The Documentation

of
Instructional Materials
Submitted By:
Joanna Marie D. Tindan

MODELS
PUPPETS
Models are three
dimensional
representation of
real things, witch
could be smaller,
larger or of the
same size as the
real thing. It may
complete details or
simplified for
instructional
purposes.
Examples are
globes and puppets.

ADVANTAGE
Models can be viewed, handled and
examined by students from various angles.
Some models simplify real objects for better
study by removing some significant details
and reducing or enlarging objects to
desirable sizes.

LIMITATION
Some models demand classroom space in
terms of storage.
Models are generally more expensive than
pictures and graphics.
Availability of models could be a problems.

Diorama
Dioramas are
statistic display
creating a realistic
scene that consist of
a three dimensional
foreground, usually
models of people,
animals, equipment,
vehicle or buildings
and flat back
ground, usually a
photograph , drawing
or painting and also
called Exhibits in the
box.

ADVANTAGE
Exhibits can be used to reproduced
scenes from the past or depict scenes in
the future.

LIMITATION
Exhibits demand enough space in a
room.
Preparation of exhibits may take a lot of
time.

Utilization Guidelines
The exhibit must be large enough to be
easily seen.
The exhibit must attract attention.
The exhibit must be well lighted.
The exhibit must be built around one
central idea.
The captions of the exhibit must be short
and simple.
The exhibit must convery the message
at a glance.
The materials in the exhibit must not be
crowded together.

Pop-ups
Pop-ups
containing folded
cut-out pictures
that rise up to
form a three
dimensional scene
or figure when the
page is turned.

ADVANTAGE
Pop-ups can lend visual stimulation. They also
stimulate students creativity an interest.
Pop-ups provide students with additional
learning.
Preview of the lesson to be presented can be
illustrated in the flip chart to motivate students.

Limitation
In interpreting cartoons and strip drawings, there
is tendency to focus only on the colorful drawings
rather than on the words accompanying them.
Pictures or drawings are usually exaggerated,
which could lead to misinterpretation.

FLASH CARDS
Flash cards are
valuable materials
for drill activities
particularly in the
teaching of
mathematics,
english , and
filipino. Flash
cards come in
form of picture
cards, word cards,
phrase cards,
sentence cards.

ADVANTAGE
Flash cards can be an important means of
fixings skills and automatizing responses of
students
Flash cards can be easily made from
recycled materials.
Flash cards are easy to use and can be
easily carried.

LIMITATION
Flash cards may be small to be seen by the
entire class.
If flashing is too snappy, the student could
find difficulty in recognizing what is in the
flash cards.

Utiliztion Guidelines

The flash cards must be bold and big enough

to be seen by everybody in the class.
Flash cards in a snappy manner to develop fast
thinking or response.
Flash cards from back to the front.
Answers or labels should be written at the
back of the flash cards so that the teacher will
be able to check whether the answer is
correct.
Hold the flash cards firmly at the chest level.

GRAPHICS ORGANIZER
Graphic organizer
are nonphotographic
reconstructions or
representations of
reality, etched or
drawn by an
illustrator, like the
teacher or
students.
Illustrations can be
black or white or in
full color.

ADVANTAGE
Graphic organizers could be prepared ahead of
time by having it drawn and covered until the
class starts.
Graphic organizers can be easily prepared once
materials are available. They are also easy to
utilize because they do not require special
equipment.
They are less detailed, hence, learners can easily
understand their message.

LIMITATION
Drawing could be subject to misinterpretation.
Technical expertise in drawing could be needed
to produce good drawings and illustrations.

FLIP CHART
Flip chart is a pad
of large paper
fastened together
at the top and
mounted on an
easel. Individual
sheets of the flip
chart each hold a
limited
verbal/visual
message and can
be arranged for
sequential
presentation to a
small group.

Advantage
Flip charts can lend visual stimulation. They
also stimulate students creativity an interest.
Flip charts provide students with additional
learning.
Preview of the lesson to be presented can be
illustrated in the flip chart to motivate
students.
Displays in flip charts can allow many
students to browse contents at the same
time.

LIMITATION
Flip charts could easily fade and fall down.

Cartoon and strip drawing

Cartoon and
comic strips are
colorful line
drawings with
exaggerated
features or
symbols that
provide humor or
satire. Usually
appear in
newspapers,
periodicals and
textbooks.

Advantage
Strip drawings can be easily read and
understood, thus encourages reading
Cartoons satisfy childrens idea and art.
Aside from verbal cues, cartoons and strip
drawings contain illustrations.

LIMITATION
In interpreting cartoons and strip drawings,
there is tendency to focus only on the
colorful drawings rather than on the words
accompanying them.
Pictures or drawings are usually
exaggerated, which could lead to
misinterpretation.

Utilization Guidelines
Symbolism in graphs should
be taught by terchers to
facilitate understanding of
graphs.