PRESENTATION ON

RELAY CO-ORDINATION
BY
Manoj Pandey
OBJECTIVE
TO GIVE AN OVERVIEW OF SETTING AND
CO-ORDINATION OF PROTECTIVE
RELAYS IN AN INDUSTRIAL POWER
SYSTEM.
RELAY CO-ORDINATION
What is relay co-ordination ? Why it is
required ?
Properties of Protection Scheme.
Basic terms related to relay co-ordination.
Steps in Relay Co-ordination.
Typical relay setting & co-ordination
Example
WHAT IS RELAY CO-ORDINATION
PROTECTION CO-
ORDINATION
REFERS TO CO-
ORDINATION OF
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT SUCH
THAT DEVICE
CLOSEST TO FAULT
IS OPERATED FIRST.
WHY RELAY CO-ORDINATION IS
REQUIRED?
IT IS REQUIRD TO ISOLATE ONLY THE FAULTY
LINE WITHOUT AFFECTING OTHER LOAD
CONNECTED TO BUS.
FOR MINIMIZING THE DAMAGE.
PROPERTIES OF PROTECTION SCHEME
IT SHOULD SATISFY 3 S:

(1) SENSITYVITY : It refers to minimum operation current.
(2) SELECTIVITY : It refers to discrimination.
(3) SPEED : It refers to time of operation of the relay.
PROTECTION TEAM
Co-ordination in small power distribution
Between SFU & MCCB
0
0
10
1,000
100,000
1 10 100 1000 1000
0
CURRENT IN AMPS
T
I
M
E

I
N

S
E
C
SFU125
MCCB125
Co-ordination in small power distribution
Between SFU & SFU
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 100 1000 10000
CURRENT IN AMPS
T
I
M
E

I
N

S
E
C
O
N
D
S
SFU400
SFU125
Co-ordination in small power distribution
Between SFU & MCCB
0.001
0.1
10
1000
100000
1 10 100 1000 10000
CURRENT
IN AMPS
T
I
M
E

I
N

S
E
C
O
N
D
SFU400
MCCB400
Co-ordination in small power distribution
Between MCB & MCCB
0.001
0.1
10
1000
100000
1 10 100 1000 10000
CURRENT IN AMPS
T
I
M
E

I
N

S
E
C
MCCB125
MCB63
Co-ordination in small power distribution
Between SFU & MCCB
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 100 1000 10000
MCCB630
SFU400
Terms related to Protection co-ordination
Primary & back-up protection.
Zones of protection.
Selectivity.
Pick-up.
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM).
Time Setting multiplier (TSM).
Primary Operating Current (POC).
Relay Operation Time.
Co-ordination Margin.
Relay co-ordination Basic terms
Primary & Backup protection
For fault at F1:
R1 is Primary
R2 is First Backup.
R3 is Second Backup.
For fault at F2:
R4 is Primary
R5 is First Backup.
Relay co-ordination Basic terms
Zones of protection
Protection is arranged in zones,
which would cover the power
system completely leaving no
part unprotected. Zones of
protection should overlap across
the circuit breaker being included
in both zones (Fig. A). Case A is
not always achieved,
accommodation of CT being in
some cases only on one side (Fig.
B). For fault at F busbar
protection would operate and trip
C but may continues to be fed
through the feeder.
Power system protection is
usually engineered through
overlapping zones. The
advantage is positive discussion
of faulty area / element. The
disadvantage some times can be
that more breakers will be tripped
than the minimum necessary to
disconnect the faulty element.
Relay co-ordination Basic terms
Selectivity
Discrimination by time
Discrimination by current
Discrimination by time & current-Both.
Relay co-ordination Basic terms
Pick-up
Minimum value of input for which relay start
taking action:
For ABB make SPAJ 140C ___(0.5 2.5)In Steps of 0.1

It is related to sensitivity of the relay & done
through plug setting on the relay.


Relay co-ordination Basic terms
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM)
Relay characteristics is not drawn on actual current basis. Relay
characteristic curve is a curve of PSM Vs operation time.
Relay co-ordination Basic terms
Time Setting Multiplier (TSM)
We Dont set desired relay operation time directly in seconds, but
we set them as Time Setting multiplier (TSM).

TSM = Desired Operation time
Operation time at TSM=1

Normal Range (0.05 1) in step of 0.01
Relay co-ordination Basic terms
Relay Operation time
Relay Operation time depends on
type of curve selected.
(50) DMT :- It has fixed current &
Time settings.
Range (0.5 40) In; step 0.1 In.
Time delay (0.04 300 sec);
step = 0.01 Sec.

(51) IDMT :- Relay Equation:
Operation time = TMS x
(PSM)

1
As per IEC 60255



Application
Normal
Inv(NI)
0.14

0.02
MCC/PCC
INCOMER
Very Inv
(VI)
13.5 1.0
Primary
Of TR
Extreme
inv. (EI)
80

2
Breaker /Fuse Co-
ordination (Spl.
In case of EF)
Long
time Inv
(LTI)
120 1
NGR
Relay co-ordination Basic terms
Co-ordination Margin
EMPIRICAL FORMULAS FOR CO-ORDINATION
Fuse & Breaker
td = 0.4t + 0.15, where
td = discrimination time
t = Fuse operation time
0.15 = Relay operation time + safety margin
0.4t = Relay ratio error
Breaker & Breaker
td = 0.25t + 0.25
t = downstream relay operation time
0.25 Down stream breaker tripping time + relay overshoot +
Safety Margin.
STEPS IN RELAY SETTING & CO-ORDINATION
Assumptions:-
(1) Complete single line diagram is available
(2) Short circuit calculation at each relay point is done.
THING TO REMEMBER
Relay co-ordination for phase fault and earth fault is done separately.

ROAD MAP FOR CO-ORDINATION
START FROM THE BOTTOM MOST RELAY AND GO UPWARD.
USE EMPIRICAL FORMULA.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
51 : IDMT Over current
50 : Instantaneous Over Current
51N : IDMT Earth Fault
(Unrestricted)
50N : Instantaneous Earth Fault
(Unrestricted)
64R : Restricted Earth Fault
Protection
51S : Standby Earth Fault
Protection
OVER CURRENT RELAY SETTING: RELAY R1(51)
Plug setting multiplier (PSM)
Transformer Running load current IRL = 80% of transformer rating
=0.8 X 2749.3 = 2199 Amp.
Highest Rated Motor = 132 kW
Running Load of 132 kW motor IFL = 235 Amp.
Starting current of 132 kW motor IST = 7.83 X IFL = 1840 Amp
Considering Direct on line starting Method
PS = IRL - IFL + IST = 2199 235 + 1840 = 1.27
CTR 3000
Set PS = 1.3
Actual Primary Operating Current = PS x CTR = 1.3 x 3000 =
3900 A
Plug Setting Multiplier = Ifault = 33805 = 8.66
POC 3900
OVER CURRENT RELAY SETTING: RELAY R1(51)
Time setting multiplier (TSM)
Choose NI Characteristic :
Operating Time at PSM = 8.66 @ 1.0 TMS
= (0.14) / ((8.66)
0.02
-1) = 3.17 sec
Desired Operating Time = 0.4 Sec (Assumed)
Desired Time Dial (TMS) = 0.4 / 3.17 = 0.126
Set TMS = 0.13
Hence Actual operating Time = 0.13 x 3.17 = 0.41 sec.

RECOMMENDED SETTINGS :

PS = 1.3
TMS = 0.13
OVER CURRENT RELAY SETTING: RELAY R2(51)
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM)
POC of downstream relay R1 = 3900 A @ 0.42 kV
= 248.2 A @ 6.6 kV
Hence Plug Setting (PS) = POC / CTPRIMARY
= 248.2 / 200 = 1.24
Set PS = 1.3
Actual Primary Operating Current = 1.3 x 200 = 260 A
Fault Current = 33805 A @ 0.42 kV
Reflected Fault Current = 2151.2 A @ 6.6 kV
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) = 2151.2 / 260 = 8.27
OVER CURRENT RELAY SETTING: RELAY R2(51)
Time Setting Multiplier (TSM)
Choose VI Characteristic:
Operating Time of relay at PSM = 8.96 @ 1.0 TMS
= __13.5___
(8.27) 1
= 1.85 Sec
Desired Operating Time = 0.2 + 0.4 = 0.6 Sec.
Where 0.2 = Grading Margin
Desired Time Dial (TMS) = (0.6/1.85) = 0.32
Set TMS = 0.35
Hence actual operating time = 0.35 x 1.85 = 0.64 sec

INSTANTANEOUS ELEMENT SETTING (50)
PS = 1.3 x Reflected Fault current
CTR
PRIMARY
= 1.3 x 2151.2 = 13.9, Set PS = 14.0
200
Recommended Settings :
51 Unit PS = 1.3 A 50 Unit PS = 14.0 A
TMS = 0.35
PROTECTION CO-ORDINATION EARTH FAULT RELAY
Criteria for selecting ground fault pick up setting:
Selection of plug settings for ground fault relays are not influenced
by equipment rated current / motor starting current.
For Solidly Grounded System :
Higher pickup shall be selected to avoid excessive current
through the relay.
By adopting higher plug setting, Sensitivity is not sacrificed as
fault current is in kAmps.
For High resistance Grounded System :
Pick up shall be low enough to obtain desired sensitivity. This is
true as fault current is low. This current further reduces for arcing
faults.
To increase sensitivity, sometimes 5A CT connected to 1A relay.
PROTECTION CO-ORDINATION EARTH FAULT RELAY
Ground relay senses only zero sequence currents.
Flow of zero sequence currents is very much influenced by
Transformer vector group connections.
Example :
Fault on star side of delta Star Grounded.
Transformer results in flow of zero sequence current on star
side.
Hence providing the backup Ground over current relay (say
51N) on delta side of star delta transformer is meaningless.
Detection of faults on the Under-grounded systems can only be
done using voltage relays.


EARTH FAULT RELAY SETTING: RELAY R1(51N)
Set PS = 0.4 A
Primary Operating Current = 0.4 x 3000 = 1200 A
PSM = 33.8 / 1.2 = 28
Choose Extremely inverse curve (EI)
Operating time at PSM = 28, TSM = 1
Operating time = 80 = 0.20 Sec.
20
2
1
Desired operating time = co-ordination margin + relay operation time.
Co-ordination margin = (0.4t + 0.15) = 0.154
Desired time = down stream time + margin = 0.01 + 0.154 = 0.164
Time setting multiplier = Desired operation time = 164 = 0.85
operation time at TSM=1 0.2
EARTH FAULT RELAY SETTING: RELAY R2(50N)
Note : Since primary of transformer is delta connected, line to ground fault
current of 400 V will be reflected as line-line fault at 6.6 kV side.
Hence set only 50N unit: Primary Protection for 6.6 kV Faults.
(1) 6.6 kV system is resistance grounded and the fault current is limited to
100 A.
(2) Set PS = 0.1 A
(3) Primary operating current = 0.1 x 200 = 20 A
(4) Sensitivity = (20 x 100) / 100
= 20% < 30 %
(5) Hence set PS = 0.1 A
(6) Time Delay = 0.0 sec

Recommended Settings :
PS = 0.1 A, Time Delay = 0.0 Sec

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT (64R)
Normally set at lowest current tap available, say 10%
To ensure relay does not operate during external faults, stabilizing resistor
is added in series with the relay.
Setting Procedure:
The maximum voltage likely to appear across the relay during external
faults is calculated, assuming worst condition i.e. CT on 1 side saturating.
V
R
= I
fault
(R
CT
+ 2R
L
)
Where I
fault
= Secondary equivalent of fault current. = 33.8/3000 = 11.5 A

R
CT
= The CT secondary winding resistance. =5


2R
L
= CT secondary lead resistance. = 2 x 5 = 10
V
R
= 11.5 (15 ) = 173 V.
Next calc. total relay circuit impedance R
T
; R
T
=V
R
/ I
R
=173/11.5 = 15

.

Obtain relay impedance R
R
from manufacturers catalogue.
Stabilizing resistor R
S
= R
T
R
R
.
PROTECTION CO-ORDINATION EARTH FAULT RELAY
Relay 51S : Location : Stand by Earth fault relay of TR
C.T.R. = 3000/1
Relay type = SPAJ 115C (SPACOM series ABB make)
Earth fault IDMT unit (51N)
Pick up = (0.05 0.4) x In, Step = 0.1 In
Time Dial = 0.05-1.00, Step = 0.05
Fault current passing = 33805 A (Earth fault current assumed
through relay for same as phase fault current)
MCC fault.
Set PS at 0.4 A.
Chosen characteristic is Normal Inverse (NI)
Operating Time = 2.267 Sec. for PSM = 20.0 & Time Dial = 1.0


PROTECTION CO-ORDINATION EARTH FAULT RELAY

Desired operating time t1:
Downstream relay 51N operating Time t = 0.164 Sec.
Co-ordination interval td = (0.25t + 0.25) = 0.37 Sec.
Desired Operating Time t1 = t + td = 0.164 + 0.37 = 0.534 Sec.

Desired Time Dial TMS :
TMS = Desired Operating Time t1 = 0.534 = 0.23
Operating time @ TMS 1.0 2.267

Set Time Dial at 0.25 [Time Dial = 0.05 1.00, Step = 0.05]
Operating Time = 0.52 Sec.[2.267 x 0.23]
Transformer Differential Protection
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION.doc
Relays are installed not to prevent faults, but only to isolate the fault
and minimize the damage. Most of the relays act after damage has
occurred. Sophisticated relays and correct relay setting and
coordination are not a substitute for good maintenance practice.
For successful clearing fault: (1) CT must not be saturated (2) CT & PT polarity
must be correct (3) Integrity of wiring between instrument transformers to relay
should be alright (4) Auxiliary supplies to the relay are available.
Thank you