LaminarFlowPipes&Annuli Newtonian

Drilling Engineering
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

Drilling Engineering - PE 311

Laminar Flow in Pipes and Annuli

Newtonian Fluids
Under flowing conditions
In the annulus: P
wf
= AP
f
(a) + gTVD (1)
In the drillpipe: P
p
P
wf
= AP
f
(dp) + AP
b
gTVD
P
wf
= P
p
- AP
f
(dp) AP
b
+ gTVD (2)
From (1) and (2) give
P
p
= AP
f
(dp) + AP
f
(a) + AP
b

Frictional Pressure Drop in Pipes and Annuli
When attempting to quantify the pressure losses in side the drillstring and in the annulus it is
worth considering the following matrix:

Frictional Pressure Drop in Pipes and Annuli
Assumptions:
1. The drillstring is placed concentrically in the casing or open hole
2. The drillstring is not being rotated
3. Sections of open hole are circular in shape and of known diameter
4. Incompressible drilling fluid
5. Isothermal flow
Momentum equation:

Momentum Equation
T V + + V = =

g P F
dt
V d

Force Analysis
dL
dp
r
dr
r d
=
) ( t
Force Analysis
) 2 ( ] 2 [ ) ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 1
L r L r r r r p r r p
r r r
A A A + = A A
A +
t t t t t t
dL
dp
r
dr
r d
=
) ( t
Force Analysis
dL
dp
r
dr
r d
=
) ( t
} }
= dr
dL
dp
r r d ) ( t
r
C
dL
dp r
1
2
+ = t

B.C. r = 0 --> t = 0: then C
1
= 0

For Newtonian fluids t = = du/dr

B.C. r = R --> u = 0: then

Pipe Flow Newtonian Fluids
r
C
dL
dp
r
f
1
2
+ = t
dL
dp r
2
= t
} }
= =
R R
rdr u udA Q
0 0
2t
( )
}
=
R
rdr R r
dL
dP
Q
0
2 2
2
4
1
t
( )
}
=
R
rdr R r
dL
dP
Q
0
2 2
4
2
t
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 4 4
2
4 4
R R
dL
dP
Q
t
4
8
R
dL
dP
Q
t
=
2 4
8
R u R
dL
dP
Q t
t
= =
2
8
1
R
dL
dP
u
=

Maximum velocity:

Average fluid velocity in pipe u = u
max
/ 2

From this equation, the pressure drop can be expressed as:

In field unit:

2
500 , 1 d
u
dL
dP
=

From equation:

Combining with the definition of Fanning friction factor:

Pressure drop can be calculated by using Fanning friction factor:

Field unit:
This equation can be used to calculate pressure under laminar or turbulent conditions
dL
dp r
2
= t
2
2
1
u
f
w
t
=
From this equation, the pressure drop can be expressed as:

Combining this equation and equation gives

where

This equation is used to calculate the Fanning friction factor when the flow is laminar. If Re <
2,100 then the flow is under laminar conditions
Combining these two equations and
The relationship between shear stress and shear rate can be express as

Where is called the nominal Newtonian shear rate. For Newtonian fluid, we can used
this equation to calculate the shear rate of fluid as a function of velocity.

dL
dp r
2
= t
Determine whether a fluid with a viscosity of 20 cp and a density of 10 ppg
flowing in a 5" 19.5 lb/ft (I.D. = 4.276") drillpipe at 400 gpm is in laminar or
turbulent flow. What is the maximum flowrate to ensure that the fluid is in laminar
flow ? Calculate the frictional pressure loss in the drillpipe in two cases:
Q = 400 GPM
Q = 40 GPM

Velocity:

Reynolds number:
N
Re
= 17725 : The fluid is under turbulent flow.


With turbulent flow and assuming smooth pipe, the Fanning friction factor:

Wrong calculation !!!!!!! Laminar flow !!!!!!!
00685 . 0
17725
0791 . 0
Re
0791 . 0
25 . 0 25 . 0
= = = f
ft psig
d
u f
dL
dP
/ 0496 . 0
276 . 4 8 . 25
937 . 8 10 00685 . 0
8 . 25
2 2
=

= =

ft psi
d
u
dL
dP
/ 10 2 . 8
276 . 4 500 , 1
9 . 8 20
500 , 1
5
2 2

=
= =

If Q = 40 GPM, the fluid velocity is: u = 0.89 ft/s

The Reynolds number: Re = 1,772 Laminar flow

Frictional pressure loss:

f = 16 / Re = 0.009

ft psi
d
u
dL
dP
/ 00065 . 0
276 . 4 500 , 1
89 . 0 20
500 , 1
2 2
=
= =

ft psig
d
u f
dL
dP
/ 00065 . 0
276 . 4 8 . 25
89 . 0 10 009 . 0
8 . 25
2 2
=

= =

From the general equation for fluid flow:
For Newtonian fluids:

Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
r
C
dL
dp r
1
2
+ = t
r
C
dL
dp r
dr
dv
1
2
+ = = = t
} }
+ =
+ =
+ =
r d
r
C
dL
dp r
dv
r d
r
C
dL
dp r
dv
r
C
dL
dp r
dr
dv
)
2
(
)
2
(
2
1
1
1

2
1
2
ln
4
C r
C
dL
dp
r
v
f
+ =


We need two boundary conditions to find C
1
and C
2

B.C. 1: r = r
1
--> u = 0
B.C. 2: r = r
2
--> u = 0

2
1
2
ln
4
C r
C
dL
dp
r
v
f
+ =

( ) ( )
(
(
(
=
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
ln
ln
4
1
r
r
r
r
r r r r
dL
dp
u
f
r
1

r
2

Flow rate can be calculated as:

Average velocity can be expressed as

Pressure drop:
}
= dr r v Q ) 2 ( t
( ) ( )
} }
(
(
(
= = rdr
r
r
r
r
r r r r
dL
dp
dr r v Q
f
t
t 2
ln
ln
4
1
) 2 (
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
( )
(
(
(
=
1
2
2
2
1
2
2 4
1
4
2
ln
8
r
r
r r
r r
dL
dp
Q
f
t
( )u r r Q
2
1
2
2
= t
(
(
(
+
=
(
(
(
+
=
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
ln
500 , 1
ln
8
d
d
d d
d d
u
r
r
r r
r r
u
dL
dp
f

SI Unit Field Unit
Field unit:

Note: equivalent diameter for an annular section: d
e
= 0.816 (d
2
d
1
)
Summary - Newtonian Fluids
Example: A 9-lbm/gal Newtonian fluid having a viscosity of 15 cp is being circulated in a 10,000-ft
well containing a 7-in. ID casing and a 5-in OD drillsring at a rate of 80 gal/min. compute the static
and circulating bottomhole pressure by assuming that a laminar flow pattern exists.
Solution:
Static pressure: P = 0.052 D = 0.052 x 9 x 10,000 = 4,680 psig

Average velocity:

Frictional pressure loss gradient

Or:

Circulating bottom hole pressure:
P = 4,680 + 0.0051 x 10,000 = 4,731 Psig
f t psig
d
d
d d
d d
u
dL
dp
f
/ 0051 . 0
5
7
ln
5 7
5 7 500 , 1
) 362 . 1 ( 15
ln
500 , 1
2 2
2 2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
=
(
(

+
=
(
(
(
+
=

Since the exact solution is so complicated, a narrow
rectangular slot approximation is used to arrive at
solutions still very useful for practical drilling
engineering applications. We represent the annulus
as a slot which has the same area and the same
height with the annulus. This approximation is good if
D
1
/ D
2
> 0.3
An annular geometry can be represented by a
rectangular slot with the height h and width w as
given below

Narrow Slot Approximation
( )
) r r W
) r (r h
r r Wh
1 2
1 2
2
1
2
2
( slot of h Widt
slot of Height
slot equivalent of Area
+ = = >
= =
= =

P
1
WAy - P
2
WAy + t
y
WAL - t
y+Ay
W AL = 0
1
C y
dL
dp
+ = t
P
1
P
2
t
y
t
y + Ay
For Newtonian fluids:

Boundary conditions: y = 0 --> u = 0 and y = h --> v = 0

1
C y
dL
dp
dy
dv
+ = = = t
2
1
2
2
1
C
y C
y
dL
dp
v + =

=
=
dL
dp h
C
C
2
0
1
2
( ) hy y
dL
dp
y
dL
dp h
y
dL
dp
v = =
2 2
2
1
2 2
1

Flow rate:

( )
dL
dp Wh
Wdy hy y
dL
dp
vWdy vdA q
h h h
12 2
1
3
0
2
0 0
= = = =
} } }
1 2
2
1
2
2
r r h and ) r (r Wh = =
2
1 2
2
1
2
2
12
) r )(r r (r
dL
dp
q
f
=
Average velocity:

Frictional pressure losses gradient

Field unit
( )v r r v A q
2
1
2
2
= = t
( ) ( ) dL
dp
) r (r
r r
) r )(r r (r
dL
dp
r r
q
A
q
v
f
f
t t 12
12
2
1 2
2
1
2
2
2
1 2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
= =
2
1 2
12
) r (r
v
dL
dp

_
f
=
2
1 2
1000 ) d (d
v
dL
dp
_
f
=
Determination of shear rate:

Field unit:
( )
2
1 2
1 2
12
2 2 ) r (r
v
r r
dL
dp h
_
w
= = t
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
12 6
d d
v
r r
v
w
w
= =
( )
1 2
144
d d
v
w
w
= =
Field Unit:

( )
1 2
12
d d
v
w
=
D
v
w
8
=
2
1 2
12
) r (r
v
dL
dp

_
f
=
2
8
R
v
dL
dp

_
f
=
Example: A 9-lbm/gal Newtonian fluid having a viscosity of 15 cp is being circulated in a
10,000-ft well containing a 7-in. ID casing and a 5-in OD drillsring (ID = 4.276) at a rate of 80
gal/min. Compute the frictional pressure loss and the shear rate at the wall in the drillpipe and
in the annulus by using narrow slot approximation method. Assume that the flow is laminar.
Also, calculate the pressure drop at the drill bit which has 3 nozzles: d
b
= 13/32


Velocity of fluid in the drillpipe:
Velocity of fluid in the annulus:
Pressure drop in the drillpipe:
Pressure drop in the annulus:

s ft
d
Q
u
dp
dp
/ 79 . 1
276 . 4 448 . 2
80
448 . 2
2 2
=
= =
( ) ( )
s ft
d d
Q
u
ann
/ 36 . 1
5 7 448 . 2
80
448 . 2
2 2 2
1
2
2
=

=
=
ft psig
d
u
dL
dP
dp
dp
dp
/ 10 79 . 9
276 . 4 1500
79 . 1 15
1500
4
2 2

=
=

( ) ( )
ft psig
d d
u
dL
dP
ann
ann
/ 0051 . 0
5 7 1000
36 . 1 15
1000
2 2
1
2
2
=

=


Drill bit area:

Pressure drop at the bit:

Total pressure drop:

Shear rate at the wall:

( ) ( )
s
d d
v
w
/ 1 98
5 7
) 362 . 1 ( 144 144
1 2
=
=
( )
2
2
2
39 . 0 32 / 13
4
3
4
3 in
d
A
b
t
= = =
t t
psig
A C
q
P
t d
b
87 . 34
39 . 0 95 . 0
80 9 10 311 . 8 10 311 . 8
2 2
2 5
2 2
2 5
=
= A

bit
ann dp Total
P
dL
dP
dL
dP
dL
dP
A + + =
( ) psig
dL
dP
Total
66 . 95 87 . 34 78 . 60 87 . 34 000 , 10 0051 . 0 10 79 . 9
4
= + = + + =

LaminarFlowPipes&Annuli Newtonian

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

LaminarFlowPipes&Annuli Newtonian

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Drilling Engineering

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

You might also like

LaminarFlowPipes&amp;Annuli Newtonian

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

LaminarFlowPipes&amp;Annuli Newtonian

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Drilling Engineering

Prepared by: Tan Nguyen

You might also like

LaminarFlowPipes&Annuli Newtonian

LaminarFlowPipes&Annuli Newtonian