ENGINEERING

GRAPHICS
Course No. 1

16-Nov-14

PETRESCU LIGIA confereniar doctor inginer

Departament

GRAFIC INGINEREASC I DESIGN INDUSTRIAL

ligiapetrescu @yahoo.com
0742181465
BIBLIOGRAFIE:

1. Petrescu L., s.a. GEOMETRIE DESCRIPTIVA SI

GRFIC INGINEREASC, Ed. BREN, Bucuresti, 1997.
2. Petrescu L. ENGINEERING GRAPHICS,
Ed. BREN, Bucuresti, 2003.
3. Frederick E. Giesecke, Alva Mitchell s.a.
TECHNICAL DRAWING, Mecmillan Publishing
Company, New York, 1986.
4. Herbert W. Yankee ENGINEERING GRAPHICS,
PWS Engineering Publishers, Boston, 1985.
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The engineering thinking and

creation combines spatial
imagination, spatial situations
analysis and synthesis, with the
engineering art and with an own
language of communication.
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The representation of a real or an

imaginary object, of an idea that
exist in the mind of the engineer
or designer before becoming
reality, executed either on a
classical support (paper), or on a
modern one (computers screen),
is realized in a graphic way.
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Although different languages are

spoken throughout the World, a
universal language existed from
ancient times, the graphic
language. This natural,
elementary mean of idea
communication is limitless both in
space and time.
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The engineering graphics is more

than a language, it is a whole
conception of space and of the
spatial object representation; it is
the solutions source of the spatial
problems and situations. Thats
why the engineering graphics is
a science.
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The components of this science

are:
Descriptive geometry
Technical drawing
Computer graphics (computer
aided drawing).
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 1.2.1 SHEETS (FORMATS) SR ISO 545794 (STAS 1-84). The support of the drawings is
rectangular The sheet can be set vertically (Fig. 1.1-a), or
horizontally, meaning on the long side (Fig. 1.1-b), their
indexing being done as in the presented examples:

b
a
a

A(ab)
a).

A(ba)
b).
Fig. 1.1

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 Preferred sheets

A0 841 1189
A1 594 841
A2 420 594
A3 297 420
A4 210 297
Special sheets

A33
A34
A43
A44
A45

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420 891
420 1189
297 630
297 841
297 1051

Exceptional sheets
A02
A13
A23
A24
A25
A35
A36
A37
A46
A47
A48
A49

1189 1682
841 1793
594 1261
594 1682
594 2102
420 1482
420 1783
420 2080
297 1261
297 1471
297 1682
297 1892
9

Frame (border
line)

10

20

297

Zone for
binding in a
file

Title block

A(ba)

Fig. 1.2
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 1.2.2 LINES STAS 103-84. Taking into

account the destination, there are two
thicknesses of lines that can be used:
Thick or heavy
(thickness=b);
thin or fine (b/3 or b/2).
The line thickness depends on the dimensions and
complexity of the parts to be drawn, as well on the
purpose and size of the drawing. For b there are
given the values: 0,18; 0,25; 0,35; 0,5; 0,7;
1; 1,4; 2; 2,5; 3,5; 5.
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The following types of lines are used as they

are needed:
continuous line
wavy line
zigzag line
dashed line
dash dot line
heavy open dash dot line
two dots dash line
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 1.2.3 LETTERING SR ISO 3098/1-93 (STAS 18686). The character of lines and the lettering gives
the drawing what is known as technique, a phase
of drafting which is too often neglected. The height
of the capitals or of the figures (numbers), defines
the size of the lettering by h: 2,5; 3,5; 5; 7; 10;
14; 20. It is permitted the use like slant the vertical
writing or the inclined writing at 75 degrees, and
like shape, a normal one (10/10 h the height of
capitals, and the thickness of the writing line
h/10), or a longed one (14/14 h, the thickness of
the writing line h/14).
x

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 1.2.4 TITLE BLOCK (INDICATOR) SR ISO 7200-94

(STAS 282-87).
the identification zone : - the registration number or
identification of the
drawing;
- the name of the drawing;
- the name of the legal owner
of the drawing.
the zone of supplementary information: - indicative;
- technical;
- administrative.
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TITLE BLOCK
170
20

25

Student

10

Name

Professor

15

25

15

Sign.
(Material)

(Drawing No.)

(Student
No.)

(Mass)

20

(Scale)

(Fac. Year Group)

1:1

121 E

(Date) 08.10.13

(Drawing Name)
A(b x a)

Fig. 1.3
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1.3 GENERAL NOTIONS ABOUT

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS
In the technical field the drawing is used as
means of communication.
The shape is best described through
projection, a procedure of getting an image by
rays of observation or of sight. The direction of
the rays can be parallel (when the observer is
located at an infinite distance from the object),
or conic (if the distance is a finite one), leading
to get parallel projections, or central
(perspective) projections (Fig. 1.4 - a and b).
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parallel projection

central (perspective)
projection

b).

a).
Fig. 1.4
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SYSTEMS OF PROJECTIONS
A system of projection is compound by
four elements:
the observers eye;
the rays formed by lines of sight;
the object to be projected;
the plane of projection.
According to the space order of these four elements there
are two principal systems of projections:
European system (fig. 1.5)
American system (fig. 1.6).
the observers
eye
(at the )

the object

rays

Fig. 1.5

opaque
projection
plane

the observers
eye
(at the )

transparent
projection
plane

rays

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Fig. 1.6

the object

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 The graphic representations used in technique,

impose a very good knowledge of elementary
geometry (plane and spatial), of the descriptive
geometry, and of the technical drawing.
Descriptive Geometry establishes laws which are
to enable the representation of spatial objects and
of spatial situations. These laws (rules) are coming
directly from the elementary geometry.
Technical drawing relies on orthogonal
(orthographic) projection, which supplies the best
conditions for describing shape of an object, and it
is best fitted to make dimensioning, which is the
second function of a technical drawing.
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19

 1.3.2 COMPUTER GRAPHICS. Charles Babbage, an

English mathematician, developed the idea of a mechanical
digital computer in the 1830s, and many of the principles
used in Babbages design are the basis of todays
computers. The computer appears to be a mysterious
machine, but it is nothing more than a tool that just
happens to be a highly sophisticated electronic device. It is
capable of data storage, basic logical functions, and
mathematical calculations. Computer applications have
expanded human capabilities to such an extent that
virtually every type of business and industry utilizes a
computer, directly or indirectly.
The first demonstration with a computer, as a tool of
drawing and design, was made at the Institute of
Technology of Massachusetts, in 1963, by Dr. Eng. Ivan
Sutherland, with his system called Sketchpad.
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 The CAD (Computer Aided Design or Drawing)

techniques, using specialized programs led to the
increase of the quality of realism contained in the
drawing realized by means of computer.
The computer is able to do many things, very
quickly, but it is still an electronic equipment,
without brains, at least for the moment. It cannot
think and cannot do anything more or anything less
than what it was told to do. A CAD system is not
creative, but it can help a lot the user to become
more productive, earn time. The creator is the
man with his so-called limit of his incompetence.
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THE SYSTEM OF PROJECTION

A
B

DIHEDRALS

[P]

[V]

[V]

a b c

D II

DI

D II

a.

[H]

0x

DI
D III

D IV

D III

x
c.
D IV
[H]

b.
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Fig. 2.1

22

TRIHEDRALS
T6

[H] [V] = - abscises axis

[H] [L] = - depth axis
[V] [L] = - quotas axis;

[V]
T2

T5
T1

[L]

0
T3

T4

[H]

T8

Fig. 2.2
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a horizontal projection
a - verticalprojection
a- lateral projection

Aa z a 0 z

quota

Aa' ya 0 y

depth

Aa" xa 0 x

abscisa

T6

z
[V]
T2

T5
za

a
T1

[L]

A
a

xa
T3

x
ya

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
x

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a
T4

[H]

Fig. 2.4

T8

24

EPURA
z
[L]

[V]
za

xa

y1a

y1

a
[H]

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ya

a is defined by the coordinates pear (x,y);

a - is defined by the coordinates pear (x,z);

a - is defined by the coordinates pear (y1,z);

Fig. 2.5

25

z
a2

za1

a1

y1a1

a1

y1

xa1

a1

a2

a2

za2

0
y1a2

y1

xa2

ya1

y
a. - A1(20, 40, 30)

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ya2

y
b. - A2(20, -40, 30)

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z
ya3

a3

y1a3

a3

za3

c. A3(20, - 40, -30)

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y1

xa4

a4
a4

y1a4

y1

xa3

a3

za4

a4

ya4

y
d. A4(20, 40, -30)

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z
ya6

za5

a5

y1a5

0
xa5

ya5

e. A5(-20, 40, 30)

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a5

y1

a6

za6

a6
a6

0
y1a6

y1

xa6

a5

y
f. A6(-20, - 40, 30)

28

z
a7

ya7

xa7

x
y1a7

y1

y1
za8

a7

y1a8

a7

za7

a8

a8

ya8
a8

g. A7(-20, - 40, -30)

h. A8(-20, 40, -30)

Fig. 2.6
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PARTICULAR POSITION OF A POINT

H [H]
V [V]
L [L]
K [H] [V]
M [H] [L]
N [V] [L]

H(x, y, 0)
V(x, 0, z)
L(0, y, z)
K(x, 0, 0)
M(0, y, 0)
N(0, 0, z)

z
[V]

N=n=n
[L]

l
V=v

v
L=l

0=k=m=n

K=k=k

h
H=h

M=m=m

l
[H]

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Fig. 2.7

30

Given the point A1(20; -40; 30), represent epura of A1 and A2, its symmetrical to the origin. To
what trihedral these points belong? Solution: the coordinates of the point A2are obtained by
changing the sign of the point A1 all coordinates A2(-20; 40; -30). A1T2, and A2T8 (Fig.
2.8)
z
ya1

a1
a1

za1

a1

xa2

0
y1a1

y1a2

y1

xa1

a2

a2

za2
ya2

a2

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Fig. 2.8

31

3 STRAIGHT LINE IN DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY

z

D
[ H ] H ; H ( x; y;0)
D
[V ] V ; V ( x;0; z );
D
[ L] L ; L(0; y; z );

[V]
L=l

V=v

v
[L]
d

d
D
l

h
d

H=h
[H]

y
Fig. 3.1

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3.1 LINE TRACES. POINT LOCATED ON A STRAIGHT LINE.

z
[L]

[V]
L=l

V=v

zm

m
d

y=0

x=0

z=0

z=0

xm
h

ym

y=0
x=0
H=h

[H]

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Fig. 3.2

y1

v
d

ym1

D
[ H ] H ; H ( x; y;0)
D
[V ] V ; V ( x;0; z );
D
[ L] L ; L(0; y; z );

m d;

M D m' d' ;
m" d" ;

33

3.2 PARTICULAR POSITIONS OF A STRAIGHT LINE

They are two types of particular positions for a line:

Straight line parallel to a plane of projections;
Straight line parallel to two planes of projections,
that means perpendicular to the third.

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STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO THE HORIZONTAL PLANE [H],

is named horizontal line or level line and
it has all its points to the same distance from the plane [H]:
n' || 0x;

N(n;n' ;n") || [H] z = const.

n" || 0 y ;
1

b v l a

b l

y1

a
b

l
n

ab AB

n' || 0 x;

n" || 0 y1 ;

true size

true size

Fig. 3.3

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HOME WORK HW- 01: POINTS PROJECTIONS

1.
Given the point A(40; 30; 50), change the abscissa, depth
and quota of A, to make it belong to every eight trihedrals.
Represent these B, C, D, E, F, G, and I points in epura.

2.

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Given the point A(50; 20; -30) represent it in epura

together with the points
B symmetrical of A to [H];
1
2
C - symmetrical of A to [V];
D - symmetrical of A to [L];
E - symmetrical of A to 0x;
F - symmetrical of A to 0y;
G - symmetrical of A to 0z.

36

LAB L- 01: POINTS AND STRAIGHT LINES

1. Represent in epura the points: H(40; 30; 0), V(20; 0; 40), L(0; 40;
25), K(30; 0; 0), M(0; 45; 0), N(0; 0; 50), T(0; 0; 0). Where belongs
every point ?
2. They are given the points: A(70; 50; 35) and B(45; 15; 20). Obtain the
traces H and V of the line define by the points A and B.
3. They are given the points: A(10; 25; 40), B(35; 5; 10) and M(70; 50;
40). Construct the rhombus [ABCD], if one of its diagonals is located
on the line defined by the points A and M.

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LAB L- 01: POINTS AND STRAIGHT LINES

Only for mechanics.
4. Construct the level line of z = 30, which intersects the straight lines defined
by the pair of points A(125; -45; 45), B(25; 50; 10), and K(65; 55; 15), L(10; 30; 55).
5. Given the points: A(25; 10; 25), B(45; 55; 60) and C(75; 15; 55), construct
the parallelogram [ABCD]. Find the intersection of this parallelogram with the
[V] plane. Draw with dashed line the hidden part of the parallelogram.

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38