Pollution Prevention and

Cleaner Technology in
Textile Industry
Pratik Deogekar (110040010)
Praneeta Nehra (110040028)
Amar Sinha (110040116)
Shanshank Bansal (110020050)

Introduction
Textile industry is based on the
conversion of fibres into fabric which is
then fabricated to clothes or other
artefacts.
In Indian context, it contributes to 14% of
the total industrial production.
It is largest industry in terms of
employment generation.
Magnitude of the industry makes a
review of its environmental performance
a necessity.

Textile Manufacturing
Process
Conversion of fibres (raw material)
into the clothes or other artefacts
(finished products) involves the
following steps:Preparatory process
Spinning
Weaving
Finishing

Preparatory process
This process converts the natural fibre cultivated from the
field into a yarn called Roving. The stages involved are : Ginning separation of seeds and vegetable matter from
the cotton fibre.
Picking cotton is beaten to loosen it up, then passed
through rollers to remove any remaining vegetable matter.
Then it is blown on a screen by a fan and passed through
more rollers to emerge as lap (soft fleecy sheet).
Carding Tangled fibres are combed and lined up in
parallel rows and short fibres are discarded to produce
sliver (first stage yarn)
Drawing Slivers are straightened and combined to
produce thick cotton rope of consistent size called
roving.

Carding and Drawing

machine

http://www.millmuseum.org/exhibits/permanent-exhibits/thedugan-mill/

Spinning
The spinning machine takes the roving,
thins it and twists it to create yarn
which is almost thirty times thinner
than the slivers and winds it onto a
bobbin. (strength increases)
The thin yarn around a bobbin is
transferred onto a large cone called
cop by a automated machine.

Weaving
Two distinct set of yarns or threads are
interlaced at right angles to form a
fabric or cloth.
A loom holds the longitudinal threads
called warp, while the lateral threads
called weft are woven through them.
Alternatively, knitting can be used
where the yarn is woven in loops to
form fabric.

Loom (used for weaving)

http://www.ccm.ece.vt.edu/etextiles/projects/projects_l
oom.html

Finishing
Final processing carried out before the cloth is
released into the market. Processes involved are: Desizing removal of starch from the fabric using
dilute acids or enzymes.
Scouring removal of natural wax, non-fibrous
impurities and added dirt. The fabric is boiled in
an alkali to form free fatty acids (saponification).
Bleaching whiteness of cloth is improved by
removing natural colour of fibre using oxidizing
agent (like hydrogen peroxide and sodium
hypochlorite).
Singeing - smoothness of the fabric is improved
by passing a heated plate over the ends of fabric
raised by passing them over a brush.

Contd
Mercerizing - luster, strength and dye affinity
of the fabric are improved by treating it with
caustic soda solution.
Dyeing Colouration of fabric by immersing it
in a bath of anionic dyes. For improved
fastness, vats and reactives may be used.
Printing Localized dyeing by applying colour
in form of ink in predetermined manner.

Waste Generation
Textile processing generates many waste
streams, including liquid, gaseous and solid
wastes, some of which may be hazardous.
The type of waste generated depends on the
type of textile facility, the processes and
technologies being operated, and the types of
fibers and chemicals used.

Water Pollution
In textile industries consumption of energy in
form of water is relatively high, especially in
processes like washing, de-sizing, bleaching,
rinsing, dyeing, printing, coating and
finishing.
Wastewater which is generated by printing
and dyeing units is often rich in color,
containing residues of reactive dyes and
chemicals and hence requires proper
treatment before being released into the
environment.
Dyeing auxiliaries or organic substances are
non-recyclable and contribute to the high
BOD/COD of the effluents.

http://www.simem.com/UploadImgs/5
10_Abishek_4ba.jpg

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Water Pollution
distribution

http://ec.gc.ca/planp2-p2plan/3944D8AC-944E-4BB6-B4F815D10ED3FCD3/X-20080521135207562.jpg

Air Emission
Most processes performed in textile mills produce
atmospheric emissions. Gaseous emissions have
been identified as the second greatest pollution
problem (after effluent quality) for the textile
industry.
Textile mills usually generate nitrogen and sulphur
oxides from boilers
Hydrocarbons are emitted from drying ovens and
from mineral oils in high-temperature drying/curing
Kerosene is released into the atmosphere during
printing, drying, and curing. Air-laden kerosene is
harmful to human beings, as well as to the flora
and fauna, in the neighborhood.

Air emission pollutant

source and type of
pollutant in each
process

http://www.indiantextilejournal.com/articles/Includes/IncImages/2420_t
ab2.jpg

Solid Waste
The primary residual wastes generated from the
textile industry are non-hazardous. These include
scraps of fabric and yarn, off-specification yarn
and fabric and packaging waste.
There are also wastes associated with the storage
and production of yarns and textiles, such as
chemical storage drums, cardboard reels for
storing fabric and cones used to hold yarns for
dyeing and knitting.

Summary of
all wastage