Product has two aspects;

Tangibility, and
Intangibility.
On the same platform we can classify the
operations involved in production process, into
two categories…..
1.Manufacturing operations

2.Non manufacturing operations.

1. Operations involved in production of tangible
items, these operations are normally called as
manufacturing operations.
It has three categories
I).Forming operations
ii).Machining operations
iii).Assembly operations
i). Forming operations
Change the shape of the work piece without
adding or removal of material.
It can also be further classified into following
categories-
Casting operations,
Forging operations,
Assembly operations,
Casting operations:
In casting operation the molten material is
poured into a mould and allowed to be solidify
and retain the shape of the moulded cavity.
Forging operations:
In forging the metal is heated to a plastic state
and then formed to the desired shape by
pressure or impact.
Spinning operation:
In spinning the work piece is placed against a
mandrel ,while it is rotating on a high speed
lathe.
ii). Machining operations:
Mainly Include removal of the material from the
work piece during the cutting operation
performed by cutting tool.Its prime funtion is
to alter the a shape of the workpiece and
provide proper surface finish and dimensional
accuracy. Some are the machining operations
are-
Turning
In turning operation the workpiece is held in the
lathe and rotated while the cutting tool or
cutter removes the metal from the workpiece.
Drilling, Boring ,and Reaming
In drilling operation a hole is produced on the
work piece by forcing a rotating cutter .
In Boring operation an existing drilled hole is
enlarged by using a cutter.
In Reaming the finishing of the drilled hole is
done, so that it can get accurate size
iii).Assembly operations
Making assembly of two different parts
e.g. welding, brazing, soldering, fastening by
bolts and nuts.
Welding;
In welding two pieces of metal are joined into a
single piece .
Brazing;
Brazing is used for joining non-ferrous alloys .
The brazing alloy melts at a lower temp. than the
m.p. of the base metal to be joined and fills the
joints between the base metals .
Soldering
Soldering is quite similar to the brazing except
that soldering alloy is different from the
brazing alloy and melts at lower temp. as
compared to brazing alloy
Fastening by nuts and bolts
When work piece or parts of an assembly must
be disassembled and reassembled , the best
method of assembly is by fastening , using
bolts and nuts.
Assembly using adhesives