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Introduction of Oscillator
Linear Oscillator
Wien Bridge Oscillator
RC Phase-Shift Oscillator
LC Oscillator
Stability
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EE3110 Oscillator
Oscillators
Oscillation: an effect that repeatedly and
regularly fluctuates about the mean value
Oscillator: circuit that produces oscillation
Characteristics: wave-shape, frequency,
amplitude, distortion, stability
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EE3110 Oscillator
Application of Oscillators
Oscillators are used to generate signals, e.g.
Used as a local oscillator to transform the RF
signals to IF signals in a receiver;
Used to generate RF carrier in a transmitter
Used to generate clocks in digital systems;
Used as sweep circuits in TV sets and CRO.
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EE3110 Oscillator
Linear Oscillators
1.
2.
3.
4.
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EE3110 Oscillator
+
+
Positive
Feedback
Vf
Amplifier (A)
Vo
Frequency-Selective
Feedback Network ()
EE3110 Oscillator
+
+
Vf
Vo AV A(Vs V f )
Vo
A(f)
SelectiveNetwork
(f)
and
V f Vo
Vo
A
Vs 1 A
EE3110 Oscillator
Let X C1
1
1
X
and C 2
C1
C 2
Z1 R1 jX C1
1
1
Z2
jX
C2
2
R1
1
jR2 X C 2
R2 jX C 2
Vi
Z2
C1
C2
R2
Vo
Vi Z1 Z 2 ( R1 jX C1 ) ( jR2 X C 2 / R2 jX C 2 )
jR2 X C 2
( R1 jX C1 )( R2 jX C 2 ) jR2 X C 2
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EE3110 Oscillator
Ref:06103104HKN
EE3110 Oscillator
R2 X C 2
R1 X C 2 R2 X C1 R2 X C 2 j ( R1 R2 X C1 X C 2 )
or
Feedback factor
R1 R2 X C1 X C 2 0
1 1
R1 R2
C1 C2
1 / R1 R2C1C2
RX C
3RX C j ( R 2 X C2 )
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0.3
0.28
=1/3
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.2
1
0.5
Phase
Supposing,
R1=R2=R and XC1= XC2=XC,
0.32
f(R=Xc)
Phase=0
-0.5
-1
EE3110 Oscillator
Frequency
Example
1
By setting RC , we get
1
Imaginary part = 0 and
3
Due to Barkhausen Criterion,
Loop gain Av=1
where
Av : Gain of the amplifier
Rf
Av 1 Av 3 1
R1
Rf
2
Therefore,
R1
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Rf
R1
C
C
Vo
Z1
R
Z2
EE3110 Oscillator
10
RC Phase-Shift Oscillator
Rf
R1
C
R
C
R
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EE3110 Oscillator
11
I 2 (2 R jX C ) I 3 R
I2R
V1
I 3 ( 2 R jX C )
I3
Or
R jX C
R
0
R
2 R jX C
R
V1
0
0
R jX C
R
0
R
2 R jX C
R
C
I1
C
R
I2
C
R
I3
Vo
R
0
R
2 R jX C
V1 R 2
I3
( R jX C )[(2 R jX C ) 2 R 2 ] R 2 (2 R jX C )
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EE3110 Oscillator
12
6 RC
and,
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1
29
13
LC Oscillators
Av Ro
~
+
2
Z1
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EE3110 Oscillator
Z2
Z3
Zp
14
Av Ro
Z1
V f Vo
Vo
Z1 Z 3
+
Z1
Vf
Z2
Z3
Z p Z 2 //( Z1 Z 3 )
Vo
Zp
Z 2 ( Z1 Z 3 )
Z1 Z 2 Z 3
Io
Zp Vo
AvVi
Vo
Vo Av Z p
or
Ro Z p Z p
Vi Ro Z p
Vi Ro ( Z1 Z 2 Z 3 ) Z 2 ( Z1 Z 3 )
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EE3110 Oscillator
15
Av Z1Z 2
A
Ro ( Z1 Z 2 Z 3 ) Z 2 ( Z1 Z 3 )
Av X 1 X 2
The loop gain becomes, A
jRo ( X 1 X 2 X 3 ) X 2 ( X 1 X 3 )
Av X 1
Av X 1
X1 X 3
X2
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A 1
EE3110 Oscillator
Av
X2
X1
16
Hartley Oscillator
R
Colpitts Oscillator
R
L1
C
C2
L2
1
( L1 L2 )C
L1
gm
RL2
Ref:06103104HKN
C1
1
o
LCT
C
gm 2
RC1
EE3110 Oscillator
C1C2
CT
C1 C2
17
Colpitts Oscillator
R
Equivalent circuit
C1
C2
L
C2
+
V
gmV
C1
EE3110 Oscillator
18
At node 1,
V1 V i1 ( jL)
where,
i1 jC2V
C2
V1 V (1 LC2 )
2
+
V
I1
L
I2
gmV
node 1
I3
R
I4
V
C1
2
jC2V g mV V (1 LC2 ) jC1 0
R
1 2 LC2
g m
j (C1 C2 ) 3 LC1C2 0
R
R
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EE3110 Oscillator
19
1 2 LC2
g m
j (C1 C2 ) 3 LC1C2 0
R
R
1
LCT
C1C2
CT
C1 C2
gm
C2
RC1
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EE3110 Oscillator
20
Frequency Stability
The frequency stability of an oscillator is
defined as
1
o
dT o
ppm/ o C
EE3110 Oscillator
21
Amplitude Stability
In order to start the oscillation, the loop
gain is usually slightly greater than unity.
LC oscillators in general do not require
amplitude stabilization circuits because of
the selectivity of the LC circuits.
In RC oscillators, some non-linear devices,
e.g. NTC/PTC resistors, FET or zener
diodes can be used to stabilized the
amplitude
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EE3110 Oscillator
22
C
+
irms
R2
Blub
Operating
point
Vrms
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EE3110 Oscillator
23
Vo
C
C
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EE3110 Oscillator
24
Twin-T Oscillator
low pass filter
Filter output
+
high pass filter
fr
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EE3110 Oscillator
25
Bistable Circuit
vo
v+
+Vcc
vo
v1
Vth
-Vcc
vo
vo
+Vcc
-Vth
+Vcc
v1
-Vcc
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v1
-Vth
Vth
v1
-Vcc
EE3110 Oscillator
26
A Square-wave Oscillator
vc
vo
vf
+ f
vc
vo
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EE3110 Oscillator
v
+vmax
max
27