formation Geometric Optics Understanding images and image formation, ray model of light, laws of reflection and refraction, and some simple geometry and trigonometry REFLECTION AND REFRACTION AT A PLANE SURFACE Reflection and refraction on plane mirrors Key terms Anything from which light rays radiate Object Anything from which light rays radiate that has no physical extent Point object Real objects with length, width, and height Extended objects
Key terms Specular reflection Reflection on a plane surface where reflected rays are in the same directions Diffused reflection Relfection on a rough surface Key terms
Virtual image Image formed if the outgoing rays dont actually pass through the image point Real image Image formed if the outgoing rays actually pass through the image point Image formation by a Plane mirror Image formation by a Plane mirror a diagram that traces the path that light takes in order for a person to view a point on the image of an object Ray Diagrams suggests that in order to view an image of an object in a mirror, a person must sight along a line at the image of the object. Line of Sight Principle Reflection at a Plane Surface Image formation by a Plane mirror
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s s M M Image formation by a Plane mirror M is the object and M is the virtual image Ray MV is incident normally to the plane mirror and it returns along its original path s= object distance s= image distance s=-s Image formation by a Plane mirror Sign rules For the object distance: When the object is on the same side of the reflecting or the refracting surface as the incoming light, s is positive For the image distance: When the image is on the same side of the reflecting or the refracting surface as the outgoing light, s is positive Image of an extended object V
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s s y M M Q Q
y Image of an extended object Lateral magnification Ratio of image height to object height M=y/y Image is erect m for a plane mirror is always +1 Reversed means front-back dimension is reversed
REFLECTION AT A SPHERICAL SURFACE Reflection on Concave and Convex mirrors Reflection at a Concave Mirror P P C V Reflection at a Concave Mirror Radius of curvature R Center of curvature The center of the sphere of which the surface is a part C Vertex The point of the mirror surface V Optic axis CV IMAGE FORMATION ON SPHERICAL MIRRORS Graphical Methods for Mirrors Graphical Method Consists of finding the point of intersection of a few particular rays that diverge from a point of the object and are reflected by the mirror Neglecting aberrations, all rays from this object point that strike the mirror will intersect at the same point Graphical Method For this construction, we always choose an object point that is not on the optic axis Consists of four rays we can usually easily draw, called the principal rays
Graphical Method A ray parallel to the axis, after reflection passes through F of a concave mirror or appears to come from the (virtual) F of a convex mirror A ray through (or proceeding toward) F is reflected parallel to the axis A ray along the radius through or away from C intersects the surface normally and is reflected back along its original path A ray to V is reflected forming equal angles with the optic axis Object is at F Object is between F and Vertex Object is at C Object is between C and F Positions of objects for concave mirrors Reflection at a Concave Mirror If dec, i is nearly parallel Rays nearly parallel or close to R Paraxial rays Reflection at a Concave Mirror If inc, P is close to V Image is smeared out Spherical Aberration Reflection at a Concave Mirror F C V s at infinity s= R/2 Reflection at a Concave Mirror All reflected rays converge on the image point Converging mirror If R is infinite, the mirror becomes plane Reflection at a Concave Mirror The incident parallel rays converge after reflecting from the mirror They converge at a F at a distance R/2 from V F is Focal point, where the rays are brought to focus f is the focal length, distance from the vertex to the focal point f= R/2 Reflection at a Concave Mirror F C V s at infinity s= R/2 Reflection at a Concave Mirror The object is at the focal point s=f=R/2 1/s +1/s= 2/R 1/s=0; s at infinity 1/s+ 1/s= 1/f Object image relation, spherical mirror Image of an Extended Object m= y/y Lateral magnification m= y/y= -s/s Lateral magnification for spherical mirrors Example A concave mirror forms an image, on a wall 3.00m from the mirror, of the filament of a headlight lamp 10.0cm in front of the mirror. a. What is the radius of curvature and focal length of the mirror? b. What is the height of the image if the height of the object is 5.00mm? c. R=19.4cm; f= 9.7cm; m= -30.0; y= 150mm Example An object, 1cm high, is 20cm from the vertex of a concave mirror whose radius of curvature is 50cm. Compute the position and size of the image. Is it real or virtual? Upright or inverted? s=-100cm; y=5cm, m is pos., erect, virtual Reflection at a Convex Mirror F C s or s at infinity s or s= R/2 Image formation on spherical mirrors Sign rules For the object distance: When the object is on the same side of the reflecting or the refracting surface as the incoming light, s is positive; otherwise, it is negative
Image formation on spherical mirrors Sign rules For the image distance: When the image is on the same side of the reflecting or the refracting surface as the outgoing light, s is positive; otherwise, it is negative
Image formation on spherical mirrors Sign rules: For the radius of curvature of a spherical surface: When the center of curvature C is on the same side as the outgoing light, the radius of curvature is positive, otherwise negative Reflection at a Convex Mirror The convex side of the spherical mirror faces the incident light C is at the opposite side of the outgoing rays, so R is neg. All reflected rays diverge from the same point Diverging mirror Reflection at a Convex Mirror Incoming rays are parallel to the optic axis and are not reflected through F Incoming rays diverge, as though they had come from point F behind the mirror F is a virtual focal point s is positive, s is negative Example Santa checks himself for soot, using his reflection in a shiny silvered Christmas tree ornament 0.750m away. The diameter of the ornament is 7.20cm. Standard reference work state that he is a right jolly old elf, so we estimate his height to be 1.6m. Where and how tall is the image of Santa formed by the ornament? Is it erect or inverted? s= -1.76cm; m= 2.34x10 -2 ; y= 3.8cm REFRACTION AT A SPHERICAL SURFACE Refraction at spherical interface Refraction at a Spherical Surface V C Refraction at a Spherical Surface n a /s + n b /s= (n b -n a )/R Object-image relation, spherical refracting surface m=y/y= -(n a s/n b s) Lateral magnification, spherical refracting surface n a /s + n b /s=0 At a plane refracting surface Example A cylindrical glass rod in air has an index of refraction 1.52. and one end is ground to a hemispherical surface with radius R=2.00cm. a.) find the image distance of a small object on the axis of the rod, 8cm to the left of the vertex. b.) find the lateral magnification. n=1.00 s= 11.3cm m= -0.929 Example A ray of light in air makes an angle of incidence of 45 at the surface of a sheet of ice. The ray is refracted within the ice at an angle of 30 A. What is the critical angle for the ice? B. A speck of dirt is embedded 3/4in below the surface of the ice. What is its apparent depth when viewed at normal incidence?
A. crit= 45 B. s= -0.53in or 0.53in below GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR LENSES Biconcave and biconvex thin lenses Lenses Lenses Biconvex lens; converging Biconcave lens; diverging Lenses Only F is needed for the ray diagram Chief ray through the center is undeviated Ray parallel is refracted in such a way that it goes through F on transmission through the lens Focal ray is parallel to the axis of transmission For concave lens, the rays appear to have passed through F on the objects side of the lens Lenses An object is placed 30cm from a biconcave lens with a focal length of 10cm. Determine the image characteristics graphically. ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR THIN LENSES Lens maker's equation Equations for thin lenses 1/s + 1/s= 1/f Object-image relation, thin lenses m=y/y= -s/s Lateral magnification, thin lenses 1/f=(n-1) [(1/R 1 )- (1/R 2 )] Lensmakers equation Example A biconvex lens is made of glass with n = 1.65 and has radii of curvature R=R1=R2= 42 cm. Determine its focal length. f=32cm A biconcave lens is made of glass with n = 1.65 and has radii of curvature R=R1=R2= 42 cm. What is its focal length? f=-32cm Example An object is placed 30cm from a biconcave lens with a focal length of 10cm. Determine the image characteristics analytically. s=-7.5cm m=0.25 Virtual, upright, half the size of the object