sensitivity, systematic and random errors are defined. Diagrams show motion graphs, barometers, manometers and gas laws. Lenses, mirrors, reflection and refraction are also summarized.

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2K views23 pages

Physics Measurement and Concepts Guide

The document contains information about physics concepts taught in Form 4 and Form 5. It discusses chapters on force, motion, pressure, heat, light, waves, electricity, electromagnetism, electronics and radioactivity. It also contains information about measurement tools like vernier calipers and micrometer screw gauges. Concepts around accuracy, consistency, sensitivity, systematic and random errors are defined. Diagrams show motion graphs, barometers, manometers and gas laws. Lenses, mirrors, reflection and refraction are also summarized.

Uploaded by

kamalharmoza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Form 4 Chapter 1: Intro.

to physics Chapter 2: Force & motion Chapter 3: Force & pressure Chapter 4: Heat Chapter 5: Light

Form 5 Chapter 1: Waves Chapter 1: Electric Chapter 1: Electromagnet Chapter 1: Electronic Chapter 1: Radioactive

Vernier caliper
( 0.01 cm)

2.47 cm + zero error - zero error

+ 0.08 cm

- 0.01 cm

Micrometer screw gauge


( 0.01 mm)

7.37 mm + zero error - zero error

+ 0.09 mm

- 0.04 mm

MEASUREMENT
Accuracy
The closeness of a measurement to the actual value

Consistency
The ability of a measuring instrument to measure with little deviation in the measurements

Sensitivity
The ability of a measuring instrument to detect a small change in the measurements

ERROR
Systematic error
Due to:
Instrument

Random error
Due to: Human mistakes Surrounding factor

Example:

Example:

Zero error
Absolute error (error in calibration)

Parallax error

Motion graph

Mercury Barometer
[Atmospheric pressure is 76 cm Hg ] [Mercury density = 1.36 x 104 kg m3]

Pressure at P = 0 cm Hg Q = 76 cm Hg R = 91 cm Hg S = 106 cm Hg

Pressure at P = 20 cm Hg Q = 76 cm Hg R = 91 cm Hg S = 106 cm Hg

U-tube manometer
[Density of water = 1 000 kg m-3]
Pgas = = = = Pwater (h g) (1000)(10)(0.1) 1000 Pa

[Atmospheric pressure is 1x105 Pa]


Pgas = = = = Patm + Pwater Patm + (h g) (1x105)+1000 Pa 1.01x105 Pa

U-tube manometer

Density of water = 1 g cm-3 What is the density of the oil ?


Pressure at A Patm + hoil oil goil hoil oil goil oil = = = = = Pressure at B Patm + hwater water gwater hwater water gwater (10)(1) (12) 0.83 g cm-3

Pressure in tube
Densities of liquid M = 1000kgm-3 Densities of liquid N = 2500kgm-3 What is the pressure of a. liquid M at point x b. liquid M and N at point y
P = gh = (1000)(10)(0.5) = 5 kPa P = (gh)M + (gh)N = (1000)(10)(0.5) + (2500)(10)(0.3) = 5 kPa + 7.5 kPa = 12.5 kPa

atmospheric pressure is 76 cm Hg. What is the pressure of the trapped air P ?


Pair + Pmercury Pair + 10 cmHg Pair = Patm = 76cmHg = (76 10) cmHg = 66 cmHg

P1 = P2

F Bouyant = W liquid displaced

F Bouyant = W liquid displaced = W object

V P V P

Characteristic at thermal equilibrium:


1. Temperature A = Temperature B

2. Net rate of heat transfer = 0 ( Rate of heat transfer from A to B = Rate of heat transfer from B to A

GAS LAW

P V T
1.
2.

3.

LENSES & MIRROR


CONVERGING LENS MIRROR convex concave DIVERGING concave convex

CHARACTERISTIC OF IMAGE
CONVEX MIRROR & CONCAVE LENS VIRTUAL u anywhere UPRIGHT DIMINISHED

REFLECTION
CONCAVE MIRROR Ray P Ray F Ray C parallel - F F - parallel head (object / arrow) C

REFRACTION
CONVEX LENS Ray P Ray F Ray C parallel - F F - parallel through centre

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