RESOURCE SCHEDULING IN

PROJECTS
Dr.K.ANANTHANARAYANAN
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IIT MADRAS,CHENNAI -600036
kananth@iitm.ac.in

Start
WBS -Work
Breakdown
Network CPM
PERT, PDM
Resource Estimate
Analysis with
normal Time/Cost
Check with the specified
schedule
Time/cost
trade-off
Schedule
decided
Resource Allocation
Check with Resource
availability
Execute
0k
Not ok
Ok
NOT OK
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN WITH NETWORK SYSTEM
Resource Scheduling
RESOURCE LEVELLING
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
# Aims to deploy constant
rate of resources on each day

# To minimize day-to-day
fluctuations
# Aims to complete the
Project as soon as possible

# Optimal allocation of
resources to all activities
involved

RESOURCE LEVELING
TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD
General method of Resource Leveling and enhancing knowledge
Select a possible schedule - work out for time and cost constraints
if satisfied OK
If not satisfied ( Error ) try another possible schedule

MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING
Choosing the best from available alternatives through expressions

HEURISTICS METHOD
Experience based
Rule of thumb like solution
A rapid way of getting solution that is hoped to be close to the best
Educated guess or common sense
TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD FOR
RESOURCE LEVELLING
Allocate the daily work force for the network schedule
for a maximum crew size of 13 workers per day. Lets now
level the labour requirements by following the rues:
Rule 1: The CPM logic must be maintained. This means
that the preceding activity must be finished, not just in
progress, before a succeeding activity can start.
Rule 2: Activities in the critical path must use normal crew
size. This is necessary so that the project will be completed
on time.
Rule 3: The planned crew size must be between and
including, the maximum and normal crew sizes.

NOTE:

Dont shift any resource in critical activities
For critical activities, both normal and minimum resource will be the same
For non critical activities, amount of resource should be between the normal and
minimum range but should be continuous
RESOURCE ALLOCATION
MODER AND PHILIPS METHOD
WIESTS METHOD
A NEW METHOD HAS BEEN DEVELOPED IN IIT
MADRAS


START
C - 6
B - 3
A - 5
F -
10
E - 5
D - 5
END
Activity Start A B C D E F End
Duration 0 5 3 6 5 5 10
IPA Start Start Start A,B B C D,E,F
Relationship FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS
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CREW SIZE
WORK DAYS
NORMAL MINIMUM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A 5 25 5 1 (

)
B 3 12 4 2 (

)
C 6 48 8 8 ( 8 8 8 8 8

8 )
D 5 30 6 3 (

)
E 5 20 4 2 (

)
F 10 40 4 4 ( 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

4 )
TOTAL =
175
DAILY =

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CREW
SIZE
WORK DAYS
NORMAL
MINIM
UM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A 5 25 5 1 ( 3 3 3 3 3 5 5

)
B 3 12 4 2 ( 2 2 2 2 4

)
D 5 30 6 3 ( 5 5 5 5 5 5 )
E 5 20 4 2 ( 4 4 4 4 4

)
C 6 48 8 8 ( 8 8 8 8 8

8 )
F 10 40 4 4 ( 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

4 )
TOTAL =
175
DAILY
= 8 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 9 9 4 4
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CREW
SIZE
WORK DAYS
NORMAL
MINIM
UM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A 5 25 5 1 ( 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5

)
B 3 12 4 2 ( 2 2 2 3 3

)
D 5 30 6 3 ( 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 )
E 5 20 4 2 ( 3 3 3 3 3 3 2

)
C 6 48 8 8 ( 8 8 8 8 8

8 )
F 10 40 4 4 ( 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

4 )
TOTAL =
175
DAILY =
8 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 8
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CREW
SIZE
WORK DAYS
NORMA
L
MINI
MUM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A 5 25 5 1 ( 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5

)
B 3 12 4 2 (2 2 2 2 2 2

)
D 5 30 6 3 ( 5 5 5 5 5 5 )
E 5 20 4 2 ( 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 )
C 6 48 8 8 ( 8 8 8 8 8

8
)
F 10 40 4 4 ( 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

4 )
TOTAL =
175
DAILY
=
10
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
A
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D
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S

CREW SIZE WORK DAYS
NORM
AL
MINIM
UM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
A 5 25 5 1 (5 5 5 1 1 1 4 3

)
B 3 12 4 2 (4 4 4 4 4 4

)
C 6 48 8 8 ( 8 8 8 8 8 8)
D 5 30 6 3 (6 6 6 6 6 6 )
E 5 20 4 2 (

)
F 10 40 4 4 ( 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4
)
TOTAL = 175 DAILY =
17 17 17 17 17 18 14 14 10 10 4 4 4 4 4 4
Day 1 -4 4
13 17 17 21 17 18 14 14 10 10 4 4 4 4 4 4
Day 2 -4 4
13 17 21 21 18 14 14 10 10 4 4 4 4 4 4
Day 3 -4 4
13 21 21 22 14 14 10 10 4 4 4 4 4 4
Day 4 -8 4 4
13 21 26 14 14 14 10 4 4 4 4 4 4
Day 5 -8 4 4
13 26 18 14 14 14 4 4 4 4 4 4
Day 6 -13 3 10
13 18 17 14 14 14 4 4 4 4 4
Day 7 -6 6
12 17 14 14 14 10 4 4 4 4
Day 8 -6 6
11 14 14 14 10 10 4 4 4
Day 9 -2 2
12 14 14 12 10 4 4 4
Day 10 -2 2
12 14 12 12 4 4 4
BLOCK
WORK -
12
WINDOW
S
DOORS -
4
PLASTERI
NG - 6
PAINTIN
G - 3
FLOORIN
G - 5
FINISH
START
Example 1
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CRE
W
SIZE
WORK DAYS

W
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K
E
R


D
A
Y
S

NOR
MAL
MINI
MUM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
BLOCK
WORK
12
12
0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
WINDOW,D
OOR
4 28 7 4 (7 7 7 7 )
PLASTERIN
G
6 30 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
PAINTING
3 12 4 2 (4 4 4 )
FLOORING
5 20 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

TOT
AL =
152
DAIL
Y =
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 5 5 8 8 8 4 4
A
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S

CRE
W
SIZE
WORK DAYS
NOR
MAL
MINI
MUM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
BLOCK
WORK
12 120 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
WINDOW,D
OOR
4 28 7 4 (7 7 7 7 )
PLASTERIN
G
6 30 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
PAINTING
3 12 4 2 (4 4 4 )
FLOORING
5 20 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
TOTAL =
210
DAIL
Y =
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 5 5 8 8 8 4 4
A
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n
o
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a
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a
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Q
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D

CREW
SIZE
WORK DAYS

W
O
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K
E
R


D
A
Y
S

NO
RM
AL
MI
NI
M
U
M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
BLOCK
WORK
12
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
WINDO
W,DOO
R
4
2
8 7 4 (4 4 4 4 4 4 4 )
PLAST
ERING
6
3
0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
PAINTI
NG
3
1
2 4 2 (4 4 4 )
FLOOR
ING
5
2
0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

TOTAL
= 210
DAI
LY
=
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 4 4


Problem: Assume that there are no constraints in the resources
availability, prepare the resource loaded bar chart and resources
histogram for following cases:
a) Activities planned based on ES and EF
b) Activities planned based on LS and LF
c) Resource leveling
A

4, 2
B

7, 4
E

4, 4
D

5, 5
F

10, 3
C

3, 6
Finish
G

6, 5
Start
Solution:
1) ES, EF, LS, LF, Total Float, Free Float, Project duration and Citical path
Start
0 0
0 0
A

4, 2
B

7, 4
E

4, 4
D

5, 5
F

10, 3
C

3, 6
Finish
G

6, 5
0 4
4 7
7 12
0 7
7 11
12 22
11 17
22 22
22 22
12 22
7 12
0 7
16 22
12 16
9 12
3 7
0 / 0
0 / 0
0 / 0
0 / 0
0 / 0
5 / 0
5 / 5
3 / 0
5 / 5
Project duration 22 days
Critical path: B-D-F
2. a) Resource loaded bar chart for activities planned based on ES and EF
Case 1: activities planned based on ES and
EF

Resource loaded bar chart
Act D R FF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Critical activities
B 7 4 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
D 5 5 0 5 5 5 5 5
F 10 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Non critical activities
A 4 2 0 2 2 2 2
C 3 6 5 6 6 6
E 4 4 0 4 4 4 4
G 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Total resources 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 10 8 8 8 8 8 3 3 3 3 3
2.a) Resource histogram based for activities planned on ES and EF
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122
2. a) Resource loaded bar chart for activities planned based on ES and EF after leveling
Case 1: activities planned based on ES and EF
Resource loaded bar chart
Act D R FF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Critical activities
B 7 4 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
D 5 5 0 5 5 5 5 5
F 10 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Non critical activities
A 4 2 0 2 2 2 2
C 3 6 5 6 6 6
E 4 4 0 4 4 4 4
G 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Total resources 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 5 3 3 3 3 8 8 8 8 8 8
2.a) Resource histogram based for activities planned on ES and EF after leveling
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122
2. b) Resource loaded bar chart for activities planned based on LS and LF
Case 2: Activities planned based on LS and LF

Resource loaded bar chart
Act D R FF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Critical activities
B 7 4 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
D 5 5 0 5 5 5 5 5
F 10 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Non critical activities
A 4 2 0 2 2 2 2
C 3 6 5 6 6 6
E 4 4 0 4 4 4 4
G 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Total resources 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 5 5 11 11 11 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8
2.b) Resource histogram based for activities planned on LS and LF
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122
8
Dur 2
Res 3
7
Dur 6
Res 5
6
Dur 5
Res 6
5
Dur 4
Res 4
1
Dur 4
Res 7
4
Dur 2
Res. 8
3
Dur 3
Res 3
2
Dur 6
Res 4


IIT hostel building
218 activities
8 types of resources
Application to large projects
RESOURCE
ALLOCATION
Resource Allocation

Act E
Dur 25 days

Act D
Dur4 days
Res 2 units

finish


Act B
Dur 10 days


Act C
Dur 10 days

Act A
Dur 10 days
Res 2 units
Start
Resource constraints :
Resource A: availability = 2 units only
START
B - 8
A - 6
E - 3
D - 6
C - 7
F - 4 END
CPM DIAGRAM WITH TASK RESOURCE
REQUIREMENTS
NO RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS - PROJECT DURATION 16 DAYS
TASK
NO
I - N
NO
J - N
NO
DURA
TION
TF RSC WORK DAYS
WD WD 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
A 2 4 6 0 2 5
B 2 6 8 1 4 0
C 4 10 7 3 3 2
D 4 8 6 0 2 2
E 6 8 3 1 5 3
F 8 10 4 0 2 4
TYPE 1 RESOURCE USED
6 6 6 6 6 6 9 9
1
0
1
0
1
0
5 5 2 2 2 MAX DAILY USAGE = 10
TOTAL USAGE = 100 RD
TYPE 2 RESOURCE USED
5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 7 7 7 4 6 4 4 4 MAX DAILY USAGE = 7
TOTAL USAGE = 81 RD
Example 1
TWO CONSTRAINED RESOURCES - PRIORITY TO TASK WITH LOW NO J NODES -
PROJECT DURATION 22 DAYS
Task
no
I - N
no
J - N
no
DURA
TION
TF RSC WORK DAYS
WD WD 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
A 2 4 6 0 2 5
B 2 6 8 1 4 0
D 4 8 6 0 2 2
E 6 8 3 1 5 3
C 4 10 7 3 3 2
F 8 10 4 0 2 4
TYPE 1 RESOURCE USED
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 MAX DAILY USAGE = 7
TOTAL USAGE = 100 RD
TYPE 2 RESOURCE USED
5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 5 5 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 MAX DAILY USAGE = 5
TOTAL USAGE = 81 RD
NOTE - MAX RESOURCE AVAILABLE --- ( RES 1: 7 ) ; RES ( 2: 5 )
PRIORITY TO TASK WITH LOWEST TOTAL FLOAT - PROJECT
DURATION 23 DAYS
TAS
K
NO
I - N
NO
J - N
NO
DUR
ATIO
N
WD
TF
WD
RESOUR
CE
WORK DAYS
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
A 2 4 6 0 2 5
D 4 8 6 0 2 2
F 8 10 4 0 2 4
B 2 6 8 1 4 0
E 6 8 3 1 5 3
C 4 10 7 3 3 2
TYPE 1 RESOURCE USED
MAX DAILY USAGE = 7
TOTAL UAGE = 100 RD
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
TYPE 2 RESOURCE USED
MAX DAILY USAGE = 5
TOTAL USAGE = 81 RD
5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 5 5 5 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
NOTE: MAX RESOURCE AVAILABLE: RES 1: 7 ; RES 2: 5
PRIORITY TO TASK WITH LOWEST TOTAL FLOAT - PROJECT
DURATION 23 DAYS
TAS
K
NO
I - N
NO
J - N
NO
DUR
ATIO
N
WD
TF
WD
RSC WORK DAYS
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
A 2 4 6 0 2 5
D 4 8 6 0 2 2
F 8 10 4 0 2 4
B 2 6 8 1 4 0
E 6 8 3 1 5 3
C 4 10 7 3 3 2
TYPE 1 RESOURCE USED
MAX DAILY USAGE = 7
TOTAL USAGE = 100 RD
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 5 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 5 5 5 2
TYPE 2 RESOURCE USED
MAX DAILY USAGE = 5
TOTAL USAGE = 81 RD
5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 5 5 5 4 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 6 6 6 4
NOTE: MAX RESOURCE AVAILABLE: RES 1: 7 ; RES 2: 5

Multiple project Resource Allocation
Resource that become surplus in one
project are transferred to other projects in
the organization.
The key to multi project resource
allocation lies in linking all the key
individual projects with one initial and one
terminal event.

Project Alpha 12 14 20
1 3 9
A 2A B 4A C1 5A D 24
B B 6 C 4 C 12
1A 9A
0 3 7 12 18
E1 3 F1 7 G1 12 H1 1B I1
3 2A 3A 4 2A 6A 3 B 7A 6 C 8A 6 C
3 25
3 25
0


Project Beta

21 B2 3B C2
13 2 B 4 2A
A2 D2 23 25 29
3 C 2B 2 B 23 G2 25 H2 29
1B 1B 1B 5B 2 0 6B 4 B 7B 11
10 E2 4B F2 40
10 8 2A 5 B 40
12
7 C

0

Project Gamma
28
18
B3 3C C3 6C D3
3 A 1 B 3 2A
12 31 40
12 31 40
1C A3 2C E3 7C 13 8C
10 2 B 1 2B 9 A
10
F3 4C G3 5C H3
4 A 7 B 8 B
16 23
23 23
0
S
0
10
T
THANK YOU

START
A -4
C - 3
D - 2
B - 8
F - 5
E - 7
G - 2
FINISH
Example 2
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D
A
Y
S

CREW SIZE
WORK DAYS
NORMAL MINIMUM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
A 4 20 5 5 (5 5 5 5 )
B 8 32 4 4 (4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4)
C 3 24 8 4 (5 5 5 5 4 )
D 2 12 6 3 (3 3 3 3 )
E 7 28 4 4 (4 4 4 4 4 4 4)
F 5 20 4 2 ( 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 )
G 2 16 8 8 (8 8)
TOTAL =
152
DAILY =
5 5 5 5 12 12 12 12 10 6 6 6 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 8 8
A
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y

N
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M
A
L

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D


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D
A
Y
S

CREW SIZE
WORK DAYS
NORMAL MINIMUM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
A 4 20 5 5 (5 5 5 5 )
B 8 32 4 4 (4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4)
C 3 24 8 4 ( 5 5 5 5 4 )
D 2 12 6 3 ( 3 3 3 3 )
E 7 28 4 4 (4 4 4 4 4 4 4)
F 5 20 4 2 ( 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2)
G 2 16 8 8 (8 8)
TOTAL =
152
DAILY =
5 5 5 5 4 7 7 12 12 11 11 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8
A
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y

N
O
R
M
A
L

D
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A
T
I
O
N

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Q
U
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E
D


W
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K
E
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D
A
Y
S

CREW SIZE
WORK DAYS
NORMAL MINIMUM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
A 4 20 5 5 (5 5 5 5 )
B 8 32 4 4 (4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4)
C 3 24 8 4 ( 8 8 8 )
D 2 12 6 3 ( 6 6)
E 7 28 4 4 (4 4 4 4 4 4 4)
F 5 20 4 2 ( 5 5 5 5)
G 2 16 8 8 (8 8)
TOTAL =
152
DAILY =
5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 12 12 12 10 10 4 9 9 9 9 8 8
A
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y

N
O
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M
A
L

D
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A
T
I
O
N

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Q
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D


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D
A
Y
S

CREW SIZE
WORK DAYS
NORMAL MINIMUM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
A 4 20 5 5 (5 5 5 5 )
B 8 32 4 4 (4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4)
C 3 24 8 4 (4 4 4 4 4 4 )
D 2 12 6 3 ( 3 3 3 3)
E 7 28 4 4 (4 4 4 4 4 4 4)
F 5 20 4 2 ( 3 3 4 5 5)
G 2 16 8 8 (8 8)
TOTAL =
152
DAILY =
5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 8 8