EEE 121

Circuit Theory 1
Chapter 2
CIRCUIT THEOREMS &
APLLICATION TO DC
CIRCUITS

LECTURER : NURAIZA BINTI ISMAIL

CONTENTS Chapter 2
A.
B.
C.
D.

BASIC LAWS
NODAL & MESH ANALYSIS
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
THEVENIN, NORTON AND
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

CONTENTS Chapter 2
A. BASIC LAWS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Circuit Element Connections

Series Connection
Parallel Connection
Ohms Law
Kirchhoffs Law
Voltage Divider Rule (VDR)
Current Divider Rule (CDR)
Wye- Delta (-) Transformation
Source Transformation

A.1 Circuit Element Connections

Consists of nodes, branches and loops.

A branch represents a single element such

as a voltage source or a resistor.
A node is the point of connection between
two or more branches.
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
A network with branches (b), nodes (n), and
independent loops (l ) will satisfy the
fundamental theorem of network topology:

b l n 1

Nodes, Branches and

Loops

Original circuit

Equivalent
circuit

How many branches, nodes and

loops are there?
5

Nodes, Branches and Loops

How many branches, nodes and

loops are there?

A.2 Series Connections

Series : Two or more elements are in series

if they are cascaded or connected
sequentially and consequently carry the
same current.

1-2 and 4-5 are in

series
2-4 is not series
because the node
connects more than 2
elements

Series Equivalent Resistance,

Req

The equivalent resistance (Req) of any number of

resistors connected in a series is the sum of the
individual resistances.
N

Req R1 R2 R N Rn
n 1

Equivalent
Circuit

Req R1 R2

A.3 Parallel Connections

Parallel : Two or more elements are in

parallel if they are connected to the same
two nodes and consequently have the
same voltage across them.

Parallel Equivalent Resistance, Req

The equivalent resistance of a circuit with

N resistors in parallel is:
1
1
1
1

Req R1 R2
RN

Equivalent
Circuit

R1 R2
Req
R1 R2

Series & Parallel

Connections

10V and 5
are in series

2, 3 and 2A
are in parallel

A.4 Ohms Law

Ohms law states that the voltage (v)

across a resistor is directly proportional to
the current (i ) flowing through the
resistor (R).

Mathematical expression for Ohms Law

is as follows:

Two extreme possible values of R :

0 (zero) and (infinite) are related
with two basic circuit concepts: short
circuit and open circuit.

v iR

Short Circuit and Open Circuit

Short Circuit
-is a circuit
element with
resistance
approaching zero.

Open Circuit
-is a circuit
element with
resistance
approaching
infinity.

A.4 Ohms Law

Conductance, G is the ability of an element to

conduct electric current; it is the reciprocal of
resistance R and is measured in mhos [] or
siemens [S].

1 i
G
R or
vS
unit:

The Power dissipated , P by a resistor:

2

v
p vi i R
R
2

A.5 Kirchhoffs Law

1.
2.
3.

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
Series & Parallel Connections

5.1 Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the

algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a
closed boundary) is zero.

entering

= i leaving

Mathematically,

i
n 1

Kirchhoffs Current Law

(KCL)
Example:

5.2 Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) states that the

algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path
(or loop) is zero.

V drops = V rises

Mathematically,

v
m 1

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

(KVL)
Example:

5.3 Series & Parallel Connections

Series

- With KCL, it is
obvious that
elements in series
carry the same
current

Parallel

With KVL, it is obvious

that elements in
parallel have the same
voltage drop across
them.

A.6 Voltage Divider Rule (VDR)

The voltage divider can be expressed as:

V1

R1
V
R1 R2

Voltage Divider Rule (VDR)

Example:

V1

R1
V
R1 R2 R3

V2

R2
V
R1 R2 R3

V3

R3
V
R1 R2 R3

A.7 Current Divider Rule (CDR)

The current divider can be expressed as:

i1

R R
1

i2

RR
R R
1

R R
1

2
2

R R
1

v iReq
i
i1

R1
R1
R1

Current Divider Rule (CDR)

Example: Find i

18

R R
18

2A

15

18
1
i 2 1 A 1.091A
33
11

A.8 Wye- Delta (-) Transformation

Delta Star
(-)

Star Delta
(- )

Rb Rc
( Ra Rb Rc )

Ra

R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
R1

Rc R a
R2
( Ra Rb Rc )

Rb

R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
R2

Ra Rb
( Ra Rb Rc )

Rc

R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
R3

R1

R3

Wye- Delta (-) Transformation

Example: - Transformation

A.9 Source Transformation (1)

A voltage source, vs in series with a resistor, Rs can be

transformed to be a current source, is in parallel with a
resistor, Rs provide that:

is

vs
Rs

Source Transformation is the process of replacing

a
voltage source,vs in series with a resistor,Rs
by a current source,is in parallel with a resistor,Rs,
or vice versa.

A.9 Source Transformation (2)

+

(a) Independent source transform

(b) Dependent source transform

The arrow of
the
current
source is
directed toward
the positive
terminal of the
voltage
source.
The source
transformation
is not possible
when R = 0 for
voltage
source and R =
for current
source.

A.9 Source Transformation (3)

Example
Find io in the circuit shown below using source transformation.

answer io =
1.78A